A-1
Appendix A
SENSOR EMPLOYMENT CONSIDERATION
1. Human Intelligence/Counterintelligence (HUMINT/CI). HUMINT is intelligence
derived from information collected and provided by human sources. One key benefit of
HUMINT is that it can provide an indication of enemy intentions. Counterintelligence is
information gathered and activities conducted to protect against espionage, other intelli-
gence activities, sabotage, or assassinations conducted by or on behalf of foreign govern-
ments or elements thereof, foreign organizations, or foreign persons, or international terror-
ist activities. The Defense HUMINT Service (DHS) provides HUMINT/CI intelligence as
well as the CIA. During wartime, valuable HUMINT can also be obtained from activities
undertaken by the combat elements of the joint force (for example, via pilot debriefings
following attack operations missions and SOF). SOF as HUMINT is discussed in Appendix
B.
a. Capabilities. Information gained from human sources can provide specific details of
weapons systems, tactics, doctrine, and other data important for conducting TMD
operations. HUMINT encompasses a broad range of potential data sources, including
debriefings of enemy prisoners of war (EPW); information from government, military, and
civilian persons within the target country; and/or third country persons. Strategic debriefs
of persons entering the US and tracking international commerce (business, shipments, and
labor) are means of collecting potentially useful data. US persons and organizations
involved in activities abroad can also provide a wealth of current information. These
include inspection teams, non-governmental organizations (NGO), private voluntary
organizations (PVO), etc. Use of agents and low-level source operations (LLSO) are
additional means of collection.
b. Limitations. Limitations of HUMINT include timeliness of collection, if in fact
sources are available at all. The retasking process is slow and possibly impractical or
impossible to accomplish. Additionally, HUMINT is subject to misinformation and the
quality of information gathered is personality dependent.
2. Imagery Intelligence (IMINT). IMINT is intelligence derived from the exploitation of
collection by visual photography, infrared sensors, lasers, electro-optics, and radar sensors
such as synthetic aperture radar (SAR), wherein images of objects are reproduced optically
or electronically on film, electronic display devices, or other media. Examples of IMINT
To be successful at determining potential enemy TM COAs, TM IPB requires
interface with, and support from national, theater, and tactical/organic sensors and
surveillance system networks. The discussion of sensors in this appendix is broken out
by intelligence disciplines as described by Joint Publication 2-0, Joint Doctrine for
Intelligence Support to Operations, and focuses on how each discipline contributes to the
JTMTD process. These discussions are, by design, general in nature and not specific to
any particular AOR or sensor platform. They should be considered within the scope of
the JTMTD process described in Chapter III of this publication.