FM 2-22.3 (FM 34-52) HUMAN INTELLIGENCE COLLECTOR OPERATIONS (September 2006) - page 2

 

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FM 2-22.3 (FM 34-52) HUMAN INTELLIGENCE COLLECTOR OPERATIONS (September 2006) - page 2

 

 

FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
planning, the S2 must be aware of the capabilities and limitations of the
various organic and attached collection systems as they apply to urban
operations. As in all environments, commanders must assess the risk
involved in the forward deployment of HUMINT assets.
3-17. In urban operations, people (for example, detainees and civilians) are
the preeminent source of information. HUMINT collection provides
information not otherwise available through signals intelligence (SIGINT)
and imagery intelligence
(IMINT) such as threat and local population
intentions. They collect information on, for example, floor plans, defensive
plans, locations of combatants and noncombatants, including civilians in the
buildings and surrounding neighborhoods, and other information. The
collected information is passed directly to the individuals conducting the
combat operation.
3-18. In small-scale contingencies
(SSCs) and in peacetime military
engagements
(PMEs), contact with local officials and populace by the
HUMINT collectors can be a prime source of information about the local
environment and is a vital component of intelligence support to force
protection. During routine patrolling of urban areas it is often expedient to
place a HUMINT collector with individual patrols. The key difference
between urban and other operations, from major theater war (MTW) to PME,
is the number of HUMINT collectors required. The need for HUMINT
collectors is a function of population density. Whereas in a rural
environment, a HUMINT team may be able to cover an area in excess of
1,200 square kilometers; the same team in a dense urban environment may
be able to cover only 10 square blocks or less.
HUMINT COLLECTION ENVIRONMENTS
HUMINT COLLECTION IN A PERMISSIVE ENVIRONMENT
3-19. In a permissive environment, HCTs normally travel throughout their
specific AOR as separate teams or as part of a larger reconnaissance team.
HUMINT collectors may frequently make direct contact with the individual,
view the activity, or visit the area that is the subject of the ISR effort. They
normally use debriefing and elicitation to obtain first-hand information from
local civilians and officials as their primary collection techniques. Additional
information can be obtained from exploitation of open-source material such
as newspapers, television, and other media. The priority requirements in this
environment are normally linked to force protection. HCTs should establish
liaison and casual source contacts throughout their AOIR. Reporting is
normally via IIRs, although SALUTE reports are used for critical time-
sensitive reporting. Even in a permissive environment, the HUMINT
collector conducts the majority of his collection through the debriefing of
individuals who have first-hand knowledge of the information they are
reporting.
3-8
6 September 2006
________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
HUMINT COLLECTION IN A SEMI-PERMISSIVE ENVIRONMENT
3-20. In a semi-permissive environment, security considerations increase,
but the risk to the collector still must be weighed against the potential
intelligence gain. HCTs should still be used throughout their AOIR but will
normally be integrated into other ground reconnaissance operations or other
planned operations. For example, a HUMINT collector may accompany a CA
team or PSYOP team visiting a village. Security for the team and their
sources is a prime consideration. The HCTs are careful not to establish a
fixed pattern of activity and arrange contacts in a manner that could
compromise the source or the collector. Debriefing and elicitation are still the
primary collection techniques. Teams are frequently deployed to conduct
collection at roadblocks, refugee collection points, and detainee collection
points. They may conduct interrogations of EPWs and other detainees within
the limits of the mission-specific orders, and applicable law and policy.
Applicable law and policy include US law; the law of war; relevant
international law; relevant directives including DOD Directive
3115.09,
“DOD Intelligence Interrogations, Detainee Debriefings, and Tactical
Questioning”; DOD Directive 2310.1E, “The Department of Defense Detainee
Program”; DOD instructions; and military execute orders including FRAGOs.
DOCEX is also used to accomplish exploitation of threat documents.
Reporting is normally via SALUTE report and IIR.
HUMINT COLLECTION IN A HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT
3-21. In a hostile environment, the three concerns for HUMINT collection
are access to the sources of information, timeliness of reporting, and security
for the HUMINT collectors. Prior to the entry of a force into a hostile AO,
HUMINT collectors are used to debrief civilians, particularly refugees, and to
interrogate EPWs and other detainees who have been in the AO. HCTs are
normally located with the friendly units on the peripheries of the AO to
facilitate timely collection and reporting. If a refugee or EPW/detainee
population exists prior to this mission, they are screened to determine
knowledgability of the AO and are debriefed or interrogated as appropriate.
HUMINT collectors accompany the friendly ground reconnaissance elements
as they enter the AO. As part of the ground reconnaissance force, they
interrogate EPWs and other detainees and debrief refugees, displaced
persons, and friendly force patrols. Reporting is normally via oral or written
SALUTE reports with more detailed information reported via IIRs. They may
also support the S2 through the systematic debriefing of friendly ground
reconnaissance assets and the translation of any documents collected by
them.
EAC HUMINT
MI BRIGADES AND MI GROUPS SUPPORTING COMPONENT COMMANDS
3-22. Each SCC with an outside continental United States
(OCONUS)
responsibility has an US Army Intelligence and Security Command
(INSCOM) MI brigade or group to provide operational HUMINT support to
that command. These MI elements provide peacetime support to the unified
6 September 2006
3-9
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
command and add a consistent, forward-deployed presence in a particular
theater of operations. Theater MI brigade and group assets provide HUMINT
support during contingency operations. These HCTs can support a JTF, an
army combatant command, or any deployed element that requires
augmentation.
JOINT, COMBINED, AND DOD HUMINT ORGANIZATIONS
3-23. The Departments of the Air Force and the Navy have limited HUMINT
collection capability. They will normally provide strategic debriefing trained
and certified personnel to joint interrogation and debriefing facilities
primarily to collect information on areas of particular interest to that
Military Department. Within the Department of the Navy, however, the US
Marine Corps has a robust tactical HUMINT collection capability that
operates primarily in support of engaged Marine Corps forces. Marine
expeditionary elements deploy with human exploitation teams (HETs) that
provide organic HUMINT and CI support to the deployed Marine force.
Marine HETs are rapidly deployable and fully equipped to conduct the full
range of tactical HUMINT and CI functions. They can provide support to
either the deployed Marine force or as part of JTF HUMINT or CI teams.
Each Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF) has organic HETs. HETs can also
be attached to a Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) for a particular
operation.
SUPPORT AGENCIES
3-24. HUMINT agencies from DOD, national level intelligence agencies, and
LEAs can support the battlefield commander. In a JTF, a national
intelligence support team (NIST) works with the J2X to coordinate national
level activities with JTF and component HUMINT and analytical assets.
Sometimes liaison officers (LNOs) are assigned directly to the C/J/2X to
facilitate collection activities.
Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA). The DIA is a DOD combat
support (CS) agency and an important member of the United States
Intelligence Community. With more than 7,000 military and civilian
employees worldwide, DIA is a major producer and manager of foreign
military intelligence. DIA provides military intelligence to warfighters,
defense policymakers and force planners in DOD and the Intelligence
Community in support of US military planning and operations and
weapon systems acquisition.
ƒ Defense HUMINT (DH) Service. The DH Service, a branch of the
DIA, is the force provider for strategic HUMINT forces and
capabilities. During operations, elements from DH form a
partnership within the supported JTF headquarters J2X element for
the coordination and deconfliction of HUMINT source-related
collection activities. DH support to a joint force is outlined in the
classified DIAM 58-11 and DIAM 58-12.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The CIA supports US national
security policy by providing accurate, evidence-based, comprehensive,
and timely foreign intelligence related to national security. The CIA
3-10
6 September 2006
________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
conducts CI activities, HUMINT collection, special activities, and other
functions related to foreign intelligence and national security as
directed by the President. Joint Pub 2-01.2 (S//NF) contains details of
CIA contributions to the deployed force.
Department of State. The State Department’s Bureau of Diplomatic
Security provides CI support to diplomatic missions worldwide and
gathers extensive information on intelligence capabilities of
adversaries within that diplomatic mission’s area of concern. The
Bureau of Intelligence and Research is the State Department's primary
source for interpretive analysis of global developments. It is also the
focal point in the State Department for all policy issues and activities
involving the Intelligence Community.
National Security Agency (NSA). The NSA is a DOD agency that
coordinates, directs, and performs highly specialized activities to
protect US information systems and produce foreign intelligence
information. It is also one of the most important centers of foreign
language analysis and research within the Government.
Defense Criminal Investigative Service (DCIS). The DCIS is the
criminal investigative arm of the Inspector General (IG) of DOD. The
DCIS’s mission is to protect America’s warfighters by initiating,
conducting, and supervising investigations in support of crucial
National Defense priorities.
Department of Justice:
ƒ Federal Bureau of Investigation. The FBI may provide the deployed
commander with national level expertise on criminal and CI issues if
currently operating in a task force (TF) AO and liaison is established
early.
ƒ Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA). The DEA provides counterdrug
operational expertise to a deployed TF and coordinates its operations
with those of a deployed TF.
Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The DHS mission is to
prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce the
vulnerability of the United States to terrorism, protect the homeland,
its citizens, and critical infrastructure and key resources against
terrorist attack. DHS provides a lead for Federal incident response,
management, and recovery in the event of terrorist attack and natural
disasters. The Secretary of Homeland Security is the principal Federal
official for domestic incident management. Pursuant to the Homeland
Security Act of 2002, the Secretary is responsible for coordinating
Federal operations within the United States to prepare for, respond to,
and recover from terrorist attacks, major disasters, and other
emergencies. DHS operates the Homeland Security Operations Center
(HSOC) and the DHS-led Interagency Incident Management Group
(IIMG). The DHS AOR is the US and its territories. DHS secures and
protects the entry points to the nation, the areas between the entry
points, land and water, for people, and cargo or conveyances. DHS
enforces immigration, customs, and transportation security laws and
6 September 2006
3-11
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
regulations, counter-narcotics, counterfeiting, financial crimes, and
threats to the President. As legislated in the Homeland Security Act of
2002, DHS is chartered as the primary outreach Federal activity for
state, local, and tribal governments, and the private sector. Although
DHS has no direct role in support of a “battlefield commander” outside
the United States, DHS component organizations have representatives
deployed in support of US Government missions in the US Central
Command (USCENTCOM) AOR.
Department of Energy (DOE). The DOE can assist with the—
ƒ Exploitation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD).
ƒ Protection or elimination of weapons and weapons-useable (dual-
use) nuclear material or infrastructure.
ƒ Redirection of excess foreign weapons expertise to civilian
enterprises.
ƒ Prevention and reversal of the proliferation of WMD.
ƒ Reduction of the risk of accidents in nuclear fuel cycle facilities
worldwide.
ƒ The capability enhancement of WMD detection including nuclear,
biological, and chemical (NBC).
National Geospatial Intelligence Agency (NGA). The NGA is a
member of the US Intelligence Community and a DOD Combat
Support Agency. NGA provides timely, relevant, and accurate
geospatial intelligence in support of national security objectives.
