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FM 3-22.27
The individual gunnery exercises train and qualify MK 19 gunners. There are four
scorecards available and they are used based on the type of target (hull or pop-up silhouettes)
and whether the practice-qualification is during the day or during limited visibility. Each
scorecard has two tables, one for practice and one for qualification. The tables have versions
for hull or pop-up silhouette engagements and for the type of NVD used. Sample scorecards
are shown in Figures 4-27 through 4-30 (and reproducible scorecards are provided in the
back of this manual). MK 19s will be mounted or in the tripod configuration based on the
range constraints and the commander’s guidance. These tables are recommended tables for
the infantry MK 19 gunner and crew. The first task in each table is a field zeroing evaluation,
which allows the gunner to ensure his weapon is zeroed (even if he boresighted the MK 19).
If the gunner fails to zero within four rounds, he is removed from the line and given
additional training before attempting the table again. Refer to Section 4-5 for more detailed
description of the ranges. The rest of the table consists of firing at individual and multiple
targets.
a. Day and Night Practice and Qualification. Specific scorecards have been
developed for different targets and NVDs. Gunners will only fire one day practice-
qualification and one night practice-qualification. Units should select the practice and
qualification based on the light conditions, type of targets available, and type of NVDs used.
The following table shows which scorecards would be used:
Conditions
Target
Night Vision Devices
Scorecard
Day
Hull
NA
Scorecard I
Day
Pop-Up
NA
Scorecard III
Limited/Night
Hull
AN/PEQ-2A mounted on the TWS mounting
Scorecard II
bracket.
AN/PAS-13 mounted on the TWS mounting bracket.
AN/TVS-5 upgraded with the 3d generation tube
mounted on the TWS mounting bracket.
Limited/Night
Pop-Up
All night vision devices.
Scorecard IV
or E-
Type
Limited/Night
Any type
No night vision device.
Scorecard IV
Table 4-1. Scorecard matrix.
NOTE: 1. Both the MPMG range and the multipurpose gunnery range (MK 19) can be
used for practice and qualification.
2. The MPMG range, modified with stationary armor targets at the required
ranges, can be used as pop-up targets if a non dud-producing practice round is
used. Scorecards III and IV are used on the MPMG range.
3. The multipurpose gunnery range (MK 19) can be used with any round
authorized for the range. Scorecards I and II are used on the multipurpose
gunnery range (MK 19).
Every target listed in each task is a point target; however one or two targets between the
range of 600 and 900 meters should be changed to an area target. The number of rounds and
engagement times should be the same for both point and area targets. The commander’s
guidance and the local range configuration should determine the location of the area targets.
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FM 3-22.27
(1) Day Practice and Qualification. Due to the types of targets available for practice and
qualification, there are two scorecards for day practice and qualification. One (Table I) is
used when engaging hull-type targets and the other (Table III) is used when engaging pop-up
silhouette targets.
(a) Hull-Type Targets. Hull-type targets provide height, width, and depth, and give the
MK 19 gunner a realistic target. The engagement ranges for practice and qualifications can
therefore be set for the full range of the gun and are set at ranges up to 1,500 meters.
(b) Pop-Up Silhouette Targets. Pop-up silhouettes provide a target with width and height
but very little depth. Due to the high angle of fall of 40-mm rounds at ranges greater than
800 meters, it is difficult to hit this type of target beyond that range. Therefore, the
engagement ranges for practice and qualifications are set at 800 meters or less.
(c) Engagement Times. There is a 30 second difference for the completion of each task
between the practice and qualification tables. Practice tables allow thirty additional seconds
for each engagement.
b. Night Practice and Qualification. The MK 19 night practice and qualification tables
are shown in Scorecards II and IV. Units with AN/PEQ-2A, AN/PAS-13, and AN/TVS-5
night aiming devices and engaging hull-type targets use Scorecard II. Units without a MK
19/sight combination or engaging pop-up silhouettes use Scorecard IV. Gunners do not fire
both. Infantry gun crews are required to qualify at night. Other types of units may determine
that day qualification is adequate due to their wartime missions.
c. Scoring. Scoring is done on a GO/NO GO basis for each task within the practice or
qualification table.
(1) Zeroing the gun, the first task in each table, is scored as a GO/NO GO. Giving a
score for the zero emphasizes the importance of a proper zero to effectively engage targets at
600 meters and beyond. However, if the gunner fails to zero within four rounds, he is
removed from the line and given additional training before attempting the table again. This
step reduces the waste of ammunition.
(2) On point target engagements (lightly armored vehicle targets such as BRDMs, threat
scout cars, etc.), the gunner receives a GO if he meets or exceeds the engagement standard of
one or two rounds hitting the target.
(3) If area targets are included (infantry squads, RPG teams, etc.), the gunner receives a
GO when at least the number of rounds stated in the engagement standard for that task
impact within ten meters of the area target and thus suppresses it.
(4) At the end of each table, the scorer adds up the number of GOs and NO GOs, places
that number in the “Totals block, and checks the box to the left of the appropriate
qualification (expert, sharpshooter, marksman, or unqualified).
d. Range Setup. Targets should be within the ranges provided on the table scorecard.
(1) Because the gunner has to be able to observe the impact of the round to make
adjustments, there should be no dead space within 100 meters of the selected targets.
(2) Every target listed in each task is a point target; however, one or two targets between
the range of 600 and 900 meters should be changed to an area target. The number of rounds
and engagement time will be the same for both point and area targets. The commander’s
guidance and the local range configuration should determine the location of the area targets.
(3) For area targets, multiple E type personnel targets may be placed on line or in wedge
formations. Multiple personnel targets, indicating area targets, should not be more than 5
meters apart, and not extend more than 30 meters in width or 20 meters in depth.
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FM 3-22.27
(4) During night firing using hulls as targets, no modification to the target is needed to
assist the gunner in identifying the target. If pop-up silhouette targets are used however, a
thermal source is needed on each target to enable the gunner to acquire it with the thermal
weapon sight (TWS) and a light source is needed on each target if the AN/TVS-5 is being
used. The thermal source can be two chemical lights on targets between 400 meters and 600
meters and three chemical lights on targets over 600 meters.
e. Grading. One grader will be required at each firing point.
(1) Grading Equipment. During the day, the grader will need a set of binoculars. At
night equipment will vary according to the type of range being used. With an impact range
with hull targets, the grader will need a NVD (examples, the AN/PVS-14,7B with the 3X
magnifier, the AN/TAS-4, or the AN/PAS-13 [heavy]) to observe the strike of the round.
The same equipment is needed if the pop up targets do not provide feedback. The grader also
needs the order in which targets are engaged and a means to provide the gunner with the
range to the target for that particular firing point. The grader must be able to identify which
target is to be engaged by using, for example, a range card including a diagram of the range
with targets numbered and ranges listed.
(2) Start and End Time. Time will start when the target is exposed and the grader has
provided the target range (the graders will provide all information before the target is
exposed). If hull targets are used and exposed at all times, then the time will start once the
grader has told the gunner which target to engage and provided the range to the target. Time
ends when the time indicated for that task expires, the target has been successfully engaged,
or the target is no longer exposed.
f. Ammunition. Ammunition is broken down by task. The assistant gunner places each
belt in its order of use. The number of rounds authorized for each task will be the number of
rounds per belt. For example, if there are ten engagements, there should be ten belts of
ammunition placed within reach of the assistant gunner in the order they are to be fired.
(1) HE rounds cannot be fired at pop-up silhouette targets because the lift mechanism
will be damaged.
(2) Training practice tracer (TPT) rounds can be fired at both types of targets.
