FM 3-09 FIELD ARTILLERY OPERATIONS AND FIRE SUPPORT (APRIL 2014) - page 3

 

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FM 3-09 FIELD ARTILLERY OPERATIONS AND FIRE SUPPORT (APRIL 2014) - page 3

 

 

Fire Support
Battalion Fires Cells
2-30. Battalion fires cells provide a fire support coordination capability within the unit headquarters and assist
the maneuver battalions and the reconnaissance squadron in executing their respective portions of the BCT’s
scheme of fires. The fires cells also assist the maneuver battalions, reconnaissance squadron and brigade special
troops battalion in executing their own scheme of fires. Battalion fires cells also provide fire support teams with
digital linkage to their battalion mortars as well as to fire support assets available at the BCT or higher levels.
2-31. The battalion fires cell is organized with a fire support officer, fire support noncommissioned officer, an
electronic warfare noncommissioned officer, and digital systems operators. The battalion fires cell tracks organic
fire support assets (such as mortars), as well as supporting fire support assets. It monitors priority of fire for
indirect and electronic attack systems, and recommends priority of search for radars. The battalion fire support
officer plans fires in support of all battalion tasks and advises the commander concerning the capabilities,
limitations and effective use of available fire support resources.
Fires Cell Augmentation and Liaison
2-32. Augmentation to the fires cell normally includes an Air Force tactical air control party and, depending
upon the mission variables, may include a naval surface fire support liaison officer, a Marine Corps liaison officer,
and an Army space support team.
United States Air Force Tactical Air Control Party
2-33. A tactical air control party is a subordinate operational component of a tactical air control system
designed to provide air liaison to land forces and for the control of aircraft (JP 3-09.3). An Air Force tactical air
control party provides the BCT commanders’ with an air liaison officer who leads the tactical air control party and
is principal advisor on air support. The tactical air control party is typically collocated with the fires cell at the
Army BCT main command post. The air liaison officer leverages the expertise of the tactical air control party and
linkages to higher echelon tactical air control parties to plan, prepare, coordinate, execute, and assess the
effectiveness of air support for brigade operations. The air liaison officer also maintains situational understanding
of the total air support picture. The brigade's aligned tactical air control party is resourced to support brigade
operations from that unit's tactical command post as well as the main command post. Joint fires observers may
assist tactical air control party joint terminal attack controllers in the conduct of type 2 or 3 close air support.
Naval Surface Fire Support Liaison Officer/Air and Naval Gunfire Liaison Company
2-34. The naval surface fire support liaison officer supervises a naval surface fire support team that may be
collocated with the fires cell to advise the commander and staff on the planning, preparation, execution, and
assessment of naval surface fires.
2-35. Members of the Navy air and naval gunfire liaison company are specially trained in conducting
naval gunfire. However, the procedures are simplified and standardized so that any trained observer (for example
a fire support team or forward observer) can effectively adjust the fire of a ship.
2-36. Air and naval gunfire liaison company personnel are available to advise unit commanders from company
through brigade levels on how to best use the naval air and gunfire support available to them. Liaison personnel
can give unit commanders and their fire support personnel information on weapon ranges, ammunition effects,
and all-weather bombing capabilities. For maximum effectiveness, air and naval gunfire liaison company support
should begin during the planning phase of an operation. Air and naval gunfire liaison company task-organized
teams should be attached to the units they will support as soon as possible. Air and naval gunfire liaison company
personnel at all levels, company through BCT, are trained as naval gunfire spotters and/or forward air controllers
and can request and control missions for the units they support.
Marine Corps Liaison Officer
2-37. A United States (U.S.) Marine Corps liaison officer or a liaison team may augment the fires cell to
coordinate U.S. Navy and/or U.S. Marine Corps air support to the BCT. The fires cell processes requests for U.S.
Navy/U.S. Marine Corps air support through this liaison officer and/or team. A firepower control team may be
attached to the maneuver battalions and/or reconnaissance squadron to perform terminal control of U.S.
4 April 2014
FM 3-09
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Chapter 2
Navy/U.S. Marine Corps air support. In the absence of an observer from the firepower control team, U.S. Navy
and/or U.S. Marine Corps aircraft may be controlled in the same manner as U.S. Air Force aircraft (typically by a
joint terminal attack controller or the company fire support team’s joint fires observer).
Army Space Support Team
2-38. Army space operations personnel provide space-related tactical planning and support, expertise, advice,
and liaison regarding available space capabilities. Space operations personnel are available to—
z
Determine space support requirements and request, plan, and integrate space capabilities into
operations (See JP 3-14).
z
Coordinate space support with national, service, joint, and theater resources.
z
Prepare the space support plan.
z
Provide space products to support planning.
z
Provide estimates on the status, capabilities, and limitations of space-based intelligence, surveillance,
and reconnaissance, weather, navigation and timing, and communication satellites for friendly,
threat, and commercial systems
Electronic Warfare Element and Working Group
2-39. Electronic warfare is military action involving the use of electromagnetic and directed energy to control
the electromagnetic spectrum or to attack the enemy (JP 3-13.1). An electronic warfare element is an organic
organization in brigade, division, and corps army command staffs. The element is responsible to the G-3/S-3 and
is primarily involved with planning and monitoring electronic operations and activities, however it plays an
important role in requesting and integrating joint air and ground electronic warfare assets and manages electronic
warfare from within the mission command cell.
2-40. The electronic warfare working group includes representation from across the staff and helps to facilitate
Army and joint integration, synchronization, and deconfliction of electronic warfare actions with the other
warfighting functions. The senior electronic warfare officer heads this working group and is accountable to the G-
3/S-3 for integrating electronic warfare requirements. Working within the mission command cell the electronic
warfare officer coordinates directly with the FSCOORD, chief of fires/fire support officer, fires cell, and targeting
working group to integrate electronic warfare into targeting.
INTEGRATION OF FIRE SUPPORT AND AIRSPACE CONTROL
2-41. Airspace is a component of an operational environment critical to successful Army operations. Army
forces use airspace over an area of operations to collect information, conduct air operations, deliver direct and
indirect fires, conduct air and missile defense and conduct sustainment. Fires must be cleared with other airspace
users.
2-42. Army components of the theater air-ground system (see field manual [FM] 3-52.2) include airspace
elements, fires cells including the ADAMs, BAEs, Army air and missile defense command elements, battlefield
coordination detachments, ground and reconnaissance liaison detachments, and air defense artillery fire control
officers who collectively coordinate and integrate airspace use and are organic to Army brigades and higher.
Corps and division airspace elements are structured the same and both contain an airspace element in their main
and tactical command posts. BCTs and support brigades (except sustainment) contain an ADAM or ADAM/BAE
responsible for integrating brigade airspace to include air and missile defense and aviation functions. Each of
these elements coordinates with higher, subordinate and adjacent elements to maximize the efficiency of airspace
coordination and the lethality of weapon systems occupying or transiting the airspace. For information on
ADAM/BAE functions, see ATP 3-01.50 and Training Circular 1-400.
2-43. Airspace elements do not routinely manage the flight path or trajectory of individual airspace users.
Rather, airspace elements integrate airspace use for flight paths and trajectories in planning and execution to
manage risk. When two or more airspace users conflict, the airspace elements direct changes in flight path of
manned or unmanned aircraft, or coordinate with the fires cell to alter the trajectory or timing of fires. In some
cases the re-routing of aircraft flight paths is necessary to accommodate the delivery of fires. These changes are
2-8
FM 3-09
4 April 2014
Fire Support
based on the commanders’ mission priorities and risk guidance. Pilots, unmanned aircraft system operators, and
weapon system controllers (fires cell, fire direction center) still maintain the responsibility to make the directed
changes to their flight path or trajectory. See FM 3-52.
2-44. The fires cell coordinates and deconflicts fire support coordination measures with airspace coordinating
measures through close interface with airspace elements and the tactical air control party. The airspace element
works with the fires cell to integrate fire support coordination measures with the airspace plan. The airspace
element reviews and integrates the fire support overlay with other airspace requirements for inclusion into the
airspace control plan. Fire support coordination measures are normally sent to higher, lower, and adjacent
headquarters through fire support channels. In some cases, both the fires cell and the airspace element send related
control or coordination measures through their respective channels. The airspace element and the fires cell ensure
the standard operating procedures and the airspace control annexes address the procedures for forwarding fire
support coordination measures and associated airspace coordinating measures through appropriate coordination
channels. The airspace element and the fires cell review the airspace control orders to ensure that airspace
coordinating measures avoid unnecessarily interfering with fires. If a conflict exists between the fire support plan
and the airspace control order, the airspace element coordinates with the higher airspace elements to correct or
modify the appropriate airspace coordinating measure.
CORPS AND DIVISION AIR DEFENSE AIRSPACE MANAGEMENT ELEMENT
2-45. When deployed, the corps headquarters has an ADAM element within the fires cell. The ADAM is
fielded with the air missile defense planning and control system components. ADAM element functions include—
z
Conducting air and missile defense augmentation planning and coordination.
z
Conducting aviation augmentation planning and coordination.
z
Conducting risk management to minimize the potential for fratricide (air/ground positive/procedural
identification).
z
Providing early warning of enemy aerial attack.
z
Developing, displaying, and disseminating the common operational picture/single integrated air
picture to provide and facilitate situational understanding.
z
Contributing to airspace control planning and execution.
z
Contributing to joint/local airspace deconfliction including clearance of fires.
z
Advising and updating the commander on defended assets, adjacent air and missile defense unit
locations, plans and intent.
z
Continuously assessing air and missile defense augmentation requirements.
z
Requesting, maintaining, and disseminating airspace coordinating measures or restrictions.
BRIGADE COMBAT TEAM AIR DEFENSE AIRSPACE MANAGEMENT/BRIGADE AVIATION
ELEMENT
2-46. BCTs and support brigades contain a version of an ADAM from the fires cell and a BAE responsible for
integrating brigade airspace, to include air and missile defense and aviation functions. During combat operations,
the BAE works in conjunction with the fires cell and TACP to integrate functions for airspace deconfliction,
clearance of fires, dynamic targeting, dynamic re-tasking of aviation and fires assets, for command and control of
airspace users operating in the BCT area of operations. The ADAM/BAE is the executive agent responsible for
integrating the use of airspace for the BCT commander under the direction of the S-3.
2-47. See FM 3-52, FM 3-52.1, FM 3-52.2, ATP 3-01.50 and JP 3-52 for more on the integration of fires and
airspace control.
4 April 2014
FM 3-09
2-9
Chapter 2
DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF FIRE SUPPORT PERSONNEL
COMMANDERS OVERVIEW
2-48. Maneuver commanders at all levels are responsible for ensuring the synchronization and integration of
fires throughout the operation. The field artillery provides the nucleus for effective fire support planning and
coordination through staff personnel, fire support agencies, and attack resources. The FSCOORD, chief of fires,
and brigade fire support officer advise the commander on the allocation and use of available fires resources. The
FSCOORD, chief of fires, fire support officer, and fires cell integrate fire support and synchronize it with the
supported commander’s concept of operations. The fires cell plans, prepares, executes, and assesses fire support in
support of current and future operations.
FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATOR
2-49. The fire support coordinator is the brigade combat team’s organic field artillery battalion commander; if
a FAB is designated as the division force field artillery headquarters, the FAB commander is the division’s fire
support coordinator and is assisted by the chief of fires who then serves as the deputy fire support coordinator
during the period the force field artillery headquarters is in effect (ADRP 3-09). The fire support coordinator is the
unit commander’s primary advisor for the planning, coordination, and integration of field artillery and fire support
in the execution of assigned tasks. As a commander, his inherent duties include the consolidated and focused fire
support specific training, certification, readiness and oversight. The responsibilities and authority given to the fire
support coordinator should be fully delineated by the supported commander. He may be given authority by the
commander to—
z
Facilitate establishing standard operating procedures across the brigade (to save time and ensure a
single standard).
z
Ensure efficiently resourced training packages (limit requirements for unit tasking(s) and reduce
coordination requirements between units).
z
Oversee the professional development of the 13-series career management field Soldiers.
2-50. The fire support coordinator is assisted in these duties by the brigade fire support officer and the other fire
support personnel organic to the BCT. The fire support coordinator is responsible for the training and certification
of all fire support personnel in the BCT.
CHIEF OF FIRES
2-51. The chief of fires is the senior fires officer at division and higher headquarters level who is responsible for
advising the commander on the best use of available fire support resources, providing input to necessary orders,
developing and implementing the fire support plan (ADRP 3-09). The duties and responsibilities of the chief of
fires should be fully delineated by the commander. The chief of fires may be given authority by the commander
to—
z
Provide for consolidated and focused fire support-specific training, readiness, and oversight
(personnel management, equipment issue, and training).
z
Facilitate establishing standard operating procedures across the force (to save time and ensure a
single standard).
z
Ensure efficiently resourced training packages (limit requirements for force taskings and reduce
coordination requirements between units).
z
Plan for the allocation of fires assets.
