FM 20-32 Mine/Countermine Operations (August 2001) - page 9

 

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FM 20-32 Mine/Countermine Operations (August 2001) - page 9

 

 

FM 20-32
• Arm the FD by removing the positive safety pin.
• Arm the trap by connecting the two detonating cords.
DIRECT
Follow the procedures listed below when assembling a nonelectric, directly
connected trap using an M142 FD (similar to the illustration in Figure 13-1,
page 13-6):
• Design the trap and collect necessary materials.
• Test the M142 FD.
• Prepare and position the charge for coupling to the FD, and prepare
the explosive to receive a blasting cap.
• Prepare the coupler and insert it into the charge.
• Prepare the M142, set it to operate in the desired manner, and remove
the round- or square-headed pin.
• Remove any materials and other signs of laying, and fully camouflage
the area.
• Arm the trap by removing the positive safety pin.
DANGER
Do not attempt to further camouflage the
area after the trap is armed.
PLANNING, SETTING, AND RECORDING
TIMELINESS
The setting-party commander must be given all the information and sufficient
time to carry out a reconnaissance. This allows his plan and the soldier’s
briefing to be as complete as possible.
ORDERS AND BRIEFING
Once the commander has finished the reconnaissance, he makes a detailed
plan, prepares the order, and briefs soldiers. The following points are covered:
• Enemy intelligence.
• Number and types of traps to be set.
• Location and design of traps (precise or general).
• Tasking and allocation of areas.
• Recording, marking, and arming procedures.
• Control measures.
• Time requirements.
• Material and equipment availability.
• Rehearsal and equipment preparation.
13-8 Booby Traps and Expedient Devices
FM 20-32
REHEARSAL
Whenever possible, rehearse laying procedures. Thoroughly exercise control
and safety measures so that any flaws in the system will be discovered. Lay
practice traps and carry out arming and recording procedures. If you cannot
rehearse at the trap location, hold the rehearsal in a similar area.
ORGANIZATION AND PROCEDURE
Setting booby traps is a dangerous task and it must be carefully controlled.
Exact drills cannot be prescribed, but the following procedures should be
followed as closely as possible:
• Control point. The commander must establish a control point upon
arrival at the trap area. The control point forms a headquarters and a
material holding area. Also, safe routes start at the control point. If
the rehearsal is conducted at another area, assemble all the troops at
the control point before setting starts. At this time, relate the ground
to the plan, confirm control measures, and check FDs and equipment
for serviceability and adequacy.
• Control of parties. Each setting party consists of one or two men.
Clearly define the area where each setting party will work (use tape, if
necessary). Position traps so that accidental detonation will not cause
friendly casualties. Strictly control the entry to areas where traps are
being set. In most situations, only the commander, setting parties, and
a recorder enter areas. Troops who are not assigned tasks should
remain at the control point unless otherwise authorized by the
commander.
• Marking. As with nuisance minefields, mark booby-trapped areas
until they are evacuated. When possible, use standard booby-trap
signs (Figure 13-4). When signs are not available, use temporary
markings (any barrier or fence) to clearly indicate a booby-trapped
area. Remove the temporary marking after the area is evacuated and
before the enemy reconnoiters the area.
28 cm
White
Red
Figure 13-4. Standard booby-trap sign
Setting. Setting parties transport required explosives and material to
the site. They do not arm FDs or traps until ordered to do so. If the
setting party consists of one man, he remains with the trap until it is
armed or until the commander directs him to leave. In a two-man
Booby Traps and Expedient Devices 13-9
FM 20-32
party, one man returns to the control point and reports the completion
of the task, and the other man remains with the trap. A setting party
enters and leaves its area by the same route. If the route is not clearly
apparent, personnel lay tapes to guide the commander and the
recorder to the area.
• Inspection and arming. The setting-party commander inspects traps
for safety and camouflage before giving the order to arm them. He
devises an arming plan that enables the setting parties to withdraw to
the control point in a safe and logical manner. For example, in open
areas, start arming at the furthest mine from the control point; in
buildings, arm from the top down.
REPORTING AND RECORDING
Booby traps do not distinguish between friend and foe. Correct reporting and
recording procedures must be observed to avoid friendly casualties. The
procedures for recording booby traps are the same as for nuisance mines (see
Chapter 8). When traps are set in areas occupied by the enemy, they are not
recorded. In this case, it is sufficient to note their location and type in after-
action reports.
Tactical Reports
Information about booby-trapped areas must be provided in stages from the
time they are established until they are cleared. This procedure allows up-to-
date information to be annotated on operational maps at all concerned units
and headquarters (see Table 13-1).
Booby-Trap Records
The setting-party commander compiles records for all booby-trapped areas on
DA Form 1355 (Figures 13-5a and 13-5b, pages 13-12 and 13-13). Strictly
observe the instructions printed on the back of the form. Booby-trap records
provide detailed information about the composition of an area, and they allow the
area to be cleared quickly, with minimum casualty risk. They contain complete
information on the number and types of traps set, as well as accurate and
precise details on the location and design of individual traps. If a single record
is not large enough to record all the traps set in a definable area, clearly note
this fact and reference serial numbers of adjacent records. Submit the
completed DA Form 1355, in triplicate, to the next higher headquarters.
13-10 Booby Traps and Expedient Devices
FM
20-32
Table 13-1. Tactical reports
By Whom and
To Whom
Report
Details to be Included
When Initiated
Forwarded
Corps HQ
Purpose
Controlling HQ
General area to be booby-
trapped (by grid coordinates)
Division
Estimated number and types
Intention to
commander, on
of traps
set (required)
deciding to set
Estimated starting date and
booby traps
time
Estimated completion date
and time
Setting unit, on
Division
Boundaries of booby-trapped
completion of
ordering setting
area (by grid coordinates)
reconnaissance
Next higher HQ
Number and approximate
Division
positions of safe routes, if any
Siting
ordering
Estimated number and types
(optional)
setting, only if
of traps
materially
different from
intention-to-set
report
Setting unit,
Division HQ
Time setting started
when setting
ordering setting
Estimated time of completion
starts
Next higher HQ
Number and types of traps
Start of
Division
being set
setting
ordering setting
Any change to the detail given
(required)
in the siting report, and
whether or not it was a result
of orders
Setting unit,
Division HQ
A trace on the largest scale
when setting is
ordering setting
map available, showing the
completed
Next higher HQ
boundaries of the trapped
Division HQ
area
ordering setting
Full details of the area and
buildings trapped (with sketch
Completion
maps)
(required)
Full details of traps set,
including design and location
Full details of all safe routes
Total number and types of
traps
Time and date of completion
Next higher HQ
Any other unit
Changes
Division HQ
holding
Full details of change
(required)
ordering change
information on
existing traps
Booby Traps and Expedient Devices 13-11
FM 20-32
Figure 13-5a. Sample DA Form 1355 (front side) for a booby-trapped area
13-12 Booby Traps and Expedient Devices
FM 20-32
Figure 13-5b. Sample DA Form 1355 (inside) for a booby-trapped area
Booby Traps and Expedient Devices 13-13
FM 20-32
SECTION II. CLEARING BOOBY TRAPS
Soldiers must be aware of the threat that is presented by booby traps. They
must also receive sufficient training to recognize locations and items that lend
themselves to booby-trapping. Avoid overemphasis and strike a balance
between what is possible and what is probable. For example, in medium-level
operations, overemphasis of the booby-trap threat can be counterproductive
by slowing momentum. This causes casualties that might otherwise have been
avoided. In low-intensity conflicts where the use of booby traps and
improvised explosive devices are probably widespread, training must be given
high priority and emphasized at all levels.