Geospatial intelligence is the exploitation and analysis of imagery and
geospatial information to describe, assess, and visually depict physical
features and geographically referenced activities on the Earth.
Counterintelligence Field Agency (CIFA). The mission of CIFA is
to develop and manage DOD CI programs and functions that support
the protection of the Department. These programs and functions
include CI support to protect DOD personnel, resources, critical
information, research and development programs, technology, critical
infrastructure, economic security, and US interests against foreign
influence and manipulation, as well as to detect and neutralize
espionage against the Department.
3-25.
Most potential coalition partners have some type of HUMINT
capability. Less developed nations may use HUMINT as their primary
collection system and may be quite skilled in HUMINT operations. These
assets will be present on the battlefield, and US assets are likely to work
with them. HCTs should perform regular liaison with coalition HUMINT
personnel. It is likely that some coalition partners will be more
knowledgeable of the culture in the AO and be able to share insights with US
HCTs.
3-12
6 September 2006
FM 2-22.3
Chapter 4
HUMINT Operations Planning and Management
4-1. HUMINT operations planning and management are supported by a
robust structure that includes staff elements such as the C2X when working
with non-US forces at the Joint intelligence staff level, G2X at the Division,
Corps intelligence staff, the HUMINT operations section in the MI Battalion,
and HAT in the Division and Corps ACE. It also includes C2 elements at the
MI battalion, company, platoon, and team levels. The OMT provides the first
level of staff and C2 functions when two or more HCTs deploy in support of
an operation. (See Table 4-1.)
Table 4-1. HUMINT Operations.
TECHNICAL
ISR
MISSION
ECHELON
SUPPORT AND
PLANNING
EXECUTION
DECONFLICTION
COMBINED
C2/ACE
C2X/OMT
MI CDR
MI CDR
JOINT
J2/ACE
J2X/OMT
(AMIB or MI Battalion)
CORPS/DIVISION
G2/ACE
G2X/OMT
MI CDR/OMT
BRIGADE
S2
MI CDR/OMT
MI CDR/OMT
HUMINT AND THE OPERATIONS PROCESS
4-2. Following the operations process defined in FM 3-0, Chapter 6, there are
four components within HUMINT operations: Plan, Prepare, Execute, and
Assess.
PLAN
4-3. HUMINT planning defines collection objectives, when to collect it, and
which resources will be tasked to do the collection. Commanders with
HUMINT collection assets in their units receive collection tasking based on
requirements developed during ISR planning. The commander and staff, in
concert with their supporting OMTs, assess the requirements and task the
team or teams best capable of answering the requirement based on contact
placement and access.
4-4. Another aspect to consider carefully during the Plan phase of the
operational cycle is technical control. Technical control is ensuring adherence
to existing policies and regulations, providing information and guidance of a
technical nature, and supervising the MOS-specific TTP required in
6 September 2006
4-1
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
conducting collection missions. Planning must take into account that
technical control does not interfere with or supersede any C2 that a
commander has over an asset or unit nor does it interfere with collection of
the commander's requirements. For HUMINT collectors, the technical control
network includes the C/J/G/S2X, the HOC, and OMTs. Technical control
includes the management of source and other sensitive data and databases,
the management of intelligence contingency and incentive funds, the liaison
with other HUMINT organizations, and the deconfliction of operations.
Technical control provides HCTs with specific requirements and data that
they need to conduct operations and, in certain circumstances, specific
instructions on how to execute missions.
PREPARE
4-5. During this phase, commanders and staff, including HUMINT
management sections, review HUMINT mission plans. This review is to
ensure all areas of the mission are considered and addressed in the plan and
included in rehearsals. Items to cover include but are not limited to
Route (primary and alternate).
Communications.
Security plan.
Convoy procedures including actions on contact and rally points.
Initial requirements to be covered.
Mission duration.
4-6. The HUMINT collector then researches the topic area addressing the
requirement and prepares a questioning plan. The HCTs and OMTs must
coordinate all mission requirements. It is important that HUMINT elements
are included in all rehearsals conducted by their supported unit. These
rehearsals will enable HCTs to carry out essential coordination with other
units and ensure that they are included in and familiar with procedures such
as resupply, communications, casualty evacuation, fire support, and
fratricide avoidance. Rehearsals and briefbacks will allow the supported
command to see and correct problems with their support to the HUMINT
elements prior to deployment.
EXECUTE
4-7. Mission execution consists of the collection of information in accordance
with the integrated ISR plan. The requirements manager validates the
requirements based on command guidance. The G3 tasks the requirements to
the units and the individual asset managers (that is, OMT) to identify the
assets best capable to answer the requirement. When requirements are
levied against a specific HCT, the HCT leader decides which of his team’s
contacts can best answer the requirements. He then turns the requirement
into specific team tasks.
ASSESS
4-8. Assessment is the continuous monitoring--throughout planning,
preparation, and execution—of the current situation and progress of an
4-2
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
operation, and the evaluation of it against criteria of success to make
decisions and adjustments. Assessment plays an integral role in all aspects of
the intelligence process (see FM 2-0).
HUMINT COMMAND AND CONTROL
4-9. Commanders of organizations that conduct HUMINT operations are
responsible for task organization, mission tasking, execution, mission
accomplishment, and designation of subordinate AOs (within the guidelines
of the OPORD or OPLAN). MI unit commanders who exercise direct control
of HUMINT operations, including interrogation operations, at all levels are
responsible for and stand accountable to ensure HUMINT collection activities
comply with this manual and applicable law and policy. Applicable law and
policy include US law; the law of war; relevant international law; relevant
directives including DOD Directive
3115.09,
“DOD Intelligence
Interrogations, Detainee Debriefings, and Tactical Questioning”; DOD
Directive 2310.1E, “The Department of Defense Detainee Program”; DOD
instructions; and military execute orders including FRAGOs. The MI unit
commanders must ensure mission accomplishment by properly allocating
resources and logistics in support of all HUMINT collection assets assigned
to their units. Commanders must ensure that their HUMINT collection
personnel are trained and ready for the mission. There is a need for a
partnership between the J/G2X, who exercises technical direction and
oversight responsibility and the MI commander, who exercises direct
command authority and responsibility. The MI unit commander analyzes the
higher headquarters mission, concept of operations, and the specified and
implied tasks given to his unit. He restates the unit mission, designs the
concept of operations, task organizes his assets, and provides support to
subordinate units. Specifically, the MI unit commander
Issues mission orders with sufficient details and time for subordinate
commanders and leaders to plan and lead their units.
Must know the threat, his organization, ISR systems, counter-ISR
systems, operations, and terrain over which his units will operate and
how that terrain enhances or limits HUMINT collection operations.
Must be aware of the operational and technical limitations of his unit
and ensures that all assets are task organized, properly positioned, and
fully synchronized to accomplish the mission.
Oversees the collective and individual training within his unit.
Coordinates continuously with the higher headquarters staff, the
supported maneuver unit staff, and other commanders to ensure
integrated R&S operations and support.
Establishes clear, consistent standards and guidance for current and
future operations in order to adhere to policy and the higher
headquarters commander’s intent without his constant personal
supervision.
Continually assesses his unit’s ability to sustain its internal operations
and its ability to support assigned missions and keeps the higher
headquarters staff informed of unit, equipment, and personnel status
that affect collection operations.
6 September 2006
4-3
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
Advises his higher headquarters commander and staff on the
capabilities, limitations, and most effective employment of his assets.
Remains flexible during operations to adjust or execute missions upon
receipt of new orders and when the situation changes.
Ensures personnel are working within legal, regulatory, and policy
guidelines.
TECHNICAL CONTROL
4-10. Technical control refers to supervision of the TTP of HUMINT
collection. Technical control ensures adherence to existing policies or
regulations and provides technical guidance for HUMINT operations. The
elements that provide technical control also assist teams in translating
collection requirements into executable tasks. Commanders rely on the
expertise of intelligence personnel organic to their unit and within higher
echelons to plan, execute, and assess the HUMINT collection effort. The
OMTs, HATs, and the HOC of the C/J/G/S2X provide technical control.
They--
Define and manage operational coverage and direction.
Identify critical collection criteria such as indicators associated with
targeting.
Prioritize collection missions in accordance with collection
requirements.
Advise teams on collection techniques and procedures in accordance
with policy, regulations, and law.
Register and deconflict sources.
Conduct operational reviews.
Advise commanders.
Conduct operational coordination with staff elements and other
intelligence agencies.
Manage ICF and incentive usage.
COMMAND AND SUPPORT RELATIONSHIPS
4-11. The activities of HUMINT assets are governed by their command or
support relationship. There are subtle differences in the Joint versus the
Army description of some of the command and support relationships.
Tables 4-2 through 4-4 show these relationships.
4-12. During interrogation operations, close coordination must occur between
intelligence personnel and personnel responsible for detainee operations
including MP security forces, Master at Arms, and other individuals
providing security for detainees. The facility commander is responsible for
all actions involving the humane treatment, custody, evacuation, and
administration of detainees, and force protection. Whereas, the intelligence
commander is responsible for the conduct of interrogation operations.
4-4
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
COMMAND AND SUPPORT RELATIONSHIPS FOR HUMINT OPERATIONS
4-13. Clear command and support relationships are fundamental in
organizing for all operations. These relationships identify responsibilities
and authorities among subordinate and supporting units. The commander
designates command and support relationships within his authority to
weight the decisive operation and support his scheme of maneuver. Some
forces available to a commander are given command or support relationships
that limit his authority to prescribe additional relationships. Command and
support relationships carry with them varying responsibilities to the
subordinate unit by parent and gaining units. By knowing the inherent
responsibilities, a commander may organize his forces to establish clear
relationships.
4-14. Command relationships establish the degree of control and
responsibility commanders have for forces operating under their tactical
control (TACON). When commanders establish command relationships, they
determine if the command relationship includes administrative control
(ADCON). Table 4-2 shows Army command and support relationships and
Table 4-3 shows joint command relationships chart from FM 3-0 (derived
from JP 0-2 and JP 3-0).
4-15. Support relationships define the purpose, scope, and effect desired
when one capability supports another. Support relationships establish
specific responsibilities between supporting and supported units. Table 4-2
shows Army command and support relationships and Table 4-4 shows joint
support relationships from FM 3-0 (derived from JP 0-2 and JP 3-0).
HUMINT REQUIREMENTS MANAGEMENT
4-16. The G2/S2 is responsible for RM. He uses the requirements
management (RM) process to orchestrate the actions of the unit’s organic and
supporting ISR capabilities into a unified effort to gain situational
understanding and answer the commander’s PIRs. Through centralized
planning and decentralized execution, RM optimizes the integration of ISR
operations into the commander’s scheme of maneuver and fire and into the
unit’s long- and short-range planning. Control mechanisms within the RM
structure facilitate the identification of information shortfalls and the
redirection of ISR assets to new intelligence production, reconnaissance, or
surveillance missions.
6 September 2006
4-5
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
Table 4-2. Army Command and Support Relationships.