2-52. The chief of fires plans and coordinates the fires warfighting function. He works closely with the Chief of
Staff and G-3 to ensure mutual understanding of all aspects of planning, preparation, execution and assessment of
fire support for operations. His responsibilities include, but are not limited to —
z
Developing a scheme of fires to support the operation with the commander and G-3.
z
Planning and coordinating fire support tasks.
z
Developing a proposed high-payoff target list, target selection standards, and an attack guidance matrix.
2-10
FM 3-09
4 April 2014
Fire Support
z
Coordinating positioning of fire support assets.
z
Providing information on the status of fire support attack assets, target acquisition assets, and field
artillery ammunition.
z
Coordinating and synchronizing joint fire support.
z
Recommending fire support coordination measures to support current and future operations.
z
Recommending to the commander the establishment, responsibilities, authorities, and duties of a force
field artillery headquarters.
z
Planning, preparing, executing, and assessing all aspects of fire support for operations.
z
Conducting the tasks associated with integrating and synchronizing Army indirect fires, joint fires, and
multinational fires with the other warfighting functions.
z
Directing and supervising the fires cell in planning, preparing, executing, and assessing all fire support
for operations and the development of respective products to support the OPLAN/OPORD development.
z
Advising the commander and staff of available fire support capabilities and limitations.
z
Leading the targeting working group.
z
Working with the Chief of Staff and G-3 to integrate all types of fire support into the commander’s
concept of operation.
z
Serving as the JAGIC chief.
FIRE SUPPORT OFFICER
2-53. A fire support officer is the field artillery officer from the operational to tactical level responsible for
advising the supported commander and assisting the senior fires officer of the organization on fires functions and
fire support (ADRP 3-09).
BRIGADE/BATTALION FIRE SUPPORT OFFICER
2-54. The brigade/battalion fire support officer is the senior field artillery staff officer responsible for all fires
planning and execution. His duties and responsibilities are similar to those of the chief of fires. The duties and
responsibilities of the fire support officer include but are not limited to—
z
Planning, preparing, executing, and assessing all aspects of fire support and addressing them in
rehearsals.
z
Developing a scheme of fires to support the operation with the commander and S-3.
z
Planning and coordinating fire support tasks in close coordination with the brigade/battalion S-3 to
support timely development of the field artillery operation order or field artillery support plan.
z
Developing a proposed high-payoff target list, target selection standards, and an attack guidance matrix.
z
Coordinating the positioning of fire support assets.
z
Providing information on the status of fire support attack assets, target acquisition assets, and field
artillery ammunition.
z
Recommending fire support coordination measures to support current and future operations and
addressing them in rehearsals.
z
Recommending and implementing the commander’s counterfire (including radar zones) and other target
engagement priorities.
z
Recommending to the commander the establishment, responsibilities, authorities, and duties of a force
field artillery headquarters as necessary.
z
Integrating and synchronizing Army indirect fires, joint fires, and multinational fires with the other
warfighting functions.
z
Directing and supervising the fires cell in planning, preparing, executing, and assessing all fire support
for operations and the development of respective products to support the OPLAN/OPORD development.
z
Advising the commander and staff of available fire support capabilities and limitations.
z
Leading the targeting working group.
4 April 2014
FM 3-09
2-11
Chapter 2
z
Working with the chief of staff/executive officer, and S-3 to integrate all types of fire support into the
commander’s concept of operations.
TARGETING OFFICER
2-55. Fires cells from corps to battalion may have one or more targeting officers who collect analyze and
process information for required target attack guidance and instructions. The targeting officer assists in providing
targeting and counterfire guidance, including radar deployment instructions. They use the information provided by
information collection systems and target acquisition radars, as well as those assets available to locate high-payoff
targets for attack. The targeting officer provides recommendations and advice to the G-3/S-3, plans battle captain
and the targeting working group/board (see FM 3-60) during the MDMP. They contribute to the development of
targeting and assessment guidance to be entered into the AFATDS as well as to be distributed within mission
orders. The targeting officer with the G-2/S-2, G-3/S-3 develops the high-payoff target list, attack guidance
matrix, target selection standards and the targeting synchronization matrix. Target selection standards are criteria
applied to enemy activity (acquisitions and battlefield information) used in deciding whether the activity is a
target (FM 3-60).
2-56. During operations, the targeting officers provide recommendations to the targeting working group on
updating targeting priorities. The targeting officers prepare products for the targeting working group. They direct
updating and purging of targeting files. The targeting officers ensure that interoperability is maintained with
information collection assets. Targeting officers provide information to the G-2/S-2 and develop the guidance to
be entered into the AFATDS so that the fires cell receives targeting information from intelligence automations
systems. Targeting officer duties and responsibilities include—
z
Coordinating with the G-2/S-2 to identify and refine high-payoff targets.
z
Assisting the information collection planner to ensure that the information collection plan is
synchronized with the fires warfighting function.
z
Managing changes to the radar azimuth of search and to radar zones.
z
Developing and managing the high-payoff target list, target selection standards, attack guidance
matrix, and targeting synchronization matrix.
z
Coordinating radar cueing schedules to ensure they are deconflicted with the pattern analysis of
enemy indirect fires.
z
Advising and assisting the fires cell and electronic warfare officer in coordinating and integrating
indirect and joint fires including electronic attacks and facilitating electronic warfare support
operations.
z
Coordinating the positioning and status of target acquisition assets.
z
Recommending and implementing with the counterfire officer the commander’s counterfire guidance
(including radar zones) and other target engagement priorities.
COMPANY FIRE SUPPORT OFFICER
2-57. The primary duty of the company fire support officer is to be a full-time fire support advisor, coordinator,
and planner to the maneuver company commander. The company fire support officer advises the commander on
the capabilities, limitations, and employment of all fire support assets available to support his operation. These
assets may include vehicles, precision target location equipment, digital fire support systems, and fire support
weapon systems. The company fire support officer bases his actions on the needs of the supported force as
directed by the maneuver commander’s guidance. Additional responsibilities of the company fire support officer
include but are not limited to
z
Integrating the fire support plan with the company operation order/operation plan and addressing fire
support tasks during rehearsals.
z
Planning, directing, and managing the employment of observer platforms and laser equipment where
they will best support the commander’s concept of operations.
z
Employing all means of fire support.
z
Integrating fire support assets into the company commander’s scheme of maneuver.
2-12
FM 3-09
4 April 2014
Fire Support
z
Controlling the actions of the forward observers.
z
Employing fire support vehicles and/or precision targeting equipment to maximize their capabilities.
FIRE SUPPORT SERGEANT
2-58. The fire support sergeant is the fire support officer’s assistant. Therefore, he must be able to perform all
of the duties of the fire support officer and act in his absence. The duties of the fire support sergeant include but
are not limited to the following
z
Employing all means of fire support.
z
Acting as the senior enlisted supervisor for the fires cell/fire support team.
z
Supervising the maintenance of fires cell/team equipment.
z
Supervising the establishment and operation of team equipment in the fires cell/fire support team
headquarters.
z
Conducting and evaluating fires cell/fire support team training.
z
Supervising the establishment of fires cell/fire support team digital and voice communications.
FIRE SUPPORT SPECIALIST
2-59. The duty of the fire support specialist is to help the fire support sergeant in the performance of his duties.
His duties include but are not limited to the following
z
Employing all means of indirect fire support.
z
Performing all duties of a forward observer.
z
Assisting in the setup, operation, and maintenance of all equipment assigned to the fire support team
headquarters.
2-60. For a complete list of fire support team personnel duties, see ATP 3-09.30.
AIR FORCE FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATION ORGANIZATIONS
2-61.
The Air Force coordinates support through the theater air control system described in FM 3-52.2. These
paragraphs describe those Air Force organizations that have a role in fire support coordination.
AIR OPERATIONS CENTER
2-62. The air operations center is the senior U.S. Air Force element of the theater air control system. It is the
operations command center of the Air Force forces. During joint operations, the air operations center is identified
as the joint air operations center.
AIR SUPPORT OPERATIONS CENTER
2-63. The air support operations center is an operational component of the theater air control system
subordinate to the air operations center, and is usually collocated with or close to the fires cell and the airspace
element at the corps or division main command post. The air operations center provides primary control of air
support to the Army and processes requests for immediate close air support for the supported ground forces. The
air operations center uses the air support operations centers, forward air controllers, tactical air control parties, and
air liaison officers, to extend its coordination effort to the other components.
UNITED STATES AIR FORCE ELEMENTS AT CORPS AND DIVISION
2-64. The corps air liaison officer, when designated the Expeditionary Air Support Operations Group
Commander, commands all Air Force personnel within the corps and is the air component commander’s direct
liaison to the corps commander. The corps main command post tactical air control party, Air Force weather, and
the air mobility liaison officers locate in or adjacent to the current operations, future operations, plans, fires and
intelligence cells. Air Force personnel at the corps command posts provide planning expertise to integrate and use
4 April 2014
FM 3-09
2-13
Chapter 2
air, space, and cyberspace. This is in addition to the space integration support provided by Army space forces
assigned and attached to the corps.
2-65. The air support operations center is the principal air control agency of the theater air control system
responsible for the direction and control of air operations directly supporting the ground forces. It processes and
coordinates requests for immediate air support and coordinates air, space, and cyberspace missions requiring
integration with other supporting arms and ground forces. The air support operations center normally collocates
with the Army senior tactical headquarters, normally at corps or division level. When employed, the air support
operations center and tactical air control party merge to form one combat organization, under the command of a
single leader, but they remain equipped and manned to perform distinct functions in support of ground operations.
NAVY AND MARINE CORPS FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATION
ORGANIZATIONS
NAVY
2-66. Army forces are most likely to rely on Navy fire support coordination during an amphibious operation.
An amphibious operation requires detailed planning, precise timing in air, naval surface fire support, field artillery
support, and effective command or support relationships. Close coordination between supporting and supported
arms is always critical.
2-67. Fire support coordination activities in amphibious operations are accomplished by the following
agencies—
z
Supporting arms coordination center (SACC). The SACC functions as a fires cell for the naval forces,
and is supervised by the supporting arms coordinator. The designated (supported) commander may
choose either the amphibious task force’s supporting arms coordinator or the landing force’s force fires
coordinator to supervise the SACC. The force fires coordinator is responsible to the Marine air-ground
task force (MAGTF) commander for planning, coordination, and conduct of fire support operations in the
MAGTF and for coordinating major subordinate command fire support operations. During amphibious
operations, the SACC works from the ship and is the primary agency which coordinates and controls all
supporting fires for the commander, amphibious task force in order to establish the landing force ashore.
If designated as the force fires coordinator, the Army landing force chief of fires/fire support coordinator
advises the supporting arms coordinator to ensure effective integration of the fire support plan that
supports naval operations and the landing force scheme of maneuver. Fire support personnel from the
landing force may augment the SACC while embarked on amphibious shipping.
z
Navy tactical air control center
(TACC). The Navy TACC controls all air operations within the
amphibious operating area or the amphibious objective area until control of these operations is phased to
the landing force's Marine Corps TACC. The TACC, although usually in close physical proximity to the
SACC, is a distinct entity. Once a land-based air control agency can control landing force air operations,
the Navy TACC becomes a supporting tactical air direction center. The TACC and SACC personnel work
closely together in planning, controlling, and coordinating offensive air support and assault support.
MARINE AIR-GROUND TASK FORCE FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATION AGENCIES
Force Fires Coordination Center
2-68. The MAGTF command element exercises control of fires through the force fires coordination center
(FFCC). An FFCC is established in every size MAGTF. The FFCC serves as the MAGTF commander’s principal
staff section responsible for the overall planning, coordinating, and execution of fires throughout the MAGTF area
of operations but emphasizes the control of fires rather than the detailed coordination of fires. Some of the
primary functions of the FFCC are targeting for the unassigned area of the command’s area of operations,
interfacing with external agencies on fire support coordination measures, deconfliction of airspace, and the
allocation of fire support assets.
2-14
FM 3-09
4 April 2014
Fire Support
Fire Support Coordination Centers
2-69. At the Marine division, infantry regiment, and infantry battalion levels the fire support coordination
center (FSCC) is the agency that coordinates fire support. The FSCC is a single location in which centralized
communications facilities and personnel enable the coordination of all forms of fire support. Supporting arms
units provide representatives and equipment necessary for conducting coordination, targeting, and
communications functions for their respective arms. The Marine fire support coordinator is the officer in charge of
the FSCC and is responsible for planning and coordination of all available fire support.
MARINE AIR-GROUND TASK FORCE AVIATION
2-70. The primary mission of the Marine air-ground task force air combat element is to support the MAGTF.
There are
6 functions of Marine aviation: offensive air support, anti-air warfare, assault support, air
reconnaissance, electronic warfare, and control of aircraft and missiles.