SITES
Although many booby-trapped sites are similar, the items selected, the reason
for their use, and the scale of the threat are quite different. In medium-level
conflicts, booby traps are mainly used in recently contested areas. The items
selected and the reasons for using traps are the same as those taught to our
troops. Therefore, by anticipating the presence of traps, it is possible to isolate
and bypass trapped areas. If this is not practicable, you can plan
countermeasures, such as avoiding convenient and covered resting places
along routes where mines can be located. At bridge or ferry sites that cannot
be avoided, you must ensure that they are free of traps.
In low-intensity conflicts where booby traps are used to cause casualties,
delays, or disruptions, no items or areas can be considered safe. Quality
collective training in booby-trap awareness is necessary for all units. Rapidly
disseminate booby-trap incident reports to all levels. This allows personnel to
develop an understanding of the enemy's method of operation and a feel for
what might or might not be targets.
SAFETY
The following rules and safety procedures can save your life and the lives of
others—learn and remember them:
• Suspect any object that appears to be out of place or artificial in its
surroundings. Remember, what you see may well be what the enemy
wants you to see. If you did not put it there, do not pick it up.
• Examine mines and booby traps from all angles, and check for
alternative means of firing before approaching them.
• Ensure that only one man works on a booby trap.
• Do not use force. Stop if force becomes necessary.
• Do not touch a trip wire until both ends have been investigated and all
devices are disarmed or neutralized.
• Trace trip wires and check for additional traps located along and
beneath them.
• Treat all parts of a trap with suspicion, because each part may be set
to actuate the trap.
13-14 Booby Traps and Expedient Devices
C2, FM 20-32
• Wait at least 30 seconds after pulling a booby trap or a mine. There
might be a delay fuse.
• Mark all traps until they are cleared.
• Expect constant change in enemy techniques.
• Never attempt to clear booby traps by hand if pulling them or
destroying them in place is possible and acceptable.
INDICATIONS
Successful detection depends on two things—being aware of what might be
trapped and why, and being able to recognize the evidence of setting. The first
requirement demands a well-developed sense of intuition; the second, a keen
eye. Intuition, like mine sense, is gained through experience and an
understanding of the enemy's techniques and habits. A keen eye is the result
of training and practice in the recognition of things that might indicate the
presence of a trap. The presence of booby traps or nuisance mines is indicated
by—
• Disturbance of ground surface or scattered, loose soil.
• Wrappers, seals, loose shell caps, safety pins, nails, and pieces of wire
or cord.
• Improvised methods of marking traps, such as piles of stones or marks
on walls or trees.
• Evidence of camouflage, such as withered vegetation or signs of
cutting.
• Breaks in the continuity of dust, paint, or vegetation.
• Trampled earth or vegetation; foot marks.
• Lumps or bulges under carpet or in furniture.
DETECTION
Detection methods depend on the nature of the environment. In open areas,
methods used to detect mines can usually detect booby traps. Look for trip
wires and other signs suggesting the presence of an actuating mechanism. In
urban areas, mine detectors are probably of little use. You have to rely on
manual search techniques and, if available, special equipment.
CLEARING METHODS
The method used to neutralize or disarm a trap depends on many things,
including time constraints, personnel assets, and the type of trap. Remember,
a trap cannot be considered safe until the blasting cap or the detonating cord
has been removed from the charge. This is your first objective and is
particularly important for electric traps, which may contain a collapsing
circuit.
Use the safest method to neutralize a trap. For example, if the FD and the
detonating cord are accessible, it is usually safer to cut the detonating cord.
This method does not actuate the trap, but inserting pins in the FD might.
Booby Traps and Expedient Devices 13-15
C2, FM 20-32
COMBAT CLEARANCE
Clearing booby traps and nuisance mines in AOs is done primarily by
engineers. Therefore, engineer advice is important during the planning stages
of any operation where booby traps are likely to be encountered. Intelligence
regarding the possible presence and types of traps must be provided to
engineer units as soon as possible. This allows the unit to take necessary
action and provide relevant training. Clearance of booby traps cannot be
undertaken as a secondary task, because engineer clearing teams might
require protection that necessitates combined arms training. Before engineer
planning can start, the staff provides commanders with the latest intelligence
information and, if possible, the following information:
• Amount of clearance required.
• Acceptable damage.
• Time requirements.
• Availability of special equipment.
• Security requirements.
Intelligence information regarding the nature, type, and location of traps has
a direct bearing on the number of clearing parties necessary and the degree of
protection required. For example, in built-up areas where traps have to be
cleared in buildings that offer protection from enemy fire, direct protection is
usually provided by the normal combat situation. On the other hand, in open
areas where clearing parties may be required to clear traps covered by direct
enemy fire, protection arrangements must be more specific.
Engineer commanders must be aware of the time needed to clear various
types of traps in differing terrain situations. Remember, increasing the
number of clearance parties may not necessarily reduce the time required to
clear traps. This is particularly true when traps are set close together or set
deep along a narrow front that is the only available route.
Initially, clear areas of immediate tactical importance and traps that present a
specific threat. For example, clear only the portion of a building required for
observation and those traps presenting an immediate hazard. This enables
clearing parties to concentrate on other areas of tactical importance.
Clearing traps by hand is the only way that damage can be avoided and
security guaranteed. When it is vital to avoid equipment or structure damage,
consider using available EOD assets. It is often necessary to balance the
requirement to remain silent and avoid damage with the requirement to
maintain momentum.
When traps are being cleared in direct-support combat situations, they are
normally dealt with by using unit resources and locally manufactured or
acquired aids. Specified equipment is rarely available. Equipment varies with
the situation but usually consists of selected items from Table 13-2. In areas
with a high incidence of booby traps, assemble and reserve special clearing
kits.
