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FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
6-40. Personnel of CI interest include two general categories of people: The
first type of
“person of interest” is any individual or group involved in
adversary intelligence collection operations or who is attempting to enter the
AO to conduct such operations. Examples of these individuals include but are
not limited to--
• Known or suspected members and/or supporters of foreign intelligence
and security services and known or suspected members and/or
supporters of the intelligence activities of non-state entities such as
organized crime, terrorist groups, and drug traffickers.
• Known or suspected hostile espionage agents, saboteurs, subversives,
or hostile political figures.
• Known or suspected enemy collaborators and sympathizers who may
pose a security threat to US forces.
• Personnel known to have engaged in intelligence, CI, security, police,
or political indoctrination activities.
• Known or suspected officials of enemy governments whose presence
poses a security threat to US forces.
• Political leaders known or suspected to be hostile to the military and
political objectives of the US or an allied nation.
6-41. The second type of
“person of CI interest” is any individual who
possesses information concerning the identification, location, or activities of
personnel in the first category.
SCREENING FOR OTHER TECHNICAL COLLECTION REQUIREMENTS
6-42. Other technical areas such as TECHINT, SIGINT, IMINT, MASINT, or
other services need to supply the HUMINT collectors with a profile of the
individuals with whom they wish to speak. The HUMINT collectors upon
identifying such an individual will contact the requesting agency after
extracting PIR information.
6-16
6 September 2006
FM 2-22.3
Chapter 7
Planning and Preparation
7-1. Planning and preparation is one of the five phases of HUMINT
collection. HUMINT collection, regardless of the methodology employed,
must be a systematic, carefully prepared enterprise. The HUMINT collector
engages in general preparation throughout his career. He focuses that
preparation to a specific area of the world, specific mission, and specific
collection requirements as those become available. Finally, the HUMINT
collector focuses his planning and preparation on a specific collection effort
with a specific source.
COLLECTION OBJECTIVES
7-2. Each HUMINT collection mission is conducted for a definite purpose.
The HUMINT collector must keep this purpose firmly in mind as he proceeds
to obtain usable information to satisfy the requirements, and thus
contributes to the success of the unit's mission. The HUMINT collector must
use the objective as a basis for planning and conducting questioning. The
HUMINT collector should not concentrate on the objective to the extent he
overlooks or fails to recognize and exploit other valuable information
extracted from the source. For example, during HUMINT collection, the
HUMINT collector learns of the presence of a heretofore unknown, highly
destructive weapon. Although this information may not be in line with his
specific objective, the HUMINT collector must develop this important lead to
obtain all possible information concerning this weapon.
RESEARCH
7-3. The key to good HUMINT collection is preparation on the part of the
collector. The HUMINT collector must understand the environment and
particularly its human component, the mission of the supported unit, that
unit’s intelligence requirements, his source, and the cultural environment.
The ultimate success of a questioning session is often decided before the
HUMINT collector even meets the source.
GENERAL RESEARCH
7-4. Due to the quickly changing world circumstances, it is impossible to
conduct all the specific research required immediately prior to questioning a
source. General research should be completed before entering an AO and
continues until operation completion. Areas of research include but are not
limited to--
• OPLANs and OPORDs. The HUMINT collector must be familiar with
the unit OPLAN and that of its higher headquarters. By thoroughly
understanding the unit OPLAN and OPORD, the HUMINT collector
6 September 2006
7-1
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
and HUMINT commanders and leaders can anticipate collection
requirements, develop source profiles, recommend deployment
strategies, and otherwise integrate HUMINT operations into the
overall unit operation. Although the OPORD needs to be read and
understood in its entirety, certain areas are of critical importance to
the HUMINT collection effort. They include--
Task organization. This will show where HUMINT C2, staff support,
and collection assets will fit into the organizational structure.
Situation. This gives the friendly and enemy situation.
Mission. This gives the HUMINT collectors insight into how their
operations will integrate into the parent unit’s operation.
Execution. The four execution subparagraphs explain the
commander’s intent on how the mission is to be carried out:
− Subparagraph 3a (Concept of Operation) includes how sub-
ordinate units’ operations will be included in the overall plan.
− Subparagraph 3a(3) (Reconnaissance and Surveillance) details
how HUMINT collection operations will integrate into the
overall ISR plan. Additional information on ISR is found in
Annex L.
− Subparagraph 3a(4) (Intelligence), along with Annex A (Task
Organization) and Annex B (Intelligence), explains how the
Intelligence BOS will support the scheme of maneuver.
− Subparagraph 3d (Coordinating Instructions) lists the CCIRs
and initial PIRs.
•
Current events. The HUMINT collector must be knowledgeable about
current events in all potential operational areas, especially those
events that indicate the populace’s feelings or intentions toward the
US. This will facilitate a better understanding of the cultural, political,
and socio-economic conditions that could influence the attitude and
behavior of a source. This knowledge can be obtained and updated
through classified periodic intelligence publications and/or military or
civilian open sources, including both print and broadcast media, CA
and PSYOP databases, and the J/G/S2 analytical elements.
•
SOPs. The HUMINT collector must be familiar not only with his own
unit's SOP but also with that of any supported unit. The HUMINT
collector will be able to obtain specific information about report
numbers and formats, as well as information about distribution
channels for reports from these SOPs. The SOP will also explain unit
policy on source exploitation and evacuation procedures, logistic and
maintenance functions, and other C2 and support issues.
•
Umbrella concept. The TF commander through the J/G2 and J/G2X
issues an umbrella concept for HUMINT operations. When operating
under this concept, collection parameters will be established in writing,
and it is imperative that the HUMINT collector understands his role.
Types of sources will be outlined concerning placement, motivation,
and access. The umbrella concept will also specify the types of
information against which the HUMINT collector can collect. The
umbrella concept is governed by AR 381-100 (S//NF), AR 381-172
(S//NF), DIAM 58-11 (S//NF), and DIAM 58-12 (S//NF).
7-2
6 September 2006
_______________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3 5
•
Legal guides, SOFAs, operations and execute orders, ROE, and other
legal and administrative requirements. The HUMINT collector must
be thoroughly familiar with all documents that may set the legal
parameters for his collection operations. These are available through
the chain of command and from the SJA office. He must know how
these requirements apply and to what type of sources each is applied.
•
Collection requirements. The HUMINT collector needs not only to
know but also to understand the requirements that he will be
attempting to answer. These requirements can include CCIRs (PIRs
and IRs), essential elements of friendly information
(EEFIs),
Intelligence Priorities for Strategic Planning (IPSP), specific requests
from national level consumers such as HUMINT collection
requirements (HCRs), SDRs, or even vocal orders given by the local
commander. These all will determine the objective of the questioning
plan.
•
Databases. Intelligence databases can give the HUMINT collector
detailed information about the source's unit, its organization, and its
capabilities. They also have information on personalities. The
HUMINT collector will use information obtained from databases to
control the source and assess his answers for truthfulness. They will
also give the HUMINT collector ideas of other areas to research. For
example, if the threat is primarily a lightly armed insurgent force,
studying similar organizations will provide the HUMINT collector with
valuable insights into the possible methods of operation of the current
target organization.
•
SITMAP and COP. The current situation, both friendly and enemy, is
vital for the movement of the HCT and for its collection operations. It
reflects enemy unit identification, disposition, and boundaries; major
roads or trails for movement of personnel, equipment, weapons; and
locations of artillery, minefields, roadblocks, entrenchments, obstacles,
staging areas, NBC contaminated areas, and ground surveillance
devices. All of this information can be used in source questioning as
control questions or in otherwise determining source veracity. The
HUMINT collector will be able to identify indicators and predict what
should be PIRs and IRs.
•
INTSUM. The INTSUM provides a summary of the intelligence
situation covering a specific period as dictated by the commander. It is
already analyzed intelligence.
•
Intelligence estimate. The intelligence estimate is derived from the
intelligence preparation of the battlefield
(IPB). It is based on all
available intelligence and considers everything of operational
significance. It will help point out gaps in the intelligence database. It
is from these gaps that requirements are derived. It will provide
information on the mission, AO, weather, terrain, enemy situation,
enemy capabilities, and conclusions. It will cover all of the standard
OB topics.
•
Weapons and equipment guides. Weapons and equipment guides can
assist the HUMINT collector in becoming familiar with the type of
equipment employed in the AO. Guides are available in hardcopy and
softcopy.
6 September 2006
7-3
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
•
Area handbooks. These handbooks provide detailed information about
a specific area of the world. They provide information on political,
economic, sociological, cultural, military, biographic, transportation,
and geographic topics. The CIA and other agencies publish area
handbooks annually. The US Department of State website also has
continuously updated information on trouble spots around the world.
•
Previous HUMINT reporting. The HUMINT collector should
familiarize himself with all previous relevant reporting from the AO.
This will provide him with insight into current operations, the types of
information collected, and may help identify information gaps.
•
Photographs, maps, and other geospatial products. In conducting
general research, the HUMINT collector should become familiar with
the AOs. This not only will help identify specific areas of HUMINT
collection potential but also will be invaluable in both the questioning
of specific sources and the maneuver of the HCT.
•
Subject matter experts
(SMEs) and technical research. Before
deploying to an AO or before supporting on a particular mission, the
HUMINT collector may identify particular areas in which he lacks
critical knowledge. For example, a HUMINT collector who has
previously been operating in an area with a conventional enemy may
be deployed to an area with an unconventional threat from irregular
forces. Also, intelligence requirements may focus on equipment that is
unfamiliar to the HUMINT collector. In order to prepare himself, the
HUMINT collector contacts SMEs or analysts or uses technical
materials to gain background information.
•
Other reports. Intelligence agencies publish numerous reports and
summaries that are readily available to the HUMINT collector.
CLOSED AND OPEN-SOURCE INFORMATION (USE OF REACH)
7-5. Reach is a process by which deployed military forces rapidly access
information from, receive support from, and conduct collaboration and
information sharing with other units and organizations (deployed in theater
and from outside the theater) unconstrained by geographic proximity,
echelon, or command. Intelligence support is established based on
requirements that will help the commanders (regardless of echelon) make
decisions. Reach can be accomplished in various ways. There is no
requirement for all intelligence functional areas or echelons to use the same
approach; hence, there is no common standard for all units to use. Each
organization or section should develop its strategy on using the various
intelligence reach components. Standard enabling tools will provide for
easier access than ever before
(for example, access to the INSCOM
Information Dominance Center).
7-4
6 September 2006
_______________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3 5
INTELLIGENCE REACH COMPONENTS
7-6. Intelligence reach requires the G2/S2 to develop a strategy on how best
to support the unit’s mission with intelligence reach capabilities. There are
eight basic elements of the strategy:
•
Push: Push occurs when the producers of intelligence or information
are knowledgeable of the customer’s requirements and are able to send
the desired intelligence to the customer without further requests. Push
is accomplished through the Joint Dissemination System (JDS) and/or
the Automated Message Handling System (AMHS).
•
Pull: Pull occurs when the customer is familiar enough with existing
databases to be able to anticipate the location of the desired
information. Pull is greatly enhanced through the use of portals and
homepages with hyperlinks to the various categories of information
available to the user. This requires the establishment of such a
homepage at each echelon, thus enabling higher echelons to research
and pull from lower databases and homepages.
•
Database Access: Access to local, theater, DOD, non-DOD, and
commercial databases allows analysts to leverage stored knowledge on
topics ranging from basic demographics to OB information. A validated
DIA Customer Number (acquired by the J2/G2/S2) in combination with
SIPRNET and Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System
(JWICS) connectivity establishes access to most of the databases
online.
