FMI 6-02.45, C1 Signal Support to Theater Operations (May 2008) - page 5

 

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FMI 6-02.45, C1 Signal Support to Theater Operations (May 2008) - page 5

 

 

Chapter 4  

z

Provide coordination of operations and planning and to evaluate and prepare reports of 
chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear activities throughout the SC(T) affecting signal 
assets. 

z

Provide theater VI units supporting the ASCC. 

z

Provide software management for units assigned, attached, or OPCON to the SC(T), to include 
managing all applications and proprietary software, managing all noncombatant service support 
software, and advising the ASCC G-6 staff on software and application matters pertaining to 
NETOPS. 

4-63.  The SC(T) can expect to deploy any part or the entire organization to meet METT-TC requirements. 
It will operate in a manner to support LWN requirements in theater, whether as a forward element, 
operating in sanctuary, or from a power projection platform. It must be able to direct the execution of 
sustaining base, strategic, and tactical information and communication systems supporting Army, joint, and 
coalition operations during all phases. Ideally, the SC(T) center of mass will locate where the commander 
can best exercise C2 over signal assets, influence theater network schemes and architectures, and overall 
best meet network requirements supporting the ASCC commander or JFC. 

5th SC(T) 

4-64.  This command is OPCON to USAREUR and Seventh Army. The commanding general also serves 
as the Deputy Chief of Staff, G-6 (CIO) for USAREUR and Seventh Army. The 5th SC(T) mission is to 
provide a combat-ready, forward-deployed signal force providing responsive theater tactical, strategic, and 
installation signal support to NATO and US Warfighters in the USEUCOM across the spectrum of 
operations. The 5th SC(T) is also capable of meeting requirements to support worldwide contingencies in 
response to the joint staff, HQDA, and NETCOM directives to install, operate, and restore theater tactical 
communications across the spectrum of conflict. 

311th SC(T) 

4-65.  The 311th is the designated SC(T) for the USARPAC. The 311th SC(T) is a USARC flagged multi-
component organization that is under the OPCON of USARPAC. The 311th SC(T) receives ADCON 
support from both NETCOM/9th SC(A) and the USARC. The commander of the 311th SC(T) is multi-
missioned as the Deputy Chief of Staff, G-6 of USARPAC, the RCIO for IMCOM Pacific Region, and the 
J-6 of the JTF- Homeland Defense. 

335th SC(T) 

4-66.  This command is a multi-component SC(T) (USAR flagged) with the mission to manage 
telecommunications infrastructure for SWA (South Asia, Middle East, North Africa) in support of the 
United States Army, Central Command (USARCENT)/3rd Army for US Central Command during 
peacetime and contingency operations. In peacetime, the USARC commands the unit. In wartime, the unit 
is under the command of the NETCOM and under the OPCON of CENTCOM. The commander of the 
335th serves as the ARFOR G-6 or JTF J-6 of the supported force. 

T

HEATER 

T

ACTICAL 

S

IGNAL 

B

RIGADE 

4-67.  Tactical brigades and battalions extend information network services to the deployed Army HQ and 
other deployed subordinate organizations allocated to the Army’s AO. Tactical units are not organic to a 
signal command, but are allocated based on mission requirements. Network assets are apportioned to 
supported units according to METT-TC and the supported unit’s specific communications and network 
requirements. 

4-68.  The mission of the TTSB is to command and control up to five tactical battalions and any other 
assigned or attached forces necessary to meet the network support missions in the theater of operations. 
The TTSB is equipped, manned, and organized to provide C2 functions and staff assistance to the 
subordinate units, staff supervision, personnel actions and administration, and logistics actions. TTSBs are 
forces assigned to NETCOM and OPCON to specific supported CCDRs, service component commanders, 

4-12 

 

FMI 6-02.45 

5 July 2007 

Theater Operations 

or JTF commanders. TTSB contains the normal headquarters and staff elements found in other tactical 
formations (see Figure 4-4). In addition, the TTSB— 

z

Conducts systems planning, transport, and infrastructure engineering. 

z

Develops architecture, design, and integration studies. 

z

Determines technical circuit characteristics. 

z

Develops plans for establishing communications systems. 

z

Provides field support and sustainment support to operational missions in the form of ESBs. 

z

Can provide a span of control for EAC signal support to JOA. 

z

Provides passive and value-added services to Army Forces within the JOA, including common 
user services and COOP facilities. 

HHC Theater

HHC Theater

Signal

Signal

Brigade

Brigade

Comma

Co

nd

mmand

Section

Section

Signal 

Signal

Signal

Signal

Headquarters 

Administrative 

Logistics

Headquarters

Administrative

Logistics 

Engineer 

Control

Engineer

Control

Company 

Section 

Section

Company

Section

Section

Section 

Section

Section

Section

Signal Plans

Signal Plans 

and 

Ministry 

Chief

and

Ministry

Chief

Intelligence 

Section 

Judge

Intelligence

Section

Judge

Advocate

Advocate

Sectio

Se

n

ction

Figure 4-4. Theater tactical signal brigade 

Headquarters Company, TTSB 

4-69.  The S-1 officer is responsible for all human resources and administrative functions in the brigade, to 
include advising the commander on all human resource related issues and providing legal advice and 
assistance, supported by personnel of the Judge Advocate General Corps. 

4-70.  The S-4 officer provides oversight for all and logistics plans and functions for the brigade. This 
section also advises the brigade commander on all matters pertaining to logistics, transportation, 
deployment, and maintenance. 

4-71.  The communications operations section for the brigade (S-3) conducts detailed systems integration 
and network planning functions for the brigade. This section also is responsible for— 

z

Determining equipment suitability and adaptability with existing  communications systems. 

z

Ascertaining the types of installations and employment required to provide quality transmission 
over installed circuits and systems. 

z

Handling frequency requests and associated records for the brigade units. 

z

Establishing the brigade communications systems control element (CSCE) responsible for 
keeping network situational understanding and status of current and future needs for rerouting or 
reconstituting circuits and facilities throughout the communications system. 