INHERENT RESPONSIBILITIES ARE:
Gaining Unit
IF
Establishes/
RELATIONSHIP
Has
May Be
Can Impose
Receives
Assigned
Provides
Maintains
Has Priorities
IS:
Command
Task
Further Com-
CSS
Position or
Liaison
Communica-
Established
Relation-
Organized
mand or Sup-
from:
AO By:
To:
tions
by:
ship with:
by:
port
with:
Relationship of:
As re-
Attached;
Gaining
Gaining
Gaining
Gaining
quired by
Unit to which
OPCON;
Attached
Gaining unit
unit
unit
unit
unit
gaining
attached
TACON; GS;
unit
GSR; R; DS
Parent unit
and gaining
unit; gain-
As re-
As required by
OPCON;
Gaining
ing unit
Parent
Gaining
quired by
gaining unit
OPCON
Gaining unit
TACON; GS;
unit
may pass
unit
unit
gaining
and parent
GSR; R; DS
OPCON to
unit
unit
lower HQ.
Note 1
As re-
As required by
Gaining
Parent
Gaining
quired by
gaining unit
TACON
Parent unit
Gaining unit
GS; GSR; R; DS
unit
unit
unit
gaining
and parent
unit
unit
As re-
Parent
Gaining
quired by
As required by
Not
Assigned
Parent unit
Parent unit
Parent unit
unit
unit
parent
parent unit
Applicable
unit
Direct
Sup-
Parent
Supported
Parent unit;
Support
Parent unit
Parent unit
ported
Supported unit
Note 2
unit
unit
Supported unit
(DS)
unit
Reinforc-
Rein-
Reinforced
Parent
Reinforced
Parent unit;
Not
ing
Parent unit
Parent unit
forced
unit: then
unit
unit
reinforced unit
Applicable
(R )
unit
parent unit
Rein-
forced
General
Reinforced
unit and
Parent unit;
Support
Parent
unit and as
Not
Parent unit
Parent unit
Parent unit
as re-
then
Reinforc-
unit
required by
Applicable
quired by
reinforced unit
ing (GSR)
parent unit
parent
unit
As re-
General
Parent
quired by
As required by
Not
Support
Parent unit
Parent unit
Parent unit
Parent unit
unit
parent
parent unit
Applicable
(GS)
unit
NOTE 1. In NATO, the gaining unit may not task organize a multinational unit (see TACON).
NOTE 2. Commanders of units in DS may further assign support relationships between their subordinate units and elements
of the supported unit after coordination with the supported commander.
4-6
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
Table 4-3.
Joint Command Relationships and Inherent Responsibilities.
(from FM 3-0, derived from JP 0-2 and JP 3-0)
Inherent
If relationship is:
Responsibilities
Are:
COCOM
OPCON
TACON
Has command
Gaining combatant
Gaining Command
Gaining Command
Relationship with:
commander; gaining
service component
commander
May be task organized
Gaining combatant
Gaining Command
Parent Unit
by:
commander; gaining
service component
commander
Receives logistic
Gaining service
Service component
Parent Unit
support from:
component
command; parent unit
commander
Assigned position or
Gaining component
Gaining Command
Gaining Command
AO by:
commander
Provides liaison to:
As required by gaining
As required by gaining
As required by gaining
component
command
command
commander
Establishes and
As required by gaining
As required by gaining
As required by gaining
maintains
component
command
command and parent
communications with:
commander
units
Has priorities
Gaining component
Gaining Command
Gaining Command
established by:
commander
Gaining unit can
OPCON; TACON;
OPCON; TACON;
Direct support; mutual
impose further
direct support; mutual
direct support; mutual
support; general
command
support ; general
support; general
support; close support
relationship/authority
support; close support
support; close support
of:
6 September 2006
4-7
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
Table 4-4. Joint Support Categories.
(from FM 3-0, derived from JP 0-2 and JP 3-0)
CATEGORY
DEFINITION
The action given to the supported force as a whole rather
General Support
than to a particular subdivision thereof.
The action that units render each other against an enemy
Mutual Support
because of their assigned tasks, their position relative to
each other and to the enemy, and their inherent capabilities.
A mission requiring a force to support another specific force
Direct Support
and authorizing it to answer directly the supported force’s
request for assistance.
The action of the supporting force against targets or objectives
that are sufficiently near the supported force as to require
Close Support
detailed integration or coordination of the supporting action
with fire, movement, or other actions of the supported force.
DEVELOP HUMINT REQUIREMENTS
4-17. The first step in the RM process is to develop intelligence requirements
that accurately identify and prioritize the commander’s concerns about the
threat and the battlefield environment that must be resolved to accomplish
the mission. The G2/S2X, or his representative, normally supports the G2/S2
by identifying HUMINT collection requirements and opportunities and
advises the command and staff on HUMINT capabilities. The HUMINT
representative must be able to discuss any delays or risks involved in using
HUMINT assets. Through participation in the requirements development
process, the HUMINT representative has a thorough understanding of the
commander’s intent and concept of operations and is better able to support
the overall ISR effort.
4-18. The analysis of HUMINT requirements is normally a coordinated effort
between the HUMINT and CI staff officer (C/J/G/S2X) and the HAT of the
supporting analysis element. The C/J/G/S2X team--
Records all HUMINT requirements whether generated internally
(Specific Orders) or received from other echelons or units (Requests).
Tracks each requirement from receipt to final satisfaction.
Reviews each requirement for its--
Feasibility. Feasibility is a determination if a requirement can be
answered given available time and resources.
Completeness. Does the requirement contain all the specifics
needed for collection, such as: What the collection requirement is?
When the latest time information is of value (LTIOV)? Why it needs
to be collected? Who needs the results of the collection?
Necessity. The C/J/G/S2X team, with the assistance of the HAT,
checks available intelligence databases to determine if the required
4-8
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
information has already been collected or is included in an
intelligence product.
4-19. The RM team, with the assistance of the C/J/G/S2X team and the HAT,
breaks the HUMINT-related PIR into SIRs. Each SIR describes the indicator
of threat activity linked to an area or specific location and time. The HOC
evaluates--
Reportable criteria that are linked to the threat activity. The HOC
associates these characteristics with a SIR, and compares the
characteristics to a particular HUMINT asset’s capability to collect.
Range, which is the distance from the current location of the HUMINT
asset or resource to the source. In other words, are there sources
available that had or have access to relevant information on the area
or activity in question, and can the HUMINT team contact them in a
timely manner?
Timeliness, which is when the information must reach the commander
to be of value; that is, the LTIOV.
4-20. The RM team, supported by the C/J/G/S2X and the HAT, attempts to
answer the SIRs with intelligence products developed from information
available within the existing intelligence databases or pulled from other
organizations within the intelligence architecture. If the requirement can be
answered in this manner, the intelligence is immediately disseminated.
When the required information is neither available nor extractable from
archived information or from lower, lateral, or higher echelons, the
C/J/G/S2X team develops it into an RFI to higher or an ISR tasking for
organic or attached HUMINT assets. The compilation of unanswered
requirements and how to answer them form the basis of the ISR plan. The
tasking may be in the form of an SDR. An SDR is a specific request or
tasking for a collector to question a source on a particular collection
requirement. This request involves analysis that results in the conclusion
that a specific source possibly has the placement and access to answer a SIR.
SDRs are specific; whereas, HUMINT collection requirements (HCRs) are
general.
DEVELOP THE HUMINT PORTION OF THE INTEGRATED ISR PLAN
4-21. The HOC within the C/J/G/S2X section assists the G3/G2 in developing
the HUMINT portion of the ISR plan in coordination with the HAT and the
RM team. The HOC ensures that the HUMINT capabilities and taskings are
included in the plan although the plan often will not contain the specifics of
HUMINT operations due to the sensitivity of the sources and techniques. The
HOC will coordinate with the Office of the SJA to ensure the HUMINT
portion of the integrated ISR plan complies with applicable law and policy
prior to its implementation. Applicable law and policy include US law; the
law of war; relevant international law; relevant directives including DOD
Directive 3115.09, “DOD Intelligence Interrogations, Detainee Debriefings,
and Tactical Questioning”; DOD Directive 2310.1E, “The Department of
Defense Detainee Program”; DOD instructions; and military execute orders
including FRAGOs. The HOC coordinates with C/J/G/S2X for mission
deconfliction at that echelon to specify the collection capability and current
6 September 2006
4-9
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
status of the various HUMINT organizations to better enable him to select
the "best" organization to collect on various SIRs. HUMINT collection
generally requires time to develop the environment and access sources.
4-22. The HUMINT collection environment during an SSC is different from
an MTW. During an MTW where the force is moving, a division normally
plans 48 hours out; a corps plans 72 hours out. In contrast, the planning
focus for units supporting an SSC may be 3 to 6 months out. The longer
HCTs are in an area, the better the collector is able to develop leads to
answer collection requirements. Requirements may be continuous or may be
concerned with specific upcoming events such as national elections. HUMINT
is a key asset to determine adversary intentions; however, it is highly
dependent on the ability to cultivate or locate sources with the desired
information. HUMINT in support of stability and reconstruction operations is
not a short-term undertaking. [Example: National level elections are taking
place in the AO in 3 months. As a part of integrated ISR planning, an
assessment must be conducted to determine the capability to answer post
election collection requirements based upon current contacts and HUMINT
leads. If there are no leads or contacts that could answer election-related
collection requirements, it is necessary to spot, assess, and contact sources to
meet requirements.]
4-23. A second part of the HUMINT portion of the integrated ISR plan is the
HUMINT collection focus, which
Designates which collection requirements comprise the emphasis for
collectors’ missions.
Prioritizes collection requirements based upon the operational
environment in the AO and future missions in the AO.
Includes future operational collection tasks which aid in causing a gap
or pause in collection as the unit transitions to the next operational
phase or the next operation.
4-24. In addition to specific requirements, a statement of intelligence
interest (SII) at the joint level or a collection emphasis message at division or
corps is issued to identify the overall collection goals for a time period. As the
collection request or requirement is passed down, each echelon performs
additional planning for its own specific requirements.
Evaluate HUMINT Resources
4-25. After identifying the SIRs, the HOC and the C/J/G/S2X determine the
availability and capability of HUMINT assets and resources that might
contribute to requirement satisfaction and which are most suited to collect
against each SIR. This does not necessarily imply that the C/J/G/S2X assigns
a tasking to a specific team; rather, it develops the requirements or requests
for an organization that then executes the mission. The HOC and C/J/G/S2X
should also consult the HAT for its analysis of additional potential HUMINT
assets and resources which might be available, both on and off the
battlefield, to contribute to requirement satisfaction. For example, the HAT
may be aware of a group of émigrés now living elsewhere who previously
lived near a target site, and who might be able to provide answers to
collection requirements if debriefed.
4-10
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
Determine Asset or Resource Capabilities
4-26. The HOC translates the capabilities and limitations of the available
HUMINT assets into a set of factors that they can compare to the SIR
characteristics. Asset capability factors are technical or performance
characteristics, location, and source access. Each HUMINT asset is evaluated
for its—
Availability. The HOC reviews the list of viable HUMINT assets for
current availability and the addition or deletion of capabilities. This
includes considerations such as maintenance time and previous
taskings. Coordination with adjacent and higher headquarters and
national level agencies by the C/J/G/S2X will determine the
availability of higher echelon resources.