•
Integrated Broadcast Services (IBS): IBS is an integrated, interactive
dissemination system, focusing on tactical user’s information
requirements using a common message Data Element Dictionary
(DED) and J-series family of message formats. The goal of IBS is to
resolve the uncoordinated proliferation of “stovepiped” intelligence or
information broadcasts by providing the tactical commander with
integrated time-sensitive tactical information.
•
Collaborative Tools: Collaborative tools are computer-based tools
(groupware) that help individuals work together and share
information. They allow for virtual on-line meetings and data sharing.
As much as possible, collaborative tools should be emplaced with all
necessary echelons and centers prior to deployment.
•
Request for Information: Reach includes the ability of an intelligence
officer at any level to request information that is beyond what is
available at his location, using the Community On-Line Intelligence
System for End Users and Managers (COLISEUM) System. Once an
RFI is entered into the system every other user of that system can see
it. Hence, an echelon several echelons above the actual requester can
and often does become aware of the request and may, in fact, answer it.
Reach is also provided through INSCOM’s Information Dominance
Center and other nodes at J2 and G2.
•
Leveraging Collection Management:
The collection and ISR
management system is established to provide a mechanism for tasking
and managing collection assets for required information. Analysts who
are trained and familiar with the system and the various tasking
procedures can leverage the system for refined information.
6 September 2006
7-5
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
• Distributed Common Ground System-Army (DCGS-A): DCGS-A is the
ISR fusion and processing system for the future, as part of the
overarching DOD-directed DCGS-A surface system family of systems.
It will bring national and joint ISR capabilities down to JTF level,
corps and division levels and BCT level to provide leaders with NRT
information and visualization of threat, weather, and terrain
information and intelligence. DCGS-A consolidates the capabilities of
the following current-force ground processing systems:
All-Source Analysis System (ASAS).
Counterintelligence and Human Intelligence (CI/HUMINT) Single-
Source Workstation.
Tactical Exploitation System (TES).
Guardrail Information Node (GRIFN).
Guardrail Common Sensor (GRCS) Intelligence Processing Facility
(IPF).
Prophet Control.
Joint STARS Common Ground Sensor (CGS).
7-7. For more information on Intelligence Reach, see FM 2-33.5/ST.
SOURCE-SPECIFIC RESEARCH
7-8. Source-specific research is done immediately prior to questioning the
source. The HUMINT collector may have to respond spontaneously in the
case of a walk-in source in tactical operations, or if the HUMINT collector
has advanced warning as in the case of a planned meeting with a source, a
long-term debriefing, or an invitational source. Areas of research include but
are not limited to--
• Screening Reports, KBs, Other Reports: Reports about the source not
only can provide specific information about the type of information the
source can provide to answer specific collection requirements but also
can give the HUMINT collector extensive background information
about the source. This background information can give clues to
information the source might possess and to possible approach
techniques. Information contained in screening reports and KBs may
provide insight into--
Geographic Area: This area may show information about the source’s
ethnic background, political affiliation, religion, and customs.
Information can be obtained from databases, locally registered vital
statistics, and residence registries.
Languages: Determining the languages and dialects spoken, written,
and understood by a source can provide valuable insights into that
source’s geographic and ethnic or tribal background, education, and
social status. This determination of languages and dialects can be
facilitated by the use of “flash cards” specific to the battlefield.
Other Reports: This can include other reports collected from this
source at other echelons or reports from other sources from the same
unit or location as the source. It can also include reports or
documents published by the ACE at your request.
7-6
6 September 2006
_______________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3 5
Political Group: This area can provide information on the source’s
beliefs as well as provide information on political leaders and goals.
Additionally, political affiliation can sometimes provide information
about subversive groups and paramilitary ties. Knowing the goals of
the political organization can also assist the HUMINT collector in
choosing an approach or establishing rapport.
Religious Affiliation: The source’s religious affiliation may provide
insight into his motivation, moral strengths and weaknesses, and
other motivational factors.
Technical Field: Having knowledge about the source’s technical field
can assist the HUMINT collector in deciding upon which questions
to ask. It will also assist the HUMINT collector in verifying the
source’s truthfulness because the HUMINT collector will have an
understanding of the source’s specialty.
Employment: By researching the source’s employment history, the
HUMINT collector can discover other areas of information that the
source may be able to provide.
Education: The source’s education level and educational history can
not only give the HUMINT collector insight into the possible
information the source can provide but also provide insight into
possible approach strategies.
Social Status: Knowledge of the source’s social status may provide a
clue to a good approach strategy because the source may be
accustomed to a certain type of treatment. It may also provide a clue
to biographical information that the source may be able to provide.
Criminal Records: Criminal records may also indicate possible
approach strategies. Additionally, they may indicate which groups or
organizations the source may have knowledge about.
•
Documents and Other Media Captured on or in Immediate Association
with a Detainee or Brought in by a Debriefing Source: Documents
captured with or otherwise pertaining to the source may give the
HUMINT collector information about the source, his unit, or his role
within that unit. They may answer requirements or indicate
knowledge of PIRs. Personal letters, for example, could be used during
the approach phase. If a source comes in voluntarily and provides
documents, they should be reviewed prior to debriefing the source.
•
Photographs, Maps, and Other Geospatial Products: Maps and
photographs of the area about which the source is being questioned can
give the HUMINT collector an idea of where the source has been and
in what kind of terrain he operated, which might indicate knowledge or
use of certain tactics. If the HUMINT collector is not familiar with the
area the source was in, the HUMINT collector should take some time
to look over the map so he can more readily relate when the source
mentions locations or dispositions. Aerial photographs show more
detailed up-to-date information than maps. They will not normally be
as readily available as maps. Maps and other geospatial products will
also be needed for use in the map-tracking portion of an interrogation.
The HUMINT collector should work with the ACE of the supported
unit to obtain them for the AO.
6 September 2006
7-7
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
• SMEs: There will be occasions when the HUMINT collector will talk to
sources about subjects of which the HUMINT collector has no
knowledge. In that case, the HUMINT collector will want to talk to
personnel who are SMEs. Depending on the depth of knowledge that
the source is expected to have and the time available to prepare, the
HUMINT collector may arrange for a technical expert to support the
questioning (see Chapter 9).
• Technical Manuals: There are various weapon and equipment
identification guides available in hardcopy, softcopy, and off the
Internet that can assist the HUMINT collector in identifying any
equipment mentioned by the source.
• Source Physical and Mental Condition: HUMINT collectors should
observe the source prior to questioning if possible and also talk to
anyone available who has relevant information concerning the source.
MP guards can be an especially valuable source of information based
on source observation and should be debriefed periodically. This can
prevent surprises at the onset of the questioning session and can help
the HUMINT collector assess the source’s physical and mental
condition as well as provide insights to possible approaches.
• Databases: Collectors should review source information and reports
contained in the various databases available to them. The CHATS
system, BAT database, and other databases can provide collectors with
source information and previous reporting.
HUMINT COLLECTION PLAN
7-9. After conducting appropriate research, the HUMINT collector working
with an analyst, if available, develops a source-based collection plan. This is
geared to the specific source that is going to be questioned. The amount of
time spent in preparing this plan depends on the operational circumstances.
This may range from a quick mental review by an experienced HUMINT
collector in a tactical environment to a formal written plan submitted by a
subordinate to a team leader. The source collection plan will vary from source
to source. It will also vary with the conditions under which the source is
questioned. It serves as a checklist to ensure that all steps necessary to
prepare for questioning are conducted. Whether written or oral, the
HUMINT collection plan should contain at least the following items:
• HUMINT collection requirements.
• Serial number of EPW/detainee to be questioned.
• Location and time for the questioning.
• Primary and alternate approaches.
• Questioning plan including topics to be covered and the planned
sequence of these topics.
• Prepared questions for unfamiliar or highly technical topics.
• Method of recording and reporting information obtained.
7-8
6 September 2006
_______________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3 5
OBJECTIVE
7-10. The HUMINT collector will first determine the objective of his
questioning. The objective is the set of collection requirements that the
HUMINT collector will attempt to satisfy during the questioning session. A
number of circumstances including the intelligence requirements, the time
available, and the source will set the objective. Determining the objective
consists of three parts:
• Identify the intelligence requirements. The primary objective of any
questioning session is to answer or confirm PIR or other collection
requirements.
• Identify the subject: The HUMINT collector will want to consider the
source; for example, who he is, what he may know. The HUMINT
collector will also want to consider the legal and other restrictions
based on the type of source (contact source, EPW, refugee, strategic).
For a military source (EPW) this includes rank, position specialty, and
unit of assignment. For a civilian source it includes job, placement and
access, associations, area of residence, and employment.
• Identify the intelligence requirements that the source may be able to
answer. The HUMINT collector cannot normally waste time “fishing”
for information. He must determine based on screening, what
collection requirements the source can answer. The HUMINT collector
compares the information that he gathered through his general and
source-specific research and compares it to his list of collection
requirements. He compares that list to the identity of the source and
refines the list including all requirements that the source can be
expected to be able to answer. The HUMINT collector will approach
those areas first while staying aware of leads into other collection
topics.
LOCATION
7-11. In most cases, the location for the questioning will be determined by
operational requirements. However, the HUMINT collector should ensure
some basic requirements are met:
• Each questioning session should be conducted outside the hearing and
view of third parties. Even in the case of a source meeting in a public
place, the HUMINT collector should choose a location where they
cannot be overheard and where their meeting will not arouse
suspicion.
• The location should be in a place that has reasonable security for the
HUMINT collector and the source. In contact operations, the risk
cannot always be eliminated but the acceptable risk levels should be
based on the expected intelligence gain. In combat operations, most
questioning (interrogation, debriefing of civilians on the battlefield)
will take place in forward combat areas, but it cannot be done if it
increases the risk to the source. Safe evacuation of the sources has
priority over questioning.
• The location should provide ready access to the chosen method of
recording and reporting the information.
6 September 2006
7-9
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
7-12. When conducting military source operations, the location of the
questioning will have psychological effects on the source. The questioning
location should be chosen and set up to correspond to the effect that the
HUMINT collector wants to project and his planned approach techniques.
For example, meeting in a social type situation such as a restaurant may
place the source at ease. Meeting in an apartment projects informality while
meeting in an office projects more formality. Meeting at the source’s home
normally places him at a psychological advantage, while meeting in the
HUMINT collector’s work area gives the collector a psychological edge. The
HUMINT collector should consider the status and level of the source,
security, the workspace available, furnishings, the amount of lighting
provided, and the ability to heat or cool the room as needed.
TIME
7-13. Time to conduct questioning should be estimated based on the source,
the type of information that the HUMINT collector expects to get, and the
complexity of that information. Other considerations include expected
evacuation times for sources in tactical situations, the number of other
sources that need to be spoken to; and in contact operations, the estimated
time that the HUMINT collector can meet with the source without increasing
the risk.
7-14. The HUMINT collector must also consider the physical conditions of
the source and himself. After extended operations, there may be a limit on
how long either the HUMINT collector or source can concentrate on a given
subject. Even if the HUMINT collector has an unlimited time period (such as
at a joint interrogation and debriefing facility), he must break his
questioning down into topical sessions to maximize effectiveness. Time is
only an estimate and should be modified based on the circumstances. It may
be extended, for example, if the source has a greater than expected amount of
information, or critical information in unforeseen areas. The time may be
curtailed if the HUMINT collector has met his requirements, the source does
not possess the expected information, or a more valuable source is identified.