5 July 2007 

 

FMI 6-02.45 

4-13 

Chapter 4  

4-14 

FMI 6-02.45 

5 July 2007 

z

 

Providing effective operational management and responsive SYSCON. 

z

 

Taking appropriate actions to optimize the deployed network performance in response to 
constantly changing network configurations. 

z

 

Establishing and maintaining required databases necessary to assist in near real-time control of 
communications systems and to assist the signal plans and intelligence section in systems 
planning and engineering. 

Note.

 The majority of the following signal brigades will become a theater’s senior signal 

organization to perform more effectively and efficiently the Service Title 10 functions that 
support the transformed campaign – quality operating force with joint and expeditionary 
capabilities. 

1st Signal Brigade 

4-72.

 

This brigade provides OPCON support to United States Forces, Korea (USFK) and 8th US Army in 

the Korean theater of operations. The 1st Signal Brigade commander serves a dual role as the 8th Army G-
6 with an augmenting staff provided by the 311th SC(T). The 1st Signal Brigade is unique in that it has 
both tactical and strategic battalions assigned which provide a combat-ready, forward-deployed LWN 
capability for responsive theater tactical, strategic, and installation signal support to CCDRs, the United 
Nations Command, Combined Forces Command, USFK, and Warfighters in the 8th Army area across the 
spectrum of operations. During wartime, the 1st Signal Brigade comes under the OPCON of the 311th 
SC(T) for the USPACOM or 8th Army AO. 

7th Signal Brigade 

4-73.

 

 This brigade provides OPCON support to USAREUR. It maintains a combat-ready, forward-

deployed signal force to deploy, install, operate, and maintain seamless theater tactical information system 
support to US and NATO Warfighters in the USAREUR/USEUCOM AOR. 

11th Signal Brigade 

4-74.

 

This brigade is a CONUS based unit that is regionally focused to provide theater level and special 

tactical requirements to support USCENTCOM, USARCENT, and USPACOM, as required. The 11th 
Signal Brigade also provides support to worldwide contingencies in response to the joint staff, HQDA, and 
NETCOM mission directives to install, operate, maintain, and restore LWN systems across any spectrum 
of conflict to include support to the BCT level, as necessary. The 11th Signal Brigade provides a forward 
stationing presence using the 54th Signal Battalion in order to meet daily signal and DOIM support in the 
USCENTCOM AOR. 

35th Signal Brigade 

4-75.

 

This brigade is a CONUS based unit that is regionally focused to provide theater level and special 

tactical requirements to support United States Army South (USARSO). The 35th Signal Brigade 
commander serves a dual role as the USARSO/G-6. The 35th Signal Brigade is also capable of supporting 
worldwide contingencies in response to the joint staff, HQDA, and NETCOM directives to install, operate, 
and restore theater tactical communications across the spectrum of conflict.  

228th Signal Brigade and the 261st Signal Brigade 

4-76.

 

These brigades are ARNG tactical brigades under the command of the ARNG during peacetime. 

Their mission focus is homeland defense and CONUS contingency requirements. In wartime, the units are 
under the command of NETCOM and are assigned in accordance with applicable OPLANS. 

Theater Operations 

359th Signal Brigade 

4-77.  This brigade is an USAR TTSB under the command of the USARC and the 335th SC(T). In 
wartime, the unit is commanded by NETCOM and is assigned in accordance with applicable OPLANS. 

T

HEATER 

S

IGNAL 

M

AINTENANCE 

C

OMPANY 

4-78.  The Theater Signal Maintenance Company (TSMC) is a one of kind unit that, with its current 
structure, supports the TTSB as an initial-entry deployer, providing immediate readiness of all ground 
support equipment to facilitate the critical theater signal mission. It also provides rapid deployable and 
dedicated general support and limited depot signal support for a theater of operations for the TTSB. 

4-79.  The 556

th

 TSMC is assigned to the 11

th

 Signal Brigade’s 504

th

 Signal Battalion in the garrison 

environment. The current structure includes a HQ platoon and three maintenance platoons. When 
deployed, the TSMC supports MCO by employing a dedicated platoon as required (usually one platoon per 
MCO) to support TTSBs.  

4-80.  The TSMC’s viable mission is to provide dedicated sustainment maintenance and class IX supply 
support to a theater of operations for TRI-TAC, MSE, computers, and conventional communications-
electronics (C-E) end items and components.   

4-81.  The TSMC provides a maintenance control section for theater unique and common signal 
assemblages. It also provides a dedicated authorized stockage list and prescribed load list element for 
common and exclusive theater signal systems that are not necessarily demand supported but require intense 
control and management for the gaining brigade. The following are its repair and support capabilities: 

z

Modules, circuit boards/cards for high demand, high usage, and low density theater signal 
assemblages. 

z

Automated data processing equipment (including teletype, Tactical Army Combat Service 
Support Computer System, and associated peripherals). 

z

HF communications equipment. 

z

Microwave equipment (including multichannel, TACSAT, and Tropospheric Scatter [TROPO]). 

z

Fabricates both copper and fiber optic cables for unique applications.  

z

Communications security equipment (including a specialized support activity for selected 
controlled cryptographic items). 

z

Ground support equipment (including power generation units with outputs up to 200 kW, 
environmental control units, forced air heaters, power-driven decontamination equipment, and 
gasoline engines). 

E

XPEDITIONARY 

S

IGNAL 

B

ATTALION 

4-82.  Over the course of the past several years and with the onset of the global war on terror, theater signal 
has undergone significant change to meet the information demands of CCDRs and joint forces. In step with 
the Army transition and modularity the integrated theater signal battalion (ITSB) was developed. As 
designed, these signal assets reside at the Army echelon as a “force pool” and can be deployed across the 
entire spectrum of conflict in any segment of a theater, while supporting a larger and more diverse 
customer base. Few signal battalions converted to the ITSB design and provided the theater a modular, 
multi-capable, deployable unit that met the information and network requirements needed at most levels. 
Later it was found that the MSE switching and LOS systems employed by the ITSB structure could not 
provide the data bandwidth requirements of supported units at all echelons.  With the introduction of the 
next generation switch and data systems, it was found that signal battalions can be structured in a way that 
better enabled employment of network assets to support the increased number of medium and small 
command posts. These augmentations spurred the concept of an enhanced version of the ITSB that 
transformed into a modular expeditionary-capable signal formation known today as the ESB. 