Survivability. Survivability must be commensurate with the threats
to which the HUMINT assets will be exposed during the course of
operations. These assets must be as survivable as, or in certain
circumstances more survivable than, the forces they support. The HOC
and the commander must weigh the risk versus the gain in using
HUMINT assets.
Reliability. Reliability is the ability of the asset to overcome threat
deception measures such as misinformation or false information. In
HUMINT there are two areas of reliability: source and collector. Source
reliability is the determination on the part of the collector if the source
is providing accurate information. Collector reliability is a
determination on the part of the HOC that the HUMINT collectors
within a particular organization have the level of training and
experience to collect against a given requirement.
Suitability. Tasking must be based on an asset’s capability and on its
suitability within the context of the overall plan. For example,
HUMINT assets may be capable of collecting against a single target
but have unique capabilities against a second target. Intelligence
requirements may necessitate tasking these HUMINT assets against
the second target if other assets can maintain adequate coverage of the
first target.
Connectivity. Connectivity is a critical aspect of any R&S operation.
Interoperability,
reliability,
and robustness of
sensors,
communications, and supporting automated data processing (ADP) are
crucial to the responsiveness, survivability, and overall combat
effectiveness of a HUMINT asset. If the automation and
communications systems of a HUMINT asset are dissimilar to those of
other units in the AO, or if connectivity among assets, supporting
systems, and supported systems and elements is too fragile to
withstand the stress of operations, commanders will be deprived of
important information essential to conducting tactical operations. The
HUMINT asset must be able to transmit accurate and timely
information to those who must receive it when they need it. Report
formats should adhere to established standards in order to ensure that
information is easily retrieval at the user desktop through automated
queries
(push/pull). Planners must look carefully at systems
compatibility and the degree of interoperability among the components
6 September 2006
4-11
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
of the communications architecture. The better the interoperability of
assets and the more robust and redundant the communications links,
the better the cross-cueing and analytical exchange.
Develop the Scheme of Support
4-27. The scheme of support is the orchestration of HUMINT assets,
resources, and requirements to facilitate the collection of information most
effectively. It includes all assets that the G3/S3 can task (organic, attached,
and DS) and the G2 can request (from higher or adjacent units). By
reviewing available HUMINT assets and higher echelon resources, the HOC
and the G/S2X determine whether unit assets or higher echelon resources are
best able to answer the requirements. If another echelon can answer an SIR,
then the J/G/S2, normally through the C/J/G/S2X, requests them to collect
the information and deliver the intelligence product. When planning the
HUMINT portion of the ISR plan, the HOC should consider the following:
Cueing is using one asset to tip off another to a possible target. The
HOC should look for opportunities for HUMINT assets to cue other
collection assets and vice versa.
Asset redundancy uses a combination of the same type of assets
against a high-priority collection target. This is vital in HUMINT
collection since, in dealing with human sources, the information
collected is often part of the overall picture or is influenced by the
perception and prejudice of the source. The collection on the same
target from a number of different assets gives a more accurate
intelligence picture and is a method to validate source reporting.
Asset mix uses a combination of different types of assets against a
high-priority collection target. When the probability of success of one
asset to satisfy the requirement completely is lower than acceptable,
the use of multiple capabilities of different assets increases the
likelihood of success; for example, using SIGINT assets to intercept
voice communications while HUMINT assets observe activities.
Neither can collect all the available information, but the information
collected by both can be fused into a more complete picture. Like asset
redundancy, asset mix places greater demands on the limited assets
available, both collection and analysis, and has to be clearly justified
by the potential intelligence gain.
Integration of new requirements into ongoing missions may make
it possible to reduce timelines, make collection more responsive to the
request, and decrease cost and risk. This is critical in HUMINT due to
the long time that it takes to develop sources. The use of an existing
source to answer new requirements often facilitates collection.
Develop and Prioritize Taskings and Requests for Information
4-28. After the G2/S2X and the G2/S2 approve the HUMINT portion of the
ISR plan, the HOC develops specific orders to task assets, develop additional
assets, and/or requests to seek higher and lateral support and production.
Specific taskings or RFIs are tailored to that specific ISR asset’s capabilities
and limitations. The G2/S2X supports the requirements manager and the
G2/S2 in developing and prioritizing HUMINT taskings. The HOC works
4-12
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
with the unit requirements manager to incorporate the HUMINT plan into
the overall unit ISR plan and works with the G3/S3 as necessary to help
develop OPORDs or FRAGOs to organic or attached ISR units. HUMINT
taskings will often include technical data that cannot be passed through
normal tasking channels. The HOC will pass that information directly to the
applicable HUMINT OMT or unit operations section.
4-29. The HOC and G2/S2X cannot provide operational taskings to a unit for
collection. Collection is a stated mission that the commander executes.
However, the technical control the HOC can provide as the HUMINT
manager affords the J2/G2X the ability to steer and direct collection assets
and operations. The MI commander and OMT determine specifically which
teams will collect on a given requirement and are responsible for the TTP
used. They report on the status and availability of their collection assets. On
the HCT level, the team chief determines which sources will be contacted and
the details of how the information will be collected from a given source. A
specific plan is developed for each source. This plan should—
Identify the requirement.
Identify the proposed source.
Identify questions to be asked during the source meeting.
Contain an outline of how the meeting should proceed.
Identify which collector will conduct the source meeting.
4-30. At the HCT level, the senior team member reviews each plan to ensure
the proper planning for the collection mission. The plan is a minimum goal
for the collection. The collector must be fully aware of the overall collection
priorities and be prepared to take advantage of any additional leads.
DIRECT PRODUCTION
4-31. The G2 coordinates intelligence production to provide non-duplicative
all-source intelligence products to the commander, staff, and subordinate
forces. Some type of production occurs in the intelligence staff or separate
analysis element at every echelon from national to battalion level. The HCT
of the ACE at echelon’s division and higher will support the intelligence
production process through the analysis of HUMINT information and the
development of single-discipline HUMINT products.
DISSEMINATE INFORMATION
4-32. The 2X element at each level is normally the release authority for
HUMINT reporting and products, ensuring that reporting, products, and
data are disseminated to the lowest appropriate level. The G/S2X should
preplan criteria for the immediate release of combat information on high-
value targets, impending attacks, or other time-sensitive requirements. This
preplanning will ensure that commanders and other users quickly receive the
information in a format that supports situational understanding, strategic
responsiveness, and ISR and provides support to effects. Special effort is also
made to ensure that information obtained from detainees is passed back
down to the unit that detained them. This measure will support the efforts of
the commander as well as building trust in the intelligence process.
6 September 2006
4-13
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
EVALUATE REPORTING
4-33. The HAT and the HOC provide the requirements manager and the
G2/S2 with expertise to support report evaluation. An important part of the
evaluation process is providing feedback to the collectors. Feedback is
important in HUMINT operations since the same source may be contacted
again for additional information. The collector needs feedback on the
accuracy, reliability, and appropriateness of the information reported. The
G/S2X team tracks reporting to determine how well the HUMINT collection
and production efforts are satisfying the PIRs. The G/S2X team supports the
RM team’s requirements to
Monitor and Maintain Synchronization. Through coordination
with the G2/S2, the G/S2X, and the HAT, the HOC knows when and
what critical pieces of information are missing from the commander's
estimate of the situation. The HOC uses the HUMINT portion of the
ISR plan to ensure synchronization with the overall operation and
scheme of maneuver. The other critical tool for the HOC is the decision
support template (DST). The HOC must have a complete copy of this
document, ensuring the HUMINT assets do not miss a collection
requirement.
Correlate Reports to Requirements. The HOC tracks which
specific order or group of specific orders originates from which PIR to
ensure that the collected information was provided to the original
requester. This also allows the HOC to rapidly determine which asset
is available for retasking.
Screen Reports. Each report received is screened for accuracy,
timeliness, and applicability to the original tasking or request. If the
HOC determines that it completely fulfills the tasking or request, the
HOC informs the G/S2X and G2/S2 so that the tasking or request can
be closed and the information provided to the original requesting unit.
Provide Feedback to Collectors and Analysts. The HOC provides
feedback to all the HUMINT R&S assets. This is normally provided
through the C2 element of that unit. By doing so, the HOC quickly
reinforces if the reporting is answering the original order or request, or
the HOC can provide guidance if it is not. This feedback is essential.
The RM team may provide additional information on its collection or
analysis if the HOC tells the team exactly what is needed or has been
missed in the original report.
UPDATE ISR PLAN
4-34. This step aids the G2/G3 in updating the ISR plan by eliminating
satisfied collection requirements, redirecting assets to cover non-satisfied
requirements, cross-cueing requirements, and adding new collection
requirements to the ISR. This process is accomplished by adjusting the
HUMINT portion of the overall integrated ISR plan. It maintains intelligence
synchronization and optimizes the exploitation of information in response to
situation changes in the AO. The updated HUMINT plan is distributed to the
G/S2X requirements manager to ensure its incorporation into the overall unit
ISR plan. Continuously updating the HUMINT portion of the ISR plan is
vital due to the time involved in redirecting HUMINT assets.
4-14
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
HUMINT MISSION PLANNING
4-35. HUMINT mission planning begins when a unit receives a tasking to
conduct HUMINT collection in support of a specific mission, operation, or
collection plan. The mission analysis portion of the MDMP is explained in
FM 5-0. Special factors must be considered when applying the MDMP to
HUMINT operations as discussed below.
RECEIVE AND ANALYZE THE HIGHER HEADQUARTERS ORDER
4-36. Attention must be paid to the support relationship (GS or DS) that
exists between HUMINT assets and the unit. The operational environment,
including applicable law and policy under which the units are operating must
be understood, as this affects the ability of the units to perform certain
missions. Applicable law and policy include US law; the law of war; relevant
international law; relevant directives including DOD Directive
3115.09,
“DOD Intelligence Interrogations, Detainee Debriefings, and Tactical
Questioning”; DOD Directive 2310.1E, “The Department of Defense Detainee
Program”; DOD instructions; and military execute orders including FRAGOs.
Because of frequently overlapping AOIRs in HUMINT operations, other unit
missions and potential areas of conflict must be identified. Missions of other
non-HUMINT units must be understood for coordination and possible
integration of HUMINT assets. The availability of assets from higher
echelons, requirements to provide support to lower echelons, and the
existence of technical control from higher echelons must be identified.
Tasking, reporting, and communications channels must be clearly
understood.
ISSUE A WARNING ORDER
4-37. After the commander has analyzed his orders and worked out the
mission and related tasks, he must quickly pass on this information to his
team. This is accomplished through the WARNO. As a minimum, the
WARNO must include to whom the order applies, time and nature of the
operation, the earliest time of movement, and the time and place where the
OPORD will be issued. Unit members should prepare for movement while the
leader is performing the remaining preparatory tasks.