13-16 Booby Traps and Expedient Devices
FM
20-32
Table 13-2. Clearing equipment
Item
Remarks
Unit Equipment
Mine detector
Mine probe/knife/bayonet
Eye protection
Body armor
Flak jacket, Kevlar helmet
Booby-trap signs
Mine marking tape
Mine markers
Chalk, felt-tipped pens
Electrician’s adhesive tape
Flashlight
Tape measure
Mine marking cones
Trademan’s tools
Saws, pliers, hammers, screwdrivers
Self-developing camera
and film
Locally Manufactured/Acquired
Trip-wire feeler
Grapnel and rope
Hand mirrors
Pins, wire, nails
For use as safety pins
Meat hooks
For use as block and tackle
CLEARANCE IN SECURE AREAS
POLICY AND PLANNING
Formal clearing procedures must be followed in secure areas. This type of
clearance can be done by engineers or EOD personnel. It is subject to time
constraints when traps or suspected traps are located in urgently required
installations or facilities, such as supply dumps or telecommunication centers.
Commanders reconnoiter their areas of responsibility, make detailed plans,
prepare orders, and brief their men. The following points are covered:
• Intelligence.
• How the operation is to be conducted (include acceptable damage and
methods of clearing).
• Action on finding traps.
• Marking.
• Disarming procedures.
• Tasking and allocation of areas.
• Equipment available.
• Control measures.
Booby Traps and Expedient Devices 13-17
FM 20-32
• Time requirements.
• Rehearsal and equipment preparation.
CONTROL POINT
The operation commander establishes a control point upon arrival at the area
to be cleared. The control point functions as the headquarters and the
material holding area. It is also the point from which all clearance starts. Its
suitability might not have escaped the enemy’s notice, so it must be cleared
before it can be used.
CONTROL AND SIZE OF PARTIES
The size of clearing parties varies depending on the location being cleared.
The following rules apply:
• Each party is controlled by an NCO.
• Only one party works in a particular subarea.
• The distance between parties is sufficient so that detonation in one
area does not endanger persons in other areas.
• The NCOIC of each party is in visual, radio, or voice contact with
every person in his party.
• Only one person works on a booby trap.
MARKING
Booby traps and nuisance mines can be placed in diverse locations. It is
impossible to standardize a method for marking areas, individual traps, or
safe routes. Any form of prominent, permanent marking can be used.
Uncleared Areas
The perimeter marking of uncleared areas can take any clearly recognized
form. Standard minefield or booby-trap signs suspended from a single-strand
fence are recommended. The spacing of the signs is the same as standard
minefield marking (see Chapter 2). As the area is cleared, the fence should be
progressively moved.
Individual Traps
Because booby traps can have more than one means of actuation, do not
attempt to place a cone or other marker over any part of a trap. Use sufficient
signs to ensure that the trap can be detected and accurately located. In
buildings, clearly mark rooms containing traps and, where possible, indicate
the exact location of traps.
Internal Marking
The internal marking system depends on the area being cleared. One good
system is to divide the total area into subareas, clear and mark safe lanes
between the subareas, and then use the lanes as safe routes.
CLEARING OF OPEN AREAS
Roads, road shoulders, bridges, obstacles, and other structures must be
cleared in open areas. The main threat comes from nuisance mines, so regard
13-18 Booby Traps and Expedient Devices
FM 20-32
each potential site as a nuisance minefield and use established minefield
clearing procedures. After the site is cleared, adapt the drill to suit the
situation.
CLEARING OF BUILDINGS
Buildings are excellent locations for booby traps. Booby traps are concentrated
inside the building, so carefully organize search and clearing procedures. In
most cases, buildings are required for use, and excessive damage must be
avoided.
A two-man clearing party can clear an average-size structure. No one else
should enter the building until it is cleared. In very large buildings, two or
more parties can be employed, if they work as far apart as possible and have
clearly defined boundaries. As a general rule, two walls or two floors is the
minimum distance between parties.
EXTERIOR RECONNAISSANCE AND ENTRY
Before approaching a building, check the surrounding area for booby traps
and nuisance mines. Carry out a reconnaissance to determine the point of
entry and clear the way to it. When selecting the point of entry, consider the
following:
Doorways. Never consider doorways to be safe unless the door is fully
open and the entrance is clear. If a house is built on a concrete slab, it
is not likely to have a pressure FD in the floor.
Windows. Windows are excellent locations for booby traps. Pay
particular attention to the ground outside and the floor inside because
they are classic sites for pressure FDs. Use the following procedures if
access must be gained through a window:
— Pull the window if it is unlocked and can be moved. If it is locked,
use a small charge or a heavy object to break the glass.
— Select a stationary window that cannot be opened versus a
window that can be opened when both types are available, because
the window that can be opened is more likely to contain a booby
trap.
— Deal with blinds and curtains in a manner similar to procedures
used for windows.
— Use a mirror to examine inside the window frame before entering
the building.
Mouseholes. If you decide not to enter the structure through a door or
a window, use explosives to make a mousehole in the wall, roof, or
floor. This offers a remote, safe method of creating an access point, but
it can also detonate nearby traps. Exercise caution if entering through
the roof of a two-story building, because it is far more difficult to clear
booby traps when going down steps than it is when going up them.
SEARCH TECHNIQUES
It is impossible to establish a search drill that is suitable for use in all
buildings. It is essential, however, for each working party to develop its own
Booby Traps and Expedient Devices 13-19
FM
20-32
drill and follow it. Domestic dwellings should be searched in the following
order:
1. Floors and furniture.
2. Walls (including doors, windows, fireplaces, and cupboards).
3. Fittings (including light switches and pictures).
4. Ceilings.
Mark each area or item SAFE as it is cleared. This can be conveniently done
by using chalk or a felt-tipped pen.
Use the following techniques and precautions when searching buildings. They
can save your life—learn and remember them!
Check both sides of a door before opening it. Do this by drilling a hole
through the door and using a mirror to check the other side. You can
also check or open doors by pulling or blowing the lock and hinges with
a small charge.
Examine floor coverings for signs of disturbance. The presence of FDs
is often indicated by loose floorboards, bulges or tears in carpets, or
loose tiles.
Use a pulling cable to move furniture and to open cupboard doors and
drawers.
Check upholstered furniture and beds by remotely dropping a heavy
object onto them.
Treat every switch with suspicion, since electrical wiring provides a
ready-made circuit for booby traps. To explode all the traps connected
to the normal power supply, disconnect the power at the fuse board,
turn all the switches on, and then reconnect the power. Repeat the
procedure with the switch turned off in case the switch has been
reversed. Remember, this procedure will not disclose traps that use a
battery. Exercise caution when using switches, even if the power is
disconnected.
Leave doors, windows, cupboards, and drawers open after they have
been cleared.
Mark all routes, areas, and items that have been cleared.