(3) The impact of a HE round is much easier to see than that of the TPT round.
g. Fire Control. Controlling and observing a target engagement with the MK 19 is not
a problem with a range set up with a firing lane for each firing point. Especially with hull
targets however, each point will not have an individual firing lane. Some ranges must use the
same target for more than one lane, which may be a potential problem for grading. The
grader must be able to identify which round impact is from which firing point. This is
especially true for the 400-meter target. To prevent this problem, ensure that only one gunner
at a time engages each target. The order in which the targets are engaged can be changed to
allow more than one gunner to fire at the same time. Engagement start times can also be
staggered so that gunners can engage targets at different ranges at the same time. This
requires a great deal of coordination and communication between the graders and the
personnel controlling the range.
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FM 3-22.27
h. Day Practice and Day Qualification Firing Exercise (Figures 4-27 and 4-28).
Table I contains the tables for day practice and day qualification for hull targets and Table III
contains the tables for day practice and day qualification for pop-up targets. Other than a 30
second difference in the engagement times for each task, the practice and the qualification
tables are the same. It is held twice a year, or as often as the commander feels is needed to
maintain gunner proficiency
(1) The day practice firing exercise allows the gunner to fire on a range engaging hull or
pop-up targets to test his skills before qualification firing.
(2) The qualification LFX tests skills practiced during day firing exercise. It is scored on
time taken and target hits made based on the firing tables.
(3) During scorecard preparation the grader selects the correct scorecard (Table I for hull
targets or Table III for pop-up targets) and enters the gunner’s name, rank, and unit in blocks
“1” through “3.” He also fills in blocks “4” through “7” with the range name, the firing lane,
his name, and the date.
(4) The grader positions himself so that he can observe both the gunner and the target.
Once live fire commences, he:
• Observes and informs the gunner the strike of each round.
• Observes and records a GO or NO GO for each task.
(5) At the end of the practice, the grader sums the total of GO/NO GOs in the “Totals”
block, checks the appropriate qualification in block “9,” has the gunner sign the scorecard in
block “10,” and signs the card in block “11.”
(6) During the qualification phase, the grader repeats the steps above by filling in the
appropriate blocks, summing the scores, and assigning the correct qualification.
(7) The grader can use the comment section in either table to enter remarks such as the
operation of the gun, condition of the targets, and weather conditions to name a few.
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FM 3-22.27
Figure 4-27. Example of completed DA FORM 7518-R, MK 19 day practice
and qualification (hull targets).
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FM 3-22.27
Figure 4-28. Example of completed DA FORM 7520-R, MK 19 day practice
and qualification (pop-up targets).
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FM 3-22.27
i.
Night Practice and Night Qualification Firing Exercises (Figures 4-29 and 4-30).
Table II contains the tables for night practice and night qualification for hull targets using the
AN/PEQ-2A, AN/PAS-13, or the AN/TVS-5 NVDs. Table IV contains the tables for night
practice and night qualification with pop-up targets or hull targets without using NVDs.
Other than a 30 second difference in the engagement times for each task, the practice and the
qualification tables are the same. It is held twice a year, or as often as the commander feels is
needed to maintain gunner proficiency.
(1) The night practice firing exercise allows the gunner to fire on a range engaging hull
or pop-up targets to test his skills before qualification firing.
(2) The qualification exercise tests skills practiced during night firing exercise. It is
scored on time taken and target hits made based on the firing tables.
(3) The grader selects the correct scorecard (Table II for hull targets using the NVDs
listed on the scorecard, or Table IV for pop-up targets or hull targets without a NVD) and
enters the gunner’s name, rank, and unit in blocks “1” through “3.” He also fills in blocks
“4” through “7” with the range name, the firing lane, his name, and the date. He also checks
the appropriate NVD in block “8” (Table II only).
(4) The grader positions himself so that he can observe both the gunner and the target.
Once live fire commences, he:
• Observes and informs the gunner the strike of each round.
• Observes and records a GO or NO GO for each task.
(5) At the end of the practice, the grader sums the total of GO/NO GOs in the “Totals”
block , checks the appropriate qualification in block “9,” has the gunner sign the scorecard in
block “10,” and signs the card in block “11.”
(6) During the qualification phase, the grader repeats the steps above by filling in the
appropriate blocks, summing the scores, and assigning the correct qualification.
(7) The grader can use the back of the form or the comment section to enter remarks such
as the operation of the gun, condition of the targets, and weather conditions to name a few.
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FM 3-22.27
Figure 4-29. Example of completed DA FORM 7519-R, MK 19 night practice
and qualification with hull targets and NVDs.
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FM 3-22.27
Figure 4-30. Example of completed DA FORM 7521-R, MK 19 night practice
and qualification with pop-up targets or without NVDs.
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FM 3-22.27(FM 23-27)
CHAPTER 5
TECHNIQUES OF FIRE
Firing techniques allow the gunner to deliver controlled, effective fire on
target. This chapter covers the characteristics and classes of fire; range
determination; application of fire; firing under degraded conditions; and
predetermined fires.
Section I. CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSES OF FIRE
To effectively employ the MK 19, gunners must understand the definitions of the terms used
to describe the actions and effects of firing the MK 19. This section discusses the
characteristics and classes of fire.
5-1.
CHARACTERISTICS OF FIRE
The following are definitions of the characteristics of fire:
a. Trajectory. The path of the projectile in flight. The path is curved due to gravity and
elevation of the barrel. The trajectory increases as the sights are elevated for far targets.
b. Line of Sight. An imaginary line from the gun to the target, as seen through the
sights.
c. Ordinate. The vertical distance that occurs anywhere between the line of sight and
the trajectory.
d. Maximum Ordinate. The highest point of trajectory, at which the vertical distance
between the trajectory and line of sight is greatest.
e. Danger Space. The area in which the impact of the round or the dispersal of
fragmentation causes injuries to personnel or destruction of the target.
f. Dead Space. The area(s) in which personnel or targets are safe from the gun’s fire.
Dead space can be, ditches, depressions, or ravines.
g. Cone of Fire. The dispersion of the rounds as they leave the gun.
h. Beaten Zone. The area in which the cone of fire strikes the ground or target. Terrain
slope and range to the target affect the beaten zone. If the cone of fire falls on upward-
sloping ground, the beaten zone is shortened, and vice versa. As range increases, the beaten
zone is shortened and widened.
i.
Center of Impact. The area where the heaviest concentration of fire impacts.
5-2.
CLASSES OF FIRE
Fire is classified with respect to the ground, target, and the MK 19.
a. Respect to the Ground. Normally, this means either plunging or grazing fire.
However, since grazing fire is not practical for use with the MK 19, only plunging fire will
be considered. Plunging fire strikes the target from a high angle and confines the danger
space to the beaten zone. For example, when fired from the top of a hill, projectiles follow an
arcing trajectory and land in the valley (Figure 5-1).
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FM 3-22.27
Figure 5-1. Plunging fire.
b. Respect to the Target. This class of fire is divided into four types of fire
(Figure 5-2a and 5-2b):
(1) Frontal. The long axis of the beaten zone is at a right angle to the long axis of the
target.
(2) Flanking. This type of fire is delivered against the flank of the target.
(3) Oblique. This type of fire is directed at a target moving at any angle other than
directly toward or perpendicular to the gun.
(4) Enfilade. This type of fire occurs when the long axis of the beaten zone coincides
with the long axis of the target. Enfilade fire may be frontal or flanking, depending on which
way the target is facing. For example, frontal enfilade occurs if the MK 19 is in the middle of
a road and the target is approaching on the same road. Flanking enfilade occurs if the target
is moving either way, left or right, yet is still in a long axis configuration away from the
MK 19.
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FM 3-22.27
Figure 5-2a. Classes of fire with respect to the target: frontal, flanking, and
oblique fires.