MAKE A TENTATIVE PLAN
4-38. When determining how the mission will be carried out, the commander
works with the factors of METT-TC. When planning for HUMINT collection
missions, focus must be placed on the human beings (threat, friendly, and
neutral) as well as the key terrain on the battlefield, including information
on—
The demographics of both the AO and AOI.
The organization and structure of all opposition in the AO and AOI.
The history of the AO and AOI pertinent to the current situation.
The economic and social data of all groups in the AO and AOI.
6 September 2006
4-15
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
All key leaders (political, military, social, religious, tribal), opinion
leaders, and other influences on public opinion.
The media and its influence on the population of both the AO and AOI.
The primary and secondary languages and dialects spoken in all parts
of the AO.
4-39. A target folder, if one is used, provides valuable up-to-date intelligence
information about the AO for mission analysis and planning. Once
intelligence products identify the contentious areas, trends, capabilities, and
latest issues concerning the AO, the commander may request a target folder
prepared on specific items, such as a hostile organization with the inclination
and potential to cause harm to friendly forces. Target folders may include—
Imagery of the AO and personalities.
Terrain models of the AO.
Latest information reports from the AO.
Biographical data on key leaders in the AO.
Review Available Assets
4-40. The commander and staff, including the OMTs or HUMINT operations
section, must look at organic assets and consider factors such as language
capability, experience in various aspects of collection, analysis, and
management. If organic assets are inadequate, the commander and staff
should consider additional available assets within the organization and
resources from higher echelons. The commander and staff must consider the
analysis and management structure of a HUMINT operations section in
addition to the OMT and HCTs. During this step the mission analysis and
planning group should determine, among other things—
The number of HUMINT collectors available.
The number of collectors who are qualified linguists.
The number of linguists available to support the collectors.
Force protection considerations.
The optimal number of HCTs, OMTs, and HUMINT operations
sections that can be configured from the available assets.
Whether additional assets such as CI agents, TECHINT personnel,
analysts, additional linguists, or other experts need to be added to
some or all the HCTs to meet mission requirements.
Determine Constraints
4-41. This is a critical step in HUMINT mission analysis. HUMINT collection
operations are affected by applicable law and policy. Applicable law and
policy include US law; the law of war; relevant international law; relevant
directives including DOD Directive
3115.09,
“DOD Intelligence
Interrogations, Detainee Debriefings, and Tactical Questioning”; DOD
Directive 2310.1E, “The Department of Defense Detainee Program”; DOD
instructions; and military execute orders including FRAGOs. The degree of
restriction may depend on the type of operation being conducted. Constraints
are normally found in the scheme of maneuver, the concept of operations, and
coordinating instructions. Specific to intelligence interrogation operations, in
4-16
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
accordance with DOD Directive 3115.09, “all captured or detained personnel
shall be treated humanely, and all intelligence interrogations or debriefings
to gain intelligence from captured or detained personnel shall be conducted
humanely, in accordance with applicable law and policy. Acts of physical or
mental torture are prohibited.”
Identify Critical Facts and Assumptions
4-42. The human factor is preeminent in this step. Assumptions and facts
include—
How HUMINT collectors can interact with the local population.
What types of sources are available.
What types of adversary intelligence and unconventional threats are
present.
Conduct Risk Assessment
4-43. There are inherent risks involved in HUMINT collection. HUMINT
collectors need access to the local population to perform their mission. Rules
that restrict all forces to base areas to protect the force may be prudent;
however, these restrictions can severely degrade HUMINT collection
capabilities, particularly in support of force protection requirements. This
measure deprives the collectors of sources needed to anticipate and prevent
violent incidents. HUMINT collectors receive cultural training as well as
security training to allow them to minimize the dangers of interacting with
the local population. Commanders must weigh the risk to collectors against
the risk to the force as a whole, and determine whether to provide additional
security to the HCT in order to allow the team to perform missions outside
the base area to gain needed intelligence. DA Pam 385-1 provides guidance
for risk assessment.
Select Courses of Action (COAs)
4-44. During COA development the staff, under the commander’s guidance,
analyzes various options for deploying and implementing HUMINT assets.
Input from HUMINT senior NCOs and WOs is vital to COA development and
analysis. Items to consider during COA development include—
The distribution of the HCTs and OMTs within the AO.
The support relationship (GS and DS) that exists for the deployed
teams.
The command relationship in effect for the HCTs and OMTs (assigned,
attached, or OPCON).
The manner in which the HUMINT assets are phased into the theater.
The tactical configuration (personnel and equipment) of the HCT.
The actual number of the HCTs and OMTs and the size of the
supporting HUMINT operations section (if any) deployed.
The priority of the OMT’s efforts.
The priority of linguist support.
6 September 2006
4-17
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
COLLECTION PRIORITY
4-45. During the MDMP, the MI commander advises his higher headquarters
on the most efficient use of the HUMINT collectors to meet collection
requirements. Depending on the particular higher echelon mission and the
capabilities of the specific personnel under his command, the supported S2
must decide whether to concentrate collection efforts on source, debriefing,
interrogation, tactical questioning, liaison, or DOCEX operations to answer
collection requirements. (See Chapter 5 for a description of these operations.)
The MI commander may be required by his operational tasking to support
any or all of these operations. He must decide how to task organize his assets
to meet these requirements. When faced with limited assets, prioritization of
collection is paramount.
4-46. A commander normally must prioritize HUMINT collections and
DOCEX. Although the decision is primarily dependent on which type of
source (human or document) is most likely to give the priority information,
other factors such as phase of operation, ROE, source availability, and
collection resource capabilities may influence his decision. At the tactical
level, both human sources and documents are screened and the senior
HUMINT soldier establishes the priorities. If documents and human sources
are determined to be equally likely of containing priority information, human
sources are normally exploited first due to—
The ability of the HUMINT collector to get a human source to
elaborate and explain his information, which cannot be done with a
document.
The rate at which people forget detailed information.
The fact that an individual's resistance is easier to bypass immediately
after undergoing a significant traumatic experience (capture). Capture
thrusts them into an unfamiliar environment over which they have no
control and are vulnerable to various approach techniques. This initial
vulnerability passes quickly. An individual's established values begin
to assert themselves again within a day or two, and the individual's
willingness to cooperate might also decrease.
TASK ORGANIZATION
4-47. Because of the need to place HUMINT collectors in contact with the
local population and the need in many cases to integrate the HUMINT
collection process into other operations, the planning and analysis staff for
HUMINT missions is somewhat expanded from the norm. They should
include the C/J/G/S2X, SJA, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, other staff officers, as
necessary, Provost Marshal, MP, and US Army Criminal Investigation
Command, CA, unit HUMINT commanders, and senior HUMINT technicians
of the deploying unit. If the unit’s mission is to replace a currently deployed
HUMINT unit, a representative of that unit should be included.
4-48. The challenge to the MI commander is the proper training during
operations, task organization, placement, and coordination of movement of
HUMINT elements to meet collection requirements. The unit modified table
of organization and equipment (MTOE) organization, which is designed for
an MTW, may have to be modified to meet the specific requirements of
4-18
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
operations in PMEs and SSCs. Augmentation is often needed and must be
requested. Task organization must be flexible to adjust to the dynamic
mission objectives. Commanders must allow for the augmentation of HCT
with other MI specialties and non-MI personnel as mission analysis and
planning indicate the need. Mission analysis and planning identify the
specific requirements for the HUMINT operations section, HAT, OMTs, and
HCTs.
4-49. The composition of the HUMINT elements must be based on METT-TC
factors. The number of HCTs and OMTs in the theater depends on the
intensity of the collection effort and the geographical coverage of the AO.
HCT members should be prepared to support any HUMINT missions they
may receive through command channels. They must have the skills to shift
easily from one set of functions to another based on the dynamic mission
requirements. The number of OMTs in a designated theater will depend on
the type and nature of the mission. A single OMT is capable of managing and
controlling 2 to 4 HCTs. The size and staffing of the OMT will depend on a
number of factors:
Whether a HUMINT operations section is deployed and how many
HCTs are subordinate to it.
If a single HCT deploys to support a small contingency, there may be
no need for an OMT. In this case the team leader must serve as the
OMT.
If three or more OMTs deploy, then a tactical HUMINT operations
section should be deployed.
For every 3 to 4 HCTs and their designated OMT, there should be one
headquarters element composed of a platoon leader and a platoon
sergeant to handle all administrative and logistical matters.
OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
RESERVE COMPONENT INTEGRATION
4-50. Given the Army’s OPTEMPO and force structure, the integration of
RC forces into the AC is highly likely for future operational deployments.
Commanders must identify their requirements early and establish proactive
coordination
(both in garrison and while deployed) with their RC
counterparts to fully integrate them during all phases of training and
operations. During operations that include significant RC participation, an
RC liaison officer normally will be assigned, either temporarily or
permanently (at higher echelons), at the appropriate level of command. The
commander and staff must ensure that the RC LNO is involved in all aspects
of operational planning and execution.
4-51. There are three general categories of RC augmentation:
Category
1: Formation of specialized units that include a fully
integrated AC and RC TOE. The activation of the RC of these units is
required for their full operational capability.
Category 2: Augmentation of active duty units by RC units to fill out
unit strength levels or to provide additional functionality. For example,
an AC division might require additional HUMINT teams to support it
6 September 2006
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FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
during a stability operation. If a division required one additional team,
it should request a team and not request four HUMINT collectors. If
the requirement is for three additional teams, it should request a
HUMINT platoon with its organic C2 and OMTs.
Category 3: The requirement for individual augmentees. This usually
occurs when a unit has the C2 structure but needs either additional
personnel or additional capability within the command structure. For
example, a unit may have a HUMINT platoon but the platoon is at 50
percent strength. Individual augmentation is the easiest method of
integration since the individual is integrated in the same manner as
any replacement. The augmented unit normally is required to provide
all equipment other than initial issue-type equipment.
4-52. There are several items to consider in unit augmentation:
Accurate Identification of Requirements: During the MDMP, units
need to identify those mission-essential capabilities not already
present in the unit. The G3/S3, working in conjunction with the G1/S1,
considers options that may include RC augmentation of organic units
although the final decision to employ RC units is usually determined at
Headquarters, Department of Army (HQDA). The requirement for
augmentation is forwarded through appropriate personnel channels to
US Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) and HQDA, which will
identify the appropriate units or personnel. If approved, they will work
with the appropriate agencies to establish the timeline in which the
units can respond on the Time-Phased Forces Deployment Data List
(TPFDDL). When developing requirements, the requesting unit must
be sure to articulate its needs accurately, specifying required skills,
numbers, and any additional skill identifiers (ASI). [Example: Request
augmentation by a HUMINT platoon consisting of at least a platoon
headquarters, three HCTs, one OMT, two linguists, and one
CI/HUMINT Automated Tool Set (CHATS) proficient operator. The
augmenting element will be operating in support of the commander’s
force protection program in the gaining unit’s AOR.]
Activation Timeline: Units need time to mobilize and conduct any
additional collective and individual training that may be specific to the
unit’s mission or operational environment. The requesting unit needs
to be aware of the time required to activate the requested RC and that
there may be differences in levels of training or equipment. Timelines
should be established by FORSCOM to allow resolution of these
problems and should be reflected in the commander’s operational
planning sequence. Timelines will vary from unit to unit and mission
to mission.