PRIMARY AND ALTERNATE APPROACHES
7-15. In most circumstances, if the HUMINT collector is meeting with the
source for the first time, he should select at least two alternate approaches to
use if the direct approach is unsuccessful (see Chapter 8). These approaches
need to be based on the HUMINT collector's source-specific research, his
general area research, knowledge of the current situation, and knowledge of
human nature. There are four primary factors that must be considered when
selecting tentative approaches:
• The source's mental and physical state. Is the source injured, angry,
crying, arrogant, cocky, or frightened?
• The source's background. What is the source's age and level of military
or civilian experience? Consider cultural, ethnic, and religious factors.
• The objective of the HUMINT collection. How valuable is the source’s
potential information? Is it beneficial to spend more effort convincing
this source to talk?
7-10
6 September 2006
_______________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3 5
• The HUMINT collector himself. What abilities does he have that can
be brought into play? What weaknesses does he have that may
interfere with the HUMINT collection? Are there social or ethnic
barriers to communication? Can his personality adapt to the
personality of the source?
7-16. If the HUMINT collector has a screening sheet or KB, he can use it to
help select his approaches. After reviewing the information, the HUMINT
collector will analyze the information for indicators of psychological and/or
physical weakness that would make a source susceptible to a specific
approach. The HUMINT collector also needs to consider his particular
strengths and weaknesses in conducting specific approaches. He must
consider what immediate incentives he may possibly need and ensure that
they are available. Also, if incentives had been previously offered or
promised, the collector needs to know if they were in fact provided. If the
HUMINT collector has previously questioned the source, he must evaluate
the approaches he used and decide if they need to be modified or if additional
approach techniques will be needed (see Chapter 8.)
ADDITIONAL SUPPORT REQUIRED
7-17. The HUMINT collector must decide if he will need technical support to
include interpreter support.
•
Technical support. The HUMINT collector must decide if he will need
additional support including analytical, technical, or interpreter
support.
•
Analytical or technical support. The HUMINT collector must decide if
he has the analytical or technical capability to question a specific
source. If not, he must decide what degree of support from advice to
participation is required of the analyst or technical expert. Any request
for analytical or technical support must be coordinated with the 2X. On
rare occasions, it may be desirable for the HUMINT collector to seek
polygraph support or support from a Behavioral Science Consultant
(BSC). BSCs are authorized to make psychological assessments of the
character, personality, social interactions, and other behavioral
characteristics of interrogation subjects and advise HUMINT collectors
of their assessments, as needed.
•
Interpreter support. If the HUMINT collector does not speak the
needed language or does not speak the needed language well enough to
conduct questioning, an interpreter will be required. If the HUMINT
collector will need an interpreter, the HUMINT collector will also have
to consider the clearance needed to complete the questioning and the
availability of the interpreter, as well as the extra time necessary to
complete the questioning session. The HUMINT collector will also have
to brief the interpreter on the method of interpretation and the
HUMINT exploitation plan. Also, he should determine whether there
are any cultural aspects associated with the interpreter that may
enhance or detract from the success of the meet. (See Chapter 11 for
detailed information on HUMINT collection using an interpreter.)
6 September 2006
7-11
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
DEVELOP A QUESTIONING PLAN
7-18. The HUMINT collector must develop a plan that will guide his
questioning of the source. This includes general topics to be exploited and the
sequence in which they will be covered.
7-19. There are two general sequences used in questioning: topical and
chronological.
• Topical questioning is used when time is a prime concern, when the
source is believed to possess key information in a limited area, when
the questioning is concerning a technical topic, or when the source has
been talked to previously and this is a subsequent questioning to
expand on earlier topics.
• Chronological questioning normally is used when the HUMINT
collector is uncertain of the areas of source knowledge, when time is
not a factor in questioning, during initial questioning when the source
is believed to have knowledge on a large number of topics, and in
friendly force mission debriefing.
7-20. A topical sequence is an outline of topics to be questioned in a selected
sequence and is based on intelligence requirements or HCRs, as well as a
specific source’s potential to provide information pertinent to those
requirements. The plan serves as a checklist for the HUMINT collector to
ensure that all subjects pertinent to the collection objective are questioned in
an efficient and organized manner. The HUMINT collector uses his estimate
of the type and extent of knowledge possessed by the source to modify the
basic topical sequence of questioning. He selects only those topics in which he
believes the source has pertinent knowledge. In this way, the HUMINT
collector refines his element's overall objective into a set of specific HUMINT
collection subjects. In OB factors questioning in either a tactical or strategic
setting, and across the full spectrum of operations, the topics covered include
missions and the nine major OB factors:
• Composition.
• Strength.
• Dispositions.
• Tactics.
• Training.
• Combat effectiveness.
• Logistics.
• Electronic technical data.
• Miscellaneous.
7-21. See Appendix G for questioning quick reference examples of topics
covered under the nine OB factors.
7-22. In strategic and operational debriefing operations the relevant HCR or
SDR will guide the HUMINT collector. Regardless of which tasking
document is referenced, the topical sequence is established by collection
requirements, modified or sequenced, based on source knowledge and time.
7-23. The nine OB factors are not the only guideline that may be used by the
HUMINT collector. If the collection objective is something other than a
7-12
6 September 2006
_______________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3 5
military unit, many of the OB factors will not fit the collection plan. A helpful
memory aid, in this case, is mission, identification, location, and organization
(MILO). MILO gives a short, easily remembered structure for questioning
nonmilitary or strategic topics. The MILO factors can be questioned in any
order, but often the most logical sequence of MILO questioning is
identification, organization, location, and mission. Many of the nine OB
factors can also fit into the MILO format.
IDENTIFY MEANS OF RECORDING AND REPORTING
7-24. The HUMINT collector will want to decide upon a means of recording
the information obtained through source questioning. If the HUMINT
collector is planning to use a sound or video recorder, he will also have to
consider the availability of the equipment and its positioning (see Chapter 9).
Along with the method of recording the information, the HUMINT collector
will have to decide on the means of reporting the information (see Chapter
10). Tapes of interrogations must be safeguarded in accordance with DOD
Regulation 5200.1-R.
FINAL PREPARATIONS
7-25. After the source-specific questioning plan is developed, the HUMINT
collector takes some final preparatory steps.
•
Review plan. The HUMINT collector should always go over his
collection plan with his supervisor. This review can be written or oral.
In addition to the obvious requirements to keep the chain of command
informed, this review helps identify any weaknesses in the plan and is
a means to effect required coordination and support.
•
Collect questioning support materials. The HUMINT collector will
want to collect the various references and other guides that he will use
to support his questioning. These materials may include source
documents, maps, aerial photographs, imagery, OB data, extra lights,
extra tables, drawing templates, graph paper, questioning guides,
technical reference manuals, city plans and handbooks, and recording
devices.
•
Conduct required coordination. The HUMINT collector coordinates any
support requirements including analytical, technical, or interpreter
support, questioning location, ICFs, recording equipment, security, and
transportation.
•
Organize. The HUMINT collector organizes his materials in a logical
manner that will complement his topical sequence. By being organized,
the HUMINT collector will not waste time trying to locate the correct
manual or guide. Additionally, the HUMINT collector will present a
professional appearance to his source.
•
Reconnoiter the questioning location. If the questioning location is to
be somewhere other than the HUMINT collector's normal AO, such as
a public restaurant, the HUMINT collector should conduct an
unobtrusive reconnaissance of the site. If at all possible, this should be
at the same time and day of the week as the planned meeting. This
allows the HUMINT collector to assess the possible security problems
6 September 2006
7-13
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
of the location, judge the traffic flow, and identify any other items that
might affect the questioning. He can also judge where within the
meeting site he can set up for maximum security and psychological
advantage. He must be careful that in doing so he does not set up
patterns of operation that will increase rather than decrease security
problems.
• Set up questioning site. If the HUMINT collector has control over the
site where the collection is being conducted, the last step in preparing
is the actual setup of the questioning site. The HUMINT collector will
want to decide on the placement of the furniture and lighting and
where everyone will be seated and decide where he will place his
technical support materials.
• Question guards. If the person to be questioned is a detainee, the
HUMINT collector should arrange to question MP guards who have
been in contact with the detainee to ascertain source behavior,
attitude, and other useful information that guards may be able to
provide.
• Check with medical personnel. If the detainee was injured or ill,
ensure that he was treated by medical authorities and released for
questioning.
7-26. The supervisor reviews each plan for legal considerations, appropriate
goals in accordance with the collection objectives of the supported unit, and
makes any changes he thinks are necessary. The supervisor ensures that
contract interrogators are utilized in accordance with the scope of their
contract and current policy. (See Appendix K.) After the plan is approved, the
collection operation is executed. Prior to execution, the supervisor ensures
mission brief back, rehearsal, and pre-combat inspections are conducted.
7-14
6 September 2006
FM 2-22.3
Chapter 8
Approach Techniques and Termination Strategies
8-1. Regardless of the type of operation, the initial impression that the
HUMINT collector makes on the source and the approach he takes to gain
the source’s cooperation will have a lasting effect on the continuing
relationship and the degree of success in collecting information. The
approach used will vary based on the type of operation; the operational
environment; the status of the source; the personality, position, and identity
of the source; and the personality and experience level of the HUMINT
collector and the time available.
8-2. The MPs will not take any actions to set conditions for interrogations
(for example, “softening up” a detainee). Additionally, in accordance with
DOD Directive 3115.09, military working dogs, contracted dogs, or any other
dog in use by a government agency shall not be used as a part of an
interrogation approach nor to harass, intimidate, threaten, or coerce a
detainee for interrogation purposes. Leadership throughout the chain of
command is responsible to ensure that HUMINT operations are in
compliance with these governing regulations and guidelines, whether the
HUMINT collection is to take place as part of HCT operations or in an
internment facility.
8-3. The only authorized interrogation approaches and techniques are those
authorized by and listed in this manual, in accordance with the Detainee
Treatment Act of 2005. Two approaches, Mutt and Jeff and False Flag,
require approval by the first O-6 in the interrogator’s chain of command. The
restricted interrogation technique “Separation” requires COCOM commander
approval for use, and approval of each interrogation plan using “Separation”
by the first General Officer/Flag Officer (GO/FO) in the chain of command.
Coordination may also be required with the C/J/G2X, security, legal, or other
personnel. Regardless of the coordination efforts required, use of all
techniques at all locations must carefully comply with this manual and
additional instructions contained in the latest DOD and COCOM policies.
NOTE: The word “source” will be used in this chapter to mean any person who is
the objective of the HUMINT collector’s approach, and is applicable in any
collection situation unless otherwise noted in the text. This use of the term
“source” is consistent with US Army Intelligence Center HUMINT collector
training.
APPROACH PHASE
8-4. During the approach phase, the HUMINT collector establishes the
conditions of control and rapport to facilitate information collection. The
approach begins with initial contact between the source and the HUMINT
collector. Extreme care is required since the success of the collection effort
6 September 2006
8-1
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
hinges, to a large degree, on the early development of the source’s willingness
to communicate. Interrogators must have a deep understanding of the
cultural norms, anomalies, and emotional triggers of the person being
interrogated in order to select appropriate approach strategies and to
interrogate effectively.