5 July 2007 

 

FMI 6-02.45 

4-15 

Chapter 4 

Note. 

The ESB is formally known as an integrated theater signal battalion–joint network node 

(ITSB-J). With the accelerated fielding to equip signal battalions with JNN, the approved 
naming convention of “ESB” was established. 

4-83.  While primarily a theater level asset, the ESB may be employed to support a corps/division, BCT, or 
service component, or coalition headquarters based on METT-TC. Although the ESB is typically assigned 
to a TTSB, it may be assigned or attached to other higher level organizations as well, or may operate as 
part of a separate network package supporting specific missions such as Homeland Defense. 

4-84.  The ESB design simplifies the overall C2 of signal assets. As a modular element, it eliminates the 
need to task organize from multiple organizations to form a single communications support package, 
thereby enhancing unit cohesion and deployment planning, supporting “train-as-you-fight” and ensuring 
faster training for signal leaders in a systems-centric environment. The ESB also simplifies network 
training requirements by facilitating end-to-end systems level training versus training in single function 
environments. Each battalion has the capability to link back to the sustaining base, as well as provide other 
C2 linkages to intra-theater nodes as needed. 

4-85.  The introduction of next generation switch/data systems and the reduction in the number of large 
switches has allowed the ESB to be structured in a way that better enables employment of network assets 
to support the increased number of medium and small command posts. This flexible structure improves the 
ESB’s ability to respond quickly to support missions with precisely sized capabilities down to the team 
level that minimize the deployed signal footprint. The total support capability of the ESB has grown from 
15 to 30 command posts. 

4-86.  The ESB design, as depicted in Figure 4-5, provides a multifunctional structure that— 

z

Supports theater elements operating in both theater and corps/division areas. 

z

Is designed to leverage current equipment for immediate standup while providing a 
modernization path to incorporate JNTC-S or WIN-T systems as resources become available. 

z

Is applicable to all Active and Reserve components. 

z

Is designed for the MCO fight and is capable of executing missions across full spectrum 
operations. 

Bn Equip Mix 

2 x SSSv3 
4 x JNN 
24 x CPN 
4 x TSC-85 (SATCOM Terminal) 
4 x TSC-93 (SATCOMTerminal) 
4 x TRC-170v3 (Light Tropo) 
12 x TRC-190v3 (HCLOS) 
24 x TRC-190v1(HCLOS) 
1 x TMS (HQS section C Co) 

Bn Equip Mix 

2 x SSSv3 
4 x JNN 
24 x CPN 
4 x TSC-85 (SATCOM Terminal) 
4 x TSC-93 (SATCOMTerminal) 
4 x TRC-170v3 (Light Tropo) 
12 x TRC-190v3 (HCLOS) 
24 x TRC-190v1(HCLOS) 
1 x TMS (HQS section C Co) 

ESB 

HHC 

Expeditionary 

Signal Company 

Expeditionary 

Signal 

Platoon 

------------

1 x JNN 

5 x CPN 

1 x TSC-93 

2 x LOSv3 
5 x LOSv1 

Cable & Wire TM 

Expeditionary 

Signal 

Platoon 

------------

1 x JNN 

5 x CPN 

1 x TSC-93 

2 x LOSv3 
5 x LOSv1 

Cable & Wire TM 

Expeditionary 

Signal Company 

Expeditionary 

Signal 

Platoon 

------------

1 x JNN 

5 x CPN 

1 x TSC-93 

2 x LOSv3 
5 x LOSv1 

Cable & Wire TM 

Expeditionary 

Signal 

Platoon 

------------

1 x JNN 

5 x CPN 

1 x TSC-93 

2 x LOSv3 
5 x LOSv1 

Cable & Wire TM 

Heavy Signal 

Platoon 

------------

1 x SSSv3 

2 x CPN 

2 x TSC-85 

2 x LOSv3 
2 x LOSv1 

2 x TRC-170v3 

Cable & Wire Sec 

Heavy Signal 

Platoon 

------------

1 x SSSv3 

2 x CPN 

2 x TSC-85 

2 x LOSv3 
2 x LOSv1 

2 x TRC-170v3 

Cable & Wire Sec 

Bn Eq

Joint/Area 

Signal Company 

uip Mix

2 x SSSv3
4 x JNN
24 x CPN
4 x TSC-85 (SATCOM Terminal)
4 x TSC-93 (SATCOMTerminal)
4 x TRC-170v3 (Light Tropo)
12 x TRC-190v3 (HCLOS)
24 x TRC-190v1(HCLOS)
1 x TMS (HQS section C Co)

Bn Equip Mix

2 x SSSv3
4 x JNN
24 x CPN
4 x TSC-85 (SATCOM Terminal)
4 x TSC-93 (SATCOMTerminal)
4 x TRC-170v3 (Light Tropo)
12 x TRC-190v3 (HCLOS)
24 x TRC-190v1(HCLOS)
1 x TMS (HQS section C Co)

ESB

HHC

Expeditionary

Signal Company

Expeditionary

Signal

Platoon

------------

1 x JNN

5 x CPN

1 x TSC-93

2 x LOSv3
5 x LOSv1

Cable & Wire TM

Expeditionary

Signal

Platoon

------------

1 x JNN

5 x CPN

1 x TSC-93

2 x LOSv3
5 x LOSv1

Cable & Wire TM

Expeditionary

Signal Company

Expeditionary

Signal

Platoon

------------

1 x JNN

5 x CPN

1 x TSC-93

2 x LOSv3
5 x LOSv1

Cable & Wire TM

Expeditionary

Signal

Platoon

------------

1 x JNN

5 x CPN

1 x TSC-93

2 x LOSv3
5 x LOSv1

Cable & Wire TM

Joint/Area

Signal Company

Heavy Signal

Platoon

------------

1 x SSSv3

2 x CPN

2 x TSC-85

2 x LOSv3
2 x LOSv1

2 x TRC-170v3

Cable & Wire Sec

Heavy Signal

Platoon

------------

1 x SSSv3

2 x CPN

2 x TSC-85

2 x LOSv3
2 x LOSv1

2 x TRC-170v3

Cable & Wire Sec

Figure 4-5. The ESB structure 

4-16 

 

FMI 6-02.45 

5 July 2007 

Theater Operations 

ESB Structure and Functions 

4-87.  The ESB consists of a battalion headquarters and headquarters company (HHC), two identical 
Expeditionary Signal Companies, and a Joint/Area Signal Company. 