Check plumbing by remotely turning on all water taps and allowing
the water to run for at least one minute.
Check toilet tanks before flushing.
Beware of light-sensitive devices in dark places (closets, cabinets,
basements, attics, chimneys).
Allow at least 30 seconds for an explosion after pulling anything,
because there might be a delay fuse.
13-20 Booby Traps and Expedient Devices
FM 20-32
CLEARING INSTALLATIONS AND FACILITIES
Clearing by hand is necessary in installations and facilities (fuel dumps,
ammunition dumps, electric substations) where an explosion could result in
the loss of resources. In other situations, the item's importance or the
resulting damage might not be obvious. For example, a small charge placed
against the control valves of a dam or against the main cable entering a
telephone exchange results in unforeseen damage that can take days to repair.
Therefore, you should seek a specialist's advice, if possible, when clearing
booby traps in industrial areas and unfamiliar locations.
CLEARING OBSTACLES
If an enemy has time to create obstacles, he also has time to set booby traps
and lay nuisance mines. The obstacle itself is usually clear of traps to
encourage a false sense of security and lead troops into more dangerous areas.
Therefore, regard all obstacles as booby-trapped until proven otherwise. The
simplest, safest way to deal with movable obstacles is to pull them. Before an
obstacle can be pulled, you must first clear the area from which the pull will
be made.
CLEARING SECURE AREAS
When clearing secure areas and time is not a major factor, use specialized
clearance equipment as much as possible. The following equipment might be
available for use:
Cameras. Cameras have a wide range of applications. They can be
used with different types of film, such as infrared and ultraviolet, to
disclose evidence that is indiscernible to the naked eye. For example,
infrared photography reveals differences in the heat emitted by
objects and can often disclose recent digging and buried or concealed
objects.
Explosive detector dogs (EDDs). Although EDDs can detect minute
quantities of explosives and the presence of trip wires, they are
trained to detect the charge and not the FD. This extremely limits
their usefulness in detecting booby traps. They also tend to become
confused if the area contains explosive odors other than those emitting
from booby traps.
Electronic countermeasures. Electronic countermeasures can be used
to explode electric booby traps and to prevent remotely controlled,
improvised explosive devices from being detonated by radio.
Robots. In their simplest form, robots can be used to detonate or
neutralize booby traps. More sophisticated models can be remotely
controlled to carry out simple tasks, such as videotaping or cutting
wires.
Body armor.
Electric meters.
X-ray equipment.
Booby Traps and Expedient Devices 13-21
C2, FM 20-32
CLEARANCE METHODS
Pulling. This method uses a grapnel and a rope to pull the trap. It is
used when the resulting damage is acceptable. It is the safest method
and is particularly applicable to traps set in open areas. Do not disturb
any part of a booby trap when placing the grapnel and pulling the
cable. Carefully select the site from where the pull is to be made
because it might be mined or trapped. When a booby trap is pulled and
does not explode, wait at least 30 seconds before approaching it in case
delay devices have been used. Disposal of unexploded traps depends
on their condition when inspected. The procedure for pulling booby
traps is similar to that for pulling mines (see Chapter 11).
Trip wires. Check the area for AP devices before proceeding. Place a
grapnel hook as close as possible to the trip wire. Do not touch the trip
wire until the pulling party is in a covered area.
Pull and release. Pull away objects that conceal and operate pull and
release mechanisms.
Pressure mechanism. Pull pressure mechanisms from under objects
that conceal and operate them. If this is impossible, blow them in
place. In many cases, it might be easier to pull the charge rather than
the FD. Take extreme care when attempting this, because additional
mechanisms are often concealed in or under the main charge.
Destroying in place. When destroying booby traps in place, explode a
small charge near the booby trap's charge. Again, use this method only
if damage from the explosion is acceptable. When it is impossible to
place the explosive close enough to ensure detonation of the main
charge, carefully place it alongside the mechanism. Do not assume the
main charge is safe to handle just because the mechanism has been
destroyed. Actuate pressure mechanisms by suspending one-half
pound of explosive above the pressure plate.
Clearing by hand. This method involves neutralizing, disarming,
removing, and disposing of traps without causing damage. It is
extremely hazardous and should only be used when pulling or
destructing traps in place is impossible or unacceptable. Clearance
should only be conducted by EOD personnel or experienced engineers.
Carefully examine all aspects of the trap before deciding how to clear
it.
Explosive line charge. Using this device produces quick results when
only a narrow path is required through a booby-trapped area. It gives
clearance for the same distance to either side, only where it is in
contact with the ground.
Armor. This method is used where traps with small charges (designed
as AP devices) are located in open areas. Armored vehicles track back
and forth over the area. This shortens the clearing time with little risk
of casualties.
13-22 Booby Traps and Expedient Devices
FM 20-32
• Fire. If traps are set in grass or dense vegetation, fire can be used to
burn away camouflage material and expose traps. In most cases,
sufficient heat is generated to burn or explode the traps. Unexploded
traps are considered extremely sensitive and must not be cleared by
hand.
IMPROVISED TRAPS
In low-intensity conflicts, there is a high incidence of improvised mines and
booby traps. It is impossible to provide a complete list of FDs and improvised
demolition material that can be used. However, most improvised traps are
variations of those described below.
An electric FD requires a current to be passed between two contacts. The ways
in which this can be achieved are limited only by the imagination. Examples of
simple electric FDs that can be manufactured using household items or
appliances are shown in Figure 13-6, page 13-24. Examples of improvised
mechanical FDs are shown in Figures 13-7 and 13-8, page 13-25.
The simplest and most accurate method of incorporating delay is to use some
form of clock or timer. However, any mechanism or chemical reaction that
takes a measurable time to complete its function can be used. Examples of
simple improvised delay devices are shown in Figures 13-9 and 13-10, page
13-26.
NONEXPLOSIVE TRAPS
Nonexplosive traps are typically used in tropical or rain-forest regions. Ideal
construction materials abound, and concealment in surrounding vegetation is
relatively easy. No prescribed procedures exist for clearing nonexplosive traps.
Each trap must be cleared according to its nature.
PUNJI
The punji (Figure 13-11, page 13-27) is one of the simplest traps. It is
normally made from locally available material, such as sharpened stakes,
nails, or heavy-gauge wire. It is placed in concealed pits or in places that give
cover from fire. The enemy normally smears the spikes or cutting edges with
excrement or poison. After clearing a punji, sterilize cuts and abrasions
immediately and see a medical officer as soon as possible.
CLOSING TRAP
The side-closing trap (Figure 13-12, page 13-27) consists of two wooden slats
that are studded with spikes. The slats slide along a pair of guide rods
controlled by heavy bands. When the prop holding the slats apart is dislodged,
the slats spring together and implant the spikes into the portion of the body
passing between them.