8-5. The HUMINT collector's objective during this phase is to establish a
relationship with the source that results in the source providing accurate and
reliable information in response to the HUMINT collector’s questions. The
HUMINT collector adopts an appropriate persona based on his appraisal of
the source but remains alert for verbal and non-verbal clues that indicate the
need for a change in the approach techniques. The amount of time spent on
this phase will depend mostly on the probable quantity and value of
information the source possesses, the availability of other sources with
knowledge on the same topics, and available time. At the initial contact, a
businesslike relationship should be maintained. As the source assumes a
cooperative attitude, a more relaxed atmosphere may be advantageous. The
HUMINT collector must carefully determine which of the various approach
techniques to employ.
8-6. Sources will cooperate with the HUMINT collector for various reasons
ranging from patriotic duty to personal gain, such as material gifts or money.
They may also respond to emotion or logic. Regardless of the type of source
and his outward personality, every source possesses exploitable
characteristics that, if recognized by the HUMINT collector, can be used to
facilitate the collection process. These characteristics may be readily
apparent or may have to be extrapolated from the source’s speech,
mannerisms, facial expressions, physical movements, involuntary responses
(perspiration, changes in breathing, eye movement), and other overt
indications that vary from source to source. From a psychological standpoint,
the HUMINT collector must be cognizant of the following behaviors. People
tend to—
• Want to talk when they are under stress and respond to kindness and
understanding during trying circumstances. For example, enemy
soldiers who have just been captured have experienced a significant
stress-producing episode. The natural inclination is for people to want
to talk about this sort of experience. If the EPW has been properly
segregated and silenced, the HUMINT collector will be the first person
the EPW has a chance to talk to. This is a powerful tool for the
collector to use to get the subject talking. The desire to talk may also
be manifested in refugees, DPs, and even local civilians when
confronted by an unsettled situation.
• Show deference when confronted by superior authority. This is
culturally dependent but in most areas of the world people are used to
responding to questions from a variety of government and quasi-
government officials.
• Operate within a framework of personal and culturally derived values.
People tend to respond positively to individuals who display the same
value system and negatively when their core values are challenged.
• Respond to physical and, more importantly, emotional self-interest.
This may be as simple as responding to material rewards such as extra
8-2
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
food or luxury items for their personal comfort or as complex as
responding to support in rationalizing guilt.
• Fail to apply or remember lessons they may have been taught
regarding security if confronted with a disorganized or strange
situation.
• Be more willing to discuss a topic about which the HUMINT collector
demonstrates identical or related experience or knowledge.
• Appreciate flattery and exoneration from guilt.
• Attach less importance to a topic if it is treated routinely by the
HUMINT collector.
• Resent having someone or something they respect belittled, especially
by someone they dislike.
8-7. HUMINT collectors do not "run" an approach by following a set pattern
or routine. Each approach is different, but all approaches have the following
in common. They—
• Establish and maintain control over the source and collection effort.
This does not necessarily equate to physical control. Rather it means
that the HUMINT collector directs the conversation to cover the topics
that are of interest to him. This may be overt in a debriefing or an
interrogation or subtle in an elicitation. In a very basic sense, the
HUMINT collector is in control if he is asking questions and receiving
answers. If the source is asking questions, refusing to answer
questions, or directing or attempting to direct the exchange, he is
challenging for control. If the source challenges this control, the
HUMINT collector must act quickly and firmly to reestablish control.
• Establish and maintain a rapport between the HUMINT collector and
the source. Rapport is a condition established by the HUMINT
collector that is characterized by source confidence in the HUMINT
collector and a willingness to cooperate with him. This does not
necessarily equate to a friendly atmosphere. It means that a
relationship is established and maintained that facilitates the
collection of information by the HUMINT collector. The HUMINT
collector may establish a relationship as superior, equal, or even
inferior to the source. The relationship may be based on friendship,
mutual gain, or even fear.
• Identify the source’s primary emotions, values, traditions, and
characteristics and use them to gain the source’s willing cooperation.
8-8. The successful application of approach techniques, coupled with
measures to ensure source veracity, results in the source providing accurate
information in response to the HUMINT collector’s requirements. The source
may or may not be aware that he is providing the HUMINT collector with
needed information. The approach does not end when the source begins
providing information but is reinforced as necessary throughout the
questioning.
6 September 2006
8-3
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
DEVELOPING RAPPORT
8-9. The basis of rapport is source confidence in the HUMINT collector,
which leads to a willingness to cooperate. Rapport does not necessarily mean
a friendly relationship, although that may be the case. It means an
establishment of a relationship in which the HUMINT collector presents a
realistic persona designed to evoke cooperation from the source. The source
responds with relevant, truthful information. Rapport is established during
the approach and must be maintained throughout the questioning of the
source. If the HUMINT collector has established good rapport initially and
then abandons the effort, the source would rightfully begin to question the
HUMINT collector’s sincerity and may cease answering questions.
BUILDING RAPPORT
8-10. Building rapport is an integral part of the approach phase. The
establishment of rapport begins when the HUMINT collector first encounters
the source. Depending on the situation, the HUMINT collector may introduce
himself to the source. In debriefing and liaison operations, this will normally
be the collector’s true name and affiliation. In elicitation, the requirement
and type of introduction depends on the operation. In interrogation
operations, the HUMINT collector normally will not introduce himself unless
he is laying the groundwork for an approach. If he does introduce himself,
normally he will adopt a duty position and rank supportive of the approach
strategy selected during the planning and preparation phase. The HUMINT
collector must select a rank and duty position that is believable based on the
HUMINT collector’s age, appearance, and experience. A HUMINT collector
may, according to international law, use ruses of war to build rapport with
interrogation sources, and this may include posing or “passing himself off” as
someone other than a military interrogator. However, the collector must not
pose as—
• A doctor, medic, or any other type of medical personnel.
• Any member of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
or its affiliates. Such a ruse is a violation of US treaty obligations.
• A chaplain or clergyman.
• A journalist.
• A member of the US Congress.
8-11. The HUMINT collector should seek advice from his SJA concerning
representing himself as holding any other sensitive position.
8-12. A good source assessment is the basis for the approach and vital to the
success of the collection effort. The HUMINT collector continually assesses
the source to see if the approaches—and later the questioning techniques—
chosen in the planning and preparation phase will indeed work. Approaches
chosen in planning and preparation are tentative and based on the limited
information available from documents, guards, and personal observation.
This may lead the HUMINT collector to select approaches that may be totally
incorrect for obtaining this source's willing cooperation. Thus, careful
assessment of the source is critical to avoid wasting valuable time in the
approach phase. Whether the HUMINT collector is using reasoned argument
8-4
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
or emotion to get the source to cooperate, he must be convincing and
believable and appear sincere.
RAPPORT POSTURE
8-13. Unless there is rationale for acting otherwise, the HUMINT collector
will begin his interaction with the source in a businesslike manner. He will
be neither hostile nor overly friendly. Based on the tentative approaches
developed during planning and preparation and the verbal and physical clues
from the source, the HUMINT collector will modify this posture to facilitate
collection.
8-14. Based on planning and preparation, the HUMINT collector may decide
to adopt a stern posture. He presents himself as a person in a superior
position to the interrogation source and demands proper deference and
obedience by the interrogation source. In the case of an EPW this is
manifested by having the source remain at attention and address the
HUMINT collector as “Sir.” This can be effective in dealing with lower
ranking military personnel or members of oppressed ethnic, tribal, or
religious groups who are conditioned to respond to authority or civilians in
lower economic or social positions who are used to responding to directions
from various bureaucrats and civilian superiors. This posture can have
negative results since many persons in the positions mentioned above have
developed mechanisms for dealing with superiors that mostly involve giving
minimal information and agreeing with whatever the authority figure says.
8-15. In most cases, either initially or after the interrogation source has
begun answering questions, the HUMINT collector will adopt a more relaxed
or even sympathetic posture. The HUMINT collector addresses the
interrogation source in a friendly fashion, striving to put him at ease.
Regardless of the posture selected by the HUMINT collector, he must stay
detached emotionally while maintaining the appearance of total involvement
and stay within his adopted persona. The HUMINT collector must control his
temper at all times. He must not show distaste, disgust, or unease at
anything the source says unless that reaction is a planned part of the
approach strategy. He should not show surprise at anything that the
interrogation source says since it might undermine source confidence in the
HUMINT collector and their relationship.
8-16. The HUMINT collector must support his verbal approaches with
appropriate body language. Just as the HUMINT collector is observing the
source to identify non-verbal clues that support or contradict the verbal
message, the HUMINT collector is being scrutinized by the source to identify
the same clues. The techniques used in an approach are a totality of effort,
not just verbal conversation between the HUMINT collector and the source.
Body language is in many instances culturally dependent. Standing at a
given distance from an individual may be perceived as comforting in some
societies and hostile in others. The HUMINT collector must adapt his body
language to the culture in which he is working rather than expect the source
to adapt to his.
6 September 2006
8-5
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
APPROACH TECHNIQUES
8-17. The approaches listed are not guaranteed solutions for every situation.
Some individual approaches that may be suitable for one operating
environment, such as when conducting HUMINT contact operations, may be
ineffective in another, such as interrogation. Some will be successful with
one source and ineffective with another. In any case, everything the
HUMINT collector says and does must be in compliance with the applicable
law and policy under which the HUMINT collector is operating. Applicable
law and policy include US law; the law of war; relevant international law;
relevant directives including DOD Directive
3115.09,
“DOD Intelligence
Interrogations, Detainee Debriefings, and Tactical Questioning”; DOD
Directive 2310.1E, “The Department of Defense Detainee Program”; DOD
instructions; and military execute orders including FRAGOs.
8-18. There are
18 approach techniques that can be employed on any
detainee regardless of status or characterization, including EPWs.
Additionally, there is one restricted interrogation technique called separation
(see Appendix M). Separation cannot be employed on EPWs. With the
exception of the direct approach, which may be effective by itself, approach
techniques are used in combination with other approaches and techniques.
Transitions from one approach to another must be smooth, logical, and
convincing.
DIRECT APPROACH
8-19. (Interrogation and Other MSO) Almost all HUMINT collection begins
with the direct approach. The exception to this is during elicitation
operations that by their very nature are indirect. In using the direct
approach, the HUMINT collector asks direct questions (see Chapter 9). The
initial questions may be administrative or nonpertinent but the HUMINT
collector quickly begins asking pertinent questions. The HUMINT collector
will continue to use direct questions as long as the source is answering the
questions in a truthful manner. When the source refuses to answer, avoids
answering, or falsely answers a pertinent question, the HUMINT collector
will begin an alternate approach strategy. The fact that the source is
answering questions does not preclude the HUMINT collector from providing
an incentive to reward the source and continue his cooperation as long as
that incentive does not slow down the collection. For example, a HUMINT
collector might offer the source coffee or cigarettes to reward his cooperation.
See Chapter 9 for the use of Repeat and Control questions in detecting
deception.
8-20. Statistics from interrogation operations in World War II show that the
direct approach was effective 90 percent of the time. In Vietnam and in
Operations URGENT FURY (Grenada, 1983), JUST CAUSE (Panama, 1989),
and DESERT STORM (Kuwait and Iraq, 1991), the direct approach was 95
percent effective. The effectiveness of the direct approach in Operations
ENDURING FREEDOM (Afghanistan, 2001-2002) and IRAQI FREEDOM
(Iraq, 2003) are still being studied; however, unofficial studies indicate that
in these operations, the direct approach has been dramatically less
successful. The direct approach is frequently employed at lower echelons
when the tactical situation precludes selecting other techniques, and where
8-6
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
the EPW’s or detainee's mental state is one of confusion or extreme shock.
However, the HUMINT collector must remember that just because a source
is answering a direct question does not mean he is being truthful.