4-88. 

Battalion Headquarters

. The ESB HQ staff performs C2, administrative logistics, and force 

protection functions to support the commander in executing the battalion’s mission. The battalion 
headquarters requires 100 percent mobility (the ability to transport all organic personnel and equipment in 
a single lift). 

4-89. 

Headquarters Company

. The battalion headquarters company provides personnel and facilities for 

C2 and coordination of the company mission. Personnel and equipment are provided for coordination and 
oversight of company administration, supply, force protection, and field-level maintenance of wheeled 
vehicles, power generation equipment, C-E equipment, and small arms. The company headquarters 
provides food service in a field environment. The company requires 100 percent mobility (the ability to 
transport all organic personnel and equipment in a single lift). 

Expeditionary Signal Company   

4-90.  The Expeditionary Signal Company is designed to provide network services to small and medium 
command posts. The company consists of a company headquarters and two identical Expeditionary Signal 
Platoons (ESPs). 

4-91. 

Company HQ

. The company headquarters provides personnel and facilities for C2 and coordination 

of the company mission. Personnel and equipment are provided for coordination and oversight of company 
operations, administration, supply, and force protection functions. Soldiers are provided to conduct field-
level maintenance of wheeled vehicles, power generation equipment, C-E equipment, environmental 
control equipment, and small arms. The company headquarters provides food service in a field 
environment. 

4-92. 

ESP. 

Each ESP consists of a JNN Team, two LOS V3 Teams, five CPN Teams, five LOS V1 

Teams, a TACSAT Terminal Team, and a Cable Team. Typical platoon missions include the installation, 
operation, and maintenance of communication systems in support of battalion and brigade-level command 
posts. The platoon may be tasked to dispatch individual teams to separate support missions or to be 
combined with other teams, platoons, or companies to meet specific mission requirements at any echelon. 
Normally the LOS V1 teams will only be employed with a CPN. 

Joint/Area Signal Company   

4-93.  The Joint/Area Signal Company is designed to provide network services to medium and large 
command posts and command post clusters. The company consists of a company headquarters and two 
identical Heavy Signal Platoons. 

4-94. 

Company HQ

. The company headquarters provides personnel and facilities for C2 and coordination 

of the company mission. Personnel and equipment are provided for coordination and oversight of company 
administration, supply, force protection, and field-level maintenance of wheeled vehicles, power generation 
equipment, C-E equipment, environmental control equipment, and small arms. The company headquarters 
provides food service in a field environment. The TMS Section is in the company headquarters.  

4-95. 

Heavy Signal Platoon

. The Heavy Signal Platoon consists of a Switch Section, two LOS V3 Teams, 

two CPN Teams, two LOS V1 Teams, two Light TROPO Terminal Teams, two TACSAT Hub Teams, and 
a Cable Section with two cable teams. With its larger switches and heavier BLOS transmission capabilities, 
the platoon is suited to support large command posts, command post clusters, or support bases. The platoon 
can also support battalion- and brigade-level command posts, and may be tasked to dispatch individual 
teams to separate support missions or to be combined with other teams, platoons, or companies to meet 
specific mission requirements. 

5 July 2007 

FMI 6-02.45 

4-17 

Chapter 4  

Operational Employment 

4-96.  The ESB is designed to afford network planners flexibility in configuring resources to meet user 
requirements precisely. In keeping with modularity principles, the ESB and its signal companies, platoons, 
and teams may be tailored and task organized so that only the precise package of capabilities needed to 
satisfy a given mission is deployed. In the same manner, companies, platoons, or teams may be added to an 
ESB to meet the demands of a particular mission. 

4-97.  The ESB and its subordinate elements may be tasked to support organizations anywhere in a theater 
AO, to include army-level units provisioned to division-level support brigades. Network support missions 
may require a full battalion, a company, or a platoon; however, missions may require the deployment of 
individual teams to support separate units in widely dispersed locations at every echelon of an operation. 
Mission orders will normally be issued by the Army G-3 in coordination with the Army G-6 and 
disseminated to the ESB through the SC(T) HQ and Tactical Signal Brigade HQ. 

4-98.  In a MCO, mission orders will normally be issued by the theater army G-3 in coordination with the 
theater army G-6. Mission orders will be disseminated to the ESB through the SC(T) headquarters and 
Tactical Signal Brigade HQ. 

4-99.  ESB subordinate companies, platoons, sections, and teams attached to supported units will normally 
receive logistical support, to include rations, petroleum, oils, lubricants, ammunition, medical care, repair 
parts, and maintenance services from the supported unit. Support requirements will be specified in the 
attachment order. 

Command Relationships 

4-100.  ESBs are assigned to Tactical Signal Brigades. Tactical Signal Brigades are assigned to either a 
SC(T) or to NETCOM/9th SC(A). Tactical Signal Brigades are aligned to support numbered armies 
(USAREUR/7th Army, USARPAC/8th Army, USARCENT/3rd Army, USARSO/6th Army, and 
USARNORTH/5th Army).  

4-101.  When assigned a network support mission, ESBs and subordinate elements will be detached from 
the parent unit and attached to the supported unit for the duration of the mission. 

T

ACTICAL 

I

NSTALLATION AND 

N

ETWORK 

C

OMPANY 

4-102.  The Tactical Installation and Network (TIN) Company provides large network infrastructure 
installation and rapid installation and restoration of the DCS within an Army’s AO. Growing from a need 
to provide responsive and agile advanced network installation services for critical missions, the TIN 
Company has the capability to restore or install critical pieces of the DCS, which includes the DSN, the 
DSCS, and the DISN. Thorough planning identifies the necessary work requirements, specific core 
competencies, an estimated bill of materials, and personnel requirements.  