Booby Traps and Expedient Devices 13-23
FM 20-32
Pull
Pressure
Pressure
Pressure release
Pressure release
Tension release
Tension release
Gravity
Pull
Figure 13-6. Improvised electrical FDs
13-24 Booby Traps and Expedient Devices
FM 20-32
Metal tube
Nail
Copper shear pin
Improved percussion-
cap assembly
NOTE: An improvised percussion cap
assembly consists of a small-arms
round and a nonelectric blasting cap.
Pressure board
Figure 13-7. Improvised nonelectric FDs (shear-pin operated)
Plug
Metal tube
Bolt stem and nut
Shear pin
Release pin
Improved percussion-
cap assembly
Figure 13-8. Improvised nonelectric FDs (spring-operated)
Booby Traps and Expedient Devices 13-25
FM 20-32
Battery
Electric blasting cap
Thin spring steel
contact
Leads to battery and electric
blasting cap
Figure 13-9. Improvised, electric delay devices
Time fuse
Fuse train
Pin-release device
Figure 13-10. Improvised, nonelectric delay devices
13-26 Booby Traps and Expedient Devices
FM 20-32
Punjis placed adjacent to tracks
Punji foot trap
Punji board
Figure 13-11. Typical punjis
Figure 13-12. Side-closing trap
Booby Traps and Expedient Devices 13-27
FM 20-32
SPIKE BOARD
The spike board (Figure 13-13) is used in a pit and consists of a treadle board
with one end spiked. When a man steps on the board, the spiked end flies up
and strikes him in the face or chest.
Figure 13-13. Spike board
VENUS FLYTRAP
The Venus flytrap consists of a rectangular framework with overlapping barbs
emplaced in a pit. The one shown in Figure 13-14 is made from a metal
container that is sunk into the ground until the top is flush. It is then covered
with grass and/or leaves. The barbs inflict injury, especially when the victim
attempts to withdraw his leg from the trap. These traps are typically located
on tracks and along road edges.
Figure 13-14. Venus fly trap
13-28 Booby Traps and Expedient Devices
FM 20-32
SECTION III. EXPEDIENT DEVICES
Expedient devices are constructed in the field with locally available material.
They are employed against vehicles or personnel in the same manner as other
mine systems. Expedient devices—
• Supplement a unit's low supply of conventional mines.
• Hinder reconnaissance, clearance, and neutralization of minefields.
• Create enemy attitudes of uncertainty and suspicion to lower morale
and slow movement).
AUTHORIZATION
Because expedient devices have nonstandard design and functioning, take
special precautions to protect friendly forces. Consider neutralization,
disarming requirements, and adequate marking procedures. The use of
expedient devices is restricted under the Convention of Conventional Warfare.
Expedient devices have the same international restrictions as booby traps.
The corps commander is the employment authority for expedient devices. He
can delegate this authority to the division commander. If authority is given to
use expedient devices, US personnel will adhere to the rules for international
law that are applicable to armed conflict.
EMPLOYMENT AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
If issued mines are not readily available on the battlefield, expedient devices
can be manufactured in the field. Construction varies based on available
materials and the ingenuity of the personnel who are fabricating the devices.
Expedient devices pose a potential safety hazard to friendly forces—those who
are constructing them and those who may later encounter them. Construction
should be performed by personnel who are familiar with the materials being
used. Innovative designs should be checked and tested before arming and
emplacing the devices.
As a minimum, test the fusing mechanism separately to ensure that it
functions as designed. Improper fuse operation is the most common cause of
malfunction. Also, test the fuse and the firing chain (base charge, blasting cap,
and detonating cord) without the main charge to ensure proper operation.
Emplace the device after satisfactory performance of the firing mechanism.
First, emplace heavy items (such as artillery shells) that are used as the main
charge, and then add the firing mechanism. Take care when moving or
emplacing expedient devices because their nonstandard manufacture and
potentially faulty construction make them highly sensitive to jars and shocks.
Construct devices at the emplacement site whenever possible.
Expedient devices are prepared in the field using standard US FDs,
detonators, and demolition materials. All devices discussed in this chapter can
be made to function electrically or nonelectrically using modernized
demolition initiators (MDIs). AP devices must be command-detonated.
Booby Traps and Expedient Devices 13-29
C2, FM 20-32
HIGH-EXPLOSIVE, ARTILLERY-SHELL DEVICE
The HE, artillery-shell device (Figure 13-15) can be readily adapted to
expedient mining. Remove the artillery fuse and replace it with a standard FD
and a length of detonating cord or with an MDI blasting cap. If properly
assembled, a destructor may also be used. If a destructor is not available,
firmly pack the fuse well with composition C4 explosive and insert a length of
knotted detonating cord or a blasting cap.
PRESSURE FD WITH
DESTRUCTOR
Nonelectric
M10 universal
Standard base
blasting cap
Artillery shell
destructor
with fuse
removed
Priming adapter
M142 multi-
purpose FD
Standard base cap
(remove)
C4 explosive
Pull FD with
Nonelectric
Standard base
C4 explosive
blasting cap
Artillery shell
with fuse
removed
Detonating cord
Standard base cap
(remove)
ELECTRICAL
Composition C4
FIRING SYSTEM
explosive
Electric
blasting cap
Metal plates
Artillery shell
with fuse
Paper or suitable
removed
insulating material
Power system
Electric-cap leads
NOTE: For command-detonation, an M34 blasting
machine can replace the metal plates and the battery.
Figure 13-15. HE, artillery-shell device
The device can be activated by a variety of methods depending on the type of
FD used. When MDI blasting caps are used, the device is command-detonated.
The device can also be adapted to function electrically by adding an electric
cap and a power source.
This device can be used as an AT or an AP device. When used as an AP device,
it must be command-detonated.
NOTE: Use only serviceable US ammunition that has remained in the
possession of US forces. Never use captured ammunition or UXO
found on the battlefield. It may be armed, booby-trapped, or
deteriorated.
13-30 Booby Traps and Expedient Devices
C2, FM 20-32
PLATTER CHARGE
The platter charge (Figure 13-16) consists of a suitable container that is filled
with uniformly packed explosive and placed behind a platter. The platter is
metal (preferably round, but square is satisfactory) and weighs 1 to 3
kilograms. The explosive required is equal to the weight of the platter. The
container may not be necessary if the explosive can be held firmly against the
platter (tape can be used). The charge should be primed from the exact rear
center, and the blasting cap should be secured with a small amount of C4 to
ensure detonation.
Blasting cap (electric or
To initiating device
nonelectric) primed in
Platter
(electric or
center rear of explosive
C4 explosive
nonelectric)
main charge
Center of target
Figure 13-16. Platter charge
The charge should be aimed at the direct center of the target. The effective
range (primarily a matter of aim) is approximately 35 meters for a small
target. With practice, experienced personnel can hit a 55-gallon drum (a
relatively small target) at 25 meters with about 90 percent accuracy.
