CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL, AND NUCLEAR DEFENSE (CBRND) FUNCTIONAL NEEDS ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT (2005)

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

Capabilities

Task

CBRN Tactical Sustain Task Title

Near/Mid-

Far-

Number

Current

Term

Diagnose chemical effects on personnel and

TASUST 5

MWAs.

•

Diagnose biological effects on personnel and

TASUST 6

MWAs.

•

Diagnose radiological effects on personnel and

TASUST 7

MWAs.

•

TASUST 8.

Treat chemical effects on personnel and MWAs.

•

Treat biological effects on personnel and

TASUST 9

MWAs.

•

Treat radiological effects on personnel and

TASUST 10

MWAs.

•

Decontaminate individual and crew-served

TASUST 11

weapons.

•

Decontaminate vehicles, weapons, and

TASUST 12

nonsensitive equipment.

•

TASUST 13

Decontaminate sensitive equipment.

•

TASUST 14

Decontaminate ship exteriors.

•

TASUST 15

Decontaminate ship interiors.

•

TASUST 16

Decontaminate assault craft.

•

TASUST 17

Decontaminate aircraft.

•

TASUST 18

Decontaminate fixed facility exteriors.

•

TASUST 19

Decontaminate fixed facility interiors.

•

TASUST 20

Decontaminate open areas.

•

Decontaminate cargo and supplies, including

TASUST 21

POL, ammunition, and packaged food.

•

TASUST 22

Conduct transload operations.

•

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

Capabilities

Task

CBRN Tactical Sustain Task Title

Near/Mid-

Far-

Number

Current

Term

Produce potable water in a contaminated

TASUST 23

•

environment.

•

Conduct tactical risk assessment of units,

equipment, facilities, activities, or terrain that

TASUST 24

are contaminated for restoration prioritization

•

and timing.

Assess the impact of restoration activities on

TASUST 25

•

tactical objectives.

Provide tactical guidance to forces with

TASUST 26

contaminated units.

•

Conduct salvage operations to recover critical

TASUST 27

materiel.

•

TASUST 28

Conduct exploitation operations.

N/A

TASUST 29

Conduct disposition/destruction operations.

N/A

TASUST 30

Conduct monitoring and redirection operations.

N/A

OVERALL

•

17.0.3

FSA Summary

The paragraphs below summarize the assessment of all potential doctrine, organization, training,

materiel, leadership and education, personnel, and facilities (DOTMLPF) (non-materiel and

materiel) solutions for the capability gaps identified in the FNA section. The materiel approaches

address current, developmental, and emerging technologies for possible materiel solutions.

17.0.3.1

DOTMLPF

The DOTMLPF solutions identified in this chapter are associated primarily with

decontamination and CBRND medical operations for joint forces. Non-materiel and materiel

solutions have been identified. Non-materiel solutions include such things as development of

TTPs for operational and thorough decontamination of sensitive equipment and fixed facilities

(interior and exterior), along with applicable training programs. Non-materiel solutions for the

treatment of personnel and MWAs involve the updating of doctrine and training to include most

up-to-date treatment guidelines. Remaining materiel requirements include the need for

decontaminants that are nontoxic, noncorrosive, and environmentally friendly. These

decontaminants must neutralize agents on a variety of surfaces, such as aircraft skin and sensitive

equipment, while using little or no water. In addition, they must be compatible with each other.

Other remaining decontamination materiel requirements include application devices that allow

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

for decontamination of porous surfaces, along with hard-to-reach and large areas while

protecting the operator from spray-back or extensive individual protective equipment (IPE)

requirements. Remaining materiel requirements for the treatment and diagnosis of personnel and

MWAs includes the development of therapeutics and diagnostic systems.

17.0.3.2

IMA

The following are the Key Attributes for Sustain. The near- to mid-term procedures and

equipment used to support operational and thorough decontamination of personnel and their

associated equipment must be improved to significantly increase throughput while reducing

personnel and logistics support. Decontamination of individual equipment and weapons (not

sensitive) should eliminate the need for manual scrubbing and provide for throughput rates

sufficient to support operational decontamination of personnel. Standard equipment coatings

should be developed to prevent agent penetration and/or neutralize the agent. The far-term

operational decontamination capabilities should eliminate the requirement for thorough

decontamination. This may be accomplished through a combination of IPE design, new

technology, and TTPs to allow individuals to remove contaminated IPE without logistical

support or assistance from other personnel. All CBRN IPE should be capable of being

decontaminated and reissued. Future decontamination capabilities should be capable of removing

contamination from equipment down to a level that allows its return to the continental United

States (CONUS).