INCENTIVE APPROACH
8-21. (Interrogation and Other MSO) The incentive approach is trading
something that the source wants for information. The thing that you give up
may be a material reward, an emotional reward, or the removal of a real or
perceived negative stimulus. The exchange of the incentive may be blatant or
subtle. On one extreme, the exchange may be a formal cash payment for
information during some contact operations while on the other extreme it
may be as subtle as offering the source a cigarette. Even when the direct
approach is successful, the HUMINT collector may use incentives to enhance
rapport and to reward the source for cooperation and truthfulness. The
HUMINT collector must be extremely careful in selecting the options offered
to a detainee source. He cannot deny the detainee anything that he is
entitled to by law.
8-22. The HUMINT collector also should not offer anything that is not in his
power to give. Although this might be expedient in the short term, in the long
run it will eliminate source cooperation. When asked to provide something
beyond his authority, the HUMINT collector can agree to help, check into, or
otherwise support the request without committing himself to its successful
accomplishment. HUMINT collectors must be cautious in the use of
incentives for the following reasons:
•
There is an inherent suspicion of the truthfulness of
“bought”
information. Sources may manufacture information in order to receive
or maintain an incentive. Sources may also “hold back” information in
the hopes of trading it at a later date for greater incentives. They may
also hold back information if the incentive is not immediately available
or guaranteed.
•
The incentive must be believable and attainable. The incentive must be
within the capability of the HUMINT collector’s assumed persona to
achieve. For example, if the detainee was captured after killing a US
soldier, an incentive of release would not be realistic or believable.
Likewise, if the interrogator is presenting himself as being a “harmless
clerk” at the detention center, it would be unrealistic to expect a
detainee to believe that a clerk could arrange to have the detainee’s
girlfriend brought to visit him. Such a visit might be possible, but the
interrogator’s assumed persona would not seemingly provide him with
the authority to make it happen.
•
The HUMINT collector must provide any promised incentive. A simple
promise of an incentive may be sufficient to obtain immediate
cooperation. If, however, the HUMINT collector does not follow
through on providing the incentive, he will lose credibility and rapport
with his source. This may end the cooperation of not only that source
but also possibly any potential source who has contact with that
source.
•
The HUMINT collector may not state or even imply that the basic
human rights guaranteed by applicable national and international
6 September 2006
8-7
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
laws, regulations, and agreements will be contingent on a detained
source’s cooperation. An incentive for cooperation is viable only if the
HUMINT collector has or is perceived to have the authority to
withhold the incentive if the source is not cooperative. A HUMINT
collector cannot promise an EPW that he will be treated in accordance
with the GPW if he cooperates. This statement implies that the EPW
will not be treated properly if he does not cooperate. Since the EPW
must be treated in accordance with the GPW whether he cooperates or
not, the HUMINT collector will rapidly lose credibility.
EMOTIONAL APPROACHES
8-23. (Interrogation and Other MSO) Emotional approaches are centered on
how the source views himself and his interrelationships with others. Through
source observation and initial questioning, the HUMINT collector can often
identify dominant emotions that motivate the EPW/detainee. The motivating
emotion may be greed, love, hate, revenge, or others. The emotion may be
directed inward (feelings of pride or helplessness) or outward (love of family).
The HUMINT collector employs verbal and emotional ruses in applying
pressure to the source’s dominant emotions. He then links the satisfaction of
these emotions to the source’s cooperation. Often, the presentation of like
experiences and presenting the source with an opportunity to express his
emotions is sufficient to result in cooperation. However, sometimes the
source must be presented with a specific action or tangible manifestation of
support.
8-24. Although the emotion is the key factor, an emotional approach is
normally worthless without an attached incentive. The incentive must meet
the criteria listed above for the incentive approach to ensure that the
incentive is believable and attainable. For example, this technique can be
used on the EPW/detainee who has a great love for his unit and fellow
soldiers. Simply having the source express this emotion is not enough. After
the source expresses this emotion, the HUMINT collector can take advantage
of this by telling the EPW/detainee that by providing pertinent information,
he may shorten the war or battle in progress and save many of his comrades'
lives, but his refusal to talk may cause their deaths. This gives the source the
alternatives of facing the status quo or expressing love of comrades through
cooperating with the HUMINT collector.
8-25. Religion is an especially difficult topic to use in any emotional
approach. An approach using religion may encourage the source to be further
motivated by love, remorse, futility, or even pride to cooperate with the
interrogator. On the other hand, an approach using religion may also
encourage the source to end any rapport and cooperation with the
interrogator. Although it is acceptable to use religion in all interrogation
approaches, even to express doubts about a religion, an interrogator is not
permitted to denigrate a religion’s symbols (for example, a Koran, prayer rug,
icon, or religious statue) or violate a religion’s tenets, except where
appropriate for health, safety, and security reasons. Supervisors should
carefully consider the experience level of their subordinates before permitting
the use of religion in any interrogation approach.
8-8
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
8-26. Similarly, supervisors should question the appropriateness of
demeaning any racial group, including the source’s, to elicit an emotional
response during an interrogation approach.
8-27. One common danger to the use of emotional approaches is the
development of an emotional attachment on the part of the HUMINT
collector. It is natural that a source will develop an emotional attachment to
the HUMINT collector. The HUMINT collector will often foster this
attachment. However, it is vital the HUMINT collector not develop a
corresponding emotional attachment to the source. This problem normally
develops when a HUMINT collector has contact with one source or a group of
similar sources over an extended period of time. There is transference of the
source’s problems to the HUMINT collector. For example, HUMINT
collectors working in a refugee camp frequently begin to view the welfare of
the refugees as a greater concern than HUMINT collection. The HUMINT
collector, while developing emotion within the source, must act believably but
at the same time he must remain detached. He must remember that the
emotion is a means to an end (that is, information collection). Supervisors
must carefully observe HUMINT collectors for signs of this emotional
attachment to the source and take appropriate action ranging from
counseling to reassignment.
8-28. The following are types of emotional approaches.
Emotional Love Approach
8-29. (Interrogation and Other MSO) Love in its many forms (friendship,
comradeship, patriotism, love of family) is a dominant emotion for most
people. The HUMINT collector focuses on the anxiety felt by the source about
the circumstances in which he finds himself, his isolation from those he loves,
and his feelings of helplessness. The HUMINT collector directs the love the
source feels toward the appropriate object: family, homeland, or comrades. If
the HUMINT collector can show the source what the source himself can do to
alter or improve his situation or the situation of the object of his emotion, the
approach has a chance of success.
8-30. The key to the successful use of this approach is to identify an action
that can realistically evoke this emotion (an incentive) that can be tied to a
detained source’s cooperation. For example, if the source cooperates, he can
see his family sooner, end the war, protect his comrades, help his country,
help his ethnic group. A good HUMINT collector will usually orchestrate
some futility with an emotional love approach to hasten the source's reaching
the breaking point. In other words if the source does not cooperate, these
things may never happen or be delayed in happening. Sincerity and
conviction are critical in a successful attempt at an emotional love approach
as the HUMINT collector must show genuine concern for the source, and for
the object at which the HUMINT collector is directing the source's emotion.
The emotional love approach may be used in any MSO where the source’s
state of mind indicates that the approach may be effective.
6 September 2006
8-9
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
Emotional Hate Approach
8-31. (Interrogation and Other MSO) The emotional hate approach focuses
on any genuine hate, or possibly a desire for revenge, the source may feel.
The HUMINT collector must clearly identify the object of the source’s hate
and, if necessary, build on those feelings so the emotion overrides the source's
rational side. The source may have negative feelings about his country's
regime, immediate superiors, officers in general, or fellow soldiers. The
emotional hate approach may be used in any MSO where the source’s state of
mind indicates that the approach may be effective.
8-32. The emotional hate approach may be effective on members of racial or
religious minorities who have or feel that they have faced discrimination in
military and civilian life. The “hate” may be very specific. For example, a
source may have great love for his country, but may hate the regime in
control. The HUMINT collector must be sure to correctly identify the specific
object of the hate. The emotional hate approach is most effective with the
immature or timid source who may have had no opportunity up to this point
for revenge, or never had the courage to voice his feelings.
8-33. As in the emotional love approach, the key to the successful application
is the linking of the emotion with a tangible manifestation of that emotion.
The HUMINT collector must be extremely careful that he does not promise
anything that would be contrary to national or international law or US
interests or goals. For example, if an EPW feels he has been treated unfairly
in his unit, the HUMINT collector can point out that, if the source cooperates
and divulges the location of that unit, the unit can be destroyed, thus
affording the source revenge. But he cannot promise that the unit if attacked
would not be allowed to surrender or that the unit if it surrenders will be
treated badly.
8-34. The HUMINT collector must be careful that he does not assume that
casual negative comments equate to a strong hate. Many soldiers will make
negative comments against their army but will support and defend their
army against any “outsider.” The HUMINT collector should also not assume
generalities; for example, assuming that a member of an ethnic minority
hates the ethnic majority just because most ethnic minorities hate those in
the ethnic majority.
Emotional Fear-Up Approach
8-35. (Interrogation and Other MSO) Fear is another dominant emotion that
can be exploited by the HUMINT collector. In the fear-up approach, the
HUMINT collector identifies a preexisting fear or creates a fear within the
source. He then links the elimination or reduction of the fear to cooperation
on the part of the source. The HUMINT collector must be extremely careful
that he does not threaten or coerce a source. Conveying a threat may be a
violation of the UCMJ. The HUMINT collector should also be extremely
careful that he does not create so much fear that the source becomes
unresponsive. The HUMINT collector should never act as if he is out of
control or set himself up as the object or focal point of the source’s fear. If the
HUMINT collector acts in this manner, it is extremely difficult to then act as
8-10
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
the outlet for the fear. Supervisors should consider the experience level of
their subordinates before approving their use of this approach.
8-36. If there is a justifiable fear, the HUMINT collector should present it
and present a plan to mitigate it if the source cooperates (combination of
emotional and incentive approaches). For example, an EPW source says that
he will not cooperate because if he does his fellow prisoners will kill him or, if
a contact source says that if people find out he is cooperating, his family will
suffer. In these cases, the HUMINT collector can point out that the source
has already placed himself at risk and he or his family may suffer whether he
cooperates or not (justified fear). But if he cooperates, the HUMINT collector
will do his best to ensure that either no one will find out or that he will be
protected (incentive).
8-37. If there is no justified fear, the HUMINT collector can make use of non
specific fears. “You know what can happen to you here?” A fear-up approach
is normally presented in a level, unemotional tone of voice. For example, “We
have heard many allegations of atrocities committed in your area and anyone
that was involved will be severely punished” (non-specific fear).
“If you
cooperate with me and answer all of my questions truthfully, I can make sure
you are not falsely accused” (incentive). The source should demonstrate some
indication of fear, whether verbal or non-verbal, prior to using this approach.
If a fear is pre-existing, the approach will work and is legal. If there is no
indication of fear, another approach should be considered.
8-38. It is often very effective to use the detainee’s own imagination against
him. The detainee can often visualize exactly what he is afraid of better than
the HUMINT collector can express it.
8-39. The “fear-up” approach is frequently used in conjunction with the
emotional love or hate approaches. For example, the HUMINT collector has
already established that a detainee source has a strong love of family but is
now separated from them. He may state, “I wonder how your family is
getting along without you?” (fear of the unknown). He then promises to allow
the detainee more than the minimum two letters a month required by the
GPW.