The platter charge can be used as an AT or an AP device. When used as an AP
device, it must be command-detonated.
IMPROVISED CLAYMORE
For the improvised claymore device (Figure 13-17, page 13-32), a layer of
plastic explosive is attached to the convex side of a suitably dense, curved base
(such as wood or metal). A hole must be made in the exact rear of the base. A
blasting cap is placed in the hole to prime the device. Shrapnel is fixed to the
explosive with a suitable retainer (cloth, tape, mesh screen).
The device must be command-detonated. Command detonation is best
achieved with electrical priming or an MDI. A blasting device is attached to
the electric cap via firing wires laid at least 50 meters from the device. Ensure
that personnel have adequate cover when detonating the improvised
claymore.
Booby Traps and Expedient Devices 13-31
C2, FM 20-32
Screen or
Shrapnel
Legs
retainer
Convex base
Electric blasting cap
Tape
Explosive (¼ weight of shrapnel)
Electric blasting cap primed in
Enemy
center with C4 wadding
50 m
Blasting machine (or
(minimum)
suitable substitute)
Figure 13-17. Improvised claymore device
GRAPESHOT ANTIPERSONNEL DEVICE
Place shrapnel in the bottom of a cylindrical container to make a grapeshot
AP device (Figure 13-18). The shrapnel is tamped and held in place with a
suitable separator (wadding). Explosive (approximately one-quarter the
weight of the shrapnel) is packed to a uniform density behind the wadding.
The device is primed in the center of the explosive with an electric cap or an
MDI.
NOTE: The United Nations Convention of Certain Conventional
Weapons mandates that all fragment munitions produce fragments
that are visible by X ray (such as metal or rock).
This device must be command-detonated. The explosive propels the shrapnel
outward from the container. The grapeshot is very effective against personnel
targets.
BARBWIRE ANTIPERSONNEL DEVICE
The barbwire AP device (Figure 13-19) can be made directional by placing the
wire against an embankment or a fixed object. This causes the force of the
explosion to expel the barbwire fragments in the desired direction. One roll of
standard barbwire is placed into position, and one block of C4 is placed in the
center of the roll and primed. This device must be command-detonated.
13-32 Booby Traps and Expedient Devices
C2, FM 20-32
Wadding
Shrapnel
Container
xplosive (¼ weight of
hrapnel)
C4 explosive
Primed in
center
Bottom
Blasting machine
Wadding
Shrapnel
Electric
blasting cap
Figure 13-18. Grapeshot AP device
M34 blasting machine
Electric blasting cap
(or suitable substitute)
Wooden
base
1¼-lb block of C4
Roll of barbwire
Figure 13-19. Barbwire AP device
Booby Traps and Expedient Devices 13-33
Appendix A
Installation and Removal of US Mines
and Firing Devices
This appendix provides installation and removal procedures for AT mines,
AP mines, and FDs. The scope of this appendix is limited to US hand-
emplaced mines that require manual arming.
WARNINGS
1. If there is a problem when performing any installation or removal step, notify the NCOIC.
2. If you hear a click when removing the safety clip or if the pressure plate snaps downward
so it is level with the body of the mine, notify the NCOIC. DO NOT use the mine.
3. If the safety clip cannot be reinserted, notify the NCOIC.
4. DO NOT apply pressure to the pressure plate, tilt rod, or fuse at any time.
5. Before attempting to disarm and remove the mine, check for AHDs, damage, and
malfunctions. If any of these conditions exist, notify the NCOIC. DO NOT attempt to disarm
the mine.
6. If you feel a jar or hear a metallic click when removing the locking safety pin, stop and
notify the NCOIC. The firing pin has gone forward and is resting on the positive safety pin.
DO NOT remove the positive safety pin.
7. After removing the positive safety pin, proceed with extreme caution. The slider pin can
detonate the mine if it is accidentally pushed in.
8. When attaching trip wires to the release-pin ring on the fuse, leave a little slack in the
wires. This prevents pull on the release-pin ring, which could set off the mine when the
safety pins are removed.
9. Ensure that the extension rod is vertical and is not tilted in any direction. A 20-degree tilt
of the extension rod will detonate the mine.
10. Ensure that the safety fork moves freely. If there is pressure on the fork, DO NOT remove
it.
11. DO NOT apply pressure to the pressure plate of the fuse when inserting it into the fuse
well.
12. If the setting knob is difficult to turn, DO NOT force it; notify the NCOIC.
13. DO NOT adjust the setting knob while the detonator is in the detonator well.
14. If any cracks are noted in the plastic collar, slowly and carefully reassemble the stop
and safety pin on the fuse. Carefully remove the extension rod and the fuse from the mine.
Give the fuse to the NCOIC and replace it with a new fuse.
15. Before cutting loose trip wires, look at each end to ensure that there are no electric-
producing devices that might initiate another system.
16. Arm and disarm all mines while in the prone position.
Installation and Removal of US Mines and Firing Devices A-1
FM 20-32
SECTION I. ANTIPERSONNEL MINES
AP mines can kill or incapacitate their victims. They can be fused by pressure,
wire, or command detonation and contain a blast, bounding-fragmentation, or
direct-fragmentation warhead.
M14
The M14 mine (Figure A-1) is a low-metallic, blast AP mine. It has a plastic
body and an integral plastic fuse with a steel firing pin.
Pull cord
Pressure plate
Fuse body
Safety clip
Indicating
arrow
Belleville
spring
40 mm
Tetryl
charge
Firing pin
56 mm
Mine body
Detonator
Carrying cord
Detonator holder
Figure A-1. M14 AP mine
CHARACTERISTICS
Main Charge
Diameter
Height
Weight
No Mines per Box
Weight per Box
Tetryl, 28.4 g
56 mm
40 mm
99.4 g (fused)
90
19.8 kg
• Korea Only: The M14 is employed in tactical and nuisance
minefields.
• The M14’s size allows for employment in large numbers, and rapid
concealment is possible.
• The M14 is buried to prevent the target from knocking it over.
A-2 Installation and Removal of US Mines and Firing Devices
FM 20-32
• The M14 is not designed to kill but to penetrate a boot or a foot.
• The M14 is difficult to detect because of plastic construction.
• The M14 requires an operating force of 11.5 to 13.5 kilograms to
activate.
INSTALLATION
WARNING
Emplace and remove the mine while in the
prone position.
• Inspect the mine.
— Do not use the mine if it is dented, cracked, or damaged.
— Use the M22 wrench (Figure A-2) to remove the shipping plug
from the detonator well.