Training: USAR and ARNG units usually cannot train their units or
individuals to the same proficiency as the AC. Normally, this is due to
the limited amount of training time. Because of this limitation, a
certain degree of train-up prior to deployment may be necessary.
Commanders should identify available training opportunities and
request the participation of personnel identified for augmentation. For
an ongoing mission, you should also plan for an extended “right seat
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_________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
ride” mission handover period once the individuals or unit arrives in
the theater of operations.
Command and Control: If the RC augmentation requires activation of
an entire unit, it should include their C2 element. If the augmentation
is by individuals, then they will fall under the command and control of
the gaining units.
Time on Active Status: USAR and ARNG soldiers are restricted as to
the amount of time they can remain on active status. This timeline
begins on the date of mobilization and ends on the day the soldier
leaves active duty status. Deployed units must take this into account
when conducting continuous operations and must identify the
requirement to replace RC forces early enough to allow for the required
training and handoff procedures.
Experience: While RC personnel normally lack current military
experience, they often perform jobs in the civilian sector that either
mitigate this lack of experience or they are able to bring a new and
useful capability with them. Care should be taken that reservists who
have civilian jobs which are similar to their HUMINT MOS (such as
police officers or investigators) recognize the different constraints
under which they operate in the military environment. For example,
police officers who might normally task informants with minimal
oversight cannot do that in their position as a HUMINT collector.
Commanders should try to capitalize on these skills, but ensure proper
training and understanding of the policies and regulations that govern
HUMINT collection operations.
OPERATIONS PLANS, OPERATIONS ORDERS, AND ANNEXES
4-53. An OPLAN is any plan for the conduct of military operations. When a
commander issues a directive for the coordinated execution of a military
operation, it becomes an OPORD. Although plans are based on specific
conditions or assumptions, they are not static. Plans are changed, refined,
and updated as a result of continuous estimates and studies. It is critical to
include HUMINT plans in the Intelligence Annex to the OPLAN.
4-54. The OPORD gives the HUMINT element approval to execute its
mission. OPORDs define the mission, set the parameters of operations,
identify who is responsible for what, and how it is to be supported. Additions
that are necessary to amplify an OPLAN or OPORD are contained in
annexes, appendices, tabs, and enclosures. Tasking for units to conduct
HUMINT collection operations is listed in the main body of the OPORD
under Tasks to Subordinate Units. The HUMINT appendix to Annex B
provides the technical guidance for HUMINT collection including the
umbrella concept for HUMINT operations.
4-55. The HUMINT appendices provide details on planning, coordinating,
approving, and managing HUMINT operations as they relate to the unit’s
overall mission. These appendices serve as the basic document authorizing
most HUMINT operations and programs. They must be reviewed and
approved by the appropriate office or commander. The HUMINT appendix to
the ISR Annex is necessary to ensure that augmentation of HUMINT assets
6 September 2006
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FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
from other components and agencies are integrated throughout the TF as
required to facilitate their specialized collection requirements. Specific tabs
may include joint debriefing and interrogation facility operations, source
operations, DOCEX, or open-source information.
OPERATIONAL COORDINATION
4-56. HUMINT collection is not conducted in a vacuum. Coordination with
MI organizations and non-MI agencies, units, and staff organizations is often
critical to expedite and complete HUMINT collection operations.
(See
Appendix C for predeployment planning.)
MI ORGANIZATIONS
4-57. Elements involved in HUMINT planning, execution, and analysis need
to maintain close coordination with their counterparts in the other
intelligence disciplines. Coordination includes but is not limited to the
disciplines shown below.
Imagery Intelligence:
Support imagery analysis by using HUMINT sources to identify or
confirm the identification of items in imagery. This includes, for
example, using human sources to identify the functions of buildings
that have been tentatively identified through external imagery.
Coordinate for current military or civilian imagery to use in the
questioning of sources.
Cue requirements managers and others involved in imagery tasking on
locations or activities for imagery collection.
Coordinate for IMINT information to verify information obtained
through HUMINT collection.
Provide imagery for analysis (through still and video photography and
captured imagery).
Coordinate for technical support as required when questioning
personnel on subjects related to imagery.
Obtain imagery-related collection requirements that can be answered
by human sources.
Signals Intelligence:
Support signals analysis by using HUMINT sources to identify or
confirm the information obtained through SIGINT collection.
Coordinate for current SIGINT information to use in the questioning of
sources.
Cue requirements managers and others involved in SIGINT tasking on
locations or activities
(including communications types and
frequencies) for SIGINT collection.
Coordinate for information to verify information obtained through
HUMINT collection.
Provide SIGINT-related CEDs for SIGINT analysis.
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_________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
Coordinate for technical support as required when questioning
personnel on SIGINT-related topics.
Obtain SIGINT-related collection requirements that can be answered
by human sources.
Measurement and Signature Intelligence:
Support measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT) analysis
by using HUMINT sources to identify or confirm the information
obtained through MASINT collection.
Cue requirements managers and others involved in MASINT tasking
on locations or activities for the location of MASINT sensors.
Coordinate for information to verify information obtained through
HUMINT collection.
Provide MASINT-related CEDs for MASINT analysis.
Coordinate for technical support as required when questioning
personnel on MASINT-related topics.
Obtain MASINT-related collection requirements that can be answered
by human sources.
Technical Intelligence:
Support TECHINT analysis by using HUMINT sources and documents
to provide information concerning threat equipment and to support
TECHINT materiel analysis. This includes, for example, the
interrogation or debriefing of equipment operators of the translation of
operators manuals for a piece of equipment being investigated.
Coordinate for current information on equipment capabilities to use in
the questioning of sources.
Cue requirements managers and others involved in TECHINT tasking
on locations or activities for TECHINT collection. This includes
forwarding the identification and location of equipment of TECHINT
interest obtained during HUMINT collection operations.
Coordinate for TECHINT information to verify information obtained
through HUMINT collection.
Provide information from CEDs in support of TECHINT.
Coordinate for technical support as required when questioning
personnel on subjects related to areas of TECHINT interest.
Obtain TECHINT-related collection requirements that can be
answered by human sources.
Counterintelligence:
Support CI analysis by using HUMINT sources to provide information
concerning adversary intelligence collection capabilities and
operations.
Identify human and document sources that have information of CI
interest.
6 September 2006
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FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
Cue requirements managers and others involved in CI tasking
individuals or activities of CI interest.
Coordinate for CI information to verify information obtained through
HUMINT collection.
Provide information from CEDs in support of CI.
Coordinate for CI support as required when questioning personnel on
topics related to areas of CI interest.
Obtain CI-related collection requirements that can be answered by
human sources.
Integrate CI elements into HUMINT collection operations as
applicable.
Open-Source Intelligence:
Support open-source intelligence (OSINT).
Provide open source maps, charts, phone directories, business
directories, newspapers, video and audio media (including tapes and
compact discs) to the appropriate J/G/S2X and Intelligence Community
agencies and liaison officers.
OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
4-58. In addition to MI units, HUMINT collection organizations frequently
conduct coordination with other military organizations.
Military Police Units: Close coordination between HUMINT
collectors and MPs is mutually beneficial. The MPs are responsible for
maneuver and mobility support, area security, internment and
resettlement, law and order, and police intelligence operations. Both
activities
(HUMINT collection and MP operations) require close
contact with the local civilian, refugee, and detainee populations.
HUMINT collection at checkpoints and at EPW and other detainee
collection points must be coordinated with the MPs, who are normally
responsible for internment and resettlement operations. In return, the
HUMINT collectors, because of their screening and questioning of
these population groups, can help facilitate the MP’s population control
missions by providing information about the population’s activities and
intentions that may be of MP concern. At EPW/detainee collection
points, HUMINT collectors should arrange with the MP leadership to
be allowed to debrief MPs since MPs are in regular contact with the
detainees. This does not constitute tasking. Information collected in
this manner may provide valuable insight, which can aid the collector
in formulating approach strategies. MPs should be debriefed in such a
way so as not to interfere with their mission. Liaison with the MP
chain of command is vital to gain their support and assure them that
HUMINT collection will not interfere with MP operations. Joint patrols
containing MPs and HUMINT collectors can also be mutually
beneficial in many situations.
Criminal Investigation Division (CID) and Provost Marshal
Office (PMO): The goals of HUMINT collection and those of the MPs
(particularly CID) are different. CID and PMO are concerned with
4-24
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
identification and apprehension of criminal elements. The goal of
HUMINT collection is the collection of information in response to PIRs
that in many situations are centered on force protection. In the
situation where the threat includes a criminal element, the HCTs
might collect OB type information on the criminal element to ascertain
their activities and threat to friendly forces. HUMINT collectors are
not trained to conduct criminal investigations and must not be used for
this purpose. Criminal investigators and HUMINT collectors must
carefully coordinate their activities as necessary. HUMINT collectors
are required to report to the proper agency information collected on
criminal activities that the HUMINT collectors uncover in the normal
course of their activities.
Psychological Operations Units: As with the MP force, HUMINT
collectors and PSYOP units are often interested in the same target
audience but for different reasons. PSYOP units are interested in
modifying the target audience beliefs and actions to be more supportive
of US goals. Normally, HUMINT collection elements coordinate with
PSYOP elements to obtain information concerning the motivational
factors and cultural value systems of the individuals to be questioned.
PSYOP units, as a part of their normal operations, develop detailed
analysis concerning psychological and cultural factors of friendly and
hostile elements in the AO. Such information will help HUMINT
collection personnel to understand the source's attitude, value system,
and perception; it will also help to obtain information more rapidly. At
the same time, PSYOP units often will develop collection requirements
to determine local attitudes and for information on the effectiveness of
PSYOP campaigns. HUMINT collectors can be tasked to collect on
these requirements if they are included as PIRs.
Civil Affairs Units: The CA mission often places CA units in contact
with the HUMINT collection target audience. If possible, HUMINT
collection missions can be established in coordination with CA
missions. If the HUMINT collection mission is viewed as having the
potential of interfering with the CA mission and coordinated
operations are not possible, CA personnel can still be sensitized to
intelligence collection requirements and debriefed by HUMINT
collectors as part of a friendly force debriefing operation.
Drug and Law Enforcement Agency Operations: Personnel who
are employees of DOD intelligence components may be assigned to
assist Federal law enforcement authorities and, when lives are
endangered, state and local law enforcement authorities; provided such
use is consistent with, and has been approved by an official authorized
pursuant to DOD Directive 5525.5, Enclosure 4 (reference (i)). Such
official shall ensure that the General Counsel of the providing DOD
component concurs in such use. Assistance may be rendered to LEAs
and security services of foreign governments or international
organizations in accordance with established policy and applicable
SOFAs, provided that DOD intelligence components may not request
or participate in activities of such agencies undertaken against US
persons that would not be permitted activities of such components
under the procedures of AR 381-10. HUMINT collectors may assist
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FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
foreign law enforcement authorities, with prior approval of the J2X.