Figure 5-2b. Classes of fire with respect to the target: flanking and frontal
enfilade fires.
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FM 3-22.27
c. Respect to the MK 19. Fire from the MK 19 may be conducted in six ways (Figure
5-3).
(1) Fixed. Fire is delivered against a target with one aim point, which concentrates the
beaten zone.
(2) Traverse Fire is moved from left to right or right to left, with no range change. It may
be used against frontal or flanking targets.
(3) Search. Fire is directed against a deep target. Elevation changes are made, but
direction changes are not. Searching fire is used against enfilade targets.
(4) Traverse and Search. This is a combination of traversing and searching fires used
against a target with depth and width (most likely an oblique target).
(5) Swinging Traverse. This fire is slightly different from traversing and searching.
Although it is delivered against a wide target, with major changes in direction, no elevation
changes are made. To deliver fire using a swinging traverse, the gunner releases the
traversing slide lock, allowing the gun to travel freely across the traversing bar.
(6) Free Gun. Fire is delivered with the T&E mechanism removed and is used when
quick changes in direction and depth are needed to engage moving targets.
Figure 5-3. Classes of fire with respect to the MK 19.
Section II. RANGE DETERMINATION
Range determination is the process of finding the distance between the gunner’s position and
his target. The gunner’s ability to engage a target effectively depends on determining the
correct range to the target.
5-4
FM 3-22.27
5-3.
MEASUREMENT BY VISUAL ESTIMATION
Range is often determined by this method. There are two ways to estimate range visually.
a. Using the 100-meter unit-of-measure method, visualize 100 meters on the ground
(this takes practice) and determine how many units of 100 meters there are to the target
(Figure 5-4). For targets more than 500 meters (5 units) away, pick a point about halfway,
estimate the range to that point, and double it (Figure 5-5).
Figure 5-4. Application of the 100-meter unit-of-measure method for ranges
up to 500 meters.
Figure 5-5. Application of the 100-meter unit-of-measure method for ranges
greater than 500 meters.
b. Use the appearance-of-objects method, which is fairly reliable, to determine range
(this also takes practice). Memorize the sizes and shapes of familiar objects at different
ranges. Consider the factors in Table 5-1, which affect the appearance of objects.
5-5
FM 3-22.27
FACTORS AFFECTING
FACTORS CAUSING
FACTORS CAUSING
RANGE ESTIMATION
UNDERESTIMATION OF
OVERESTIMATION OF RANGE
RANGE
The clarity of outline and
When most of the target is
When only a small part of the
details of the target.
visible and a clear outline can
target can be seen or the target
be seen.
is small in relation to its
Nature of terrain or
surroundings.
position of the observer.
When looking across a
depression that is mostly
When looking across a
Light and atmosphere.
hidden from view.
depression that is totally visible.
When looking downward from
When looking from low ground
high ground.
toward high ground.
When looking down a straight,
When vision is narrowly confined
open road or along a railroad.
as in streets, draws, or forest
trails.
When looking over uniform
surfaces like water, snow,
In poor light such as dawn and
desert, or grain fields.
dusk; in rain, snow, fog; or when
the sun is in the observer’s eyes.
In bright light or when the sun
is shining from behind the
When the target blends into the
observer.
background or terrain.
When the target is in sharp
contrast with the background
or is silhouetted because of its
size, shape, or color.
When seen in the clear air or
high altitudes.
Table 5-1. Factors affecting visual range estimation.
5-4.
MEASUREMENT FROM A MAP
Another way range may be determined is by using a military map. The gunner locates his
position and the target’s position on the map. He measures the distance and uses the legend
scale at the bottom of the map to find the range.
5-5.
MEASUREMENT BY PACING
When using this method, the leader ensures there is no immediate danger to the gun’s crew.
The crew sets up its position, and the gunner selects the target. The assistant gunner walks to
the target in a straight line, counting the number of paces it takes to reach the target. As the
distance is paced off, the gunner can determine dead space when the assistant gunner
disappears from view.
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FM 3-22.27
5-6.
MEASUREMENT USING BINOCULARS
Binoculars can be used to determine range. The recently adopted M19 binocular, unlike
other models, is a lightweight, compact instrument intended for use in general field
observation and fire direction. The binocular’s left lens includes horizontal and vertical
reticles graduated in 10-mil increments (Figure 5-6). When using binoculars to determine
range, the soldier must understand the mil relationship (Figure 5-7).
Figure 5-6. M19 binocular reticle.
5-7
FM 3-22.27
a. The mil (
/
) is the unit of angular measurement used in adjusting fire. A circle has
6,400 mils. At a distance of 1,000 meters, an object 1 meter wide measures 1 mil. Change
mils to meters by multiplying the number of mils times the range (distance) in thousands of
meters. Obtain the unknown width or range to an object using a similar method (Figure 5-7).
Figure 5-7. Mil relationship.
b. The mil relationship, as shown in Figure 5-7, is X = W ÷ R; where X is the angular
width of the object in mils (
/
), W is the width of the object in meters, and R is the range or
distance in thousands of meters.
(1) To find Width when the known Range is 4,000 meters and the object is 15
/ wide,
multiply R times X
/ or 4 (range in thousands) times 15 (mils). The answer is 60 (meters),
or 4 x 15 = 60 meters.
R times
W =
X
/
W =
4 times 15
W = 60
(2) To find Range when the known Width in meters (between two bursts or two objects)
is 60 and the angular measurement for the same width, when measured with binoculars, is
known to be 15 mils, divide (W:
/
) 60 (meters) by 15 (mils).
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FM 3-22.27
The answer is 4,000 meters:
W
R =
X
/
60
R =
15
R = 4 (in thousands of meters) = 4,000 meters
(3) To find the angle A in
/ when the known Width in meters between a reference point
and the target is 60 meters and the known Range to the target is 4,000 meters, divide W by:
R or 60 (meters) by 4 (range in thousands) and the answer is 15 mils (mils):
W
A
/
=
R
60
A
/
=
4
A
/
= 15
c. The observer uses the mil relation in computing direction shifts as indicated in Figure
5-8.
Figure 5-8. Computation of direction shift.
5-7.
MEASUREMENT USING AN/GVS-5 LASER RANGE FINDER
The handheld AN/GVS-5 laser range finder provides observers and small-unit leaders the
ability to more accurately determine range to targets and other known points. This range
5-9
FM 3-22.27
finder allows first-round fire for effect, which results in increased enemy casualties and
saves ammunition. Friendly units can use the range finder to precisely locate themselves
using intersection and modified resection techniques. The range finder aids in the
determination of sector depth, range to suspect enemy locations, distance to targets along
avenues of approach, and information for overlapping fires. When an AN/GVS-5 is
available, it should be used to construct range cards. Information about placing the AN/GVS-
5 into action can be found in TM 11-5860-201-10.
5-8.
MEASUREMENT BY FIRING
The gunner can determine range by firing a zeroed MK 19. The gunner fires a burst and uses
the T & E mechanism to “walk” the rounds on target. The gunner sets and reads the sights on
the target, and notes the range. This measurement method is used frequently in combat
situations.
5-9.
MEASUREMENT OF LATERAL DISTANCE
The gunner can use the finger method to find distance. He extends his arm toward the target
with his palm out, elbow locked, one eye closed, and index finger raised (Figure 5-9). He
sights along the edge of the finger, adding extra fingers to fill in the space (the average finger
is 30 mils wide). One finger equals 30 mils, two fingers equals 70 mils, three fingers equals
100 mils (Figure 5-10).
Figure 5-9. Use of fingers to measure deviation.
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FM 3-22.27
Figure 5-10. Hand-and-finger value estimates.