2-71. The air combat element provides a Marine air command and control system (MACCS) to enhance unity
of effort, integrate elements of the command and control system, and helps maintain the commander’s situational
awareness. The MACCS facilitates these objectives by providing the command and control architecture to
integrate and execute aviation operations. Army forces may operate jointly with Marine forces in an amphibious
operations area while elements of the Marine air command and control system provide and control air support to
Army forces. Principal Marine air command and control system agencies are the —
z
Tactical air command center. The Marine tactical air command center is the senior Marine air
command and control system agency. The tactical air command center’s primary external interfaces
are with the U.S. Army’s main command post, the U.S. Navy’s TACC, and the U.S. Air Force’s air
operations center. The tactical air command center integrates aviation operations with the MAGTF
command element through linkage with the MAGTF FFCC and combat operations center. Note: both
the Navy TACC and the Marine tactical air command center use the same acronym to identify
themselves.
z
Direct air support center (DASC). The DASC is the principal MACCS air control agency responsible
for the direction of air operations directly supporting ground forces. It processes and coordinates
requests for immediate air support and coordinates air missions requiring integration with ground
forces and other supporting arms. The DASC is the first principal MACCS agency ashore. It
functions in a decentralized mode, but is subordinate to and directly supervised by the tactical air
command center. The DASC will normally be collocated or electronically linked with the senior
FSCC within the ground combat element.
z
Marine Corps tactical air control party (TACP). The Marine Corps TACP establishes and maintains
facilities for liaison and communications between supported units and appropriate control agencies.
The tactical air control party is also a terminal control agency. The air officer, who informs and
advises the supported ground unit commander on the employment of supporting aircraft and requests
and coordinates air support missions, leads the tactical air control party. TACPs are organic to
Marine divisions, infantry regiments, and infantry battalions. The TACP is one of the many air
control organizations through which the DASC operates.
2-72. For more information on Marine Corps force fires coordination within the MAGTF command element
see Marine Corps Warfighting Publication (MCWP) 3-43.3. For more information on fire support coordination at
the ground combat element, see MCWP 3-16. For more information on Marine Corps aviation see MCWP 3-2.
4 April 2014
FM 3-09
2-15
Chapter 2
SECTION III - INFORMATION COLLECTION AND TARGET ACQUISITION FOR
FIRE SUPPORT
INFORMATION COLLECTION
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
2-73. The G-2/S-2, G-3/S-3 and chief of fires/brigade fire support officer (and other staff as needed) integrate
and synchronize information collection and target acquisition to capitalize on their different capabilities to support
the commander’s intent.
2-74. An information collection capability is any human or automated sensor, asset, or processing, exploitation,
and dissemination system that can be directed to collect information that enables better decision making, expands
understanding of the operational environment, and supports warfighting functions in decisive action. Factors such
as a unit’s primary mission, typical size area of operations, number of personnel, and communications and
network limitations significantly impact what sensors, platforms, and systems are fielded. Information collection
assets provide data and information.
TARGET ACQUISITION
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
2-75. Target Acquisition is the detection, identification, and location of a target in sufficient detail to permit the
effective employment of weapons (JP 3-60). Target acquisition sources provide the means to successfully detect,
locate, identify, track, and classify targets.
2-76. The intelligence officer provides the fires cell and members of the targeting working group and targeting
board with information and intelligence for targeting the threat’s forces and systems with direct and indirect fires
(see FM 3-60). The intelligence officer ensures the information collection plan supports targeting (see FM 3-55).
Sensors and assets useful for target acquisition include—
z
Fire support teams that provide maneuver companies and reconnaissance troops with fire support
coordination, targeting, and assessment capabilities (see ATP 3-09.30).
z
Forward observers, who provide target refinement, execute planned fires, and request fires for their
supported units.
z
Special operations forces, scouts, and untrained observers.
z
Tactical human intelligence from a military intelligence company and maneuver units down through
the squad level operating in the supported commander’s area of operations.
z
Signal intercept support from electronic intelligence sources such as the Prophet radio frequency
intercept system.
z
Weapons locating radar and a target processing section found in the FAB’s target acquisition battery;
and weapons locating radar found in the brigade combat team’s field artillery battalion (see FMs 3-
09.12, FMs 6-20-40 and -50, and ATP 3-09.24).
z
Manned and unmanned aircraft found in aviation brigades and attack reconnaissance squadrons (see
FM 3-04.111 and FM 3-04.126).
FIELD ARTILLERY FIRE SUPPORT TEAMS AND OBSERVERS
2-77. The observers are the eyes of the field artillery and a major source of information for field artillery and
maneuver commanders. Timely and accurate indirect fire support is essential to the success of combined arms
operations. Fire support team personnel and forward observers enable effective artillery and mortar support for the
maneuver force. Each of the reconnaissance squadrons and maneuver battalions in the BCT has fire support
platoons that include fire support teams and observers. Information may be sent in multiple report formats.
Information is also extracted from the target description and the surveillance received in each call for fire.
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Fire Support
Fire Support Teams
2-78. A fire support team is a field artillery team providing support to each maneuver battalion and selected
units to plan and coordinate all available company supporting fires, including mortars, field artillery, naval surface
fire support and close air support integration (ADRP 3-09). Fire support teams are employed at maneuver and
reconnaissance company level in brigade combat teams and the battlefield surveillance brigade (see ATP 3-09.30)
to provide the maneuver companies and reconnaissance troops with fire support coordination, precision targeting,
type 2 and 3 close air support information, and effects assessment capabilities.
Forward Observer
2-79. Effective field artillery fires require qualified observers to locate targets call for, and adjust fires. Forward
observers are assigned to the fire support team supporting each infantry company or reconnaissance/cavalry troop
in the brigade combat team, and battlefield surveillance brigade. A forward observer is an observer operating with
front line troops and trained to adjust ground or naval gunfire and pass battlefield information. In the absence of a
forward air controller, the observer may control close air support strikes (JP 3-09).
Joint Fires Observers
2-80.
Forward air controllers (airborne), joint terminal attack controllers, and naval gunfire spotter teams may
not always be available when and where their support is required. Therefore observation teams must be proficient
in planning, resourcing, and controlling close air support, close combat attack by Army aviation and naval gunfire.
2-81. With additional training and certification, the platoon forward observer can qualify as a joint fires
observer. A joint fires observer is a trained Service member who can request, adjust, and control surface-to-
surface fires, provide targeting information in support of Type 2 and 3 close air support terminal attack controls,
and perform autonomous terminal guidance operations (JP 3-09.3). Terminal guidance operations are those
actions that provide electronic, mechanical, voice or visual communications that provide approaching aircraft
and/or weapons additional information regarding a specific target location (JP 3-09).
Air Force Joint Terminal Attack Controllers
2-82. A joint terminal attack controller is a qualified (certified) Service member who, from a forward position,
directs the action of combat aircraft engaged in close air support and other offensive air operations. A qualified
and current joint terminal attack controller will be recognized across the Department of Defense as capable and
authorized to perform terminal attack control
(JP
3-09.3). Tactical air control party joint terminal attack
controllers provide the commander and his subordinate and supporting unit with recommendations on the use of
close air support and its integration with ground maneuver. They also perform terminal attack control of
individual close air support missions. Terminal attack control is the authority to control the maneuver of and grant
weapons release clearance to attacking aircraft (JP 3-09.3). The joint terminal attack controller validates targets of
opportunity, advises the commander on proper employment of air assets, submits immediate requests for close air
support, controls close air support with the supported commander’s approval, and performs battle damage
assessment. Currently, most joint terminal attack controllers are enlisted airmen. The joint terminal attack
controller must—
z
Know the enemy situation, selected targets, and location of friendly units.
z
Know the supported unit’s plans, position, and desired effects.
z
Validate targets of opportunity.
z
Advise the commander on proper employment of air assets.
z
Submit immediate requests for close air support.
z
Control close air support with the supported commander’s approval.
z
Perform battle damage assessment.
Untrained Observers
2-83. Occasionally the field artillery battalion may need to process fire missions from untrained observers. An
untrained observer is anyone not military occupational specialty qualified in requesting and adjusting indirect fire.
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Chapter 2
Often these are critical requests where the requestor is under fire. Field artillery battalion and field artillery battery
fire direction centers should be identified as the primary handlers of untrained observer missions. For more
information on untrained observer procedures, see FM 6-40.
UNMANNED AIRCRAFT
2-84. Commanders should consider augmenting the target acquisition assets of the supporting field artillery
organizations with unmanned aircraft systems when possible to provide the sensor-to-shooter linkage to facilitate
engagement of high-payoff targets at maximum range.
2-85. For detail on unmanned aircraft system organization, capabilities, and employment see ATTP 3-04.15
and FM 3-04.155.
Field Artillery Weapons Locating Radar
2-86. Each FAB has an organic target acquisition battery that includes a radar platoon, a target processing
section, and a combined meteorology and survey team—
z
The radar platoon is organized and equipped to detect, locate, classify, report, and communicate the
point of origin, predicted point of impact, radar cross-section, and velocity of indirect fire systems; it
can also confirm the actual burst/impact location of friendly fires.
z
The target processing section recommends and coordinates radar sectors of search, monitors
operations, develops targets, requests battle damage assessment and acts as net control station for the
target acquisition command and intelligence net.
z
The combined meteorology and survey teams provide the meteorological support and common
survey needed to ensure the accuracy of indirect fires; survey data can be provided to other systems
(such as signal) when assets are available.
2-87. Each BCT cannon field artillery battalion has an organic target acquisition platoon that includes a radar
section and a survey section. These radar and survey sections are organized and equipped to perform the same
functions for the cannon field artillery battalion as their counterpart organizations in the target acquisition battery
of the FAB.
2-88. Table 2-1 on page 2-19 provides a summary description of the capabilities of field artillery weapons
locating radars.
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FM 3-09
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Fire Support
Table 2-1. Capabilities of field artillery weapons locating radar
Radar
Unplanned
Range
Optimized to
Organic to
Search Sector
Detect
Shorter range, high-
angle, lower velocity
Brigade combat team
AN/TPQ-36
1600 mils
0.75 - 24 km
weapons such as
field artillery battalion
mortars and short
range artillery.
Longer range, lower
angle, higher velocity
AN/TPQ-37
1600 mils
3 - 50 km
weapons such as long-
Field artillery brigade
range artillery and
rockets.
Shorter range, high-
angle, lower velocity
Brigade combat team
AN/TPQ-50
6400 mils
0.5 - 10 km
weapons such as
field artillery battalion
mortars and short
range artillery.
Longer range, lower
angle, higher velocity
1600 mils
60 km
weapons such as long-
range artillery and
When fully fielded, will
rockets.
replace both the
AN/TPQ-53
Shorter range, high-
AN/TPQ-36 and
angle, lower velocity
AN/TPQ-37 radars.
6400 mils
20 km
weapons such as
mortars and short
range artillery.
Note: Because the AN/TPQ-36 and AN/TPQ-37 radars cannot radiate in friendly fire mode (used only for indirect fire
registration missions) and hostile fire mode at the same time, the commander must issue specific guidance as to when the
friendly fire mode should be used. However, the AN/TPQ-50 and AN/TPQ-53 can radiate while performing both missions. The
Q-53 must be in the 1600 mils mode to perform friendly and hostile missions.
AN/TPQ - Army/Navy (Marine) transportable special purpose (multipurpose) km - kilometers
2-89. Both the target acquisition battery organic to the FAB and the target acquisition platoon organic to each
brigade combat team’s field artillery battalion are organized and equipped to detect, locate, classify, report, and
communicate the point of origin, predicted point of impact, radar cross section, and velocity of indirect fire from
enemy mortars, artillery, and rockets quickly and accurately enough to permit their immediate engagement with
counterfire. To increase counterfire responsiveness, radars can establish a digital and/or voice quick-fire channel
to a dedicated firing unit.
2-90. Additionally, radars in friendly fire mode can assist in registering friendly indirect fires by providing
accurate actual burst, datum-plane, or predicted-impact location data; enabling friendly firing elements to
determine registration corrections for nonstandard conditions. This secondary mission is performed only when the
commander deems it absolutely necessary since it takes the radar away from its primary mission and exposes its
location—any time the radar is radiating it is vulnerable to hostile acquisition. This determination is made based
on mission variables of METT-TC, availability of observers, and the ability of the supported unit to meet the
requirements for accurate fire.
2-91. For detail on field artillery weapons locating radar organization, capabilities and employment see FM 3-
09.12.
SECTION IV - FIRE SUPPORT ATTACK RESOURCES
2-92. This section includes an overview on the main sources of fire support and other attack resources to
include field artillery, mortars, rotary- and fixed-wing assets, and naval surface fire support.
Cyber/electromagnetic activities are integrated and synchronized through targeting.
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Chapter 2
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
2-93. The commander determines the desired effects for each target. Lethal and nonlethal effects can be
achieved by selection of the appropriate weapon system, number and type of munitions fired and the method used
to engage a target. Finding ways to accomplish the mission with an appropriate mix of lethal and nonlethal effects
is a paramount consideration for every commander. Commanders analyze mission variables to achieve a balance
of lethal and nonlethal effects via a range of capabilities. Offensive and defensive tasks place a premium on fires
to destroy, disrupt, neutralize, interdict, and suppress enemy forces.