Table 17.0-2 summarizes possible materiel approaches that address the remaining materiel

requirements of the DOTMLPF assessment for decontamination tasks. These approaches are in

various stages of development. Therefore, some are more readily applicable than others. There

are seven IMAs that relate to decontaminants that remove chemical and biological agents

through a chemical process and an additional six that remove chemical and biological agents

through physical processes. Additionally, there are 10 IMAs that could resolve identified

deficiencies in current applicators used for decontamination operations throughout the joint

forces.

Table 17.0-3 summarizes possible materiel approaches that address the remaining materiel

requirements of the DOTMLPF assessment for the treatment and diagnosis tasks.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

Table 17.0-2. Decontamination IMAs

Materiel Approach

Description

Chemical Processes

1. Enzymes

Based on highly specialized catalysts of biological derivation that speed up the rate of reactions

• Stored physical state: powder,

at physiological temperatures. Though enzymes can be stored in powder form, enzymatic-based

liquid

decontaminants are typically delivered in buffered water solutions. A particular advantage of

• Delivered physical state: liquid,

enzyme systems is that they are generally nontoxic, noncorrosive, nonflammable, and

foams, gels, aerosols

environmentally safe. Enzymes of interest include organophosphorous acid anhydrolase

(OPAA), squid diisopropylfluorophosphotase (DFPase), and organophosphorous hydrolase

• Related system(s): containment

(OPH).

2. Aqueous oxidants/nucleophiles

Aqueous solutions containing oxidants and nucleophiles that neutralize chemical and

• Stored physical state: liquid,

biological agents. Some examples include calcium hypochlorite, chloramines-B,

powder

DF200 (Sandia foam), fichlor, oxime, and chlorine dioxide solutions.

• Delivered physical state: liquid,

foams, gels, wipes, aerosols,

• Related system(s): containment

3. Mixed (water/nonaqueous

Oxidants and nucleophiles contained within mixed aqueous/nonaqueous solutions. This idea

solvent) oxidants/nucleophiles

for materiel approach includes microemulsions, i.e., thermodynamically stable mixtures of

• Stored physical state: liquid

water, oil, surfactants, and cosurfactants that appear macroscopically as a homogenous phase.

• Delivered physical state: liquid,

Water-insoluble agents are dissolved into the organic phase of the microemulsion and react

foams, gels, wipes, aerosols

with the water-soluble decontaminant at the water/nonaqueous solvent interface. Some

examples include mixed sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide solution.

• Related system(s): containment,

recycle

4. Reactive nonaqueous liquids

Nonaqueous solutions containing nucleophiles that neutralize chemical and biological

• Stored physical state: liquid

agents. Some examples include monoethanolamine, and CD-1.

• Delivered physical state: liquid,

foams, gels, aerosols

• Related system(s): containment,

recycle

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

5. Reactive gases and vapors

Volatile chemicals that can neutralize chemical agents and inactivate biological agents.

• Stored physical state: compressed

Reactive gases and vapors are useful for the decontamination of interior surfaces. Some

gas

examples include ozone, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and vaporized hydrogen peroxide.

• Delivered physical state: gas,

vapor

• Related system(s): containment,

recycle

6. Active (self-decontaminating)

Coatings that contain catalytically reactive sites, such as fluorine substituents, that

coatings

decontaminate chemical and biological agents on contact. Self-decontaminating coatings

• Stored physical state: N/A

would most likely be applied to vehicle exterior surfaces, filters, and shelter materials.

• Delivered physical state: N/A

Examples include reactive ion exchange resins and polyoxometalate catalysts for chemical

agents and Triosyn quaternary ammonium triiodide coatings and Veridian aerogel coatings for

• Related system(s): N/A

biological agents. Some biocidal coatings are already available.

7. Plasmas

A gas capable of conducting an electric current is ionized through energetic electron impact.