4-103.  The TIN Company— 

z

Provides follow-on tactical support to signal packages for semi-permanent and permanent 
tactical automation, network installation, and information system support utilizing user provided 
bills of materials. 

z

Provides rapid DCS installation and restoration.  

z

Deploys in support of combatant commands, JTF, JFLCCs, ASCC, and SC(T)s. May be 
employed to support other service component or coalition headquarters, permanent or semi-
permanent enclaves. 

z

Provides technical expertise to interpret and implement engineering plans for communication 
systems. 

z

Advises the supported commander on aspects of network installation to include inside plant, 
outside plant, LAN installation and initialization. 

z

Performs quality assurance testing and handoff of installed and restored systems. 

4-18 

 

FMI 6-02.45 

5 July 2007 

Theater Operations 

z

Installs, maintains, and repairs aerial, buried, or underground cable, wire, and fiber optic 
transmission systems. 

z

Repairs and maintains indigenous cable, wire, and fiber optic systems, and provides antenna and 
tower construction and repair. 

z

Provides LAN installation and cabling using any mix of military and commercial standards and 
materials. 

z

Provides automation support to include LAN initialization, network security, DMS, DRSN, 
SIPRNET, NIPRNET, and VTC. 

z

Installs or restores the DSCS terminal. 

z

Installs or restores a strategic to tactical interface path. 

4-104.  One TIN Company typically deploys to an Army’s AO. The company may be attached or OPCON 
to a SC(T) HQ, an ITSB, ESB or TTSB, an ARFOR or JFLCC G-6/J-6 staff section or under an 
organization responsible for joint communications until an Army signal headquarters deploys into theater. 
Platoons, sections, and teams can operate autonomously to support various locations, base clusters, and 
enclaves. The TIN Company can also deploy tasked organized teams, sections, or platoons to support 
contingencies in CONUS and OCONUS. The organization structure for a TIN Company is depicted in 
Figure 4-6. 

TIN 

Company 

Company 

Headquarters 

2

nd 

Platoon 

Headquarters 

Section 

Operations 

Section 

Quality 

Control Team 

1

st 

Platoon 

Heavy 

Cable 
Install 

Section 

Inside 

Plant 

Team 

Heavy 

Outside 

Plant 

Team 

Light 

Cable 
Install 

Section 

Network 

Install 

Section 

Heavy 

DCS 

Restore 

Section 

Heavy 

Cable 
Install 
Team 

Light 

Outside 

Plant 

Team 

INFO 

Systems 

Team 

LAN 

Install 
Team 

Light 
DCS 

Restore 

Team 

Heavy 

DCS 

Restore 

Section 

Heavy 

Cable 
Install 

Section 

Inside 

Plant 

Team 

Heavy 

Outside 

Plant 

Team 

Light 

Cable 
Install 

Section 

Network 

Install 

Section 

Heavy 

DCS 

Restore 

Section 

Heavy 

Cable 
Install 
Team 

Light 

Outside 

Plant 

Team 

INFO 

Systems 

Team 

LAN 

Install 
Team 

Light 
DCS 

Restore 

Team 

Heavy 

DCS 

Restore 

Section 

TIN 

Company

Company 

Headquarters

Company 

Headquarters

2

nd

Platoon

2

nd

Platoon

Headquarters 

Section

Operations

Section

Quality 

Control Team

Headquarters 

Section

Operations

Section

Quality 

Control Team

1

st

Platoon

1

st

Platoon

Heavy 

Cable 
Install

Section

Inside 

Plant 

Team

Heavy 

Outside 

Plant 

Team

Light 

Cable 
Install

Section

Network

Install

Section

Heavy 

DCS 

Restore

Section

Heavy

Cable 
Install 
Team

Light 

Outside 

Plant 

Team

INFO

Systems 

Team

LAN

Install
Team

Light 
DCS

Restore 

Team

Heavy 

DCS

Restore 

Section

Heavy 

Cable 
Install

Section

Inside 

Plant 

Team

Heavy 

Outside 

Plant 

Team

Light 

Cable 
Install

Section

Network

Install

Section

Heavy 

DCS 

Restore

Section

Heavy

Cable 
Install 
Team

Light 

Outside 

Plant 

Team

INFO

Systems 

Team

LAN

Install
Team

Light 
DCS

Restore 

Team

Heavy 

DCS

Restore 

Section

Heavy

Cable 
Install

Section

Inside 

Plant 

Team

Heavy

Outside

Plant 

Team

Light

Cable 
Install

Section

Network

Install

Section

Heavy

DCS 

Restore 

Section

Heavy 

Cable 
Install
Team

Light 

Outside 

Plant

Team

INFO

Systems 

Team

LAN

Install
Team

Light 
DCS 

Restore

Team

Heavy

DCS 

Restore 

Section

Heavy

Cable 
Install

Section

Inside 

Plant 

Team

Heavy

Outside

Plant 

Team

Light

Cable 
Install

Section

Network

Install

Section

Heavy

DCS 

Restore 

Section

Heavy 

Cable 
Install
Team

Light 

Outside 

Plant

Team

INFO

Systems 

Team

LAN

Install
Team

Light 
DCS 

Restore

Team

Heavy

DCS 

Restore 

Section

Figure 4-6. Theater TIN Company 

C

OMBAT 

C

AMERA 

C

OMPANY 

4-105.  The COMCAM Company’s mission is to provide digital and analog motion and still visual 
documentation covering armed forces in war, natural disasters, and training activities. COMCAM 
documentation is an essential battlefield information resource that supports strategic, operational, and 
tactical mission objectives. It is a fundamental tool for commanders and decision makers that, when 
utilized properly, is an effective combat multiplier. The operational commander is the release authority for 
all collected COMCAM images. This authority can be delegated to the appropriate J-3 or G-3. The local 
command must release the images before they can be transmitted out of the theater. Images must be 

5 July 2007 

 

FMI 6-02.45 

4-19 

Chapter 4 

transmitted back to the Joint COMCAM Center within 24 hours to meet the mission requirements of the 
national command authority, Joint Chiefs of Staff, and other military departments. At the theater level, the 
COMCAM Company is attached to the theater’s signal unit and task organized to receive mission direction 
to the ASCC G-3, with the theater’s signal unit providing support. The COMCAM Company provides the 
following to the theater: 

z

Staff planning, control, and supervision of company operations including augmenting personnel 
or materiel assets and liaison to supported units, and other service supported units. 

z

COMCAM editing for the electronic processing of digital still and motion imagery acquired by 
documentation teamsor other COMCAM field units located in the theater AO. 

z

Establishment, operation, and maintenance of COMCAM facilities supporting the theater 
including the joint collection management tool.. 

z

Operating support facilities to provide tailored still and motion media products, graphics 
products, narration support, video reports, and COMCAM equipment maintenance. 

z

Presentation and exploitation of visual imagery in support of operational or intelligence 
requirements or documentation for historical purposes. 