2-94. Lethal effects from fires are at the heart of offensive and defensive tasks and their application is critical to
success in these operations. There are times when a lethal weapon may be employed in a nonlethal manner, for
example, in a demonstration of force. A precision munition might be fired at a well-located target in an urban area
rather than firing numerous rounds of area munitions against the same target, possibly causing collateral damage.
Even lethal area munitions such as high explosive rounds may be used to achieve a nonlethal effect. For example,
a field artillery battalion or battery might mass its fires on a location in view of an opponent and then follow those
rounds with a near surface burst illuminating round on the opponent’s position. This demonstration may cause a
less determined opponent to surrender or cease hostile actions.
2-95. Nonlethal effects typically neutralize or incapacitate a target or modify adversarial behavior without
causing permanent injury, death, or gross physical destruction. At times a target may return to pre-engagement
functionality as part of the desired effect. Assessment of this effect is usually measured by time and level of effort
required for recovery of the target.
OBSCURATION AND SCREENING FIRES
2-96.
Obscuration fires decrease an opponent’s capability to visually sight friendly forces and the level of
energy available for the functions of seekers, trackers, and vision enhancement devices. Smoke projectiles may be
placed on or near adversary or enemy positions to minimize an opponent’s observation both within and beyond
the position area. Screening fires are delivered in areas between friendly and an opponent’s forces or in friendly
areas of operation to degrade opponent ground and aerial detection, observation, and engagement capabilities to
enable freedom of friendly maneuver and actions.
ILLUMINATION FIRES
2-97. Illumination fires (visible or infrared) are useful in exposing an opponent at night. Illumination fires may
give friendly forces an advantage by reducing the enemy forces’ ability to operate at night without being targeted
and attacked with minimal collateral damage. Infrared illumination enhances the Soldier’s use of some night
vision devices to more easily locate targets and enable surprise fires on enemy forces not equipped with night
vision devices. Illumination fires may also be used for its deterrent effect through its use as a show of force or for
area denial.
ARMY MUNITIONS ATTRIBUTES
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
2-98. Use of precision-guided munitions requires special considerations. The effectiveness of precision
munitions depends on a host of tactical situation variables. The target must be located to an accuracy of less than 6
meters to achieve the desired effects using precision munitions. Digital point positioning database errors, global
positioning system jamming, slant range, altitude, target movement and aim point on the target all have significant
effects on the accuracy of the coordinate generated. The commander must consider the accuracy of the grid to the
timeliness to engage the target. Usually time to engage should not be sacrificed in order to generate more precise
coordinates if the current coordinates, target location error, weapon systems and munitions will create the desired
effects on the target. Global positioning system assisted and/or inertial guidance-aided munitions
(such as
Excalibur or guided-MLRS) can be delivered 24/7 and in all weather conditions. Rules of engagement and the
possibility of collateral damage are always considerations for target engagements.
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FM 3-09
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Fire Support
FIELD ARTILLERY
ARMY FIELD ARTILLERY
2-99. Field artillery cannon, rocket, and missile systems organic, assigned, attached, or OPCON to FABs and
BCT field artillery battalions provide continuously available fires under all weather conditions and in all types of
terrain.
2-100. Field artillery can shift and mass fires rapidly without having to displace. Field artillery units are
positioned to provide continuous fires. Field artillerymen at every maneuver echelon man the fires cells, act as
forward observers, and are employed as fire support teams and observer parties to integrate all means of fire
support for the commander and synchronize fire support with the concept of operations.
MARINE AIR-GROUND TASK FORCE ARTILLERY
2-101. Army units may also support and be supported by Marine artillery. The U.S. Marine Corps relies on the
155-mm towed howitzer as its cannon artillery weapon. The Marine Corps also has the High Mobility Artillery
Rocket System (HIMARS). Marine artillery doctrine, tactics, techniques, and procedures are similar to those
exercised within the Army. Frequent joint exercises and the permanent exchange of liaison officers between Army
and Marine artillery headquarters facilitate an understanding of each Service's procedures.
FIELD ARTILLERY MUNITIONS
2-102. Field artillery cannons, rockets and missiles can deceive, defeat, delay, deny, destroy, disrupt, divert,
exploit, interdict, neutralize, or suppress enemy forces and protect friendly operations. A variety of field artillery
munitions provide the commander with tremendous flexibility when attacking targets with fires.
Cannon Munitions
2-103. Cannon munitions include area fire high explosive, antipersonnel conventional munitions, dual-purpose
improved conventional munitions, scatterable mines, white phosphorus used for incendiary effects and marking,
and precision munitions. Other cannon munitions include white phosphorous smoke wedges or hexachloroethane
smoke and illumination rounds. Cannon fires are effective against targets from within direct fire range out to more
than 30 kilometers. Table 2-2 on page 2-22 provides a summary description of cannon field artillery weapons and
munitions capabilities.
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Chapter 2
Table 2-2. Cannon field artillery capabilities
Artillery
Ammunition
Range (meters)
Rates of fire (rounds per
minute)
Projectile
Fuze
Maximum
DPICM
RAP
Sustained
Maximum
HE, HC, WP,
11,500 with
105-mm
ILLUM, APICM,
charge 7
3 for 30
8 every 3
M119-
12,100
19,500
DPICM
14,000 with
minutes
minutes
series
charge 8
18,000 or 22,000
18,000 or
155-mm
with M795 HE;
28,200 with
30.100
2
M109A51
M825 Smoke
M864 base
bleed
18,000 or 21,700
with M795 HE;
Zones 3-7: 1
M825 Smoke;
round per
4 every 3
*M982 Excalibur:
minute; zone
17,900 or
minutes
155-mm
Block Ia-1 - 24
8: 1 round
PD, VT,
28,100 with
M109
km
per minute
MT, ET,
M864 base
A5/A6
HE, HC, WP,
Block Ia-2 - 37+
until limited
MTSQ,
bleed
ILLUM APICM,
km
by tube
Delay
DPICM, M825
Block Ib - 40+
temperature
Smoke,
km
sensor
SCATMINE
30,000
22,200
w/M201A1
Modular Charge
2 in
8S or 22,500
155-mm
accordance
with M232,
4 every 2
M777-
N/A
with thermal
Modular Charge
minutes
series
warning
Zone 5; 24,500
device
with M982
Excalibur Block
1-1a
Note: Excalibur not authorized for M109A5. See Appendix I, ATP 3-09.32 for detailed discussion of “danger close”.
APICM - antipersonnel improved conventional munitions
MTSQ - mechanical time superquick
DPICM - dual purpose improved conventional munitions
N/A - not available at this time
ET - electronic time
PD - point detonating
HC - hexachloroethane smoke
RAP - rocket assisted projectile
HE - high explosive
SCATMINE - scatterable mines
ILLUM - illumination
VT - variable time
MT - mechanical time
WP - white phosphorus
MULTIPLE LAUNCH ROCKET SYSTEM MUNITIONS
ROCKET FIRES
2-104. MLRS/HIMARS rocket range exceeds most cannon munitions and allows force commanders the
opportunity to complement cannon fire with a lethal long-range indirect fire capability to further influence the
outcome of operations.
2-105. MLRS munitions include free flight M26 and M26A2 extended range rockets and M30/M31/M31A1
guided rockets. These rockets are loaded with dual-purpose improved conventional munitions or unitary high
explosive warheads and are effective against personnel, light armor, soft vehicles, and light structures at ranges
from
8 to
70+ kilometers depending upon the selected munitions. MLRS can be used for counterfire,
counterpreparation fire, raids, suppression of enemy air defenses, and engaging targets out of range of cannon
artillery. The targets best suited for MLRS/HIMARS rockets in close combat are personnel, light materiel,
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FM 3-09
4 April 2014
Fire Support
command posts, and artillery. The M31 guided-MLRS unitary warhead munitions offer a significant destructive
capability while reducing the possibility of collateral damage. However, the MLRS/HIMARS M26/M26A2 rocket
has a large footprint caused by the dispersion of submunitions in the target area and requires detailed coordination
when delivered close to friendly troops. Planners should also be aware of the likelihood of dud submunitions. The
same planning factors used for cannon field artillery battalion 155-mm artillery or Air Force-delivered dual-
purpose improved conventional munitions should be used for MLRS/HIMARS. Planners must consider the risk
when firing dual-purpose improved conventional munitions MLRS/HIMARS rockets into areas that friendly units
could occupy or pass through during future operations.
MISSILE FIRES
2-106. The MLRS/HIMARS can support the commander's operations with rockets and Army Tactical Missile
System (ATACMS) fires. ATACMS munitions include the M39 Block I and M39A1 Block IA with M74
antipersonnel, anti-materiel munitions, and the M48 and M57 Unitary high explosive warheads. These missiles
are effective against targets such as enemy command posts and control nodes, sustainment areas, and artillery,
missile and air defense systems at ranges from
25-300 kilometers. The MLRS/HIMARS can support the
commander's operations with rockets and ATACMS missile fires and is well suited for attack of long-range high-
payoff targets, including those with extremely short dwell times where minimizing the time from acquisition to
firing is critical. The range capability also allows engagement across the supported headquarters area of operations
laterally. Long-range fires are normally planned and scheduled as opposed to immediate, unscheduled fires on
targets of opportunity. In the planning process, the following must be considered
z
Clearance of airspace.
z
Rocket and ATACMS stockage levels and locations.
z
Management and delivery of munitions depend heavily on fire planning decisions made early in the
planning process (warhead description and capabilities of the ATACMS missile are addressed in FM
3-09.60).
z
Target acquisition and sensor system availability and cueing to detect and/or track targets.
z
Communications between the MLRS/HIMARS firing unit, and target acquisition and sensor systems.
2-107. Use of MLRS fires in support of units may be limited if M31 guided-MLRS/HIMARS rounds are not
available. The unguided MLRS munitions are best suited for area rather than point targets. Unguided
MLRS/HIMARS rockets, because of the nature of these munitions
(for example dual-purpose improved
conventional munitions) and because of the high dud rate can be dangerous to friendly follow-on forces, may not
be the fire support munitions of choice. However, special circumstances may dictate that MLRS/HIMARS be
used. For example, the risk of friendly troops in the vicinity of MLRS/HIMARS targets may be acceptable in light
of the overall situation. Additionally, targets may be out of range for mortars and cannon artillery. Other means of
fire support, such as Army aviation and close air support may be unavailable due to other mission commitments.
ROCKET AND MISSILE CAPABILITIES SUMMARY
2-108. Table 2-3 on page 2-24 provides a summary description of MLRS/HIMARS weapons and munitions
capabilities.
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Chapter 2
Table 2-3. MLRS/HIMARS munitions capabilities
Munition
Variant
Payload
Accuracy
Range
Target Type
M26
644 M77 DPICM
10-32
Rockets
km
Unguided
Personnel, light armor, soft vehicles, area
M26A2
518 PI M77 DPICM
13-45
10+ mils
targets
ER-
km
MLRS
M30
404 PI M77 DPICM
Guided
GPS circular error
15-84+*
M31
51.5 lbs of PBXN
probable 5 meters;
km
Rockets
109;
Personnel, light armor, soft vehicles, area
inertial 0.6 mils
VT, PD, or delay
targets, point targets (M31 only)
fuze; nominal or
vertical angle of fall
Block 1
950 M74 APAM
25-
M39
bomblets
165*+
km
Personnel, light armor, soft vehicles
Block 1A
300 M74 APAM
70-
(stationary)
M39A1
bomblets
300+*
km
Quick
215 lbs of DESTEX;
70-
ATACMS
Reaction
PD fuze; vertical
Classified
270+*
Unitary
angle of fall
km
M48/M57
Block 1-1A targets when duds/ collateral
ATACMS
Single unitary
70-
damage are precluded, fixed
Unitary
warhead with multi-
300+*
infrastructure sites (buildings for example)
function fuze-
km
proximity, PD or
delay
Note: Default rates of fire are 5 seconds between rockets and 15 seconds between missiles. All munitions may be fired from both
the M142 HIMARS and the M270A1 MLRS.
* GMLRS and ATACMS minimum and maximum ranges are dependent on local conditions, specifically firing unit elevation. Both
munitions will reliably achieve the above listed ranges which can be used as planning factors.
APAM - antipersonnel, antimateriel
HE - high explosive
ATACMS - Army Tactical Missile System
km - kilometer
DESTEX - high explosive (type)
lbs - pounds
DPICM - dual-purpose improved conventional munitions
MLRS - multiple launch rocket system
ER-MLRS - extended range multiple launch rocket system
PBXN 109 - explosive, plastic-bonded, cast 109
GMLRS - guided multiple launch rocket system
PD - point detonating
GPS - global positioning system
PI - product improved
HIMARS - High Mobility Artillery Rocket System
VT - variable time
2-109. For more on MLRS and ATACMS capabilities and munitions, see ATP 3-09.60.