Section III. APPLICATION OF FIRE
This section includes information about MK 19 fire control and target engagement. Fire
control includes all operations connected with the preparation and application of fire
to a target.
5-10. FIRE CONTROL
To correctly exercise fire control, the gunner must be able to:
• Open fire at the instant desired.
• Adjust fire on the target.
• Regulate the rate of fire.
• Shift fire from one target to another.
• Cease fire.
Failure to exercise correct fire control results in danger to friendly troops, loss of surprise,
premature disclosure of position, misuse of fire on unimportant targets, loss of time in
securing adjustments, and waste of ammunition. The main factors to consider for effective
fire control are as follows:
a. Sector of Fire. This is an area of terrain that an assigned unit covers. It has specific,
designated boundaries. Sectors of fire vary in size but are generally limited areas that can be
engaged without movement of the tripod.
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FM 3-22.27
b. Rate of Fire. Surprise and shock effect may be obtained by firing all MK 19s at the
same time, using the rapid rate for at least the first few bursts. Engage fleeing targets as soon
as possible and with all available fire. Use the rapid rate for the initial delivery of fire to
make adjustment of fire easier. Also, whenever the rate of fire is not stated, use the rapid
rate. In all cases, unless otherwise ordered, fire the first few bursts at the rapid rate;
thereafter, use the prescribed rate.
c. Adjustment of Fire. Adjustments may be made before or after firing.
(1) Initial Adjustment. Set the sights on the range to the target, lay on the target, fire an
aimed burst, and observe the impact. When the initial burst is correct, continue to fire
(manipulating if necessary) until the target is covered. When the initial burst is not correct,
determine from its impact the amount of traverse and search required to place the next burst
on the target. Manipulate the gun with the T&E handwheels, making large range corrections
by resetting the sights and re-laying on the target.
(2) Subsequent Correction and Adjustment. Observation and adjustment of fire is the
most important element of fire control. It is continuous throughout the action. The gunner is
trained to observe and adjust fire without command and to check the lay of the gun
frequently. The gunner is also trained to foresee the action of the enemy after he opens fire,
and to shift fire to cover any changes in the formation or location of the target. If the gunner
fails to do these things, the leader promptly corrects him by announcing or signaling
subsequent fire commands. This responsibility to adjust fire continues up through the chain
of command. When subsequent fire commands are issued, the gunner makes the required
adjustments. When the gun is fired from the tripod mount, subsequent commands are given
as adjustments to the elevation or deflection at which the last burst was fired. The
adjustments are given in mils and are announced or signaled as ADD, DROP, RIGHT, or
LEFT so many mils. Changes in deflection and elevation such as RIGHT 2 or ADD 5 are
made with the T&E handwheels.
5-11. FIRE COMMANDS
Fire commands are the means by which leaders control fires. A fire command is a set of
instructions, given in a prescribed format that enables the gun crew to properly engage the
desired targets. There are two types of fire commands: initial and subsequent. Initial fire
commands are used for engagement of targets and the shifting of fire to new targets.
Subsequent fire commands are used to adjust fire, change the rate of fire, and cease-fire. The
explanation below is based on two gun crews. A good fire command is brief and clear, and in
the proper sequence. It is given clearly at a rate that is easily understood by the gunner.
Gunners repeat each element to ensure understanding. It is unlikely for a complete initial fire
command to be issued during a fire fight. The leader determines which elements of a fire
command are obvious to the gunners and which elements must be given to them. Some
targets may be engaged with only the alert, range, and command of fire. For example: FIRE
MISSION, SEVEN HUNDRED, FIRE. The procedures outlined below are used to accustom
gunners to issuing and executing instructions in a logical sequence. The use of complete fire
commands in training prepares the gunners to receive fragmentary fire commands in combat.
a. Initial Fire Command. This contains the following elements:
• ALERT.
• DIRECTION (as needed).
• RANGE.
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FM 3-22.27
• DESCRIPTION (as needed).
• ASSIGNMENT/METHOD (division, manipulation, rate; all only as needed).
• CONTROL.
(1) Alert. The alert is the first element of the initial fire command. Its purpose is to
choose the gun crews and ready them to receive and execute the fire command. FIRE
MISSION is announced for all targets. When two or more guns are to fire, the leader
announces, FIRE MISSION. If only one gun is to fire, then NUMBER 1 (2) FIRE MISSION
is given. When the leader wants to alert all guns, but only wants one gun to fire, the
announcement is FIRE MISSION, NUMBER 1 (2).
(2) Direction. There are several ways to designate target direction:
(a) Oral. When the target is not obvious, the leader must tell the gunners where to look.
The leader gives direction as: FRONT, RIGHT FRONT, LEFT FLANK, and so on. The
leader may identify an indistinct target by the use of a reference point. The selected reference
point, announced as REFERENCE, must be a distinctive terrain feature or object in or near
the target area. The word TARGET precedes the target description when a reference point is
used.
• When the reference point is within the target area, the leader may describe the
target as extending so many mils, meters, or fingers from that point. He
announces range to the reference point. For example:
REFERENCE: BUNKER, FIVE ZERO ZERO.
TARGET: TROOPS EXTENDING RIGHT TWO FIVE, LEFT TWO FIVE.
• If the selected reference point is outside the target area, the leader announces the
range to the target. For example:
REFERENCE: LONE TREE.
TARGET: MACHINE GUN IN EDGE OF WOODS; FIVE ZERO ZERO.
• The leader may identify the direction to a target that is not obvious by selecting
an obvious feature, and (by naming successive reference points) leading the
gunner to the target step by step. For example:
REFERENCE: RED-ROOFED HOUSE, RIGHT OF HOUSE, HEDGE,
CENTER OF HEDGE, GATE, ABOVE GATE.
TARGET: MACHINE GUN.
• For a tripod-mounted MK 19, the interval between the reference and the target is
measured by laying the gun on the reference point and manipulating the gun a
given number of mils to the target.
(b) Firing a MK 19. Pointing out an obscure target by firing a MK 19 is simple, fast, and
accurate. However, it may cause loss of surprise or premature disclosure of the gun’s
position. The leader announces the general direction of fire, if it is not obvious. He then lays
one gun on the target, commands: WATCH MY BURSTS, and fires one or more on the
target. The leader completes the designation orally using the target’s midpoint or extremes:
RIGHT FLANK, MIDPOINT, or NEAR END. Firing rifle tracers at the target also makes it
easier for the gunners to find.
(c) Laying a MK 19. Laying the gun on a target is a simple and accurate method that
does not sacrifice surprise. The leader goes to each gun, lays it on the target, and has the
gunners check the lay. The gunners open fire at the same time on command.
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FM 3-22.27
(3) Range. This element follows the target description. The leader announces it in even
digits, hundreds or thousands. For example: FOUR FIVE ZERO; THREE HUNDRED; ONE
ONE HUNDRED; ONE THOUSAND.
(4) Description. The leader gives a brief target description to inform the gunners of the
nature of the target. Examples of target descriptions include TROOPS, which refers to any
dismounted enemy personnel; MACHINE GUN, which refers to any automatic gun; and
TANK, which refers to any armored vehicle. If several targets are in view, the leader may
describe the target or part of a target to be engaged as LEADING TRUCK, RIGHT
BUILDING, FAR END, HALTED COLUMN, and so on. If the target is obvious, no
description is necessary.
(5) Assignment Method. This element is used only when specific assignments are
required to divide or subdivide the target, assign class of fire, or announce a rate of fire.
(a) Division (or subdivision). The leader gives this element only when it is required
(paragraph 5-12). Division may be announced as follows:
NUMBER 1 RIGHT HALF, NUMBER 2 LEFT HALF.