Under no circumstances will HUMINT collectors assist any US or
foreign law enforcement authorities in any manner without prior
approval by competent authority after a legal review of the proposal.
Maneuver Units: HCTs may be utilized in GS for coverage of an
AOIR or in DS to support a specific maneuver unit. The type of
coordination needed with maneuver units will vary depending on the
type of support relationship the HCT has. HCTs operating in GS
should coordinate with maneuver unit commanders when the HCT will
be operating in that unit’s AO. At a minimum, the HCTs should
announce their presence and request information on any conditions or
ongoing situations that may affect on the conduct of their mission. An
HCT operating in DS of a specific unit will coordinate with the unit for
force augmentation to HUMINT patrols as needed in accordance with
force protection requirements. The HCT leader should also coordinate
with the supported unit’s S2 for involvement in debriefings of
returning patrol members, checkpoint personnel, convoy leaders and
others. HCT leaders may also coordinate to be included in the unit’s
reconnaissance patrols, as appropriate.
Combat Service Support Units: Current and future combat
operations will be conducted in a noncontiguous battlespace. CSS
formations and units may be an excellent source for HUMINT
collectors. In many situations, DPs and refugees will perceive CSS
activities as non-threatening and an activity which can provide them
with aid and comfort. CSS operations will naturally draw DPs and
refugees hoping to receive support. This could provide opportunities for
HUMINT collectors to access this sector of the population. CSS unit
S2s should conduct patrol debriefings of returning convoy personnel to
capture observations made during convoys, with the goal of cross-
cueing the supporting HCT, CI team, or law enforcement element as
appropriate.
STAFF COORDINATION
4-59. Successful HUMINT collection operations require support from the
staff elements of the supported unit. These elements are collectively
responsible for the planning that results in HUMINT tasking. Below is a
partial list of the staff responsibilities that affect HUMINT collection:
G1/S1 HUMINT-related responsibilities include but are not limited
to—
Supervising the medical support furnished to EPW/detainees.
Maintaining a list
(by language and proficiency) of qualified
linguists within their command.
Coordinating with the G4 or G5 for procurement and payment of
other interpreters and translators needed to perform intelligence
and non-intelligence duties.
Ensuring the echelon's OPLAN contains complete provisions for
handling and evacuating detainees, refugees, DPs, and local civilians
4-26
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
as required. This plan must satisfy the interests of all other staff
officers and provide for—
Ensuring humane treatment of all personnel.
Promptly evacuating personnel from the combat zone.
Integrating procedures for the evacuation, control, and
administration of personnel with other combat service (CS) and
CSS operations.
Ensuring delivery of mail to EPWs and other detainees.
Maintaining detainee (including EPW) statistics.
Providing administration and control of detainee currency and
pay records, including coordinating with appropriate intelligence
authorities about investigating large sums of money.
G2/S2 is responsible for developing intelligence in support of unit
operations. The G2/S2 at division and higher and in the interim BCT is
supported by a G/S2X and normally a HAT in the performance of his
HUMINT-related functions. His HUMINT-related responsibilities
include but are not limited to--
Obtaining intelligence through intelligence reach to support
HUMINT collection.
Incorporating HUMINT into the ISR plan.
Developing the HUMINT annex to the OPORD and OPLAN.
Coordinating to provide technical support for all HUMINT collection
operations.
Ensuring deconfliction and synchronization for all HUMINT
collection assets within the unit’s AO. A particular effort must be
made to coordinate with all DOD military source operations (MSO),
and DOD and other government agencies (OGAs) that may be
operating in the AO; with the theater J2X, as part of deconfliction.
Failure to deconflict with DOD MSO and OGAs may result in
compromise of assets and interruption of collection operations and
potentially unintended casualties.
Obtaining documents and materials of intelligence interest,
including visual and audio media and electronic equipment
(such as computers, phones, PDAs) taken from detainees, or
seized or loaned, in coordination with the Provost Marshal and
other elements.
Recording, evaluating, and analyzing collected information and
providing feedback to HUMINT collectors.
Ensuring adequate HUMINT collection and reporting nets and
systems are available.
Coordinating with the G3 to ensure plans for HUMINT collection
operations are included in unit OPLANs.
Coordinating with the G3 to ensure that HUMINT collectors are
included in unit training plans, rehearsals, and briefbacks.
Drafting instructions for handling, evacuating, and exploiting
captured enemy personnel and CEDs. (They coordinate with the
G3 to ensure draft instructions are included in the command
standing operating procedures (SOPs), OPLANs, and OPORDs.)
Projecting capture rates as well as refugee and DP rates.
6 September 2006
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FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
Determining the number of interpreters and translators needed
to perform intelligence duties.
Coordinating with other agencies and HUMINT collectors for
intelligence sharing.
Controlling the procedures used to process and grant clearances
to the interpreters and translators as required.
Coordinating with the civil-military operations (CMO) officer for
intelligence screening of local nationals, refugees, and DPs.
Coordinating with SJA for legal review of proposed operations.
G3/S3 is responsible for operations, plans, organization, and training.
His HUMINT collection-related responsibilities include but are not
limited to--
Ensuring the inclusion of HUMINT collection units in the main body
of OPLANs and OPORDs under Tasks to Subordinate Units and
Task Organization.
Ensuring instructions for handling, evacuating, and exploiting
captured enemy personnel and CEDs in all unit command SOPs,
OPLANs, and OPORDs.
Incorporating HUMINT collection operations into future plans and
operations.
Ensuring subordinate units are trained in proper handling and
evacuation of captured enemy personnel, materiel, and CEDs.
Ensuring that the subordinate elements are trained in OPORDs
including ROE and the proper handling of local civilians, foreign
nationals, refugees, and DPs.
Obtaining, organizing, and supervising employment of additional
personnel as guards for EPWs and other detainees where MP assets
are not available or insufficient.
Tasking the Division/Brigade Engineer Officer in conjunction with
the G2/S2 to conduct a site survey for possible EPW/detainee holding
area facilities within the operational area. Priority should go to
existing facilities needing little or no renovation to meet operational
requirements. If suitable facilities cannot be found, the engineer
officer should provide detailed facilities design specifications to the
G4/S4 for coordination and development of contracted resources.
G4/S4 responsibilities related to HUMINT collection include but are
not limited to--
Developing command policy for evacuation and internment of
captured enemy personnel, and evacuation and safekeeping of CEE
and CEDs.
Coordinating contracts for real estate and construction of source-
holding facilities if local capabilities are not available. Ideally,
existing facilities will be occupied and renovated whenever possible.
Collecting and distributing captured enemy supplies.
(This is
coordinated with the intelligence and operations staffs.)
Procuring and distributing rations to personnel holding areas.
Transporting EPWs and other detainees in a timely, safe manner to
the appropriate facility for processing.
4-28
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
Determining requirements for use of source labor for the logistical
support needed in source-handling operations.
Providing logistical support to interpreter personnel.
G5/S5 responsibilities related to HUMINT collection include but are
not limited to--
Coordinating with local US government, personnel staff
representatives, and HN armed forces for procuring native linguists
for interpreter support.
Coordinating military support of populous.
Providing technical advice and assistance in reorientation of sources
and enemy defectors.
Coordinating MI aspects of CMO activities with the G2.
ADDITIONAL SUPPORT
4-60. In addition to the major staff elements, a HUMINT collection element
requires support from several other elements in order to conduct operations.
These elements are discussed below.
The US Army Criminal Investigation Command is the organization
with primary responsibility for investigating allegations of criminal
acts or reportable incidents committed by or against detainees.
The SJA can provide legal support and advice on the interpretation
and application of applicable law and policy. Applicable law and policy
include US law; the law of war; relevant international law; relevant
directives including DOD Directive
3115.09,
“DOD Intelligence
Interrogations, Detainee Debriefings, and Tactical Questioning”; DOD
Directive
2310.E, “The Department of Defense Detainee Program”;
DOD instructions; and military execute orders including FRAGOS. The
SJA is also a channel for reporting known or suspected reportable
incidents of abuse or inhumane treatment.
The Inspector General is a channel for reporting known or suspected
reportable incidents of abuse or inhumane treatment.
The PMO is the channel for reporting criminal activity other than
reportable incidents, but also can be used for reporting known or
suspected reportable incidents.
The Chaplain can also receive reports of reportable incidents.
The G7 provides information on Information Operations and conducts
liaison with PSYOP, the Electronic Warfare Officer, the Military
Deception Officer, and Operations Security personnel.
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FM 2-22.3
PART TWO
HUMINT Collection In Military Source Operations
Part Two discusses HUMINT collection as it pertains to MSO. The Secretary of
Defense (SECDEF) has established a DOD-wide HUMINT Enterprise consisting of
the following executors: The Office of the Secretary of Defense
(OSD), the
Combatant Commands
(COCOMs), the Military Departments, the Defense
Intelligence Agency (DIA). All Defense HUMINT Enterprise executors support and
satisfy Defense requirements by employing their available resources and
capabilities.
MSO refer to the collection of foreign military and military-related intelligence by
humans from humans. MSO are conducted under SECDEF authorities, to satisfy
DOD needs in compliance with DOD policy. Within the Army, MSO are conducted
by trained personnel under the direction of military commanders. These specially
trained personnel may employ the entire range of HUMINT collection operations.
MSO sources include one-time, continuous, and formal contacts, from contact
operations; and sources from interrogations, debriefings, and liaison activities.
Each type of MSO activity has specific operational requirements, specific legal
restrictions, and operational guidelines. HUMINT collection activities in each of
these categories require specific approval, coordination, and review. MSO include
human source contact operations, debriefing, liaison, and interrogations. This
chapter introduces each of these collection operations.
_________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 5
HUMINT Collection
HUMINT COLLECTION OPERATIONS
5-1. Full spectrum operations require focused MSO with strong capabilities
dispersed across the battlefield. In offensive and defensive operations, the
HCTs need to be placed in support of the engaged maneuver battalions. In
stability and reconstruction operations and civil support operations, the
HUMINT teams need to be located in battalion AOs throughout the AOIR.
5-2. The rapid pace of operations, the need to provide near-real time (NRT)
support of command decisions and the inherent time delays in moving
detainees, including EPWs and civilian refugees to centralized locations,
necessitate the dispersion of HUMINT collection assets to forward areas in
6 September 2006
5-1
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
support of critical operations rather than their retention at detainee and
refugee holding facilities at echelons corps and below. This forward
deployment gives HUMINT collectors earlier access to sources and is
facilitated by enhanced communication and automation capabilities down to
the collection team level.
5-3. All operations are different, and deployment of HUMINT assets is
METT-TC dependent. Brigades need the capability to provide
24-hour
HUMINT collection capability to each battalion AO. The command
relationship of the HUMINT collection capability is also METT-TC
dependent. The OMT should be located at the echelon that is best able to
manage and support the HCTs and to provide the best capability to answer
the commander’s PIRs.