FIELD ARTILLERY PRECISION-GUIDED MUNITIONS
2-110. A precision-guided munition is a guided weapon intended to destroy a point target and minimize
collateral damage (JP 3-03). Precision-guided munitions collectively refer to those munitions that home on
reflected electromagnetic energy (such as the Hellfire missile) and precision munitions.
2-111. A precision munition is a munition that corrects for ballistic conditions using guidance and control
up to the aimpoint or submunitions dispense with terminal accuracy less than the lethal radius of effects.
Munitions with a precision capability such as the GPS-aided Excalibur 155-mm projectile, guided MLRS rockets,
and the advanced precision munitions initiative 120-mm mortar rounds have a circular error probable of less than
10 meters. Munitions with a near-precision capability have a circular error probable between 10 and 50 meters.
Area capabilities have a circular error probable greater than 50 meters. Circular error probable is an indicator of
the delivery accuracy of a weapon system, used as a factor in determining probable damage to a target. It is the
radius of a circle within which half of the rounds fired at a target will impact. Even at the munitions’ largest
anticipated delivery error, the aimpoint is within the munitions’ anticipated radius of direct effects. The
employment of precision munitions requires the use of current cryptological key information.
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Fire Support
2-112. Dispensed submunitions from even precision-guided munitions may be subject to ballistic conditions for
which a correction may not have been applied. Accurate target location is one of the five requirements of accurate
fire. Because precision munitions are more accurate, their effective employment requires target location error to
be minimized: strive for target location error to be well within the effects radius of the munitions being employed
to attack the target. The Precision Guidance Kit corrects the ballistic path of a projectile based on pre-determined
way-points through algorithmic comparison of the computed ballistic path versus the physical ballistic path. The
Precision Guidance Kit is capable of guiding a projectile to a circular error probability of 30-50 meters of a
specified target coordinate. Even at the munitions’ largest anticipated delivery error, the aimpoint is within the
munitions’ anticipated radius of direct effects.
2-113. Precision fire is not to be confused with the employment of precision munitions. In precision fire (for
example, a registration or destruction mission using area munitions), the target must also be accurately located. At
a minimum, the observer should send at least an 8-digit grid for precision fire missions using area munitions. If
the observer is equipped with a device capable of an accurate 10-digit grid or better, then he should send that grid.
The observer should always send the most accurate target location possible, subject to the tactical situation,
regardless of the ammunition fired. This is especially true when employing coordinate-seeking precision
munitions. For additional information on desired target location accuracies see ATP 3-09.30.
Note: The artillery computer system determines a predicted ballistic impact point for every Excalibur
mission fired. The ballistic impact point is the projected impact location of a round following an
unguided ballistic path (ATP 3-09.30). The predicted ballistic impact point is a calculated impact
point that may drift away from the gun-target line due to the meteorological conditions. It is also
important to understand that ballistic dispersion error can cause the round to impact as much as 500
meters from the predicted ballistic impact point. If this location does not lie beyond the coordinated
fire line/fire support coordination line then this location must be cleared with the maneuver
commander as if it were a target location. The supported maneuver commander, however, may be
willing to accept risk in clearing these ballistic impact point locations given the fact that if an
Excalibur round does fly a ballistic flight path to one of these locations it should impact as a dud,
thus causing minimal collateral damage and posing little risk to friendly troops. The munition flight
path trajectories are displayed on the same artillery computer system that computed the ballistics.
This information may be passed up the organizational chain, particularly for airspace coordination.
ELECTRONIC ATTACK
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
2-114. Electronic attack includes both offensive and defensive tasks. These activities differ in their purpose.
Defensive electronic attack protects friendly personnel and equipment or platforms. Offensive electronic attack
denies, disrupts, or destroys enemy capabilities. In either case, certain considerations are involved in planning for
employing electronic attack, such as friendly communications, information collection, electromagnetic spectrum
use by local neutral parties, hostile intelligence collection and persistency of effects.
2-115. Electronic attack is especially well suited for targets that cannot be located with the accuracy needed for
destructive fires or that require only temporary disruption. Electronic attack can be used against computers, but it
is not a computer network attack since a computer network attack relies on the data stream to execute the attack.
Electronic attack can play a role in suppressing enemy air defenses and in countering some guided weapons. The
electronic warfare officer, the G-2/S-2, the G-3/S-3, the G-6/S-6, the spectrum manager, and the G-7/S-7
coordinate closely to avoid friendly communications interference that can occur when using electronic warfare
systems on the battlefield. Coordination ensures that electronic attack system frequencies are properly
deconflicted with friendly communications and intelligence systems.
2-116. If not properly coordinated with the G-2/S-2 staff, electronic attack operations could inadvertently
interrupt information collection by jamming or interfering with a frequency used to collect data on the threat or by
jamming an enemy frequency or system that friendly forces are using as a means of collecting data. These
conflicts must be avoided, as either type of interruption could significantly deter information collection efforts and
their ability to answer critical information requirements. Coordination between the electronic warfare officer, the
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chief of fires/fire support officer and fires cell, and the G-2/S-2 prevents this interference. The electronic working
group brings known conflicts between information collection and electronic attack efforts to the G-3/S-3 for
resolution.
2-117. The effects of jamming only persist as long as the jammer itself is emitting and is in range to affect the
target. Normally these effects last a matter of seconds or minutes, which makes the timing of such missions
critical. This is particularly true when units use jamming in support of aviation platforms. For example, in a
mission that supports suppression of enemy air defenses, the time on target and duration of the jamming must
account for the speed of attack of the aviation platform. They must also account for the potential reaction time of
enemy air defense countermeasures. Aside from anti-radiation missiles, the effects of jamming are less persistent
than effects achieved by other means. The development of directed-energy weapons may change this dynamic in
the future. Electronic attack is especially well suited for targets that cannot be located with the accuracy needed
for destructive fires or that require only temporary disruption. For more on the duties of the electronic warfare
officer see ATTP 5-0.1.
MORTARS
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
2-118. Organic mortars are organized as platoons in maneuver and Ranger battalions and as sections in Stryker
BCT and infantry BCT rifle companies.
2-119. Mortars are high-angle, relatively short-range, high rate-of-fire, area fire weapons. Their mobility makes
them well suited for close support of maneuver. They are ideal weapons for attacking targets on reverse slopes, in
narrow gullies, in ditches, and in other areas that are difficult to reach with low-angle fire. The proliferation of
handheld global positioning system devices and the fielding of the new mortar fire control system partially
compensate for the fact that mortar positions are seldom surveyed. The observer must still adjust the impact of
mortar rounds. Maneuver unit mortars provide close, immediately responsive fire support for committed
battalions and companies. These fires neutralize, suppress, or destroy enemy attack formations and defenses, help
(in combination with engineer obstacles and terrain) to block, canalize, fix, or turn enemy forces; obscure the
enemy’s vision, or otherwise inhibit his ability to acquire friendly targets.
2-120. Mortars can also be used for final protective fire, obscuration, and illumination. The U.S. mortar
munitions include a 120-mm precision munition; some multinational mortar units also have precision-guided
munitions of different calibers. The maneuver commander decides how and when mortars, as a key fire support
asset, will be integrated into his concept of operations. However, since mortars are fire support assets, the
battalion or company fire support officer should give advice and make recommendations to the commander on the
employment of his mortars. The commander may specify mortar support for subordinate units by changing the
command or support relationship, by assigning priority of fires or by assigning priority targets such as final
protective fires.
FIRE SUPPORT RESPONSIBILITIES AND MORTAR EMPLOYMENT
2-121. The mortar platoon/section leader and the battalion/company fire support officer have a unique
relationship. They must understand the battalion commander’s intent for fires and must work closely to see that it
is carried out. The mortar platoon/section leader—
z
Is the principal advisor to the battalion/company commander and battalion/company fire support
officer on the tactical employment of mortars.
z
Works closely with the battalion/company fire support officer to ensure mortar fires are planned on
appropriate targets and delivered at the correct times.
z
Informs the battalion/company fire support officer of anything that affects the mortar
platoon/section’s ability to execute the commander’s fire support plan.
2-122. The high rate of fire achievable by mortars creates effective barriers of fire. The normal allocation of final
protective fires is identical to the allocation of priority targets. While firing final protective fires, mortar sections
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are not normally allowed to cease-fire and displace due to countermortar fire. They must take precautions to avoid
or withstand countermortar fire.
2-123. Mortar units normally have a single final protective fire. A battalion heavy mortar platoon normally has a
single 4-mortar final protective fire, but a battalion commander may direct the heavy mortar platoon to prepare 2,
2-mortar final protective fires. This should be done only if terrain dictates the need for more final protective fires
than he has been allocated and only after seeking additional artillery allocations.
2-124. A company commander assigned final protective fires is responsible for the precise location of the mortar
final protective fire and final protective fire integration into the direct fire final protective lines. A fire direction
center plots, computes, and saves all firing data for the final protective fires as early as possible.
2-125. For more on mortar capabilities and employment, to include an expanded discussion of mortar tactical
missions and inherent responsibilities, see ATTP 3-21.90.
NAVAL SURFACE FIRE SUPPORT
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
2-126. Naval surface fire support is fire provided by Navy surface gun and missile systems in support of a unit
or units (JP 3-09.3). Naval gunfire support is fire provided by Navy surface gun systems in support of a unit or
units tasked with achieving the commander’s objectives. Naval gunfire support is a subset of naval surface fire
support. Due to its flat trajectory, terrain masking affects naval gunfire is more than field artillery. Naval gunfire
also results in large range probable errors (the dispersion pattern of the naval gun is roughly elliptical with the
long axis in the direction of fire). Hence, coverage of targets such as roads and airfields is most effective when the
gun-target line coincides with the long axis of the target. Very close supporting fire can be delivered when the gun
target line is parallel to the front line of troops. Oppositely, a gun-target line perpendicular to the front trace can
endanger friendly forces.
2-127. Destroyers and cruisers, which mount the Mark (MK) 45 5-inch lightweight gun system, usually provide
naval gunfire support. The MK 45 gun system can provide a rate of fire of 16-20 rounds per minute per gun to a
range of approximately 23 kilometers. The latest version of the MK 45 gun mount provides a range of more than
36 kilometers with the Navy's new 5-inch cargo projectile and an improved propelling charge. The gun mount
modifications include a new 62-caliber barrel, an ammunition recognition system, a gun/extended range guided
munition interface and a new control system. The new mount is designed to be used with the MK 171 extended
range guided munition for over-the-horizon range and improved lethality.
Note: Electronic warfare can also be conducted from naval platforms as an additional capability of
naval surface fire support.
2-128. Within the limits imposed by hydrographic conditions, naval surface ships may be positioned for the best
support of the ground force. The ability of the ship to maneuver is an important factor in planning for support of
maneuver forces. It also allows selection of the most favorable gun target line. Ships have a variety of
ammunition, from standard high explosive projectiles to Tomahawk land attack missiles. The variety and quantity
of ammunition carried aboard naval vessels depends upon the class of the ship. Ammunition variety, combined
with high rates of fire, high muzzle velocity, and precision fire control equipment make naval surface fires
particularly suited for attacking targets that present a vertical face on the forward slopes of hills. The position of
the ship must be fixed before each firing in order to achieve firing accuracy. In the absence of satellite positioning
capability, bad weather and poor visibility make it difficult to fix the ship position, and they reduce the ability of
spotters on the ship to engage targets on the shore. Radio communications can be interrupted by equipment
limitations, enemy electronic warfare, and unfavorable atmospheric conditions. Hydrographic conditions, weather
and visibility, and enemy naval and air action affect the employment of naval surface fires.
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AIR SUPPORT
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
2-129. Fixed-wing air missions may be provided by the Air Force, Navy, Marine, or multinational aircraft. The
joint force commander’s apportionment is the determination and assignment of the total expected air effort by
percentage and/or priority that should be devoted to the various air operations and/or geographic operations for a
given period of time. Apportionment is in the general sense, distribution of forces and capabilities as the starting
point for planning (JP 5-0).
2-130. The joint force commander normally apportions by priority or percentage into geographic area, against
mission-type orders, and/or by categories significant for the campaign. These categories can include strategic
attack, interdiction, counterair, maritime support, and close air support. Following the joint force commander’s
apportionment decision, the joint forces air component commander allocates the apportioned air sorties to the
functions, areas, and/or missions they support, translating them into total numbers of sorties by aircraft type for
each operational task. Allocation is distribution of limited forces and resources for employment among competing
requirements (JP 5-0). The joint force air component commander ensures that the best-suited aircraft are used to
support each task.
2-131. Fixed-wing aircraft perform numerous roles ranging from bringing air power to bear against surface
targets through strategic attack, counterair, interdiction, and close air support; to providing enhanced capabilities
for ground forces through surveillance, reconnaissance, target acquisition, and airlift. These roles define the broad
purposes or functions of fixed-wing forces and are determined by objectives, not by the platform or weapons
system used.