NUMBER 1 RIGHT TWO-THIRDS, NUMBER 2 LEFT TWO-THIRDS.
NUMBER 1 RIGHT TWO-THIRDS, NUMBER 2 LEFT ONE-THIRD.
(b) Manipulation. The leader gives this element to prescribe the class of fire with respect
to the gun, and gives it only if the required manipulation is not obvious. For example:
FIXED.
TRAVERSE.
SEARCH.
TRAVERSE AND SEARCH.
SWINGING TRAVERSE.
(c) Rate. The greatest effect results from having two guns open fire at the rapid rate, at
the same time. Regardless of the rate announced, gunners open and adjust fire at the rapid
rate, and use the announced rate (sustained, rapid, or cyclic) thereafter. Size of target, type of
target, and ammunition supply are the factors that influence selection of a rate of fire. Rates
of fire are distinguished as follows:
• Sustained. The sustained rate of fire is measured in rounds for each minute and
is the rate at which a MK 19 may be fired indefinitely without damage from
overheating (40 rounds per minute). The leader announces SUSTAINED.
• Rapid. The rapid rate is measured in rounds for each minute and is the rate at
which a MK 19 may be fired for a limited time without danger of overheating (60
rounds per minute). This rate permits a high volume of fire to be delivered for a
short, set time. Gunners use the rapid rate unless another rate is announced.
• Cyclic. The cyclic rate is the rate at which a MK 19 can be fired for a limited
time only, at the fastest rate the gun will fire (325 to 375 rounds per minute).
This rate may be used when the target or area needs the greatest possible
suppression. The leader announces CYCLIC.
(6) Control. The leader uses this element to give the command to open fire. For
immediate engagement of the target, the leader gives the command, FIRE, or the arm-and-
hand signal to fire without pause. Fire is often withheld for surprise and effect, and both guns
open fire at the same time. To ensure this, the leader may preface the command or signal to
fire with the words AT MY COMMAND or ON MY SIGNAL. When the gunners are ready
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FM 3-22.27
to engage the target, they report UP or announce: NUMBER 1 (2) UP, READY, and the
leader gives the command or signal to fire.
b. Subsequent Fire Commands. The leader uses these to repeat or correct a fire
command, to adjust fire, to cease or commence fire, or to terminate the alert. The deflection
correction must always be given first.
(1) Repeat Fire Commands. If the gunner fails to understand any element of the fire
command, a repetition of the element may be requested by announcing the misunderstood
element with rising inflection to denote a question. When repeating any portion of the fire
command, the leader will preface it with the words THE COMMAND WAS.
(2) Correct Fire Commands. The leader changes or corrects a portion of the fire
command by announcing CORRECTION and giving a command. For example, to change an
incorrect range command of 500 meters to 600 meters, the command is CORRECTION, SIX
HUNDRED.
(3) Adjust Fire. The leader adjusts fire if the initial burst was not on target. The leader
does this by announcing the direction and elevation needed to get on target ADD 100,
RIGHT 20; or DROP 200, LEFT 50.
(4) Cease and Commence Fire. CEASE FIRE is announced if the leader wishes to
interrupt for any reason. This type of subsequent fire command informs the MK 19 crew that
it will remain on the alert and that more instructions will follow. Firing is renewed by
announcing a subsequent fire command or by announcing a new fire command. Firing is
resumed with the same data by using the command FIRE.
(5) Terminate the Alert. To allow the MK 19 crew to relax between fire missions,
termination of the alert is announced as CEASE FIRING, END OF MISSION.
5-12. TARGET ENGAGEMENT
The method chosen depends on terrain, target presentation, type of target, and tactical
situation.
a. Distribution of Fire. To be effective, fire must be distributed over an entire target.
Improper distribution results in gaps between beaten zones and allows some of the enemy to
escape or to use guns without effective opposition.
(1) Factors Affecting Distribution of Fire. No fixed rule can be given as to the widest
target that a single MK 19 may effectively engage. Ideally, the target should be no more than
100 mils wide. The traversing screw on the T&E mechanism limits the gun’s traverse unless
the traversing slide lock lever is unlocked. Wider targets require more traversing time, which
prevents the gunner from placing a continuous volume of fire on the whole target. The
engagement of a wide target by a single MK 19 requires excessive ammunition.
(2) Fire Unit. This consists of a pair of MK 19s. If possible, at least two guns should be
assigned to the same mission, although sometimes a single MK 19 may be effective. The
assignment of a pair to a single mission ensures continuous fire in case either gun is put out
of action. Two guns can provide a great volume of fire on the target, and can reduce the time
required to cover it.
(3) Manipulation of the Tripod-mounted MK 19. Traversing fire is moved in 5-mil
increments. The MK 19s are fired after each manipulation to ensure the beaten zones
overlap. Searching fire is often used on level or evenly sloping ground. When the ground is
irregular, however, the amount of search to apply between bursts in order to ensure overlap
of the beaten zones is determined by observation.
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FM 3-22.27
b. Engagement of Point Target. Any target no larger than the beaten zone is a point
target, and is engaged by fixed fire. The command is FIXED. MK 19 crews are trained to
follow any movement or change in formation made by the enemy after the initial burst of
fire. An example of a fire command for a point target is as follows:
FIRE MISSION.
FRONT.
MACHINE GUN.
SIX HUNDRED.
FIXED.
RAPID.
FIRE.
c. Engagement of Linear Target. There are several ways to engage a linear target. The
method used is chosen based on the number of MK 19s available and whether or not the
entire target is visible to the gunner.
(1) Linear Engagement with One MK 19. A single MK 19 engages the target the same
as either one of a pair. The MK 19 is laid just outside either flank (or on a reference point
within the target area) and the gunner adjusts fire on the flank (or point). The gunner
traverses back and forth across the entire area until told to cease firing. The leader may
designate where he wants initial fire. For example, if he directs a single gunner to engage a
target with width he may announce:
FIRE MISSION.
FRONT.
TROOPS EXTENDING FROM DEAD TREE RIGHT 20 MILS.
FIVE HUNDRED.
TRAVERSE.
RAPID.
AT MY COMMAND.
FIRE (given after the gunners announce “Up”).
(2) Linear Engagement with Two MK 19s. A linear target may be engaged two ways
when a pair of MK 19s is used, depending on the width of the target in mils.
(a) Target 100 mils or Less in Width. The normal traversing method is used in this case.
Each MK 19 delivers the initial burst of fire on its corresponding flank of the target. Fire is
adjusted on that point. Each MK 19 is traversed across the target to the other flank, covering
the entire target, until the gunners are told to cease firing (Figure 5-11). The command for
this type of fire is TRAVERSE. An example of a fire command used for this situation
follows:
FIRE MISSION.
RIGHT FRONT.
TROOPS, EXTENDING FROM DEAD TREE RIGHT TO CLEARING.
SEVEN FIVE ZERO.
TRAVERSE.
RAPID.
AT MY SIGNAL.
FIRE (given after the gunner announces “Up”).
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FM 3-22.27
Figure 5-11. Traversing method, pair of MK 19s, target 100 mils or less in
width, both flanks visible.
(b) Target More than 100 mils in Width. In this case, the leader assigns part of the target
to each MK 19 (Figure 5-12). One part may be smaller than the other to ensure it receives a
heavier concentration of fire. Each gun fires an initial burst on its respective flank, and
covers its assigned part of the target as described in subparagraph (a). An example of a fire
command follows:
FIRE MISSION.
RIGHT FRONT.
TROOPS, EXTENDING FROM DEAD TREE RIGHT TO CLEARING, ROW.
EIGHT HUNDRED.
NUMBER 1, RIGHT ONE-THIRD; NUMBER 2, LEFT TWO-THIRDS.