• Stored physical state: feed gas

As a result, reactive ions and radicals are formed, which can decompose chemical agents and

(possibly)

denature biological agents. Cold (not thermal) plasmas, which are most likely to be used for

• Delivered physical states: gas

decontamination, are most effective if used within a closed container. Small personal gear and

sensitive equipment are the most likely targets for decontamination. Plasmas should be able to

• Related system(s): containment,

penetrate porous surfaces and little or no waste will be produced, as the plasma will

recycle

decompose the agent to benign, typically gaseous, by-products. Technology is in the research

and development (R&D) phase, and Markland Technologies, AGT, and MicroEnergy

Technologies are developing platforms.

Physical Processes

8. Low-temperature thermal

Physical removal of chemical agents and possibly neutralize biological agents through the

(accelerated weathering)

application of hot air. The effectiveness of hot air decontamination varies with respect to the

• Stored physical state: N/A

physical properties of the agent and the surface being decontaminated. For example, additional

• Delivered physical state: gas

heat and time are required to fully remove neat chemical agent deposited on a porous or

adsorbent surface than on a nonporous, nonadsorbent surface.

• Related system(s): containment,

recycle

9. Sorption

Materials that physically remove agent from surfaces (e.g., skin) via adsorption or absorption.

• Stored physical state: wipe

The agent either remains intact within the sorbent material and makes the sorbent toxic or is

• Delivered physical state: wipe

detoxified in situ by reactive species placed into the sorbent material. Fuller’s earth is an inert

• Related system(s): N/A

sorbent, whereas the M100 SDS sorbent is reactive.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

10. Water/steam wash

Physically removed agents through the application of water or steam to surfaces at low to high

• Stored physical state: liquid

pressures. Removal of agents from surfaces is highly dependent upon the nature of the surfaces

• Delivered physical states: liquid,

(i.e., surfaces which are flat and smooth can be more readily decontaminated than curved

gas (steam)

porous surfaces). Low-pressure water can be used to decontaminate skin. The addition of soap

can enhance dissolution of water-insoluble contamination.

• Related system(s): containment,

recycle

11. (Nonaqueous) solvent wash

Physical removal of agents from a surface by washing the molecules away using alcohol,

• Stored physical state: liquid

nonozone-depleting fluorocarbon compounds, diesel fuel, etc. The agent is diluted, though not

• Delivered physical states: liquid

likely detoxified (particularly for chemical agents). In open environments, solvents are often

applied using pressurized sprayers such a power washer or aerosol sprayer. Solvents can also

• Related system(s): containment,

be used in an enclosed environment to effectively decontaminate sensitive equipment. In

recycle

closed environments, their decontamination effectiveness can be enhanced by heating them or

using them in conjunction with ultrasonics or supersonic sprays. After a decontamination

cycle, the solvents can often be recycled for further use before being discarded and detoxified.

Examples include alcohols, ethers, ketones, aromatics, and hexane.

12. Ionizing/nonionizing radiation

Radiation of sufficient energy to cause denaturing/inactivation of biological agents and

• Stored physical state: N/A

degradation of chemical agents. Ionizing radiation (e.g., gamma, x-ray, and electron beam)

• Delivered physical states: N/A

causes ionization of exposed molecules. Gamma irradiation has been widely used for the

sterilization of medical and pharmaceutical supplies and foods. Nonionizing radiation (e.g.,

• Related system(s): containment

ultraviolet [UV] radiation) can promote activation of exposed molecules, which may lead to

chemical reactions such as rearrangement and dissociation. Both chemical and biological

agents could be degraded through nonionizing radiation. Radiation-based decontamination

systems could prove effective for biological decontamination of personal gear and small

equipment and possibly human remains. There may also be potential applications associated

with biological decontamination of vehicles, aircraft and facility interiors. The Surebeam

Ebeam System is an example of an electron beam system that is used to irradiate mail.

13. Electrostatic decontamination

A system that operates on a simple interaction of UV light rays and a photooxidative solution

system (EDS)

(patent pending). The system works by spraying a thin layer (25 μm) of liquid photosensitizer

onto a contaminated surface, then illuminating the surface with high-fluence UV light.

Application Systems

14. Multiheaded nozzle accessories

Based on the inability to decontaminate hard-to-reach places with current applicators, may

require modification/new development, including multiheaded nozzle accessories to increase the

spray pattern. May also require ability disseminate various physical states of decontaminants.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

15. Extended range

Based on the inability to decontaminate hard-to-reach places with current applicators, there is a

requirement to modify or develop a sprayer that is able to reach high and low areas by

extending its length as necessary. Also it may require the ability to disseminate various

physical states of decontaminants.