T

HEATER 

N

ETWORK 

O

PERATIONS AND 

S

ECURITY 

C

ENTER 

4-106.  The TNOSC operates, manages, and defends the LWN in order to deliver seamless information 
and communication systems capabilities in support of all in-theater Army entities in its AO. The TNOSC 
executes its NETOPS responsibilities in coordination with the Army G-6. RNOSCs may execute TNOSC 
functions on a geographic basis within their AOR under tactical control of the TNOSC. The responsibilities 
of the TNOSC are to control performance of technical functions of both fixed theater network 
infrastructure and tactical Army signal units within the theater AOR. 

TNOSC Deployment Support Division 

4-107.  In conjunction with the modular restructuring of the Army, the signal command is undergoing 
revision in order to support emerging requirements of the new modular force. One such revision is the 
addition of a new Deployment Support Division (DSD) within the TNOSC. The DSD has the primary 
responsibility for all TNOSC support to deployed forces. It is comprised of two branches: the Tactical 
Network Team (TNT) and the Tactical Integration Cell (TIC) as shown (with the other TNOSC divisions) 
in Figure 4-7. 

TNOSC 

OFFICE OF 

DIRECTOR 

TNOSC OPS 

DIVISION 

DEPLOYMENT 

SUPPORT 

DIVISION 

TACTICAL 

NETWORK 

TEAM 

TACTICAL 

INTEGRATION 

CELL 

OTHER 
TNOSC 

DIVISIONS 

TNOSC

OFFICE OF

DIRECTOR

TNOSC

OFFICE OF

DIRECTOR

TNOSC OPS

DIVISION

DEPLOYMENT

SUPPORT

DIVISION

TACTICAL

NETWORK

TEAM

TACTICAL

INTEGRATION

CELL

TACTICAL

NETWORK

TEAM

TACTICAL

INTEGRATION

CELL

OTHER
TNOSC

DIVISIONS

Figure 4-7. TNOSC DSD structure 

4-20 

 

FMI 6-02.45 

5 July 2007 

Theater Operations 

Tactical Network Team 

4-108.  The TNT is a fully deployable NETOPS entity (but based on METT-TC it is not necessarily fully 
or always deployed). The TNT acts as a fully integrated NOSC providing NETOPS functions for the SC(T) 
commander or signal brigade commander. The TNT will leverage supporting capabilities of the ASCC 
TNOSC to execute its NETOPS functions. The ARFOR TNT monitors, manages, and controls inter-BCT, 
division and corps, and EAC information network components.  

Tactical Integration Cell 

4-109.  The TIC is a body of tactical network personnel within the DSD of the TNOSC that is dedicated to 
the integration and support of NETOPS for tactical units. The TIC provides the following functions: 

z

Oversight and management of tactical ASCC NETOPS support services, such as the tactical 
NETOPS systems. 

z

Supplementary or backup network services in direct support of other network elements as 
required. These services include storage and directory, as requested by the ARFOR. These 
functions are value-added services and are not intended to replace critical organic NETOPS 
assets within the chain of command. 

z

Technical subject matter expertise upon request to analyze and resolve tactical network 
problems and incidents. 

z

Coordination of any required interoperation of ASCC NETOPS systems with tactical NETOPS 
systems such as e-mail, collaboration, DNS, and directory services. 

z

Any necessary system interfaces, equipment augmentation, or NETOPS processes to enable 
standard Army tactical forces to interoperate seamlessly with combatant command’s specific 
requirements and policies. 

4-110.  The TIC responsibilities also include the formation of temporary Tactical Liaison Teams (TLTs), 
which are dedicated to the support of a specific tactical unit. The TLT performs a liaison function to the 
supported unit’s NETOPS cell, providing essential integration services between the tactical unit and the 
respective TNOSC, while also providing valuable technical NETOPS augmentation to the unit’s organic 
NETOPS capability. When supporting a corps/division or corps/division-based command, a TLT typically 
collocates with corps/division personnel at the tactical Network Service Center. TLT personnel in support 
of an expeditionary BCT may perform functions from the TNOSC, or may relocate to other locations as 
missions dictate. Two typical scenarios for these elements are depicted in Figure 4-8 and Figure 4-9. 

5 July 2007 

 

FMI 6-02.45 

4-21 

Chapter 4 

STEP/Teleport 

TNOSC 

Corps/Div NCS

STEP/Teleport

TNOSC

Corps/Div NCS

TNT 

TI

TNT 

C

TIC

REAR

REAR

TLT

TLT

TNT

TNT 

 

SBDE

SBDE

FWD

 

FWD

SBDE 

BCT

SBDE

BCT

BCT

BCT

BCT

BCT

JTF/JFLCC 

Corps/Div

 

Joint Controlled

JTF/JFLCC

Corps/Div

Joint Controlled

ASCC Controlled

ASCC Controlled

Corps/Div Controlled

Corps/Div Controlled

Brigade Controlled

Brigade Controlled

Robust Transmission

Robust Transmission

Tactical Transmission

Tactical Transmission

Figure 4-8. TNOSC DSD elements – TNT, TIC, and TLT with corps/division 

STEP/Teleport 

TNOSC

S

STEP/Teleport

TNOSC

TEP/Teleport

TNOSC

ASCC NCS

AS

ASCC NCS

CC NCS

TNT

TN

TNT

TIC 

TLT

TIC

TIC

TLT

TLT

REAR

R

REAR

EAR

TNT

TN

TNT

FWD

 