2-132. A tactical air coordinator (airborne) is an officer who coordinates, from an aircraft, the actions of other
aircraft engaged in air support of ground or sea forces (JP 3-09.3). The Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar
System performs tactical air coordination (airborne). In the absence of a Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar
System, a forward air controller (airborne) provides communications relay between the Air Force tactical air
control party and attack aircraft as well as other agencies of the tactical air control system. Tactical air
coordination (airborne) also expedites close air support aircraft-to-forward air controller hand-off during heavy
traffic close air support operations. Air Force two-ship forward air controller (airborne) flights, especially in
higher threat environments, may divide responsibilities so one aircraft fills the normal forward air controller
(airborne) role while the second becomes a tactical air coordinator (airborne).
Close Air Support
2-133. Close air support is air action by fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft against hostile targets that are in close
proximity to friendly forces and that require detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and movement of
those forces (JP 3-0). For maximum effectiveness, all air support missions must be coordinated and synchronized
with the other fire support assets. The sorties apportioned and allocated to close air support are distributed to the
various ground commanders by the land component commander. The ground commanders determine how the
sorties will be used. For more on close air support see JP 3-09.3 and ATP 3-09.32.
2-134. A forward air controller (airborne) is a specifically trained and qualified aviation officer who exercises
control from the air of aircraft engaged in close air support of ground troops. The forward air controller (airborne)
is normally an airborne extension of the tactical air control party. A qualified and current forward air controller
(airborne) will be recognized across the Department of Defense as capable and authorized to perform terminal
attack control. (JP 3-09.3). Qualified helicopter aircrews can also function as a forward air controller (airborne);
providing the ground commander with an additional capability for terminal attack control of close air support. A
heliborne joint terminal attack controller may also direct the terminal attack control of close air support. This
technique provides the ground commander flexible and responsive terminal attack control across a larger area of
operations and is especially useful when joint terminal attack controllers are limited and Army aviation support is
available.
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Fire Support
Air Interdiction
2-135. Air interdiction is air operations conducted to divert, disrupt, delay, or destroy the enemy’s military
surface capabilities before it can be brought to bear effectively against friendly forces, or to otherwise achieve
objectives that are conducted at such distance from friendly forces that detailed integration of each air mission
with the fire and movement of friendly forces is not required (JP 3-03).
Counterair
2-136. Counterair is a mission that integrates offensive and defensive operations to attain and maintain a desired
degree of air superiority. Counterair missions are designed to destroy or negate enemy aircraft and missiles, both
before and after launch (JP 3-01). Field artillery may conduct counterair missions by striking enemy aircraft bases,
helicopter forward arming and refuel points and missile storage and launch sites.
JOINT AIR ATTACK TEAM
2-137. A joint air attack team is a combination of attack and/or scout rotary-wing aircraft and fixed-wing close
air support aircraft operating together to locate and attack high-priority targets and other targets of opportunity.
The joint air attack team normally operates as a coordinated effort supported by fire support, air defense artillery,
naval surface fire support, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance systems, electronic warfare systems, and
ground maneuver forces against enemy forces. Joint terminal attack controllers may perform duties as directed by
the air mission commander in support of the ground commander’s scheme of maneuver (JP 3-09.3).
COMMANDERS OVERVIEW
2-138. The joint air attack team provides the commander with a flexible force that can engage the enemy in his
area of operations. Each Service component involved retains OPCON of its respective units during a joint air
attack team operation. A joint air attack team can engage enemy penetrations in the friendly sustainment area or
strike targets in enemy territory in conjunction with the shaping operations of the maneuver force. The supported
commander is responsible for the synchronization of maneuver and fires. The role of commanders involved with a
joint air attack team include—
z
The supported commander determines when to employ a joint air attack team, requests the assets and
integrates the joint air attack team, other combat units, and supporting fires into his plan.
z
Upon receipt of a joint air attack team request, the aviation commander assumes responsibility for the
coordination and execution of the joint air attack team mission. He should be keenly aware of the
ground and air tactical plan.
z
The air mission commander controls the joint air attack team engagement (the aviation commander
and the air mission commander may be the same person).
2-139. Indirect fire assets augment the fires of joint air attack team operations. Fires cells develop supporting
joint suppression of enemy air defenses plans that support aircraft ingress and egress and necessary fire support
coordination measures to allow the simultaneous attack by aircraft and indirect fires.
2-140. For more on joint air attack team operations see ATP 3-09.32.
ARMY AVIATION
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
2-141. Army aviation assets are in combat aviation brigades found throughout the Army and at every echelon
from division to corps command. The combat aviation brigade is the supported commander’s primary integrator
of aviation assets. Each combat aviation brigade is tailored for specific missions.
ATTACK RECONNAISSANCE HELICOPTER OPERATIONS
2-142. Army attack reconnaissance helicopters are employed as maneuver forces in combined arms operations
using the doctrine, tactics, and procedures in FM 3-04.126. Attack operations destroy or defeat enemy forces in
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order to seize, retain, or exploit the initiative. Army attack/reconnaissance helicopters conduct both interdiction
attack and close combat attack.
2-143. FM 3-04.126 discusses close combat attack as a hasty or deliberate attack by Army aircraft providing air-
to-ground fires for friendly units engaged in close combat. Due to the close proximity of friendly forces, detailed
integration is required. During close combat attack, Army helicopters engage enemy units in close contact with
friendly forces with direct fire. Close combat attack is coordinated and directed by a team, platoon or company
level ground unit using standardized close combat attack procedures in unit standard operating procedures.
2-144. FM 3-04.126 discusses interdiction attack as a hasty or deliberate attack by Army aircraft to divert,
disrupt, delay, degrade, or destroy the enemy before they can be used effectively against friendly forces.
Interdiction attack is conducted at such a distance from friendly forces that detailed integration with ground forces
is not required.
2-145. Attack helicopters are capable of pinpoint destruction using antitank missiles or providing suppressive
area fires with rockets and cannons. Reconnaissance operations are conducted to obtain information about the
enemy and/or terrain to assist in building and sharing the common operational picture and to focus combat power
at the decisive point and time. Reconnaissance helicopters provide near-real-time intelligence and terminal
guidance for a variety of weapon systemsincluding Hellfire and air delivered precision-guided munitions.
Security operations provide reaction time, maneuver space and protection to air-ground maneuver.
2-146. For more on attack reconnaissance helicopter operations see FM 3-04.126.
CONTROL OF ARMY AVIATION ASSETS
2-147. Aviation assets normally remain under a combat aviation brigade, aviation battalion task force, or
aviation battalion control. The supported commander decides how supporting aviation assets will be integrated
into his overall concept of operations and how and when aviation will provide support.
2-148. For more on the capabilities and employment of aviation brigades see FM 3-04.111.
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Chapter 3
Fire Support and the Operations Process
Fire support follows the mission command activities performed during operations:
planning, preparing, executing, and continuously assessing the operation. These
4
activities serve as a template for coordinating other actions associated with an operation
including integrating processes, continuing activities, and actions specific to each
operations process activity. Both integrating processes and continuing activities occur
throughout an operation. Commanders synchronize them with each other and integrate
them into all operations process activities. Section I begins with fire support planning,
coordination, and targeting. Section II describes fire support preparation. Section III
describes fire support execution. Section IV concludes this chapter by discussing fire
support assessment.
SECTION I - FIRE SUPPORT PLANNING, COORDINATION, AND TARGETING
FIRE SUPPORT PLANNING
3-1. The purpose of commander’s guidance is to focus staff activities in planning an operation. An operation
is 1. A sequence of tactical actions with a common purpose or unifying theme. (JP 1) 2. A military action or the
carrying out of a strategic, operational, tactical, service, training, or administrative military mission. (JP 3-0).
COMMANDERS INTENT AND CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS
3-2. The commander’s intent is a clear and concise expression of the purpose of the operation and the desired
military end state that supports mission command, provides focus to the staff, and helps subordinate and
supporting commanders act to achieve the commander’s desired results without further orders, even when the
operation does not unfold as planned (JP 3-0).
3-3. The concept of operations is a statement that directs the manner in which subordinate units cooperate to
accomplish the mission and establish the sequence of actions the force will use to achieve the end state (Army
doctrine reference publication [ADRP] 5-0). Understanding the commander’s intent, concept of operations and
operational requirements for the maneuver elements is necessary for fire support personnel to provide sound
advice to the commander and his staff. Fire support planners focus how to employ available fires to achieve the
desired effect. The scheme of fires is the detailed, logical sequence of targets and fire support events to find
and engage targets to accomplish the supported commander’s intent. The scheme of fires is planned to
support the commander’s scheme of maneuver and is built on the fire support tasks developed by the
FSCOORD/FSO.
COMMANDERS GUIDANCE FOR FIRE SUPPORT
3-4. The maneuver commander must provide a clear and concise guidance on effects he expects from fires.
His emphasis must focus fires within the scheme of maneuver to achieve his objectives. Fire support personnel
must thoroughly understand the commander’s intent, scheme of maneuver, and guidance for fire support.
Commanders must ensure fire support personnel understand the larger picture of the battle. Commander's
guidance for fire support emphasizes in broad terms when, where, and how the commander intends to
synchronize the effects of fire support with the other elements of combat power to accomplish the mission. It
provides the staff and subordinate units with the general guidance and restrictions for the employment of fires,
desired effects and the planning and execution of targeting functions. Commander’s guidance for fire support
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should include his priority of fires. Priority of fires is the commander’s guidance to his staff, subordinate
commanders, fire support planners, and supporting agencies to organize and employ fire support in accordance
with the relative importance of the unit’s mission (ADRP 3-09). Mission orders for supporting field artillery
brigades and field artillery battalions should include the supported commander’s intent, concept of operations,
priority of fires, fire support tasks, and coordinating instructions.
DEVELOPING THE FIRE SUPPORT PLAN
3-5. Fire support is a force multiplier and can add weight to decisive operations where other assets fail. It is
therefore imperative that fire support considerations be included in the planning of all operations. Fires
specialists at each echelon of command recommend effects, capabilities, and techniques for delivering fires that
will support the commander’s guidance and assist the unit in achieving its objectives. Field artillery personnel
integrate all available fire support resources and synchronize them in accordance with the commander’s intent,
concept of operations and priority of fires. Fire support planning is often described as being top down, bottom
up. The initial fire support plan is developed by the higher headquarters to meet the supported commander’s
requirements. Subordinate units do not change the overall plan but provide recommendations and refinements
such as improved target locations. Effective fire support planning and coordination permits the maneuver
commander to orchestrate and employ all available fires and related resources in an integrated and synchronized
fashion consistent with the concept of operations. Fire support planning is the continuing process of
analyzing, allocating, and scheduling fires to describe how fires are used to facilitate the actions of the
maneuver force. Fire support planning is focused on using the timely and effective delivery of fires to enhance
the actions of the maneuver force. It involves the assignment of mission and positioning of field artillery units
and identifies the types of targets to attack, identifies the collection assets that acquire and track targets,
specifies the fire support assets to attack each identified target, and establishes the criteria for target defeat. The
objective of fire support planning is to optimize the application of combat power. It is performed as part of the
operations process. Fires support planning includes developing fire plans
(target lists and overlays) and
determining forward observer control options to ensure fire support is integrated into the commander’s scheme
of maneuver and can be executed in a timely manner.
3-6. A fire support plan is a plan that addresses each means of fire support available and describes how
Army indirect fires, joint fires, and target acquisition are integrated with maneuver to facilitate
operational success. The FSCOORD, chief of fires, brigade fire support officer, and other fire support planners
develop an effective and integrated fire support plan to support operations. An effective fire support plan clearly
defines fire support requirements, focuses on the tasks and their resulting effects, uses all available acquisition
and attack assets, and applies the best combination of fire support assets against high-payoff targets.
3-7. The fire support plan identifies critical times and places where the commander anticipates the need to
maximize effects from fire support assets. Fire support planning must take into account existing limitations on
the employment of fires, such as rules of engagement and positive identification requirements, presence of
special operations forces within the area of operations, desired conditions of subsequent phases, and
requirements for collateral damage avoidance. The commander augments maneuver with fires to mass effects,
achieve surprise, destroy enemy forces, and obtain decisive results. The commander‘s guidance gives specified
attack criteria for supporting fires assets, thus focusing the fires planning and coordinated execution on critical
times and events. The specified attack criteria are developed as a function of the commander‘s guidance, desired
effects, and high-payoff targets and attack priorities. Effective fire support planning and coordination ensures
that desired effects are achieved on high-payoff targets without wasting assets through repetitive engagements
by multiple friendly systems. Continuous planning and coordination facilitates the immediate actions required
to support ongoing operations; and anticipates actions that may be required in the future.