16. CMWD (ship) modification

Based on the inability to neutralize agents on ship’s surfaces because of the utilization of

saltwater through the CMWD. The current system could be modified to allow the injection of a

decontaminant into the CMWD saltwater flow.

17. Large coverage (operator-

Based on the inability to decontaminate large open areas or large facility exteriors with current

encapsulated) sprayer system

applicators, a large-scale applicator must be developed that will provide a large coverage of

decontaminant but at the same time provide total protection for the operator from backsplash,

possibly some type of encapsulation.

18. Aerial platform application

Various aerial platforms, both fixed and rotary wing, have proven capabilities to deliver water

systems

and retardants in support of fighting wildfires. These same capabilities could potentially have

utility supporting wide area decontamination.

19. Enhanced thorough personnel

A system of systems approach to enhance thorough personnel decontamination capabilities. A

decontamination processing

system of systems approach can more rapidly and effectively decontaminate personnel and

systems

their associated individual protective equipment and other individual equipment to include

weapons and sensitive equipment.

20. Robotic or semiautonomous

Robotic or semiautonomous systems that reduce equipment and manpower requirements.

systems

System must be versatile and able to utilize all decontaminants in various physical forms and

also be effective in reducing time requirements.

Miscellaneous

21. Containment

The ability to control and contain decontamination waste (e.g., runoff) to minimize cross-

contamination hazards and enable safe waste disposition. Containment is not an independent

system, can be a property of decontamination system. All chemical and physical process IMAs

are amenable to containment. (Note: Containment is an intrinsic property of active coatings

and sorbents.)

22. Recycling

The ability to recover, reprocesses, and reuse the decontaminant. Recycling is not an

independent system, can be a property of decontamination system. Enzymatic, mixed

(water/nonaqueous solvent) oxidants/nucleophiles, reactive nonaqueous liquids, reactive gases

and vapors, plasmas, low-temperature thermal, water/steam wash, and (nonaqueous) solvent

wash systems may be amenable to recycling.

For Official Use Only

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

23. Decontaminating bandage

Neutralizes agent and does not damage underlying tissue or inhibit wound healing. Could be a

cloth bandage impregnated with decontamination product or be applied as a liquid bandage.

Table 17.0-3. Diagnostics/Treatment Ideas for Materiel Approaches

Materiel Approach

Description

Chemical Effects Diagnostics

1. Portable chemical agent

Field-hardened, compact, and portable kits capable of presumptive detection, identification,

identification tests and diagnostic

and quantification of chemical agents in clinical samples.

methods

2. Advanced laboratory tests and

Laboratory-based tests and diagnostic methods capable of confirmatory detection,

diagnostic methods

identification, and quantification of chemical agents (and high-priority toxic industrial

chemical [TICs]) in clinical samples.

3. Large-volume laboratory

Laboratory-based automated testing capable of presumptive detection, identification, and

diagnostic testing

quantification of chemical agents (and high-priority TICs) in clinical samples. Has the

capability to process large numbers of samples in a short amount of time. Gives a quick

“go/no-go” indication as to the need for and type of treatment required.

Biological Effects Diagnostics

1. Portable biological agent

Field-hardened, compact, and portable kits capable of rapid presumptive detection,

identification tests and diagnostic

identification, and quantification of biological agents in clinical samples.

methods

2. Advanced laboratory tests and

Laboratory-based tests and diagnostic methods capable of rapid confirmatory detection,

diagnostic methods

identification, and quantification of biological agents in clinical samples from patients in early

stages of infection. May use antigen/antibody testing methodologies to eliminate the need for

culturing live agents to perform diagnosis.

3. Large-volume laboratory

Laboratory-based automated testing capable of presumptive detection, identification, and

diagnostic testing

quantification of biological agents in clinical samples from patients in early stages of infection.

Has the capability to process large numbers of samples in a short amount of time.

Radiological Effects Diagnostics

1. Individual dosimeters

Lightweight and provides accurate indication of whole and partial body exposure. Can also

differentiate different types and amounts of exposure. Advanced technologies/dosimeters that

identify dose rate of exposure over time. Can be worn by individual or MWAs.