Use to remove the plug or
the detonator holder.
Use to turn the pressure plate.
Figure A-2. M22 wrench
— Inspect the position of the firing pin. Do not use the mine if the
firing pin extends into the detonator well.
— Inspect the detonator well for foreign material. If foreign material
is present, remove it by carefully tapping the mine against the
palm of your hand. If you cannot remove the debris, replace the
shipping plug and do not use the mine.
• Test the pressure plate.
— Ensure that the arrow is in the SAFE position.
— Use the M22 wrench to turn the pressure plate from the SAFE
position to the ARMED position (Figure A-3, page A-4).
— Grasp the mine in one hand and remove the safety clip with the
other hand. Listen for a click, indicating that the firing pin has
dropped. Recheck the fuse well (Figure A-4, page A-4).
— Replace the safety clip.
Installation and Removal of US Mines and Firing Devices A-3
FM 20-32
— Use the M22 wrench to turn the pressure plate back to the SAFE
position.
Pressure plate
Figure A-3. M14 mine in ARMED position
Pull cord
Indicating arrow
Remove
Safety clip
Carrying cord
Figure A-4. Removal of safety clip
• Ensure that a metallic washer is attached (glued) to the bottom of the
mine. If a washer is not attached, notify the NCOIC and do not use
the mine. Apply silicone on the outside of the washer to prevent water
damage, and screw the detonator into the well on the bottom of the
mine (Figure A-5). NOTE: Ensure that the gasket is tightly
wedged between the detonator and the washer and that the
washer is properly seated between the gasket and the body of
the mine so that water cannot enter the mine.
• Dig a hole to fit the mine.
A-4 Installation and Removal of US Mines and Firing Devices
FM 20-32
Detonator
Lot number
Date loaded
(month/year)
Figure A-5. Bottom view of M14 mine
— Dig a hole approximately 10 centimeters in diameter and deep
enough (approximately 3.5 centimeters) so that the pressure plate
extends above the ground.
— Inspect the ground at the bottom of the hole.
> Ensure that the ground is hard enough to support the mine
when pressure is applied to the pressure plate.
> Place a flat object in the bottom of the hole for the mine to rest
on if the ground is too soft. Allow additional depth for the
objects.
Arm the mine with an M22 wrench by turning the pressure plate to
the ARMED position.
Place the mine in the hole.
Remove the safety clip carefully, while holding the mine body firmly in
the hole.
Camouflage the mine.
REMOVAL
Disarm the mine.
— Clear the soil away from the mine carefully.
— Grasp the body of the mine firmly with one hand, and insert the
safety clip with the other hand.
— Use the M22 wrench to turn the pressure plate to the SAFE
position.
Remove the mine from the hole.
— Turn the mine over, and carefully remove the detonator from the
detonator well.
— Screw the shipping plug into the detonator well.
— Give the detonator to the NCOIC.
Installation and Removal of US Mines and Firing Devices A-5
FM 20-32
M16
The M16-series mine (Figures A-6, page A-6) is a bounding-fragmentation AP
mine. Once actuated, the mine is propelled out of the ground (to a height of
approximately 1.8 meters) and explodes. The mine consists of an M605 fuse, a
propelling charge, and a projectile that are contained in a sheet-steel case.
The fuse is screwed into the top of the case and extends through the center of
the projectile to the bottom of the case, where the propelling charge is located.
The remaining space inside the case is occupied by the projectile. Earlier
versions of the mine are also available for issue. The principal difference
between the old and new versions is the construction of the detonators and
boosters.
Main charge
Fragmentation
shell (body)
Booster
charge
199 mm
Detonator
Primer mixture
Delay
element
103 mm
Propelling charge
Figure A-6. M16A1 AP mine
CHARACTERISTICS
Main Charge
Diameter
Height
Weight
No Mines per Box
Weight per Box
TNT
103 mm
199 mm
3.5 kg
4
20.25 kg
• Korea Only: The M16 is employed in protective, tactical, and
nuisance minefields.
• The M16 is used to defeat dismounted assaults and breaching
operations.
• The M16 is pressure-actuated (3.6 to 9 kilograms) or pull-actuated (1.4
to 4.5 kilograms).
A-6 Installation and Removal of US Mines and Firing Devices
FM 20-32
• The M16 and M16A1 have a casualty radius of 27 meters; the M16A2
has a casualty radius of 30 meters. The danger radius for friendly
forces is 183 meters for all M16 mines.
INSTALLATION
WARNING
Emplace and remove the mine while in the
prone position.
• Inspect the mine.
— Do not use the mine if it is dented, cracked, or damaged.
— Use the closed end of an M25 wrench to remove the shipping plug
from the fuse well (Figure A-7).
Shipping plug
M25 wrench
A16A1 mine
Figure A-7. M16A1 mine and M25 wrench
— Inspect the fuse well for foreign material. If foreign material is
present, turn the mine upside down and gently tap the bottom
with your hand to dislodge the material. If you cannot remove the
debris, replace the shipping plug and do not use the mine.
— Examine the fuse assembly carefully for evidence of damage or
missing safety pins. Ensure that the safety pins move freely in
their holes and that the rubber gasket is around the fuse base
(Figure A-8, page A-8).
Installation and Removal of US Mines and Firing Devices A-7
FM 20-32
Interlocking safety pin
Locking safety pin
Pressure
prongs
Flash igniter
Rubber
Positive
gasket
Release-pin
safety pin
ring
Figure A-8. M605 fuse
WARNING
DO NOT use any fuse that was manufactured
before 1957.
Fuse the mine.
— Use the open end of the M25 wrench to tighten the bushing
adapter on the fuse well.
— Screw the fuse assembly into the fuse well by hand and tighten
the assembly with the M25 wrench. Ensure that the rubber gasket
is between the fuse body and the bushing adapter. NOTE: For
long-term use, smear a thin layer of silicone grease or
similar lubricant on the fuse and threads.
Dig a hole to fit the mine.
— Pressure installation. Dig the hole so that only the pressure-prong
tips are above ground level.
— Trip-wire installation. Dig the hole so that the release-pin ring is
above ground level.
Emplace the mine.
— Place the mine in the hole and ensure that the safety pins remain
in place.
— Cover the mine with soil to the bottom of the release-pin ring.
— Press the soil firmly around the sides of the mine.
Pressure Installation
Remove the locking safety pin (Figure A-9). The interlocking safety
pin will come free.
A-8 Installation and Removal of US Mines and Firing Devices
FM 20-32
Positive safety pin
Interlocking safety pin
Locking safety pin
Figure A-9. Safety pins
• Arrange the pull cord on the positive safety pin so that it withdraws
easily. Remove the metal collar.
• Finish covering the mine with soil until only the pressure prongs are
above ground level.