3-8. The fire support plan is an integral part of the operation plan (OPLAN)/operation order (OPORD) and is
normally comprised of the Fires paragraph in the OPLAN/OPORD and Annex D, FIRES (if used), and its
associated appendices, tabs, or enclosures. The development of the fire support plan is the responsibility of the
FSCOORD, chief of fires/fire support officer and fires cell. Preparation for and execution of the plan also
includes the responsibility for both technical and tactical rehearsals to ensure proper execution. The essential
elements of a fire support plan include but are not limited to—
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Fire Support and the Operations Process
z
Clear and concise articulation of fire support tasks by identifying the task, purpose, and effect of each
task.
z
Allocation of all fire support assets.
z
Projected changes to the allocation of fire support assets based on tactical contingencies in the
concept of operations.
z
Coordination and synchronization instructions for the timely detection and attack of high-payoff
targets.
z
Requirements for positioning of assets, the makeup of basic loads, and the controlled supply rate.
z
Restrictions on ammunition expenditures, types of fires, areas of employment, and creation of
obstacles.
z
Establishment and changes in fire support coordination measures.
3-9. In developing situations where time is critical, having a quick-fire plan can enable a unit to quickly
execute fire support for an impending operation. Brigade, battalion or company fire support officers develop
quick-fire plans to support their respective organizations. Like all fire support plans, the maneuver commander
approves the quick-fire plan. In quick-fire planning the fire support officer assigns targets (and possibly a
schedule of fires) to the most appropriate fire support means available to support the operation. In this type of
fire support planning the available time usually does not permit evaluation of targets on the target list and
consolidation with targets from related fire support agencies.
FIRE SUPPORT PLANNING PRINCIPLES
3-10. Successful fire support planning is the result of the FSCOORD/chief of fires, FSO’s aggressive
contribution to the commander's planning and decision making process. In making this contribution, they
employ principles of fire support planning, coordination, and execution as a guide. In advising the maneuver
commander on the application of fire support, the FSCOORD/chief of fires/brigade fire support officer also
review fire support requirements against basic fire support considerations that guide fire support planners in the
development of fire support plans—
z
Plan Early and Continuously. To effectively integrate fire support with the commander’s concept of
the operation, planning must begin when the commander states his mission and provides his
commanders guidance. Whenever commander's guidance is needed during the planning of an
operation, fire support planners should solicit that guidance from the commander. Planning is
continuous and keeps pace with the dynamics of the operation.
z
Ensure the Continuous Flow of Targeting Information. The fire support planners should ensure that
target acquisition requirements for fire support are identified and focused on detecting high-payoff
targets. Fire support planners also ensure that target information from all sources are evaluated and
routed to the appropriate attack means. This includes information from all echelons and from
adjacent and supporting elements.
z
Consider the Use of All Capabilities. The fire support planners consider the full range of fires and
other capabilities available at all levels. This includes fires and other assets from available joint and
multinational forces.
z
Use the Lowest Echelon Capable of Furnishing Effective Support. The lowest echelon that has the
necessary means to accomplish the mission should furnish the fire support. The fire support planners
decide what is needed and, if their assets are inadequate, request additional support.
z
Furnish the Type of Support Requested. The fire support requester is usually in the best position to
determine his fire support requirements. However, the fire support planners are in a position to weigh
the request against the commander's guidance and the current and future needs for fire support. If a
request for fire support is disapproved, the fire support planner stops the request and notifies all
concerned. When possible and necessary, he substitutes a new fire support means and alerts the
agencies that are to provide and receive the support.
z
Use the Most Effective Fire Support Means. Requests for fire support are transmitted to the force
capable of delivering the most effective fires within the required time. In making his decision, the
FSCOORD, and chief of fires/fire support officer consider the nature and importance of the target,
the engagement time window, the availability of attack assets, and the effects desired. In some
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circumstances, it may be necessary to sequence the attack by fixing the enemy with immediately
available fire support assets while coordinating a subsequent, more detailed attack by more effective
assets.
z
Avoid Unnecessary Duplication. A key task for the chief of fires/fire support officer is to ensure that
duplications of fire support requests are resolved.
z
Coordinate Airspace. All commanders must have the freedom to use airspace to achieve the
commander’s objectives and must have maximum flexibility to use assets (organic, supporting and
joint) within that airspace. Effective airspace management requires a responsive airspace control
system, standardization, minimal restrictions, and continuous coordination among all airspace users.
The chief of fires/fire support officer provides input concerning fire support use of airspace to those
agencies (battlefield coordination detachment, air support operations center tactical air control party,
ADAM/BAE) and personnel engaged in airspace management to ensure that conflicts between
surface-based indirect fire and air operations are minimized. Using fire support coordination and
airspace coordinating measures correctly can prevent fratricide and duplication of effort while
increasing the effectiveness of air-to-ground and ground-to-ground ordnance. Planning and
coordination are necessary to minimize conflicts between surface-based indirect fire and air
operations.
z
Provide Adequate Support. The mission and the commander's guidance determine the amount and
type of fire support needed for success. The FSCOORD or chief of fires/fire support officer must
inform the supported commander when fire support requirements exceed capabilities.
z
Provide for Rapid Coordination. Commanders must establish procedures and responsibilities for the
rapid coordination of fire support. In some circumstances, coordination of fire support will be
detailed and done in advance. In other instances, due to operational circumstances, coordination will
be rapid and less detailed. Rigid coordination procedures may delay the delivery of fires and
jeopardize the force. The FSCOORD, and chief of fires/fire support officer must know the
availability of assets, the concept of operations, the commander's intent, fire support coordination
measures in effect, rules of engagement, and any other restrictions.
z
Protect the Force. The FSCOORD and chief of fires/fire support officer must be aware of those
situations that increase the risk of fratricide. The primary mechanisms for limiting fratricide are
command emphasis, restrictive fire support coordination measures, disciplined operations, close
coordination among commands at all levels, and detailed situational understanding.
z
Provide for Flexibility. The FSCOORD and chief of fires/fire support officer must anticipate and
provide for future contingencies. On-order missions and careful positioning of assets give the
commander the flexibility to respond to changing battlefield conditions.
z
Use of Fire Support Coordination Measures. While planning is done regardless of boundaries and
friendly locations, the execution and coordination of fire support must always account for these
realities. To ensure responsive and safe fire support, the FSCOORD, and chief of fires/fire support
officer must continuously use and update all types of fire support coordination measures.
FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATION
3-11. Fire support coordination requires continually coordinating fire support plans and managing the fire
support assets that are available to a maneuver force. Fire support coordination is the planning and executing of
fire so that targets are adequately covered by a suitable weapon or group of weapons (JP 3-09). Fire support
personnel must stay abreast of the maneuver situation at all times and monitor requests for fire support within
the unit to prevent fratricide. Fire support personnel advise the maneuver commander of fire support
coordination measures that enhance the responsiveness and effectiveness of fires.
3-12. Fire support planning and coordination integrates and synchronizes Army indirect, air and missile
defense, joint, and multinational fires with the other warfighting functions into the commander’s concept of
operations. Fire support planners work closely with the electronic warfare element to ensure destructive fires are
integrated and synchronized with cyber/electromagnetic activities. Munitions allocation along with the
commander’s guidance for fires is an important part of fire support planning and coordination. Fire support
planning and coordination is central to the effectiveness of fire support. Formal coordination binds fire support
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Fire Support and the Operations Process
resources together in a common effort so that the employment of each fire support asset is synchronized with
the commander's intent and concept of operations. Effective coordination during both planning and execution is
required to ensure that a suitable weapon system(s) adequately attacks the desired targets at the correct time and
place. Effective coordination among the various organizations is necessary for the effective delivery of fire
support. Fundamental requirements of fire support coordination are that fire support must: operate as a cohesive
entity, be responsive to the needs of the supported commander, and be fully integrated into the supported
commander’s concept of operations. The supported commander should direct his FSCOORD and chief of
fires/brigade fire support officer to ensure that all available means of fire support are fully synchronized with
his concept of the operation. The supported commander retains the authority to direct target priorities, levels of
effort, and the sequence of those efforts to his subordinates.
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATION
3-13. Fire support coordination ensures the matching of the right attack means with the correct target to deliver
the commander’s desired effects at the precise time and location needed to support the operation. To achieve the
best possible matching of all fire support and targets, the following guidelines for coordination are
recommended—
z
Positioning field artillery delivery units to engage high-payoff targets.
z
If acting as force field artillery headquarters, provide common grid and meteorological data for units
attached to or under its operational control (OPCON) or tactical control (TACON).
z
Coordinating with the brigade combat team’s (BCT’s) fires cell and field artillery battalion command
post to develop the attack guidance matrix using the munitions effects database in the Advanced
Field Artillery Tactical Data System (AFATDS).
z
Computing ammunition requirements needed for generating desired effects via the attack of expected
enemy target categories with field artillery. Providing this assessment to the commander so that he
can formulate his attack guidance.
z
Identifying issues that require the field artillery commander’s attention or additional guidance.
z
Stating the FAB and supported higher headquarters commander’s attack guidance by defining
“how,” and “when,” and with what restrictions the commander wants to attack different targets and
identify the targeting priorities.
z
Requiring refinement by lower echelons to be completed by an established cut-off time.
z
Verifying or correcting target locations and trigger points during refinement.
z
Recommending the risk the FAB and the supported higher headquarters commander should be
willing to accept concerning delivery of indirect fires for maneuver units in close combat.
z
Using the fire support execution matrix to brief the fire support portion of the OPORD during
rehearsal. Rehearse the fire support portion of the OPORD directly from the fire support execution
matrix.
z
Conducting rehearsals with the actual units and Soldiers who will execute field artillery tasks.
z
Verifying the area of coverage of radars of the units who have a command or support relationship
with the FAB.
z
Prioritizing requirements for radars and allocate radar zones to reflect the developed situation
template, protection priorities, and the scheme of maneuver.
z
Explaining fire support-related combat power in terms of the required effects to be generated for the
operation.
PROCEDURAL CONTROLS FOR DECONFLICTING FIRES
3-14. During fire support planning and coordination, there should be emphasis on establishing procedural
controls to deconflict fires with joint forces, particularly the air component. Missile and guided MLRS targets
will often be located beyond the fire support coordination line. Coordination of attacks beyond the fire support
coordination line, if established, is especially critical to commanders of air, land, and special operations forces.
Forces attacking targets beyond a fire support coordination line must inform all affected commanders in
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sufficient time to allow necessary reaction to avoid fratricide, both in the air and on the ground. Finally, this
coordination assists in avoiding conflicting or redundant attacks.
FIRE SUPPORT AND TARGETING
3-15. Targeting is the process of selecting and prioritizing targets and matching the appropriate response to
them, considering operational requirements and capabilities (JP 3-0). A target is 1. An entity or object that
performs a function for the adversary considered for possible engagement or other action. 2. An area designated
and numbered for future firing (JP 3-60). Targeting and its integral functions of decide, detect, deliver, and
assess (see table 3-1 on page 3-7) is an integral part the operations process. Targeting occurs continuously
throughout an operation. Its steps mirror planning, preparing, executing, and assessing. An important part of
targeting is identifying potential fratricide and collateral damage situations and implementing fire support
coordination and other control measures that both facilitate operations and minimize fratricide and collateral
damage. The targeting working group is typically led by the fires cell; the targeting board is chaired by the chief
of staff/executive officer/G-3/S-3. See FM 3-60.
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Table 3-1. Synopsis of targeting
˛Decide ˛
˛Detect ˛
Determine
Based on
Determine
Based on
What (task): Enemy
Receipt of Mission
Who/Where: Focused on
COA Development.
focused. Determine what fire
y Commander’s intent.
detection. Assets are
y Scheme of Fires.
support and inform and
y Concept of operations.
deployed to detect high-
y High-payoff targets.
influence activities tasks are
y Initial planning guidance.
payoff targets.
y Target selection standards.
essential to the success of
y Guidance for fires.
y Attack Guidance Matrix.
the operation (enemy
y Fire support tasks.
formation or function and
Mission analysis:
Information collection assets
y Electronic attack tasks.
desired effects from attack).
y Specified & implied tasks
identify and locate targets
y inform and influence tasks.
y IPB
that can attacked by fires,
y Measures of performance.
y Target Value Analysis.
electronic attack and inform
y Measures of effectiveness.
Why (purpose): Friendly
y High-value targets.
and influence activities.
focused. Determine the
COA Analysis
purpose for employment of
y Refine above products.
fires (for example to
y High-payoff Target List.
suppress, neutralize, and
y Target Synch Matrix.
destroy enemy fire support
y Airspace control request.
systems and control nodes).
y Information requirements.
Orders Production
y Finalize above products.
y Fire Support Plan.
y Information Collection Plan.
y Airspace Control Plan.
y OPLAN/OPORD.
y Fires Paragraph 2e.
y Annex D Fires, with tabs.