TRAVERSE.
RAPID.
AT MY COMMAND.
FIRE (given after the gunners announce “Up”).
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FM 3-22.27
Figure 5-12. Traversing method, pair of MK 19s, target more than 100 mils
in width.
(3) Linear Engagement with Four MK 19s. Four guns may be needed to concentrate a
heavy volume of fire into a wide target area. Methods used are similar to the ones described
for a pair of MK 19s. The width of the target in mils determines which type of linear
engagement is used.
(a) Target 100 to 200 mils in width:
y Each pair of MK 19s engages the whole target (Figure 5-13).
Figure 5-13. Four MK 19s, target 100 to 200 mils in width.
y Each pair of MK 19s engages half the target (Figure 5-14).
5-18
FM 3-22.27
Figure 5-14. Two pairs of MK 19s engaging each half of a target 100 to 200
mils in width.
(b) Target Greater than 200 mils in Width. The leader may assign part of the target to
each gun in this case. The target may be divided in half for each fire unit or in four parts, one
for each MK 19 (Figure 5-15).
Figure 5-15. Four MK 19s, each pair engaging part of target with extreme
width.
(4) Linear Engagement with the Flanks of Target Not Identifiable. The target may be
located by firing tracers from an observer’s gun, laying MK 19s, or using a reference point.
The reference point may be in or near the target area.
(a) When a reference point is outside the target area, the leader may direct the gunner to
it by announcing the interval (right or left, long or short) between the reference point and the
target. With the MK 19 on a tripod mount, the gunner measures the interval right or left
5-19
FM 3-22.27
between the reference point and the flank of the target by laying on the reference point, with
the sights set at the range to the target, and then shifting the MK 19 the designated number of
mils. The interval long or short may be measured in mils using the computed search method,
or it may be estimated in meters. When the gunners lay each MK 19 on its respective flank,
they adjust fire and engage the target.
(b) When a reference point is in the target area, the leader may identify the flanks of an
obscure target as extending so many mils from the reference point. In this case, gunners use
the swinging traverse. With the swinging traverse each MK 19 is laid on the announced
reference point (initial aiming point), adjusted for fire, and traversed the given distance to its
corresponding flank and back, firing after each manipulation (Figure 5-16). Each gunner
continues traversing back and forth across the entire target until told to cease-fire. Each
gunner stops firing while traversing past the reference point. Examples of fire commands
that may be used are as follows:
y
The leader designates the target by firing one gun:
FIRE MISSION.
LEFT FLANK.
WATCH MY BURSTS (OR TRACERS).
(Lays and fires MK 19 at left flank) LEFT FLANK.
(Lays and fires MK 19 at right flank) RIGHT FLANK.
TROOPS.
NINE HUNDRED.
TRAVERSE.
RAPID.
AT MY COMMAND.
FIRE (given after gunners announce “Up”).
y
The leader designates the target by using a reference point outside the target area
(MK 19s on tripod mounts):
FIRE MISSION.
RIGHT FRONT.
REFERENCE: DEAD TREE.
RIGHT SIX ZERO MILS; DROP THREE FIVE ZERO METERS
(or drop so many mils, if using computed search).
TARGET: TROOPS EXTENDING RIGHT FIVE ZERO MILS.
SIX HUNDRED.
TRAVERSE.
RAPID.
AT MY COMMAND.
FIRE (given after the gunners announce “Up”).
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FM 3-22.27
Figure 5-16. Two MK 19s, deep enfilade target, ends not visible.
y The leader designates the target by using a reference point within the target area
(MK 19s on tripod mounts):
FIRE MISSION.
FRONT.
REFERENCE: LONE TREE.
TARGET: TROOPS EXTENDING RIGHT TWO ZERO MILS, LEFT,
THREE ZERO MILS.
SEVEN HUNDRED.
TRAVERSE.
RAPID.
AT MY COMMAND.
FIRE (given after the gunners announce “Up).
(5) Linear Engagement with Swinging Traverse. As previously described, a single gun
uses this method against massed or rapidly moving targets at short ranges. The leader’s fire
command for a swinging traverse can be:
FIRE MISSION.
LEFT FRONT.
TRUCKS.
SWINGING TRAVERSE.
FIRE.
d. Engagement of Deep Targets Using Searching Fire. There are several ways for
leaders to use two guns to engage a stationary deep target, depending on whether the ends of
the target are visible to the gunner. If the target location is unknown, the computed search
method may be used to engage the target. A deep target that is stationary or that has limited
mobility may be engaged with searching fire.
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FM 3-22.27
(1) Target Ends Visible to Gunner. The Number 1 gun is adjusted first on the near end
and the Number 2 gun on the far end. Each gunner searches to the opposite end and back
again repeatedly, until told to cease firing (Figure 5-17). Target depth is considered in
determining sight settings. The command is SEARCH.
Figure 5-17. Two MK 19s, deep enfilade target, ends visible.
(a) Target Less than 200 meters Deep. The leader announces the range to the midpoint of
the target for both MK 19s, using the length of the beaten zones to ensure the initial bursts
impact on the target. An example of a fire command for this situation follows:
FIRE MISSION.
FRONT.
HALTED COLUMN.
SEVEN HUNDRED (midrange).
SEARCH.
RAPID.
AT MY COMMAND.
FIRE (given after gunners announce “Up”).
(b) Target Depth Greater than 200 meters. The leader announces the range to the near
end for the Number 1 gun, and to the far end for the Number 2 gun. An example of a fire
command for this situation follows:
FIRE MISSION.
LEFT FRONT.
TROOPS ALONG RIGHT EDGE OF WOODS.
NUMBER 1, SIX HUNDRED; NUMBER 2. NINE HUNDRED.
SEARCH.
RAPID.
AT MY COMMAND.
FIRE (given after gunners announce “Up”).
(2) Target Ends Not Visible to Gunner. The target may be located by having an
observer fire tracers at the target, by laying the MK 19s, or by using a reference point. The
reference point must be visible to the gunner and in the vicinity of the target. When a
selected reference point is outside the target area, the leader may direct the gunner to the
target and announce the interval to the right or left (long or short) between the reference
5-22
FM 3-22.27
point and the target. If the MK 19 is on a tripod, the gunner lays on the reference point with
the sights set at the range to the midpoint of the target; he measures the interval and shifts the
appropriate number of mils. Using the computed search method, the gunner may measure the
long or short interval in mils, or he may estimate the interval in meters. When the gunners
lay their MK 19s on the right or left flank (near or far end), respectively, they adjust fire and
engage the target. When the gunners lay their MK 19s on the announced release point (initial
aiming point), they set their sights at the range to the reference point, and adjust fire. The
gunner on the Number 1 gun searches down the designated number of meters (or mils), firing
after each manipulation until the gun is set on the near end of the target. The gunner on the
Number 2 gun searches up the designated number of meters (or mils), firing after each
manipulation, until the gun is set on the far end of the target. When each gun has reached the
near or far end, respectively, the gunners reverse the direction and both search up and down
between the two limits, covering the entire target, until told to cease firing.
e. Engagement of Deep Targets Using Computed Search Method. When the depth
of a target must be described in mils (search), the leader may compute the depth from the
reference point using the computed search method. The leader determines the ranges to the
near and far ends of the target and finds the required AE (angles of elevation) in mils for
both ranges (Appendix F, Firing Table). The leader then computes the difference between
the two. This is the amount of search required when the MK 19 and target are at the same
elevation on level ground. If the fire is plunging, the amount of search should be increased.