Emotional Fear-Down Approach
8-40. (Interrogation and Other MSO) The emotion of fear may dominate the
source to the point where he is unable to respond rationally to questioning,
especially in interrogation sources. However, the fear-down approach may be
used in any MSO where the source’s state of mind indicates that it would be
an appropriate approach to use. In the fear-down approach the HUMINT
collector mitigates existing fear in exchange for cooperation on the part of the
source. This is not normally a formal or even voiced agreement. Instead, the
HUMINT collector through verbal and physical actions calms the source.
Psychologically, the source then views the HUMINT collector as the protector
or the one who is providing the calm and wishes to help the HUMINT
collector in gratitude and in order to maintain the HUMINT collector as the
protector. When used with a soothing, calm tone of voice and appropriate
body language, a fear-down approach often creates rapport and nothing else
may be needed to get the source to cooperate. At times, however, the
6 September 2006
8-11
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
HUMINT collector must describe concrete actions that he will take in order
to remove the source’s fear.
8-41. Frequently the object of the fear is too traumatic for the source to face
directly. While calming the source, the HUMINT collector may initially ask
nonpertinent questions and avoid the subject that has caused the source's
fear. This develops rapport and establishes communication. The HUMINT
collector must remember that his goal is collecting information, not concern
with the psychological well being of the source. He will be concerned with the
latter only insofar as it helps him obtain the former. This approach technique
may backfire if allowed to go too far. After convincing the source he has
nothing to fear, the source may cease to be afraid and may feel secure enough
to resist the HUMINT collector's pertinent question.
Emotional-Pride and Ego-Up Approach
8-42. (Interrogation and Other MSO) The emotional-pride and ego-up
approach may be used in any MSO. It exploits a source's low self-esteem.
Many HUMINT sources including EPWs and other detainees, retained
persons, civilian internees, or refugees may suffer from low self-esteem and
feelings of helplessness due to their immediate circumstances. Others, such
as individuals or members of social or ethnic groups that have been
discriminated against or low-ranking members of organizations (including
the military), may also show low self-worth. In this technique, the source is
flattered into providing certain information in order to gain credit and build
his ego. The HUMINT collector must take care to use a flattering somewhat-
in-awe tone of voice, and speak highly of the source throughout this approach
while remaining believable. This should produce positive feelings on the
source's part as he receives desired recognition. The source will eventually
reveal pertinent information to solicit more favorable comments from the
HUMINT collector.
8-43. This technique can also be employed in another manner--by flattering
the source into admitting certain information in order to gain credit. For
example, while interrogating a suspected saboteur, the HUMINT collector
states: "This was a smooth operation. I have seen many previous attempts
fail. I bet you planned this. Who else but a clever person like you would have
planned it? When did you first decide to do the job?"
8-44. A variation of this approach can also be used on individuals with strong
egos. It is based on the premise that everyone likes to talk about what they
do best. The HUMINT collector shows interest in and asks the source to
explain an aspect of his job. The questioning begins with nonpertinent
aspects of the source’s job. The HUMINT collector displays interest and asks
increasingly technical and pertinent questions. For example, if the source is
an EPW who was a pilot, the HUMINT collector might begin by asking him
what it is like to fly. As the source talks about this, the collector
demonstrates interest and gradually uses questions to lead the conversation
to capabilities of specific aircraft, specific missions that the pilot has flown,
tactics, or whatever topic is a priority for collection.
8-12
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
Emotional-Pride and Ego-Down Approach
8-45. (Interrogation) The emotional-pride and ego-down approach is based on
attacking the source's ego or self-image. The source, in defending his ego,
reveals information to justify or rationalize his actions. This information may
be valuable in answering collection requirements or may give the HUMINT
collector insight into the viability of other approaches. This approach is
effective with sources who have displayed weakness or feelings of inferiority.
A real or imaginary deficiency voiced about the source, loyalty to his
organization, or any other feature can provide a basis for this technique.
8-46. The HUMINT collector accuses the source of weakness or implies he is
unable to do a certain thing. This type of source is also prone to excuses and
rationalizations, often shifting the blame to others. An example of this
technique is opening the collection effort with the question, "Why did you
surrender so easily when you could have escaped by crossing the nearby ford
in the river?" The source is likely to provide a basis for further questions or
to reveal significant information if he attempts to explain his surrender in
order to vindicate himself. He may give an answer such as, "No one could
cross the ford because it is mined."
8-47. The objective is for the HUMINT collector to use the source's sense of
pride by attacking his loyalty, intelligence, abilities, leadership qualities,
slovenly appearance, or any other perceived weakness. This will usually goad
the source into becoming defensive, and he will try to convince the HUMINT
collector he is wrong. In his attempt to redeem his pride and explain his
actions, the source may provide pertinent information. Possible targets for
the emotional-pride and ego-down approach are the source's—
• Loyalty.
• Technical competence.
• Leadership abilities.
• Soldierly qualities.
• Appearance.
8-48. There is a risk associated with this approach. If the emotional-pride
and ego-down approach fails, it is difficult for the HUMINT collector to
recover and move to another approach without losing his credibility. Also,
there is potential for application of the pride and ego approach to cross the
line into humiliating and degrading treatment of the detainee. Supervisors
should consider the experience level of their subordinates and determine
specifically how the interrogator intends to apply the approach technique
before approving the interrogation plan.
Emotional-Futility
8-49. (Interrogation and Other MSO) The emotional-futility approach is
generally used in an interrogation setting, but may also be used for other
MSO, if indicated by the source’s state of mind. In the emotional-futility
approach, the HUMINT collector convinces the source that resistance to
questioning is futile. This engenders a feeling of hopelessness and
helplessness on the part of the source. Again as with the other emotional
approaches, the HUMINT collector gives the source a “way out” of the
6 September 2006
8-13
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
helpless situation. For example “it is hopeless for your forces to continue
fighting because they can no longer get supplies, but you can help end the
war and their suffering.” When employing this technique, the HUMINT
collector must have factual information. The HUMINT collector presents
these facts in a persuasive, logical manner. He should be aware of and able to
exploit the source's psychological and moral weaknesses, as well as
weaknesses inherent in his society.
8-50. The futility approach is effective when the HUMINT collector can play
on doubts that already exist in the source's mind. Factual or seemingly
factual information must be presented in a persuasive, logical manner, and
in a matter-of-fact tone of voice. Making the situation appear hopeless allows
the source to rationalize his actions, especially if that action is cooperating
with the HUMINT collector. When employing this technique, the HUMINT
collector must not only have factual information but also be aware of and
exploit the source's psychological, moral, and sociological weaknesses.
Another way of using the futility approach is to blow things out of proportion.
If the source's unit was low on, or had exhausted, all food supplies, he can be
easily led to believe all of his forces had run out of food. If the source is
verging on cooperating, it may aid the collection effort if he is told all the
other sources have cooperated.
8-51. The futility approach must be orchestrated with other approach
techniques (for example, love of comrades). A source who may want to help
save his comrades' lives may be convinced the battlefield situation is hopeless
and they will die without his assistance. The futility approach is used to
paint a bleak picture for the prisoner, but it is not normally effective in and
of itself in gaining the source's cooperation.
Other Approaches
8-52. There are numerous other approaches but most require considerable
time and resources. Most are more appropriate for use with sources who are
detainees, but some, such as change of scenery, may have application for
elicitation or MSO.
8-53. We Know All.
(Interrogation) In the
“we know all” approach
technique, the HUMINT collector subtly convinces the source that his
questioning of the source is perfunctory because any information that the
source has is already known. This approach may be employed in conjunction
with the "file and dossier" technique or by itself. If used alone, the HUMINT
collector must first become thoroughly familiar with available data
concerning the source and the current situation. To begin the collection
effort, the HUMINT collector asks questions based on this known data.
8-54. When the source hesitates, refuses to answer, or provides an incorrect
or incomplete reply, the HUMINT collector provides the detailed answer
himself. The HUMINT collector may even complete a source's answer, as if
he is bored and just “going through the motions.” When the source begins to
give accurate and complete information, the HUMINT collector interjects
pertinent questions. Questions to which answers are already known are also
asked periodically to test the source's truthfulness and to maintain the
deception that the information is already known. There are some inherent
8-14
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
problems with the use of the "we know all" approach. The HUMINT collector
is required to prepare everything in detail, which is time consuming. He
must commit much of the information to memory, as working from notes may
show the limits of the information actually known. It is also only usable
when sufficient prior information exists to convince the source that “we know
all.”
8-55. File and Dossier. (Interrogation) The file and dossier approach is a
variation of the “we know all” approach. The HUMINT collector prepares a
dossier containing all available information concerning the source or his
organization. The information is carefully arranged within a file to give the
illusion that it contains more data than actually there. The file may be
padded with extra paper if necessary. Index tabs with titles such as
education, employment, criminal record, military service, and others are
particularly effective. It is also effective if the HUMINT collector is reviewing
the dossier when the source enters the room and the source is able to read his
name on the dossier and sees the numerous topics and supposed extent of the
files.
8-56. The HUMINT collector proceeds as in the “we know all” approach. He
refers to the particular labeled segment of the dossier before, during, or after
asking a question. In the early stages of questioning, the HUMINT collector
asks questions to which he has the answer. He may answer along with the
source, complete the information for the source, or even show the source
where the information is entered in the dossier. He never lets the source
physically handle the dossier. As the source becomes convinced that all the
information that he knows is contained within the dossier, the HUMINT
collector proceeds to topics on which he has no or little information. In doing
so, he still refers to the appropriate section of the dossier and may even nod
his head knowingly or tell the source that the information the source is
providing still matches what is in the dossier.
8-57. This technique has several limitations and drawbacks. The preparation
time in developing the dossier is extensive. The success of this technique is
largely dependent on the naiveté of the source, volume of data on the subject,
and skill of the HUMINT collector in convincing the source that the dossier is
more complete than it actually is. There is also the risk that a less naïve
source will refuse to cooperate, claiming that, if the collector already knows
everything, there is no need for him to talk. Also with this technique, the
HUMINT collector is limited in the method he may use to record new
information. If the HUMINT collector writes down information, it destroys
the illusion that all the information has already been obtained. The
HUMINT collector is normally limited to using electronic recording devices or
his memory. The HUMINT collector can also arrange ahead of time for
another interrogator or analyst to take notes for him, undetected by the
source. This could be especially effective in a situation where a separate
monitoring area (for oversight) is used by the analyst.
8-58. Establish Your Identity. (Interrogation) In using this approach, the
HUMINT collector insists the detained source has been correctly identified as
an infamous individual wanted by higher authorities on serious charges, and
he is not the person he purports to be. In an effort to clear himself of this
6 September 2006
8-15
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
allegation, the source makes a genuine and detailed effort to establish or
substantiate his true identity. In so doing, he may provide the HUMINT
collector with information and leads for further development. The HUMINT
collector should initially refuse to believe the source and insist he is the
individual wanted by the ambiguous higher authorities. This will force the
source to give even more detailed information in order to convince the
HUMINT collector he is who he says he is.
8-59. Repetition. (Interrogation) The repetition approach is used to induce
cooperation from a hostile source. In one variation of this approach, the
HUMINT collector listens carefully to a source's answer to a question, and
then repeats the question and answer several times. He does this with each
succeeding question until the source becomes so thoroughly bored with the
procedure, he answers questions fully and candidly to satisfy the HUMINT
collector and gain relief from the monotony of this method. The repetition
technique must be judiciously used, as it will generally be ineffective when
employed against introverted sources or those having great self-control. It
may also provide an opportunity for a source to regain his composure and
delay the collection effort. In this approach, the use of more than one
HUMINT collector or a tape recorder has proven effective.