˛ Deliver˛
˛ Assess˛
Determine
Based on
Determine
Based on
Who/When: Focused on
y COA development
Effect: Identifies if the
y OPLAN/OPORD
deliver. Addresses the “who”
y Scheme of Fires
intended effect was achieved
y Task execution.
and “when” portion of the
y Wargaming.
by the attack means and how
y Effects of fire support.
task (such as the attack of a
y COA decision
well the attack means
y Effects of electronic attack.
specified target, duration of
y OPLAN/OPORD
functioned.
y Effects of IIA.
attack and effects desired.
y High-payoff Target List
y Combat assessment
y Attack Guidance Matrix.
y Measures of performance.
y Target Synch Matrix.
y Measures of effectiveness.
y Information Collection Plan
y Airspace Control Plan
COA - course of action
OPLAN - operation plan
IIA - inform and influence activities
OPORD - operation order
IPB - intelligence preparation of the battlefield
DECIDE
3-16. Decide is the first step in the targeting process. It begins with the military decision-making process
(MDMP). It does not end when the plan is completed; the decide function continues throughout the operation.
The staff develops decide information to address—
z
What targets should be acquired and attacked? Target selection standards are criteria applied to
enemy activity (acquisitions and battlefield information) used in deciding whether the activity
is a target.
z
When and where are the targets likely to be found?
z
How long will the target remain once acquired?
z
Who or what can locate the targets?
z
What accuracy of target location will be required to attack the target?
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z
What are the priorities for surveillance, reconnaissance, and target acquisition objectives and asset
allocation?
z
What intelligence requirements are essential to the targeting effort and how and by when must the
information be collected, processed, and disseminated?
z
When, where, how, and in what priority should the targets be attacked?
z
What are the measures of performance and measures of effectiveness that determine whether the
target has been successfully attacked and whether the commander’s desired effects have been
generated by doing so?
z
Who or what can attack the targets, and how should the attack be conducted (for example,
number/type of attack assets, ammunition to be used) to generate desired effects and what are the
required assets/resources based on commander’s guidance?
z
What or who will obtain assessment or other information required for determining the success or
failure of each attack? Who must receive and process that information, how rapidly, and in what
format?
z
Who has the decision making authority to determine success or failure, and how rapidly must the
decision be made and disseminated?
z
What actions will be required if an attack is unsuccessful and who has the authority to direct those
actions?
3-17. The joint force commander may prohibit or restrict attacks on specific targets or objects without specific
approval based on military risk, the law of war, rules of engagement, or other considerations. Targeting
restrictions are typically identified on two lists; the no-strike list and the restricted target list.
3-18. A no-strike list is a list of objects or entities characterized as protected from the effects of military
operations under international law and/or the rules of engagement (JP 3-60). Attacking these may violate the
law of armed conflict or interfere with friendly relations with indigenous personnel or governments. The no-
strike list is compiled independently of and in parallel to the candidate target list. It is important to note,
however, that entities from the candidate target list may be moved to the no-strike list if, as a result of additional
target development, it is determined that attacking them may violate the Law of War. Conversely, targets placed
on a no-strike list may be removed from that list and become subject to military action if their status as a
protected object or entity has changed.
3-19. A restricted target list is a list of restricted targets nominated by elements of the joint force and approved
by the joint force commander. This list also includes restricted targets directed by higher authorities (JP 3-60).
Actions against targets on the restricted target list that exceed specified restrictions are prohibited until
coordinated and approved by the establishing headquarters. A restricted target is a valid target that has specific
restrictions placed on the actions authorized against it due to operational considerations (JP 3-60).
3-20. Attacking restricted targets may interfere with projected friendly operations. Targets may have certain
specific restrictions associated with them that should be clearly documented in the restricted target list (for
example, do not strike during daytime, strike only with a certain weapon). Some targets may require special
precautions (for example, chemical, biological, or nuclear facilities, or proximity to no-strike facilities) due to
possible collateral effects of using artillery on the target. When targets are restricted from lethal attacks,
commanders should consider nonlethal capabilities as a means to achieve or support the commander’s desired
objectives. For more on the no-strike list, restricted targets, and legal considerations for targeting see JP 3-60.
DETECT
3-21. The second step of the targeting process, detect, directs how and which target acquisition assets find the
specified targets to the requisite level of accuracy. It focuses specific platforms or assets to search for a specific
target in time and space. Typically, the staff closely coordinates with the G-2/S-2 in developing the information
collection plan. Identified targets are tracked and engaged by appropriate means. For example target acquisition
radars may focus on threat mortars firing at friendly forces, unmanned aircraft may track enemy forces
preparing to attack a friendly fire base. The guidance, direction and synchronization provided for information
collection and target acquisition enables assets to find specific targets or develop information required to meet
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Fire Support and the Operations Process
the commander’s requirements. Named areas of interest and target areas of interest are used to focus the
surveillance effort and are integrated into the information collection plan.
z
A named area of interest is the geospatial area or systems node or link against which information
that will satisfy a specific information requirement can be collected. Named areas of interest are
usually selected to capture indications of adversary courses of action, but may be related to
conditions of the operational environment (JP 2-01.3).
z
A target area of interest is the geographical area where high-value targets can be acquired and
engaged by friendly forces. Not all target areas of interest will form part of the friendly course of
action; only target areas of interest associated with high priority targets are of interest to the staff.
These are identified during staff planning and wargaming. Target areas of interest differ from
engagement areas in degree. Engagement areas plan for the use of all available weapons; target areas
of interest might be engaged by a single weapon (JP 2-01.3).
DELIVER
3-22. Attacks must meet the success criteria developed during the decide step. Close coordination is required
between those engaged in detecting targets and those conducting the attack. Close coordination is required
between the entities engaged in detecting targets and those conducting the attack. Normally the G-3/S-3 and
chief of fires/fire support officer provides guidance for this coordination and synchronization in the attack
guidance matrix, information collection plan and fires, electronic warfare and inform and influences activities
input to the OPLAN/OPORD.
ASSESS
3-23. Assess occurs throughout the operations process. Targeting is continuously refined and adjusted between
the commander and staff as the operation unfolds. Combat assessment measures how effectively attack systems
and munitions functioned, effects on the target, and a recommendation as to whether the target should be re-
attacked. A reattack recommendation is an assessment, derived from the results of battle damage assessment and
munitions effectiveness assessment, providing the commander systematic advice on reattack of targets and further
target selection to achieve objectives (JP 3-60). The reattack recommendation considers objective achievement,
target, and aimpoint selection, attack timing, tactics, and weapon system and munitions selection. The reattack
recommendation is a combined operations and intelligence function.
SECTION II- FIRE SUPPORT PREPARATION
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
3-24. Fire support preparation creates conditions that improve friendly forces’ chances for success. It facilitates
and sustains transitions, including those to branches and sequels. Preparation requires action by fire support
personnel at every echelon. Mission success depends as much on fire support preparation as on fire support
planning. Fire support rehearsals help staffs, units, and individual fire support personnel to better understand
their specific role in upcoming operations, synchronize execution of the fire support plan, practice complicated
tasks before execution, and ensure equipment and weapons are properly functioning.
3-25. Fire support preparation activities begin before deployment and continue during planning, and throughout
an operation. Uncommitted forces prepare for identified contingencies and look to the operation’s next phase or
branch. Committed units revert to preparation when they reach their objectives, occupy defensive positions, or
pass into reserve.
REHEARSALS
3-26. The supported unit headquarters normally conducts the combined arms rehearsal after subordinate units
have issued their OPORD. This rehearsal ensures that the subordinate unit’s plans are synchronized with those
of other units in the organization and that those plans will achieve the intent of the higher commander. A fire
support rehearsal in coordination with the field artillery technical rehearsal should be conducted prior to the
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combined arms rehearsal and if possible include members of the operations and intelligence staff and other
members of the targeting working group.
FIELD ARTILLERY DIGITAL REHEARSALS
Level III Digital Rehearsals
3-27. Level III full-scale digital technical rehearsals are conducted either in conjunction with combined
arms/field artillery tactical rehearsals or conducted separately. They involve the use (in real-time) of fire support
platforms over actual or similar terrain. These rehearsals are generally conducted in a deliberate/hasty defense
or limited offense. Level III rehearsals are resource and time-intensive and, although the most desirable, rarely
feasible at FAB or FA battalion level. Significant benefits of technical rehearsals include—
z
Database verification for fire support digital systems.
z
Validation of the supporting communications architecture. Mobile digital platforms that are spread
over a geographic area present unique challenges difficult to replicate with static platforms in an
assembly area.
z
Verification of the maneuver terrain management plan and time-space relationships between field
artillery targets and field artillery movement plans. The intent is to ensure units are in place to
provide fires during critical periods.
z
Rehearsal of triggers (on the ground if possible), both for movement and for the initiation of fires by
primary and backup sensors/observers.
Level II Digital Rehearsals
3-28. Level II digital rehearsals are conducted separate from combined arms/field artillery tactical rehearsals.
They are conducted from actual fighting position areas, where "electronic movement" of units and icons in the
AFATDS situation screen would adversely affect the current mission. This may be a partial digital rehearsal in
that only actual targets within range of friendly assets can be rehearsed and processed among AFATDS
operational facilities such as fires cells or fire direction centers. Targets outside the range of friendly assets
cannot be processed in AFATDS, even for rehearsal purposes. For these targets, their information (for example,
target number, grid, trigger, attack guidance, and firing units) should be verified by voice or text message.
Level I Digital Rehearsals
3-29. Level I full digital rehearsals are conducted separate from combined arms/field artillery tactical rehearsals
similar to a normal command post exercise from an assembly area. The database can be rehearsed completely
by electronically moving units and icons in the AFATDS situation screen. Movement of the icons on the screen
gives rehearsal participants an electronic visualization of how the operation will unfold and how the fire support
plan will be integrated. However, before conducting this type rehearsal, units must be certain that it will not
interfere with actual missions.
INTEGRATED DIGITAL AND TACTICAL FIRE SUPPORT/FIELD ARTILLERY REHEARSALS
3-30. The AFATDS offers a unique ability to merge digital and fire support/field artillery tactical rehearsals.
The commander’s preferences should be reflected in unit standard operating procedures.
3-31. The rehearsal net must allow all participants to eavesdrop and follow the rehearsal. Regardless of the net,
the fires cell should be the net control station and run the rehearsals. To provide the conceptual framework, the
rehearsal should begin with a brief description of the concept of operations and supporting scheme of fires
followed by a senior headquarters fires cell phase-by-phase overview of the operation. Topics to be addressed
for each phase include—
z
Scheme of maneuver/friendly/enemy actions that initiate each phase (fires cell).
z
Enemy situation (unit or force field artillery G-2/S-2). For Level I and Level III rehearsals, the G-
2/S-2 directs the movement of enemy icons on the AFATDS current situation screen and sends the
status either to selected units or to a distribution list to update all AFATDS operational facilities.
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Fire Support and the Operations Process
z
Concept of operations (fires cell).
z
Commander’s intent for fires during that phase (fires cell).
z
Fire support tasks for that phase. (Note: fire support tasks are related in time and space. Therefore,
fire support tasks should be discussed in relation to each other.) Information should also include—
„ Target number and grid coordinates.
„ Purpose of the target.
„ Primary and alternate triggers to include periods of limited visibility and description of how
triggers are related in time and space to the scheme of maneuver.
„ Primary and alternate sensors/observers.
„ Delivery unit(s).
„ Time-space relationship between the unit response time, duration of fires, and scheme of
maneuver.
z
After review of each fire support task, missions should be processed from the sensor/observer to the
delivery system level. In particular, validate the following—
„ Mission value.
„ System preferences (AFATDS recommends the fire support attack asset).
„ Delivery system attack methods (shell, fuze, unit, volleys).
„ Proper functioning of AFATDS intervention points.
„ Target coordination requirements.
„ Mission routing functions.
z
After review of each fire support task, the artillery S-3 should discuss field artillery actions and field
artillery tasks to support each phase, to include—
„ Movements required during the phase, their triggers, and relationship in time and space with fire
support tasks. For Level I and Level III rehearsals, displacing firing units change their grid location
and send status to selected units or a distribution list to update AFATDS operational facilities.
„ Logistic requirements in the phase to include ammunition resupply triggers and special munition
distribution.
DIGITAL REHEARSAL CHALLENGES
3-32. The effect of automatic data distribution during digital rehearsals is potentially far reaching. As digital
systems are designed to disseminate information automatically, safeguards must be in place to separate digital
rehearsals from real world events. In both Level I and Level III rehearsals, AFATDS operational facilities
electronically “move" unit icons in AFATDS from assembly areas or battle positions into planned battle
positions to engage targets for the rehearsal. Preferably, rehearsal missions must be distinctly separate from live
missions. Otherwise, digital rehearsal missions and associated exercise messages should not be automatically
passed to addressees unless they are rehearsal participants or are aware of the rehearsal and able to differentiate
between actual and rehearsed information. Alternatively, non-participating net members may have to leave the
net for the duration of the rehearsal.
3-33. Safeguards must also be taken to prevent live rounds from being fired at rehearsal targets while
maintaining the capability to react to real threats. Units must retain the ability to terminate or postpone
rehearsals instantly when an actual fire mission needs to be processed.
3-34. Although AFATDS permits dividing plans into distinct phases, creating and switching among multiple
phases during rehearsals create the potential for introducing database errors. Therefore, phases within a plan
should be kept to a minimum and created only when necessary.
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