For Official Use Only

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

2. Laboratory dosimeters

Lightweight and provides accurate indication of whole- and partial-body exposure. Can also

differentiate different types and amounts of exposure. Advanced technologies/dosimeters that

identify dose rate of exposure over time.

3. Rapid diagnostics

Rapid identification tests and diagnostic methods that are field-hardened, compact, and

portable. Should be easy to use and require minimal amount of sample preparation. Simple and

sensitive field-portable diagnostic assays for radiation exposure. Gives accurate indication of

radiation exposure. Eliminates the need for shipping specimens for confirmatory testing.

4. Individual detector

Detector that can be worn by individual or MWAs. Provides rapid identification of type and

amount of radiation. Is simple to use, field-hardened, compact, and easy to use and maintain.

Chemical Effects Treatment

Nerve Agent Exposure

1. Next-generation oximes

AKA, “Next-Generation Oxime Candidate for Nerve Agent Treatment.” Development of new

oxime(s) more effective than 2-pralidoxime (2-PAM) against classic and nontraditional nerve

agents.

2. Nontraditional nerve agent

Compounds or medical strategies that demonstrate the ability to prevent, interrupt, or terminate

medical countermeasures

the action of nontraditional nerve agents.

3. Injectable nanoparticles for in

Several potential drugs being investigated.

vivo removal of overdose toxins

from blood

Cyanide Exposure Treatment

4. Next-generation cyanide

Cyanide antidotes that do not have significant adverse and contraindications and that can be

antidotes

administered by buddy-aid, MWD handler, or other non-VS personnel. Compounds/

biomolecules of interest include Stroma-free methemoglobin, 8-aminoquinoline analogs of

primaquine (e.g., WR242511), and alpha-ketoglutaric acid.

Blister Agent Exposure Treatment

5. Intracellular scavengers

Biomolecules that prevent DNA alkylation through intracellular scavengers. N-acetyl cysteine

is an example.

6. Biochemical inhibitors/

Biomolecules that affect the cellular processes related to vesicant exposure. Examples include

modulators

mimosine (cell cycle inhibitors that prevent deoxyribose nucleic acid [DNA] strand breaks),

niacinamide (PARP inhibitors that prevents PARP [poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase] activation),

BAPTA, Dimercaprol (calcium modulators that prevents disruption of calcium), and sulfonyl

fluorides (protease inhibitors that prevent proteolytic activation).

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

Pulmonary Agent Exposure Treatment

7. Vesicant agent antidote

Licensed therapeutic for vesicant exposure (FY2010-19) is expected to reduce, if not

eliminate, deficiency.

8. Antiinflammatories

Nonsteroidal, antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that can be administered by buddy-aid or

MWD handler.

9. Pulmonary edema-reducing

Post-exposure pulmonary agent antidote that reduces pulmonary edema and consequently

treatments

decreases the requirement for supplemental oxygen therapy and chance of developing

pneumonia.

10. Next-generation

Nonaminophylline bronchodilator that can be administered by buddy-aid or MWD handler and

bronchodilators

has minimal side effects.

Biological Effects Treatment

1. Immunostimulants

Induce a short-term, nonantigen-specific enhancement of the immune system. Could benefit

humans and MWDs with potential exposure to many different pathogens.

2. Monoclonal antibodies

Provide immediate protection from specific bacterial or viral agents. If used as post-exposure

treatment, need rapid diagnostic to correctly identify pathogen involved, since this dictates the

appropriate antibodies to be used.

3. Next-generation/new antibiotics

Improvement/development of medications produced by or derived from certain fungi, bacteria,

and other organisms that can destroy or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. Used to

treat bacterial infections. Antibiotics may also be synthetically produced in a laboratory.

4. Next-generation/new antitoxins

Improvement/development of substances (sometimes the product of a specific microorganism

and sometimes naturally present in the blood or tissues of an animal), capable of producing

immunity from certain diseases, or of counteracting the poisonous effects of pathogenic

bacteria.

5. Next-generation/new antivirals

Improvement/development of herbs, drugs, or agents capable of destroying viruses or

inhibiting their growth or multiplication until the body is capable of destroying the virus itself.