For example, when using M430 ammunition, a deep target has been sighted (the ends of
which are not visible to the gunners). A reference point is also visible on the target at a range
of 1,100 meters, the depth of the target is estimated at 200 meters, and the reference point
appears to be midway between the ends of the target:
200 meters = 100 meters from the reference point to each end of target
2
1,100 + 100 = 1,200 meters to far end of target
1,100 - 100 = 1,000 meters to near end of target
AE 1,200 meters = 175 mils
-AE 1,000 meters = 132 mils
depth of target
43 mils
43 mils = 21.5 mils from release point to each end of target
2
To search in 5-mil increments, the gunners cover the target by searching 25 mils long and 25
mils short of the reference point, or a total of 50 mils. The leader describes the target to the
gunner as TARGET; TROOPS EXTENDING LONG 25 MILS; SHORT 25 MILS. The
following are examples of fire commands:
y Reference point in target area, ends of target not visible to the gunner.
FIRE MISSION.
RIGHT FRONT.
REFERENCE: LONE BUSH.
TARGET: TROOPS EXTENDING SHORT ONE HUNDRED YARDS, LONG
TWO HUNDRED YARDS.
SIX HUNDRED (range to reference point).
SEARCH.
RAPID.
5-23
FM 3-22.27
AT MY COMMAND.
FIRE (given after gunners announce “Up”).
y Reference point outside target area, gun on tripod.
FIRE MISSION.
LEFT FRONT.
REFERENCE: DEAD TREE.
RIGHT THREE ZERO MILS; ADD TWO HUNDRED METERS
(or add so many mils, using computed search).
TARGET: TROOPS EXTENDING OVER TWO HUNDRED METERS
(or long so many mils, using computed search).
NINE HUNDRED.
SEARCH.
RAPID.
AT MY COMMAND.
FIRE (given after gunners announce “Up”).
f. Engagement of Moving Targets. Due to the slow flight of the MK 19 round, it is
not practical to engage moving targets using the track-and-lead methods of engaging moving
targets. In order to effectively engage moving targets with the MK 19, use the trapping
method of engaging targets. The gunner chooses an aiming point forward of the target and on
the target path, and presses the trigger before the target comes into the sights. After starting
to fire, the gunner moves the MK 19 slowly toward the target. The target moves into the
impact area, and is “trapped.” The gunner must begin firing before the target is in the sights
or in the impact area (Figure 5-18).
(1) Engagement of Deep Target Moving Away from the MK 19 Position. If the target is
moving rapidly away, both gunners lay their MK 19s on the far end of the target with the
range set to that point, and search up.
5-24
FM 3-22.27
Figure 5-18. Target-trapping method.
(2) Engagement of Deep Target Moving toward the MK 19 Position. If the target is
moving rapidly toward the MK 19 position:
(a) One MK 19. The gunner lays the MK 19, adjusts on the near end of the target with a
range to the target’s midpoint, and searches up and down the entire target. When a reference
point within the target area is announced, the gunner lays on it with the range to that point.
The gunner adjusts fire and searches up and down the entire target, beginning with the near
end, until told to cease firing.
(b) Two MK 19s. The gunners lay both guns on the near end of the target, set the sights
on the range to that point, and search down. The manipulation element of the fire command
for a rapidly approaching or receding target is BOTH WEAPONS; FAR (NEAR) END;
SEARCH.
(c) Four MK 19s. Each pair of gunners engages the target as if they were acting alone. If
one pair must be switched to a different target, the other pair continues to cover the original
target. A deep target should never be subdivided since the elevating mechanism on the M3
tripod allows enough search to cover any deep target within the maximum effective range for
direct lay (1,500 meters).
g. Engagement of Linear Target with Depth Using Traversing and Searching Fire.
The method used depends on the number of MK 19s available and whether the flanks of the
target are visible to the gunner.
(1) One MK 19, Flanks Visible. The gunner lays initially on the near flank of the target
with range set to the midpoint, adjusts fire on the near flank, and traverses and searches back
and forth, covering the entire target, until told to cease-fire.
(2) Two MK 19s, Flanks Visible. Gunners use the same method as for engagement of a
deep linear target: they must search to keep the center of impact on the target. The leader
determines the range for the initial fire command the same as for a deep target (Figure 5-19).
5-25
FM 3-22.27
Figure 5-19. Two MK 19s, linear target with depth.
(3) Four MK 19s, Flanks Visible. Gunners use the same method for two pairs as is used
for two guns. If one pair must be switched to another target, the other continues to cover the
original target.
(4) Flanks Invisible. The leader may designate the target using a reference point.
However, a reference point in the target area is not used as an initial aiming pointbecause of
the difficulty in describing an oblique target.
(5) Fire Commands. The leader may use the following fire commands for linear targets
with depth.
•
When the target is not wide enough to require subdivision, is 200 meters or less
in depth, and is to be engaged by either one or two MK 19s:
FIRE MISSION.
RIGHT FRONT.
TROOPS EXTENDING FROM BLACK STUMP RIGHT TO LONE PINE.
SEVEN HUNDRED (midrange).
TRAVERSE AND SEARCH.
RAPID.
AT MY SIGNAL.
FIRE (given after gunners announce “Up”).
•
When the target is 100 mils wide or less, is 200 meters deep or less, and is to be
engaged by four MK 19s:
FIRE UNIT, FIRE MISSION.
FRONT.
TROOPS TO THE RIGHT OF RED BANK.
SEVEN HUNDRED (midrange).
TRAVERSE AND SEARCH.
RAPID.
AT MY SIGNAL.
FIRE (given after gunners announce, “Up”).
•
When the target is wide enough to require subdividing, is more than 200 meters
in depth, and is to be engaged by either two or four MK 19s:
FIRE MISSION.
FRONT.
5-26
FM 3-22.27
TROOPS EXTENDING FROM TRUCK, RIGHT TO BRIDGE.
NUMBER 1 (and 3 if four MK 19s are engaging the target),
SEVEN HUNDRED.
NUMBER 2 (and 4 if four MK 19s are engaging the target),
ONE THOUSAND.
NUMBER 1 (and 3), RIGHT HALF.
NUMBER 2 (and 4), LEFT HALF.
TRAVERSE AND SEARCH.
RAPID.
AT MY SIGNAL.
FIRE (given after gunners announce “Up”).
h. Engagement of Target Using Combined Sights. Leaders may choose this expedient
way to engage a linear target with depth. They may lengthen the beaten zone of a two- to
four-gun fire unit by having gunners set the sights differently on each gun. The leader gives
one gunner a setting 150 meters less than the estimated range, and the other a setting 50
meters more than the estimated range. When four guns are used, one pair of gunners sets
sights 150 meters less than the range, the other 150 meters more than the range. This
technique sacrifices precision for speed, but may be necessary for fast-moving or fleeing
targets. A sample fire command for the use of combined sights follows:
FIRE MISSION.
RIGHT FRONT.
TROOPS EXTENDING FROM CROSSROADS TO HOUSE.
1,300 METERS (midrange).
COMBINED SIGHTS; NUMBER 1, 1,350 METERS; NUMBER 2,1,250
METERS.
TRAVERSE.
RAPID.
FIRE (given after gunners announce “Up”).
i.
Engagement of Area Target. This applies to a target that cannot be covered by
either traversing fire, searching fire, or traversing and searching fire. Area target engagement
requires that the leader mass fires from four to six guns. Examples of area targets include:
• Large troop or mechanized formations.
• Targets that must be suppressed (if the exact positions are unknown or are not
visible).
• Large kill zones or engagement areas for which predetermined fires have been
planned.
j.
Engagement of Target Using Massed Fires. Leaders can mass fires in both
offensive and defensive operations, depending on the time available to plan and conduct the
engagement.
(1) Defensive Operations. There are two types of defensive operations.