FW

FWD

D

BN

BN

BN

BN

BN

BN

BN

BN

BN

BN

BN

BN

BN

BN

BN

JTF/JFLCC 

BCT

JJTF/JFLCC

BCT

TF/JFLCC

BCT

Joint Controlled

Jo

Joint Controlled

int Controlled

ASCC Controlled

AS

ASCC Controlled

CC Controlled

Brigade Controlled

Br

Brigade Controlled

igade Controlled

Robust Transmission

Robust Transmission

Tactical Transmission

T

Tactical Transmission

actical Transmission

Figure 4-9. TNOSC DSD elements – TNT, TIC, and TLT without corps/division 

 

4-22 

 

FMI 6-02.45 

5 July 2007 

 

5 July 2007 

FMI 6-02.45 

A-1 

Appendix A 

Notional Deployment Scenario for Signal Support 

Planned deployment scenarios establish the geographical and environmental 
conditions in which a system must be operated and sustained. Different operating 
environments impose different architectural characteristics on the overall design of 
that system. These characteristics directly affect the types of signal support required 
and the environmental conditions under which they must operate. 

SECTION I - FORCE PROJECTION 

A-1.

 

When diplomatic, economic, and informational instruments cannot achieve national objectives or 

protect national interests, US leadership may employ military forces to influence a deteriorating and 
potentially hostile situation, deter potential adversaries, demonstrate US resolve and capability, promote 
peace, or support other instruments of national power. The general goal of US military operations is to 
deter war; failing that, the military executes missions with the intent to return situations to a state of peace 
and conditions favorable to the United States. When the direct applications of military forces are inevitable, 
the goal is to win decisively, quickly, and with as few casualties as possible, often reacting with little 
notice. Such crisis response through power projection is one of the essential US strategic principles.  

A-2.

 

The scenario contained in this appendix entails the mobilization and projection of US and coalition 

forces into a friendly country to stage decisive operations against a hostile neighbor who poses a threat to 
other pro-Western countries in the region. 

A-3.

 

Force projection entails the mobilization, deployment, employment, sustaining and redeployment of 

military forces from CONUS or OCONUS bases. Effective power projection demonstrates US capability to 
carry out military operations anywhere in the world. Credible power projection rapidly deploys military 
forces to terminate conflicts quickly with terms favorable to the United States and its allies. Force 
projection entails the deployment, employment, sustaining, and redeployment of military forces from 
CONUS or OCONUS bases. 

A-4.

 

Throughout all stages of force projection, a paramount need exists for communications and network 

support to convey information from CONUS installations, supporting bases, and power projection 
platforms. Force-projection operations follow a general flow of activity, although the phases often overlap 
in space and time. Commanders and units prepare to deal with multiple activities simultaneously and out of 
sequence by remaining agile and being prepared to adjust as operational needs dictate. Information is 
pushed to the forward-most Warfighters through strategic gateways. 

SECTION II - CENTRAL ASIA SCENARIO – LIMITED INTERVENTION 

OVERVIEW 

A-5.

 

Forces hostile to Western governments conduct a coup, supported by a third nation on a common 

border, overthrowing the legitimate progressive government and forming an antagonistic regime. The 
threat seeks to attain recognition of the current regime as the legitimate government while maintaining 
covert ties to the neighboring nation to the south in order to bolster military support. The coup regime 
seeks also to minimize Western influence, gain greater support of the local populace, and control oil and 
gas infrastructure. Unconventional and conventional forces conduct cross-border operations with the 
objective of destabilizing pro-Western neighbors and preparing for possible direct intervention against 

Appendix A  

A-2 

FMI 6-02.45 

5 July 2007 

these other US friendly nations. Additionally, threat forces are implicated in several terrorist acts in 
neighboring countries directed specifically against economic interests and government officials. 

A-6.

 

The SecDef deploys a carrier group offshore of the friendly nation as a show of resolve and notifies 

the Geographical Combatant Command of national intent to prevent further adverse regional influence by 
the coup regime. The SecDef directs the GCC to prepare OPLANs to conduct contingency operations in 
the region against the coup regime. The GCC forms a JTF with the following objectives: 

z

 

Isolate the threat center of gravity. 

z

 

Defeat enemy forces. 

z

 

Seize key economic regions to prevent exploitation, capture or destruction by threat forces. 

z

 

Seize the capital region in order to destabilize the coup regime. 

z

 

Reinstate the friendly government. 

z

 

Stabilize the region. 

z

 

Deter invasion or further intervention by bordering threat nation. 

A-7.

 

The JTF intent is to employ Army and other components to establish control quickly of key terrain in 

theater, defeat enemy forces, and transfer control of key facilities and population to legitimate government 
authorities. The actual force structure and deployment of theater signal and supported forces into a theater 
is determined on a case-by-case basis by METT-TC. The following notional sequence provides a basis for 
understanding the process of developing signal capability in a theater and its relationship to organizational 
structure. Army Forces are comprised of a mixture of infantry BCTs with airborne and air assault 
capability, Stryker Brigade Combat Teams, and Heavy Brigade Combat Teams. Theater supporting forces 
are modular sustainment elements. 

SECTION III - PLANNING PHASES 

MOBILIZATION – DAILY OPERATIONS AND THE ROAD TO WAR 

A-8.

 

Significant actions performed before mobilization are— 

z

 

Directed by the SecDef to conduct military operations, CCDRs conduct collaborative planning 
with joint and multinational forces to coordinate, refine, and modify strategies and OPLANS.  

z

 

Combatant commands disseminate military objectives, intelligence, and resource guidance and 
determine the strategic end state to subordinate elements and ASCCs. 

z

 

Orders issued to alert, mobilize, and deploy forces to the JOA. 

z

 

Services conduct OPLAN analysis and virtual rehearsals. 

A-9.

 

Upon notification of the probability of combat operations or other requirements, CCDRs will 

leverage the LWN and the GIG to facilitate deliberate military and joint planning, collaboration, 
dissemination of orders, tactical force deployment and sustainment, and the mobilization and deployment 
preparation of reserve forces. These requirements complement the normal day-to-day training, readiness, 
intelligence, logistics, and support conducted through high throughput strategic networks and DOIM 
supported segments of the LWN. 