8-60. Rapid Fire. (Interrogation) The rapid-fire approach is based upon the
principles that—
• Everyone likes to be heard when he speaks.
• It is confusing to be interrupted in mid-sentence with an unrelated
question.
8-61. This approach may be used by one, two, or more HUMINT collectors to
question the source. In employing this technique, the HUMINT collectors ask
a series of questions in such a manner that the source does not have time to
answer a question completely before the next one is asked. This confuses the
source, and he will tend to contradict himself as he has little time to
formulate his answers. The HUMINT collectors then confront the source with
the inconsistencies causing further contradictions. In many instances, the
source will begin to talk freely in an attempt to explain himself and deny the
HUMINT collector’s claims of inconsistencies. In this attempt, the source is
likely to reveal more than he intends, thus creating additional leads for
further exploitation. This approach may be orchestrated with the emotional-
pride and ego-down or fear-up approaches. Besides extensive preparation,
this approach requires experienced and competent HUMINT collectors, with
comprehensive case knowledge and fluency in the source's language.
8-62. Silent. (Interrogation) The silent approach may be successful when
used against either a nervous or confident source. When employing this
technique, the HUMINT collector says nothing to the source, but looks him
squarely in the eye, preferably with a slight smile on his face. It is important
not to look away from the source but force him to break eye contact first. The
source may become nervous, begin to shift in his chair, cross and re-cross his
legs, and look away. He may ask questions, but the HUMINT collector should
not answer until he is ready to break the silence. The source may blurt out
questions such as, "Come on now, what do you want with me?" When the
HUMINT collector is ready to break silence, he may do so with questions
8-16
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
such as, "You planned this operation for a long time, didn't you? Was it your
idea?" The HUMINT collector must be patient when using this technique. It
may appear the technique is not succeeding, but usually will when given a
reasonable chance.
8-63. Change of Scenery. (Interrogation and Other MSO) The change-of
scenery approach may be used in any type of MSO to remove the source from
an intimidating atmosphere such as an “interrogation” room type of setting
and to place him in a setting where he feels more comfortable speaking.
Bringing a source into a formal setting to conduct an interrogation or
debriefing has psychological implications. On the positive side, it places the
HUMINT collector in a superior position since he is operating on his “home
turf” and has set the conditions for the meeting. It allows the HUMINT
collector control over the immediate environment including the positioning of
the participants, to establish the desired atmosphere for the approach.
8-64. However, there are potential negative factors in the conduct of
questioning in an “Interrogation Room” environment. The source may be
intimidated and more guarded; he may consider the formal setting in terms
of an adversarial relationship; and he may limit his answers as a mode of
self-protection. In some circumstances, the HUMINT collector may be able to
invite the source to a different setting for coffee and pleasant conversation.
When removed from the formal environment, the source may experience a
feeling of leaving the interrogation behind. The perceived reduced pressure
may lower his guard and allow him to attach less significance to conversation
that occurs outside the formal setting, even though pertinent information is
still being discussed. During the conversation in this more relaxed
environment, the HUMINT collector steers the conversation to the topic of
interest. Through this somewhat indirect method, he attempts to elicit the
desired information. The source may never realize he is still being
questioned.
8-65. Mutt and Jeff. (Interrogation) The goal of this technique is to make
the source identify with one of the interrogators and thereby establish
rapport and cooperation. This technique involves a psychological ploy that
takes advantage of the natural uncertainty and guilt that a source has as a
result of being detained and questioned. Use of this technique requires two
experienced HUMINT collectors who are convincing actors. The two
HUMINT collectors will display opposing personalities and attitudes toward
the source. For example, the first HUMINT collector is very formal and
displays an unsympathetic attitude toward the source. He may, for instance,
be very strict and order the source to follow all military courtesies during
questioning. Although he conveys an unfeeling attitude, the HUMINT
collector is careful not to threaten or coerce the source. Conveying a threat of
violence is a violation of the UCMJ.
8-66. At the point when the interrogator senses the source is vulnerable, the
second HUMINT collector appears (having received his cue by a signal,
hidden from the source, or by listening and observing out of view of the
source), and scolds the first HUMINT collector for his uncaring behavior and
orders him from the room. The second HUMINT collector then apologizes to
soothe the source, perhaps offering him a beverage and a cigarette. He
6 September 2006
8-17
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
explains that the actions of the first HUMINT collector were largely the
result of an inferior intellect and lack of sensitivity. The inference is that the
second HUMINT collector and the source share a high degree of intelligence
and sensitivity.
8-67. The source is normally inclined to have a feeling of gratitude towards
the second HUMINT collector, who continues to show sympathy in an effort
to increase rapport and control for the questioning that will follow. If the
source’s cooperation begins to fade, the second HUMINT collector can hint
that he is a busy person of high rank, and therefore cannot afford to waste
time on an uncooperative source. He can broadly imply that the first
HUMINT collector might return to continue the questioning. The Mutt and
Jeff approach may be effective when orchestrated with Pride and Ego Up and
Down, Fear Up and Down, Futility, or Emotional Love or Hate.
8-68. Oversight Considerations: Planned use of the Mutt and Jeff
approach must be approved by the first O-6 in the interrogator’s chain of
command. The HUMINT collector must include as a part of the interrogation
plan—
• No violence, threats, or impermissible or unlawful physical contact.
• No threatening the removal of protections afforded by law.
• Regular monitoring of the interrogation shall be performed by
interrogation personnel.
8-69. False Flag. (Interrogation) The goal of this technique is to convince
the detainee that individuals from a country other than the United States
are interrogating him, and trick the detainee into cooperating with US forces.
For example, using an interrogator who speaks with a particular accent,
making the detainee believe that he is actually talking to representatives
from a different country, such as a country that is friendly to the detainee’s
country or organization. The False Flag approach may be effectively
orchestrated with the Fear Down approach and the Pride and Ego Up.
8-70. Oversight Considerations: The interrogation chain of command
must coordinate an interrogation plan that uses the False Flag approach
with the legal representative and the 2X, and receive approval from the first
O-6 in the interrogator’s chain of command for each specific use of the False
Flag approach.
• The use of the False Flag approach must complement the overall
interrogation strategy and other approach techniques listed in the
interrogation plan.
• When a HUMINT collector intends to pose as a national of a third-
party country, that country must be identified in the interrogation
plan.
• No implied or explicit threats that non-cooperation will result in harsh
interrogation by non-US entities.
• HUMINT collectors will not pose or portray themselves as any person
prohibited by this manual, paragraphs 8-10 and 8-11 (for example, an
ICRC representative).
8-18
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
8-71. Separation. See Appendix M, Restricted Interrogation Technique -
Separation.
Selecting an Approach
8-72. There often is insufficient information available to determine an
approach other than the direct approach. In this case where the source
answers questions but will not discuss pertinent issues, the HUMINT
collector may ask direct but nonpertinent questions to obtain sufficient
information to develop an approach strategy. This technique is also useful in
debriefing to establish rapport. Nonpertinent questions may include--
• Asking about immediate past events. This includes asking an EPW
about the circumstances of his capture or asking a refugee about the
circumstances concerning his arrival at the refugee point or
checkpoint. By doing this, the HUMINT collector can gain insight into
the source’s current state of mind and, more importantly, he can
ascertain his possible approach techniques.
• Asking background questions. This includes asking about the source's
family, work, friends, likes, and dislikes. These types of questions can
develop rapport and provide clues as to the source’s areas of knowledge
or reveal possibilities for incentives or emotional approaches.
• Considering what are culturally and socially acceptable topics of
discussion. For example, asking an Arab male about his wife could be
considered extremely rude, whereas not asking an American the same
question might be seen as insensitive.
Making Smooth Transitions
8-73. With the exception of the direct approach, no other approach is
effective by itself. HUMINT collectors use different approach techniques or
combine them into a cohesive, logical technique. Smooth transitions,
sincerity, logic, and conviction are needed to make a strategy work. HUMINT
collectors must carefully assess the source's verbal or nonverbal clues to
determine when a change in approach strategy is required. The HUMINT
collector must guide the conversation smoothly and logically, especially when
moving from one approach technique to another. Using transitional phrases
can make logical and smooth tie-ins to another approach. By using
nonpertinent questions, the HUMINT collector can move the conversation in
the desired direction and, as previously stated, sometimes can obtain leads
and hints about the source's stresses or weaknesses or other approach
strategies that may be more successful.
Recognizing Source Cooperation
8-74. Each source has a point where he will begin to cooperate and answer
questions. Some sources will begin answering questions completely and
truthfully with no preparation; others might require hours or even days of
work. The amount of time that a HUMINT collector spends on an approach
depends on a variety of factors. These include--
6 September 2006
8-19
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
• The quality and criticality of the information believed to be possessed
by the source.
• The presence or absence of other sources that probably possess that
information.
• The number of HUMINT collectors and sources available.
• The LTIOV that the HUMINT collector is attempting to obtain.
8-75. The HUMINT collector needs to identify the signs that the source is
approaching or has reached the point of cooperation. For example, if during
the approach the source leans forward with his facial expression indicating
an interest in the proposal or is more hesitant in his argument, he is
probably nearing the point where he will cooperate. The HUMINT collector
must also be aware of the fact that a source can begin to cooperate in certain
areas while continuing to resist strongly in other areas. The HUMINT
collector should recognize the reason for refusal, overcome the objection, and
stress the benefit of cooperating (reinforce the approach). Once the HUMINT
collector determines the source is cooperating, he should interject pertinent
questions. If the source does not answer the question, the HUMINT collector
should continue with his approach or switch to an alternate approach
technique and continue to work until he again believes the source will
cooperate. If the source answers the pertinent question, the HUMINT
collector continues asking relevant questions until the questioning session is
completed.
8-76. If a cooperative source balks at answering a specific line of questions,
the HUMINT collector must assess the reason for the refusal. The HUMINT
collector may have arrived at a topic that the source finds particularly
sensitive. Other reasons that might cause a source to stop answering
questions are fatigue or unfamiliarity with the new topic. If this topic is
critical, the HUMINT collector may have to reinforce the previously
successful approach or may have to use a different approach.
APPROACH STRATEGIES FOR INTERROGATION
8-77. Interrogation does not mean a hostile relationship between the
HUMINT collector and the source. In fact, most interrogation sources (90
percent or more) cooperate in response to the direct approach. Unfortunately,
those sources who have the placement and access to make them high priority
sources are also the ones with the highest degree of security awareness. A
source who uses counter-interrogation techniques such as delaying, trying to
control the conversation, or interrogating the HUMINT collector himself
may--
• Be an intelligence trained soldier.
• Be survival, evasion, resistance, and escape (SERE) trained.
• Be a terrorist.
• Have been a detainee or previously incarcerated.
8-78. In stability and reconstruction operations and civil support operations,
detainees are often politically motivated and resistant to most approaches.
8-20
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
8-79. EPWs are normally vulnerable to basic incentive and emotional
approach techniques. Most EPWs are traumatized to various degrees by the
events preceding or surrounding their capture. They tend to be disoriented
and exhibit high degrees of fear and anxiety. This vulnerable state fades over
time, and it is vital for HUMINT collectors to interrogate EPWs as soon as
and as close to the point of capture as possible. The earlier that an EPW is
questioned the more likely he is to cooperate. And the earlier that he begins
to cooperate, the more likely he is to continue to cooperate. It is also vital
that the HUMINT collector be the first person that the EPW has a chance to
talk to. This means that proper silencing and segregation of the sources by
whoever is transporting them is an important part of a successful approach.