5-4. The Division and Corps elements should cover their respective areas not
covered by their subordinate commands. They also, as needed, reinforce those
target areas that are most effective in answering their respective command
PIRs already covered by subordinate command capability. EAC HUMINT
units normally are responsible for supporting theater or national
requirements and providing HUMINT support at theater level facilities such
as the JIDC. The EAC units will also augment the echelon below corps units
and conduct source operations in the Corps area as required. Operations,
particularly in challenging terrain and in stability and reconstruction
environments, may require additional HUMINT assets normally obtained
from the RC.
HUMAN SOURCE CONTACT OPERATIONS
5-5. HUMINT collection requires the contact between the HUMINT collector,
who attempts to gather information through a variety of HUMINT collection
techniques, and a human contact, who hopefully has the information that the
HUMINT collector wants and who can be convinced to divulge the
information. Operations with formal contacts are only conducted by
HUMINT collectors and CI agents who are specifically trained and
authorized to do so. There are three levels of contacts:
One-time contact.
Continuous contact.
Formal contact.
5-6. The basic goal of all levels of contact is to collect information in response
to collection tasking; however, only under certain conditions can HUMINT
collectors task contacts to get information for them
(see para
5-28).
Understanding the types of contacts is key to understanding each type of
human source contact operation. The following levels are not all-inclusive nor
are the listed categories exclusive. For example, a contact who was initially a
one-time contact (such as a walk-in) may later be developed into a continuous
contact. A continuous contact may be developed into a formal contact, who
can then be tasked, trained, and paid. There is no limit on the number of
times a team can meet contacts without recruiting them and making them
into a formal contact.
5-2
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
ONE-TIME CONTACT
5-7. The one-time contact is a source of information of value that was, and
will be, encountered only once. In all operational environments the HUMINT
collector will frequently encounter a source only once, particularly at lower
echelons. This may be a local civilian encountered during a patrol, a detainee
who is quickly questioned and then evacuated, or a refugee at a checkpoint.
5-8. In addition to the information obtained from a one-time contact, the
HUMINT collector must make a reasonable effort to obtain as much basic
data as possible about the one-time contact. Complete name, occupation,
address, and other basic data of this source are crucial for a thorough
analysis of the information provided. The one-time contact and the
information he provides cannot be assessed and evaluated independently;
however, the information provided by a one-time contact must be reported
and corroborated through other HUMINT sources and even other intelligence
disciplines.
5-9. Contact reports must be filed with the OMT and source registries
maintained in accordance with FM 34-5 (S//NF), AR 381-100 (S//NF), and
DIAM 58-11 (S//NF) in order to support analysis of information obtained. If a
one-time contact is encountered for a second time and again provides
information of value, then the contact may be thereafter treated as a
continuous contact.
5-10. A walk-in is a one-time contact who volunteers information of value to
US forces on his own initiative. The walk-in source may volunteer
information by approaching an HCT, other ISR elements, or US forces or
civilian personnel anywhere in the AO. Each unit must have in place a
program to identify, safeguard, and direct the walk-in to the appropriate
collection asset, to be screened and debriefed as required. For example, a
walk-in who wanted to report a crime would be directed to the PMO rather
than to a HUMINT collector.
5-11. The collection asset will screen the walk-in to determine the type of
information the source has and to determine and evaluate the reliability of
the individual. After identifying the type of information, the collector
determines if he has the jurisdiction to collect that information. If, for
example, the walk-in wishes to report a crime, the collector refers that
individual to the proper criminal investigative agency.
5-12. Systematic questioning, deception detection techniques, and cross
checking of information are used extensively in the evaluation process.
Concurrently, there are national level directives, DOD directives, and Army
regulations that direct specific actions to be taken with a walk-in. When
dealing with a walk-in source, HUMINT collectors must guard against
adversary intelligence collection. They must also protect legitimate sources of
information. The walk-in is thoroughly debriefed on all areas of information
relevant to collection requirements, and any information of value is reported.
5-13. On occasion, the HUMINT collector may determine that a one-time
contact has the potential to become a continuous contact or a formal contact.
This is referred to as a developmental lead. A developmental lead is an
6 September 2006
5-3
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
individual identified through social and professional status, leads, source
profiling, or other techniques, who has knowledge required by the
commander. A developmental lead is any person the HUMINT collector
expects to see or would like to see again, or a person who indicates that they
intend to return in the future.
5-14. When a HUMINT collector identifies a developmental lead, he reports
his interest in elevating the source to continuous or formal contact status as
soon as possible to the OMT. Although not every developmental lead becomes
a source of information, the HUMINT collector should see each
developmental lead as a potential source of information and apply the
appropriate security measures. The developmental lead is continuously
assessed to verify his placement and access to the type of information the
HCT is seeking. Additionally, the HUMINT collector continuously assesses
the motivation and characteristics of the developmental lead.
5-15. A one-time source cannot be tasked to collect information, but can be
sensitized to information in which the HUMINT collector is interested. For
example, if a walk-in source provides information on activity in a house in his
neighborhood, he might ask if the collector would be interested in more of the
same type information in the future. The HUMINT collector cannot tell him
to go get more information, but can indicate that he would listen if the walk-
in returned with more information on the topic. If the walk-in returns a
second time, he must be handled as a continuous contact.
CONTINUOUS CONTACTS
5-16. Continuous contacts are individuals who have been identified as
having more information than could be obtained through a one-time contact,
and have been met again by HUMINT collection personnel for the purpose of
collecting additional information. HUMINT collectors do not task continuous
contacts, but they can be sensitized in the same way as one-time contacts.
Continuous contacts provide their knowledge through informal debriefings
and elicitation.
5-17. All contacts who are seen more than once by HUMINT collectors must
be tracked by registering them in the Source Registry and reporting the
contacts to the OMT. As an example, a one-time contact who reported
information to a HCT contacts them again with follow-up information. That
person will now be registered as a continuous contact and tracked by the
OMT. This registration process helps to prevent the same information from
being collected by multiple collectors from the same contact without realizing
it. See AR 381-172 (S//NF) and FM 34-5 (S//NF) for further information on
source registration and for the required forms. Types of continuous contacts
are discussed below.
Local National and Third-Country National Employees
5-18. Local national and third-country national employees are non-US
personnel from either the country in which the US forces are operating or a
third country who are either employed by US forces directly or through a
contractor to provide logistical support and services. One of the purposes of
locally employed personnel screening is to assess these individuals as
5-4
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
potential sources of information. Local national and third-country national
employees can be a prolific source of information about local attitudes and
events, particularly in a restrictive environment where US contact with the
local population is curtailed. Their information can also be significant in a
force protection role. The HUMINT collector must register these individuals
with the J/G2X. While the HUMINT collector is assessing the local national
employee as an intelligence source, CI agents are assessing the same source
pool as potential security risks.
5-19. Coordination between HUMINT collectors and CI elements is essential
for deconfliction and to avoid duplication of effort. If the HUMINT collector
identifies an employee that may be of CI interest, he should immediately
notify the appropriate CI unit.
Displaced Personnel and Refugees
5-20. DPs and refugees are excellent sources of information about denied
areas and can be used to help identify threat agents and infiltrators. The
degree of access HUMINT collectors have to DPs is dependent on the
OPORDs, ROE, and SOFAs in effect. HUMINT collectors can work with CA
or other programs dealing with DPs or refugees.
5-21. DPs and refugees are normally considered one-time sources but may be
incorporated into other long-term collection programs if their degree of
knowledge warrants this. In this case, adherence to the restrictions involving
source operations is necessary. Those restrictions can be found in AR 380-10,
AR 381-100 (S//NF), DIAM 58-11 (S//NF), DIAM 58-12 (S//NF), and other
publications as well as existing ROE and SOFAs.
US Forces
5-22. US forces have many opportunities to interact with the local population
in the normal course of their duties in operations. This source perhaps is the
most under-utilized HUMINT collection resource. Some US forces, such as
combat and reconnaissance patrols, are routinely tasked and debriefed by the
appropriate level G2/S2. Others, such as medical teams or engineers who
have extensive contact with the local population, should also be debriefed.
5-23. Commanders and staff members who serve as liaison with the local
population and local government officials can be fruitful sources of
information. CA, PSYOP, MP, and other elements also have legitimate
reasons to conduct liaison with local authorities and should be debriefed as
appropriate. The friendly force debriefing effort can succeed only with
command emphasis.
5-24. HUMINT collection elements need to coordinate with local units to
identify those individuals who would be most profitable to debrief and to
further coordinate with them for time to conduct the debriefing. Although the
S2 and S3 can and should task their soldiers to conduct collection tasks
during the course of their normal duties, HUMINT collectors must ensure
that their friendly force debriefing effort does not interfere with the primary
mission accomplishment of the soldiers being debriefed. HCTs should ensure
that the necessary staff S2s and S3s are aware of the HUMINT collection
6 September 2006
5-5
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
requirements and request that the staffs incorporate these into their
respective collection taskings. The results of debriefings by units should also
be disseminated to the HCTs for source development, collection targeting,
and analysis.
Official Liaison
5-25. Liaison with local military, government, or civilian agency officials
provides an opportunity to collect information required by the commander.
The HUMINT collector meets with these officials to conduct liaison,
coordinate certain operations, collect information, and obtain leads to
potential sources of information. Elicitation is the primary technique used
with liaison contacts, although in many cases there is a more formal
exchange of information. Information obtained by these elements through
liaison normally tends to reflect the official positions of their superiors and
may not be entirely accurate or complete.
Detainees
5-26. A detainee is any person captured or otherwise detained by an armed
force. An EPW is a detainee who meets the criteria of Articles 4 and 5 of the
GPW. (See Appendix A.) Detainees may be interrogated. They are frequently
excellent sources of information but in many instances the access of the
HUMINT collector to the detainees may be curtailed.
5-27. For example, when supporting a counterinsurgency, the supported
government may consider all captured insurgents to be criminals and not
allow US forces access to them. In these instances, US HUMINT collectors
should attempt to sit in during local questioning; they could submit questions
or, at a minimum, coordinate to receive the reports from local authority
questioning. US HUMINT collectors must remember that regardless of the
legal status of the detainees they must be treated in a manner consistent
with the Geneva Conventions. (See Appendix A.)
FORMAL CONTACT
5-28. Formal contacts are individuals who have agreed to meet and cooperate
with HUMINT collectors for the purpose of providing information. HUMINT
collectors who have met with a particular continuous contact three or more
times should consider assessing him for use as a formal contact. Formal
contacts meet repeatedly with HUMINT collectors, and their operation and
tasking must be carried out in accordance with AR
381-172
(S//NF),
DIAM 58-11 (S//NF), and DIAM 58-12 (S//NF).
5-29. Formal contacts are generally local nationals or third-country national
employees. Knowledge of their meeting with HUMINT collectors is restricted.
This can be accomplished by either disguising the fact that the HUMINT
collection personnel are indeed HUMINT personnel, or by concealing the
purpose of overt meetings with HUMINT personnel. HCTs take
extraordinary measures to protect their relationship with these contacts.
Depending on METT-TC factors, meetings with formal contacts may range
from overt meetings, which are conducted discreetly in order to protect the
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