A-10.

 

The signal command and NETCOM establish support and contingency packages that provide 

communications for those units without sufficient organic communications equipment, those needing 
augmentation, or those elements needing specialized network capability. These network support packages 
form a significant portion of the theater network and theater access to the GIG and are tailored to specific 
requirements to provide a mixture of immediate tactical and commercial voice, data via the GCCS, 
NIPRNET, SIPRNET, and VTC. 

P

REDEPLOYMENT

 

A-11.

 

During normal peacetime operations, the Army prepares its units for force projection missions. This 

requires organizing, training, equipping, and leading them. Key to this effort is both readiness and 
collective deployment training with the US Navy and United States Air Force (USAF) controlled lift 

Notional Deployment Scenario for Signal Support 

5 July 2007 

FMI 6-02.45 

A-3 

assets. Strategic networks link installations, training and simulation centers, support centers, and the 
myriad daily operational requirements necessary to conduct joint and interagency training programs and 
exercises. The GIG enables service component staffs and joint staffs to collaborate, plan, and refine. The 
LWN supports these CCDR daily operational requirements by providing NIPRNET and SIPRNET 
capability that spans the globe.  

A-12.

 

When Army Forces are alerted for force-projection missions via joint crisis action procedures, timely 

and accurate portrayal of JFC requirements gives Army Forces maximum time to plan for deployment and 
employment. Based on forces available and the needs of the JFC, the Joint Chiefs of Staff allocate forces 
for the mission. At an appropriate time, signal elements are allocated to a theater commander. These 
elements may be apportioned in deliberate theater contingency plans. Depending on theater requirements 
and the projected force structure, the signal command may be alerted to provide C2 over LWN signal 
assets. 

A-13.

 

During the pre-deployment phase, network planners must understand and plan for the complexity of 

joint, combined, and tactical network deployment and management needed to support the mission. They 
must have a clear understanding of the density of command posts, subscribers, and automation networks in 
order to ensure that plans adequately meet requirements and facilitate proper network management. This 
requires adequate planning, engineering, and resourcing of the requisite nodes, transport links, STEP or 
teleport interfaces, network management centers, C2 relationships, and data management structures needed 
to support the theater network. See Figure A-1. 

Figure A-1. Mobilization phase - GIG supports CCDRs’ daily operational requirements 

A-14.

 

This stage also includes establishing and finalizing C2, intelligence, and logistical relationships 

among the services of the joint force and the early resolution of Army unit deployment sequences in 
relation to the movement of other services forces. Early determination of the sequencing of signal elements 
into the JOA solidifies the TPFDD and determines the time required to deploy the force and subsequently 
the theater network. 

ARMY

Alert and 

Mobilize

ARMY

Alert and 

Mobilize

Appendix A  

A-4 

FMI 6-02.45 

5 July 2007 

DEPLOYMENT–INITIAL ENTRY (FORT TO PORT) 

A-15.

 

Significant actions executed during initial entry are— 

z

 

Units begin deployment to JOA. 

z

 

United States Marine Corps (USMC) 41st Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB) and 11th 
Airborne BCT conduct early entry operations to establish and secure SPODs, APODs, and 
TAAs. 

z

 

Combined Arms Support Command sustainment elements begin theater opening operations. 

z

 

SOF are employed to provide strategic reconnaissance, conduct direct action missions against 
critical hostile infrastructure, and conduct unconventional warfare operations. 

A-16.

 

The signal community provides contingency packages for deployment and early entry. As needed, 

they provide additional forces required to IOM-D networks supporting initial entry of forces into the 
theater of operations. Refer to Figure A-2. To support large-scale deployment and lodgments, signal 
elements deploy from CONUS or another supporting theater. The initial opening and entry into the theater 
may involve a forced entry or simple debarkation of forces into a secure SPOD/aerial port of debarkation 
(APOD): 

z

 

Network contingency packages serve as first entry forces to support the JTF, JFLCC, or ARFOR 
as required. Contingency packages will be based on needs for network IOM-D supporting the 
JFC. Size and composition depends on subscriber numbers, command post locations, and 
METT-TC factors. Generally, this includes network infrastructure necessary to support Theater 
Army HQ, semi-permanent bases, SPODs and APODs, assembly and staging areas, Theater 
Support Bases, lines of communication, and temporary installations. 

z

 

COMCAM teams deploy into specific areas of interest to provide VI. 

z

 

The A-GNOSC directs the deployment of a TNT which serves as a C2/NETOPS package to 
initiate theater network control and GIG reachback through supporting theater strategic STEP 
and teleport. See Figure A-3. 

Figure A-2. Deploy to theater 

Notional Deployment Scenario for Signal Support 

5 July 2007 

FMI 6-02.45 

A-5 

Figure A-3. Deployment phase – extending the GIG into the JOA 

A-17.

 

Deployment into the theater of operations may entail simultaneous movement of tactical and 

operational-level headquarters and logistical C2. Forcible entry operations may be required to gain access 
to the AO during the entry phase. Airborne, air assault, SOF, and Marine Corps units will be the primary 
ground forces for use in forcible entry situations. 

A-18.

 

In addition, it allows for the reception and employment of early reinforcing units, logistics packages, 

and security. Throughout the deployment, signal units must maintain the flexibility to reconfigure units and 
adjust deployments should the needs of the JFC change while the deployment is in progress. This is 
particularly important during the entry phase since the situation may rapidly change. 

EMPLOYMENT-THEATER SHAPING AND BUILDING COMBAT 

POWER 

A-19.

 

Significant actions performed during employment are— 

z

 

Theater sustainment command establishes theater support base. 

z

 

ASCC establishes JTF HQ at TAA. 

z

 

Army Forces units arrive and conduct reception, staging, onward movement, and integration 
(RSOI) and tactical movement to TAA. 

z

 

41st MEB conducts security operations for SPODs and joint support areas. 

z

 

AFFOR establishes JFACC and begin operations to prevent hostile air and theater ballistic 
missile attacks, neutralize Integrated Air Defense Systems, and gain and maintain theater air and 
space superiority. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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