8-80. The vulnerability of civilian detainees to approach techniques available
to the HUMINT collector may be dependent on the exact nature of the
conflict. US HUMINT collectors are obligated to treat all detainees in
accordance with applicable law and policy. Applicable law and policy include
US law; the law of war; relevant international law; relevant directives
including DOD Directive
3115.09,
“DOD Intelligence Interrogations,
Detainee Debriefings, and Tactical Questioning”; DOD Directive 2310.1E,
“The Department of Defense Detainee Program”; DOD instructions; and
military execute orders including FRAGOs. Detainees and, in particular,
EPWs are guaranteed certain rights and privileges. The HUMINT collector
may not take any action to remove, state that he will remove, or imply that
he will remove any guaranteed right if a detainee fails to cooperate. Under
the GPW, EPWs cannot be denied their rights or their privileges accorded
them by rank as guaranteed by the GPW. Privileges afforded to them,
however, which are not guaranteed by the Geneva Conventions or other
applicable law or agreements, may be withheld. (See Appendix A, Section I.)
Consult your SJA for questions concerning rights and privileges.
8-81. The HUMINT collector is frequently under a great deal of pressure to
“produce results.” This situation, coupled with the facts that the HUMINT
collector is dealing with threat personnel who may have been attempting to
kill US personnel just minutes before questioning and the fact that the
source is in a vulnerable state, leads to a tendency to use fear-up techniques.
This may, in some circumstances, be the proper approach; however, the
HUMINT collector must ensure that in doing so he neither loses control of
his own emotions nor uses physical or mental coercion.
APPROACH STRATEGIES FOR DEBRIEFING
8-82. Sources who are debriefed vary even more widely than those who are
interrogated. Since debriefing is the systematic questioning of individuals not
in the custody of the questioning forces, the HUMINT collector needs to
engender an atmosphere of cooperation and mutual benefit. Some sources for
debriefing include members of the friendly forces and local personnel.
HUMINT collectors often believe that approach techniques are not required
for friendly forces and that friendly forces should view debriefing as part of
their duties and in their own best interest. However, this is not necessarily
the case.
6 September 2006
8-21
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
8-83. Many people see debriefing as an interruption in their normal duties
and a waste of their time. HUMINT collectors must be sure to stay focused on
the purpose and goals of the debriefing. They should be businesslike and
must maintain the proper relationship with the source based on his rank and
position. The HUMINT collector should allow senior sources more latitude to
interpose their opinions and evaluations. A change of scene often facilitates
the debriefing of a high-level source since it removes him from his normal
distractions, such as the telephone, and allows him to concentrate on the
topics being discussed.
8-84. Refugees and DPs are subject to many of the same anxieties and
trauma that are experienced by EPWs or other detainees, with the added
benefit to the HUMINT collector that they normally have an obvious vested
interest in cooperating. Basic incentives usually are sufficient to induce their
willing cooperation. The emotional support that can be provided by the
HUMINT collector by simply listening and commiserating with their
hardship is often sufficient to gain cooperation. The emotional approaches
such as love of family and hate toward those who made them refugees are
strong motivators toward cooperation.
8-85. The approach techniques used in the questioning of local civilians are
probably the most difficult. The approach techniques chosen must take into
consideration the attitude of the local population toward the US and its
presence and cultural considerations. The local population must see their
cooperation as self-beneficial.
APPROACH STRATEGIES FOR ELICITATION
8-86. Elicitation is a sophisticated technique used when conventional
collection techniques cannot be used effectively. Of all the collection methods,
this one is the least obvious. However, it is important to note that elicitation
is a planned, systematic process that requires careful preparation. It is
always applied with a specific purpose in mind. This objective is the key
factor in determining the subject (which source to question), the elicitor, and
the setting. The subject will be selected based on access to or knowledge of
the desired information.
8-87. Before approaching the subject, it is necessary to review all available
intelligence files and records, personality dossiers, and knowledge possessed
by others who have previously dealt with the subject. This will help
determine the subject’s background, motivation, emotions, and psychological
nature. It also may require unobtrusive observation of the subject to
establish such things as patterns of activity and likes and dislikes. The
setting can be any number of social or official areas. It is important to note
that the source should be approached in his natural surroundings, as this
will diminish suspicion.
8-88. The key to elicitation is the establishment of a rapport between the
elicitor and the source, normally based on shared interests. In the initial
stages of an elicitation, the collector confines his conversations to innocuous
subjects such as sports and social commentary. Dependent on the value of the
source, the collection environment, and the security consciousness of the
8-22
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
source the initial stage could last from a few minutes to numerous seemingly
accidental meetings over a period of weeks or months. The HUMINT collector
will gradually shift the conversation to topics of collection interest but will be
prepared to return to more unthreatening topics based on negative reactions
on the part of the subject. Once a topic of interest has been introduced, the
HUMINT collector keeps the conversation going by asking for clarification
(for example, “I agree, however, what did you mean by….?”) or expressing a
hypothetical situation.
8-89. There are two basic elicitation approaches: mild flattery and
provocation.
• Mild Flattery: Most people like talking about their interests and like
talking to those who are knowledgeable and interested in the same
topics. People also like to speak to someone who values their opinion on
shared interests. The HUMINT collector takes advantage of this. The
HUMINT collector leads the conversation into areas that he wishes to
collect but does it in such a way that it appears to the source that the
source is leading the conversation. Above all in elicitation, the
HUMINT collector plays the role of the rapt, attentive, and inquisitive
listener.
• Provocation: This is a more dangerous approach and, if used too early
in an operation, can alienate the source. Once the HUMINT collector
has established shared interests with the source, he can selectively
challenge some of the source’s statements, encouraging the source to
provide more information in support of his view. The HUMINT
collector can also insert bits of actual information into the conversation
to cause the source to confirm and expound on the topic. Care must be
taken so as not to give away more information than is gained.
TERMINATION PHASE
8-90. When it is necessary or prudent, the HUMINT collector will terminate
the questioning of a particular source. Whatever the reason for terminating,
the HUMINT collector must remember there is a possibility that someone
may want to question the source at a later date. There are many reasons why
a HUMINT collector may want or need to terminate questioning:
• The source remains uncooperative during the approach phase.
• The collection objective cannot be met in one questioning session.
• The HUMINT collector fails to maintain rapport and loses control of
the questioning.
• The collection objectives have been satisfied.
• The HUMINT collector or the source becomes physically or mentally
unable to continue.
• Information possessed by the source is of such value that his
immediate evacuation to the next echelon is required.
• The HUMINT collector's presence is required elsewhere.
8-91. There are many ways to conduct a termination, but the following points
must be conveyed to the source:
6 September 2006
8-23
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
• The HUMINT collector should sincerely and convincingly reinforce
successful approaches. All promised incentives should be rendered.
• The source must be told the information he gave will be checked for
truthfulness and accuracy. His reaction to this statement should be
closely monitored. The exact form of this statement will be dependent
on the situation. It should not be done in a manner to alienate a
cooperative source.
• The source must be told that the same or another individual may
speak to him again. This sets the stage for future contacts.
• Any identification must be returned to the source. If the HUMINT
collector has other documents or belongings of the detainee (such as
letters or photographs), he will either return them to the detainee, if
appropriate, or will turn them over to the MP guard. Depending on the
circumstances and the legal status of the detainee, the MPs will retain
the detainee’s property and return the property to him at the end of his
internment.
• In a debriefing, the HUMINT collector will normally ask the source not
to discuss the subject of the questioning for his own protection. In
interrogation operations, the HUMINT collector normally coordinates
with the holding area guards to have the detainees who have been
interrogated kept separate from sources who have not yet been
interrogated if the situation allows.
8-24
6 September 2006
FM 2-22.3
Chapter 9
Questioning
9-1. Questioning is one of the five phases of HUMINT collection. Developing
and using good questioning techniques enable the HUMINT collector to
obtain accurate and pertinent information and to extract the maximum
amount of information in the minimum amount of time. The HUMINT
collector must know when to use different types of questions.
GENERAL QUESTIONING PRINCIPLES
9-2. Questions should be presented in a logical sequence to avoid neglecting
significant topics. The HUMINT collector begins the questioning phase with
the first topic in the sequence he tentatively established as part of his
questioning plan. He obtains all of the source's pertinent knowledge in this
topical area before moving on to the next topic in his sequence. The only
exception is exploiting a hot lead, which is discussed in paragraph 9-21.
9-3. The HUMINT collector must at all times remember that his mission is
the rapid collection and dissemination of accurate information. He must not
allow himself to be sidetracked into nonpertinent discussions or debates nor
should he express distaste or value judgments on the information being
supplied unless that is a planned part of his approach technique. The
HUMINT collector uses vocabulary that is clear, unambiguous, and
understandable by the source. The source may not be on the same
intellectual level or have the same degree of education as the HUMINT
collector, so the HUMINT collector must adapt his questioning to the level of
the source. The source may also have specific technical knowledge, more
education and/or a higher intellectual level than the HUMINT collector. In
this case, the HUMINT collector normally relies on prepared questions or
technical support for his questioning. Without good systematic questioning
techniques, even the most cooperative source may provide only minimal
usable information.
DIRECT QUESTIONS
9-4. Direct questions are basic questions normally beginning with an
interrogative
(who, what, where, when, how, or why) and requiring a
narrative answer. They are brief, precise, and simply worded to avoid
confusion. The HUMINT collector must consider the probable response of the
source to a particular question or line of questioning and should not, if at all
possible, ask direct questions likely to evoke a refusal to answer or to
antagonize the source.
6 September 2006
9-1
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
TYPES OF DIRECT QUESTIONS
9-5. The HUMINT collector must be able to use the following types of direct
questions:
• Initial, topical.
• Follow-up.
• Nonpertinent.
• Repeat.
• Control.
• Prepared.
Initial Questions
9-6. The HUMINT collector begins his questioning with the first topic in his
collection plan and asks all the basic questions necessary to cover the topic.
The answers to the basic questions will determine the requirements for
follow-up questioning. The initial questions are directed toward obtaining the
basic information on the topic. In other words, they are the “who, what,
where, when, how, and why” of each topic.
Follow-up Questions
9-7. Follow-up questions are used to expand on and complete the information
obtained from the initial questions. Often even if the initial question is a
well-constructed direct question, it will elicit only a partial answer. For
example, when asked, “Who is going to attack?” The source might say, “My
unit.” Follow-up questions are used to determine precisely what the source
means by “my unit” and what other units may also attack. The answer to
follow-up questions may lead to more follow-ups until the source’s knowledge
on a given topic is exhausted. At a minimum, upon receiving a positive
answer to an initial question, the HUMINT collector needs to ask “Who
(what, where, when, why, how) else?” For example, if the HUMINT collector
asks the source, “Who, in the local government is collaborating with the
insurgents?” and is told a name in response, he will ask follow-up questions
to determine all the required information about this individual and then will
ask, “Who else, in the local government is collaborating with the insurgents?”
This will continue until the source’s knowledge in this area is exhausted.
Nonpertinent Questions
9-8. Nonpertinent questions are questions that do not pertain to the
collection objectives. They are used to conceal the collection objectives or to
strengthen rapport with the source. They are essential when the collector is
using the elicitation technique. Nonpertinent questions may be used to gain
time for the HUMINT collector to formulate pertinent questions and may
also be used to break the source's concentration, particularly, if the HUMINT
collector suspects the source is lying. It is hard for a source to be a convincing
liar if his concentration is frequently interrupted.
9-2
6 September 2006
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