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FM 3-22.27
•
Defense, Time Not a Factor. Massing fires into an engagement area has
advantages over other types of area fire engagements. Once TRPs are designated,
gunners may fire upon them to register or rehearse the MK 19s. After the target
has been subdivided and TRPs registered, the gunners traverse, search up,
traverse back, and search down through their assigned parts of the target to
assure full coverage of the target (Figure 5-20). The same method applies
regardless of how many MK 19s are used. If four or six guns are used, the leader
must subdivide the target and assign more TRPs than for a pair of MK 19s. An
example of a fire command for this situation follows:
FIRE MISSION.
FRONT TRPs 1, 2, 3, 4.
(MK 19s are laid on respective TRPs)
AREA: ENEMY COMPANY ENTERING EA GOLD.
(Range omitted MK 19s on TRPs.)
TRAVERSE.
SEARCH UP 50 MILS.
RAPID.
AT MY COMMAND.
FIRE (given after the enemy is completely within the
engagement area and the gunners announce “Up”).
•
Defense, Time a Factor. Leaders may not have the luxury of registering their
MK 19s on TRPs before chance contacts due to time factors or the elements of
surprise. However, the lethal effect of massed MK 19 fire on an area target
should not be overlooked. Units should develop and practice SOPs that enable
them to engage large-area targets on quick notice. For example, the leader may
give each MK 19 a section or quadrant for all quick area engagements. He may
assign the upper left side of the target to the Number 1 gun, the upper right to
Number 2, and so on.
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FM 3-22.27
Figure 5-20. Use of massed fires, time not a factor.
(2) Offensive Operations. Massing fires into an area target can also be useful for
offensive operations. During a movement to contact or an attack where time is a factor,
massed fires may be used to suppress a suspected or actual enemy position, allowing the unit
to flank or bypass the enemy. Although fast target acquisition and volume of fire are primary
goals, the leader should subdivide the target for control, and adjust fires for greatest effect.
Massed fires are especially useful in support of an attack where time is not a factor, which
may require the use of overhead fire.
WARNING
Overhead fire should not be used unless the vertical interval
between friendly soldiers and the target line is great enough
to ensure safety.
5-13. DEFILADE POSITION
The MK 19 is most effective when laid directly on a target. Depending on the tactical
situation, however, defilade could be the most desirable position.
a. Definition. A MK 19 is in defilade position when the gun and its crew are hidden by
a landmass such as the crest of a hill from enemy ground (Figure 5-21). The position can be
on the reverse slope of a hill, on the forward slope of the next high ground to the rear of a
hill, or in a small fold in the ground. A defilade firing position does not necessarily reduce
the effectiveness of fire against a stationary enemy target or preclude fire over the heads of
friendly troops. Defilade may also be useful in providing predetermined fire into an EA.
b. Advantages. Some advantages of using the defilade position are that the MK 19 and
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FM 3-22.27
a crew have cover and concealment from direct fire guns; the crew has some freedom of
movement near the MK 19 position; control and supply are facilitated; and the characteristic
smoke and flash of the MK 19 are partly concealed from observation.
c. Disadvantages. Disadvantages of using the defilade position are that targets close to
the mask usually cannot be engaged, and (because adjustment of fire must be made through
an observer) rapidly moving ground targets are not easily engaged.
Figure 5-21. Defilade positions (and direct lay).
d. Options. A defilade position can either be on a forward or reverse slope.
(1) Reverse Slope Positions. These positions afford some protection from high-angle
enemy fire and direct-fire cannon.
(a) Partial Defilade Position. The MK 19 is in partial defilade position when it is sited at
the highest point on a slope on which it is defiladed. Partial defilade position provides great
flexibility in engagement of new targets, although it does not provide the best cover. The
MK 19 crew positioned in partial defilade can be grazed by enemy machine gun fire, but is
concealed from enemy observation near the target area.
(b) Maximum Defilade Position. The MK 19 is in maximum defilade position when it is
sited at the lowest point on a slope from which it can engage a target. The MK 19 crew
positioned in maximum defilade has relatively good cover but lacks the flexibility to engage
new targets.
(2) Forward Slope Defilade Position. A forward slope defilade position is not
vulnerable to grazing fire from the target area, but it is open to attack or damage from mortar
and artillery fire. The MK 19 is in partial defilade on a forward slope if the gun and gunner
have some protection from direct fire, and if the gunner is able to engage the target using
direct lay. Partial defilade is used only when a fire mission cannot be completed from
defilade. The MK 19 is held in defilade and moved into partial defilade to fire.
e. Considerations. Direction, elevation, mask clearance, and adjustment of fire are four
essential elements that must be considered when using the MK 19 in defilade position.
(1) Direction. There are four ways to lay the gun for direction.
(a) Direct-alignment Method. The observer selects a position on the gun-target line from
which the target can be seen. The gunner loosens the traversing slide and, directed by the
observer, moves the MK 19 right or left until it is aligned on the target.
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FM 3-22.27
(b) Aiming-point Method. For an aiming point, the gunner selects a prominent landmark
visible through the sights (Figure 5-22). An aiming point on the gun-target line and at an
equal or greater range than the target is desirable; however, the gunner may use an aiming
point on the mask.
Figure 5-22. Aiming-point method.
• When the aiming point is on the gun-target line, the gunner lays the MK 19 on
the aiming point, which aligns it on the target.
• When the aiming point is not on the gun-target line, the gunner measures the
deflection with binoculars or compass, and adjusts the lay of the MK 19.
(c) Aiming-stake Method. When no natural aiming point is available, the assistant gunner
sets out an aiming stake, and the gunner aligns the gun on the target.
(d) Map-and-compass Method. The leader locates the MK 19 position and target on a
map; draws a line between the two points; orients the map to the terrain; and places the line
of sight on the compass along the gun-target line drawn on the map. The leader then
announces the magnetic azimuth at the compass index to the gunner as the direction of lay
(Figure 5-23). Using this method with terrain-profiling techniques permits the MK 19 to be
used in various defilade positions.
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FM 3-22.27
Figure 5-23. Map-and-compass method.
(2) Elevation. To lay the gun for elevation when engaging targets from defilade,
knowledge of the trajectories of 40-mm rounds and of indirect lay is necessary. The MK 19
mounted on the M3 tripod with the T&E mechanism is not equipped to deliver indirect fire
in the traditional sense like a mortar. Because the MK 19 has a high-arc trajectory when in
the direct-fire mode, it can be fired effectively from defilade if the gunner positions it
properly with the help of a well-trained observer. Discussion of laying the MK 19 for
elevation includes those techniques and procedures that do not require a lot of data and
calculations.
(a) The AE is the vertical angle between the bore line and the line of sight, when the gun
and target are at the same elevation (Figure 5-24). The AE is always a positive (plus) and
increases as the range increases. The AE for 40-mm ammunition, for each 100 meters of
range up to 2,700 meters, is contained in Appendix F, Firing Table. For example, to hit a
target at a range of 1,000 meters with M430 HEDP ammunition, the MK 19 must have an
AE of +131.9 mils to the line of sight. Is a discussion on leveling the tripod necessary or can
the gunner "eye-ball" it?
(b) When the MK 19 and target are not at the same elevation, an additional angle must be
taken into consideration. The angle of sight (AS) is the vertical angle formed by the line of
sight and a horizontal line from the base of the gun. When the target is at a higher elevation
than the gun, the AS is positive (plus) (Figure 5-24). When the target is lower than the gun,
the AS is negative (minus).
(c) The angle of quadrant elevation (QE) is formed between the bore line and the
horizontal line through the base of the gun (Figure 5-24). The QE is positive (plus) whenever
the gun is aimed above the horizontal, and negative (minus) whenever the gun is aimed
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