• Camouflage the mine, place excess soil in sandbags, and remove
sandbags from the area.
• Arm the mine by removing the positive safety pin (Figure A-9).
• Give the safety pins and the shipping plug to the NCOIC.
Trip-Wire Installation
• Install the trip wire (Figure A-10).
Enemy side
Figure A-10. Buried mine with a trip wire
Installation and Removal of US Mines and Firing Devices A-9
FM 20-32
• Cover the mine with soil and press it firmly around the sides of the
mine. Leave the release-pin ring and the pressure prongs exposed.
• Tie off trip wires, approximately 10 meters from the mine. The wires
should form a wide V, with the opening toward the enemy.
• Attach trip wires to the release-pin ring on the fuse.
• Remove the locking safety pin. The interlocking safety pin will come
free.
• Arrange the pull cord on the positive safety pin so that it withdraws
easily.
• Camouflage the mine, place excess soil in sandbags, and remove
sandbags from the area.
• Arm the mine by removing the positive safety pin.
• Give the safety pins and the shipping plug to the NCOIC.
REMOVAL
WARNING
Before attempting to disarm and remove the mine,
ensure that the metal collar (Figure A-11) over the
top of the striker on the M605 fuse is in place.
Metal collar
Figure A-11. Metal collar on an M605 fuse
A-10 Installation and Removal of US Mines and Firing Devices
C2, FM 20-32
Disarm the mine.
— Clear the soil carefully from the top of the fuse to the positive
safety-pin hole. When using the M605 fuse, clear away all the soil
from the fuse area.
— Insert the positive safety pin through the positive safety-pin hole.
— Insert the locking safety pin through the locking safety-pin hole.
— Cut the slack trip wires that are attached to the release-pin ring.
Check for AHDs.
— Hold the mine body firmly in place with one hand.
— Feel for AHDs with the other hand by digging around the sides of
and underneath the mine.
Remove the mine.
— Remove the mine from the hole. Ensure that the safety pins
remain in place.
— Remove the M605 fuse with the M25 wrench.
— Replace the shipping plug in the fuse well.
SECTION II. ANTITANK MINES
AT mines are designed to immobilize or destroy tanks and vehicles and their
crews. They perform this function by producing an M-Kill or a K-Kill. An M-
Kill is achieved by destroying one or more of the vehicle's vital drive
components (usually breaking the track on a tank), causing the target to be
immobilized. The weapon system and the crew are not destroyed in an M-Kill;
the weapon system is immobile but continues to function. A K-Kill results
when the weapon system or the crew is destroyed.
Conventional AT mines are distinguished by their effects and their fusing
systems. Blast AT mines, such as the M15 and M19, derive their effectiveness
through the blast generated by their detonation. These usually produce an M-
Kill, but a K-Kill may result. Mines such as the M21 use a shaped charge or
an SFF designed to penetrate the underside of a vehicle's armor. A K-Kill
normally results unless the mine detonates under the vehicle's track.
M15
The M15 (Figure A-12, page A-12) is a blast AT mine that is contained in a
round sheet-steel casing. The primary fuse well is located in the top center of
the mine. There are two secondary fuse wells—one on the side and one on the
bottom. The primary fuse well accepts the M603 pressure-actuated fuse.
Standard FDs can be used in the secondary fuse wells with the M1 activator.
The M624 tilt-rod-actuated fuse can also be used with this mine.
Installation and Removal of US Mines and Firing Devices A-11
C3, FM 20-32
Pressure plate
Arming plug in
337 mm
SAFE position
125 mm
Secondary
fuse well
Fuse retainer spring
Arming plug
Pressure plate
Gasket
M603 fuse
Secondary
fuse well
M120 booster
Filling hole
Charge (Composition B)
Secondary
fuse well
NOTE: Inspect secondary fuze wells for corrosion. Do not fit an
M1 activator into a corroded fuze well. In training, return any
mine with a corroded fuze well to the ASP as unserviceable.
Figure A-12. M15 AT mine
CHARACTERISTICS
Main Charge
Diameter
Height
Weight
No Mines per Box
Weight per Box
Comp B, 9.9 kg
337 mm
125 mm
13.5 kg
1
18 kg
• The M15 is employed in protective, tactical, and nuisance minefields.
• The M15 is surface-laid or buried.
• The M15 requires a force of 158 to 338 kilograms to detonate the M603
fuse and a force of 1.7 kilograms to deflect the tilt rod and detonate the
M624 fuse.
• The M15 is designed to defeat heavy tanks.
• The M15 produces an M-Kill upon contact.
A-12 Installation and Removal of US Mines and Firing Devices
FM 20-32
INSTALLATION USING THE M624 FUSE
WARNING
Emplace and remove the mine while in the
prone position.
• Inspect the mine.
— Do not use the mine if it is dented, cracked, or damaged.
— Use the M20 wrench (Figure A-13) to remove the arming plug.
Hook end
Tab end
Figure A-13. M20 wrench
— Inspect the fuse well for foreign material. If foreign material is
present, turn the mine upside down and gently tap the bottom
with your hand to dislodge the material. If you cannot remove the
debris, replace the arming plug and do not use the mine.
— Ensure that the booster retainer ring is seated in the fuse well. If
the retainer ring is missing, replace the mine.
Inspect the fuse.
— Remove the M624 fuse from the metal shipping container and
inspect it for serviceability.
— Inspect the plastic collar of the fuse by looking down through the
top of the pressure ring. If the safety pin is missing or improperly
assembled, do not use the fuse (Figure A-14, page A-14).
— Do not use the fuse if the plastic collar appears to be cracked.
Fuse the mine.
— Remove the M624 fuse from its fiber sleeve.
— Remove the end closure on the M624 fuse. NOTE: For long-term
emplacement, coat the fuse threads and gasket with
silicone grease before removing the end closure (Figure A-
15, page A-14).
Installation and Removal of US Mines and Firing Devices A-13
FM 20-32
Safety pin
Figure A-14. Correct safety-pin configuration
Safety stop
Pressure ring
M624 fuse
Hole for fuse
tightening
Safety band
Safety pin
Gasket
Threads
End closure
Figure A-15. Greasing the M624 fuse
— Screw the fuse hand-tight into the fuse well.
— Remove the extension rod from its packaging.
— Tighten the fuse by inserting the unthreaded end of one extension
rod piece into the hole on the side of the fuse. Turn the fuse a
quarter turn (Figure A-16).
— Remove the extension rod for further use after the fuse is secure.
NOTE: The M15 AT mine (with the M624 fuse) can be buried or
surface-laid. If surface-laid, it must be staked in place.
• Dig a hole to fit the mine.
— Dig a hole deep enough so that the top of the pressure plate will be
at ground level.
A-14 Installation and Removal of US Mines and Firing Devices

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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