6. Immunomodulators

Disease-modifying chemicals that alter, suppress, or stimulate the body’s immune system.

7. Next-generation/new vaccines

Vaccines are typically indicated as prophylaxis either pre- or post-exposure; however, use of

vaccines as treatment.

8. New therapeutics

Potential development of new therapeutics using following technologies: systemic

corticosteroids, platelet activating factor antagonists, transition state inhibitors, bioadhesion,

and anticoagulant proteins.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

Radiological Effects Treatment

1. Radioprotectants

Exposure to ionizing radiation causes defects in hemopoiesis that result in low numbers of

circulating blood cells and platelets as well as in an increased susceptibility to infection and

hemorrhage. Need to conduct research on drugs that enhance recovery from the hemopoietic

syndrome. Drugs designed to ameliorate or prevent damage caused by radiation. Develop

radioprotective drugs that have low toxicity when used over long periods of time. Develop

next generation of radioprotective drugs with longer duration of activity. Could be delivered

through slow-release system (i.e., dermal patch) to reduce need for daily dosing.

2. Immunomodulators

Drugs that increase the immune system’s capability to respond to a foreign substance.

3. Countermeasures

Cytokines can help stimulate production of white blood cells. Cell line stimulants capable of

restoring the immune competence of bone marrow that would allow survival from a previously

lethal dose of radiation.

4. Next-generation/new blocking

Drugs that block the effects of radiation within the body. Example is potassium iodide, which

agents

blocks the absorption of radioactive iodide by the thyroid.

5. Next-generation/new chelating

Chelating drugs reduce the amount of time the isotope stays in the body. Develop next-

agents

generation chelating agents that have reduced toxicity for the removal of internally deposited

radioisotopes.

6. Cell line stimulants

Cell line stimulants capable of restoring the immune competence of bone marrow that would

allow survival from a previously lethal dose of radiation.

7. New antibiotics

Development of new antibiotics and testing of current antibiotics to determine which are most

effective at controlling the infections that occur after high-dose-radiation injury. Probiotics are

one class that should be considered.

8. Nitroxides

Over the past decade, stable nitroxide compounds have been identified as a unique class of

antioxidants with demonstrated radioprotective properties. Studies have shown that nitroxides

protect against radiation-induced DNA damage, chromosome aberrations, mutation induction,

cell killing, and lethality in mice that receive whole-body irradiation. Whether these agents

provide radioprotection for low-level radiation doses remains to be determined. They are

currently in clinical trials to evaluate their anticarcinogenic potential.

9. Cytoprotectants

The ability to prevent radiotherapy-induced toxicity without affecting antitumor efficacy has

the potential to enhance the therapeutic benefit for cancer patients without increasing their risk

of serious adverse effects. In vitro studies with the active metabolite of amifostine (WR-1065)

have shown it to prevent both radiation-induced cell death and radiation-induced mutagenesis.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

17.1

Task TASUST 1: Decontaminate personnel

17.1.1

Functional Area Analysis

17.1.1.1

Definition

To decontaminate all personnel: military and eligible civilians. This task assumes that

individuals are in protective MOPP gear. Levels of personnel decontamination include

immediate, operational, and thorough. Objectives of each of these levels are identified as

follows:

• Immediate: Minimize casualties, save lives, and minimize spread of contamination.

• Operational: Via MOPP gear exchange, reduce level of contamination to regenerate combat

power.

• Thorough: Reduce CBRN/ toxic industrial material (TIM) contamination to the lowest

possible levels to permit partial or total removal of IPE and maintain operations with

minimum degradation.

17.1.1.2

Derivation

UJTL (TA 7, TA 7.1), Protection Joint Functional Concept.

17.1.1.2.1

Supported Tasks: OPSUST 8, OPSUST 11

17.1.1.2.2

Lateral Task: TASHA 24

17.1.1.2.3

Supporting Task: N/A

17.1.1.3

Condition

Perform this task under conditions of:

Physical

1. Extremely rough sea state. (C1.2.1.3)

2. Tropical, arctic, and arid climate. (C1.3.1)

3. All seasons. (C1.3.1.1)

4. Precipitating and stormy weather. (C1.3.1.3)

5. Hot and very cold air temperature. (C1.3.1.3.1)

6. Liquid, freezing, and frozen precipitation. (C1.3.1.3.6.1)

7. Negligible light. (C1.3.2.1)

8. Nuclear effects. (C1.3.3.1)

9. Chemical effects. (C1.3.3.2)

10. Biological effects. (C1.3.3.3)

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

Military

1. Stressful mission. (C2.1)

2. Location—ashore/afloat. (C2.1.4.1)

3. Minimal time available. (C2.1.5)

4. Marginal forces allocated. (C2.2.3)

5. Some or no interoperability. (C2.2.6)

6. Low personnel capability. (C2.2.4)

7. Negligible personnel experience. (C2.2.4.5)

8. Severe personnel fatigue. (C2.2.4.6)

9. Limited, little, or no lift assets. (C2.5.2)

10. Limited or no host-nation support. (C2.8.5)

11. Ambiguous threat existence. (C2.9.3)

Civil

1. Limited or negative foreign government support. (C3.1.2.3)

2. Aggressively opposed foreign public opinion. (C3.1.2.4)

3. High mission priority. (C3.1.3.2)

4. Few or negligible translators. (C3.2.1.2)

5. Significant customs adjustment. (C3.2.2)

6. Significant refugee-care responsibility. (C3.3.2.3)

17.1.1

Functional Needs Analysis

17.1.2.1

Capabilities and Deficiencies Assessment Summary

Table 17.1-1 presents overall current, near-/mid-term, and far-term capabilities to perform the

task. There are seven current capabilities and two projected capabilities to be added in the future

(JSPDS Increment I in the near/mid term and JSPDS Increment II in the far term).

Current Capabilities and Deficiencies

Current capabilities to decontaminate personnel require the use of M291 kits, bleach solutions,

soap and water, STB and HTH mixtures, and seawater. Capability gaps associated with

personnel decontamination include the excessive amount of time it takes to manually process

large numbers of personnel and their associated individual equipment and weapons through

thorough decontamination processes; STB and HTH decontaminants can be toxic and corrosive,

requiring large amounts of water for dilution; runoff from personnel decontamination processes

may be contaminated; and current decontaminants are effective against only a limited range of

chemical and biological agents. In addition, current thorough personnel decontamination

processes may not be feasible in many operational situations due to time and space requirements.

For Official Use Only

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

Table 17.1-1. TASUST 1: Capabilities and Deficiencies Assessment

M10

Capabilities

Current

M291 and M295

7¹

N/A

8²

N/A

7³

3⁴

1⁵

N/A

7⁶

10⁷

Kits

HTH/Household

N/A

5⁸

N/A

5⁹

N/A

5¹⁰

N/A

5¹¹

N/A

7¹²

Bleach

Soap and Water

N/A

3¹³

N/A

3¹⁴

N/A

0¹⁵

N/A

3¹⁶

N/A

6¹⁷

N/A

Removal/Brush

N/A

2¹⁸

4¹⁹

N/A

5²⁰

and/or Wipe

STB

N/A

Seawater/Hoses

N/A

and Nozzles

Decontamination

N/A

2²¹

N/A

5²²

N/A

4²³

N/A

8²⁴

N/A

3²⁵

Station/Site

Near/Mid-Term

JSPDS

N/A

7¹⁵

Increment I

Far-Term

JSPDS

5²⁶

N/A

10⁶

Increment II

Current Overall

7¹⁵

Capabilities

Near/Mid-Term

Overall

7¹⁵

Capabilities

Far-Term

Overall

10⁶

Capabilities

FAA Measure

Elaboration

Scale

(Yes/No) Cross-contamination

Cross-contamination is controlled. Scale represents

10: Yes, Complete (100%)

is controlled?

range from no control to complete control of

7: Yes, Substantial (~75%)

contamination. Where cross-contamination is less

5: Yes, Partial (~50%)

than 100% controlled, measures must be in place to

3: Yes, Minimal (~25%)

prevent cross-contamination from becoming an

0: No, Cross-contamination cannot be controlled and presents an

unacceptable hazard.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

(Quantity) Personnel per hour

Sufficient number of personnel per hour can be

10: >150

to complete thorough

processed through a thorough decontamination

9: 125-150

decontamination process.

system or process to maximize restoration of full

8: 100-124

individual combat capabilities. Thorough

7: 80-99

decontamination of personnel includes the

6: 60-79

decontamination of individually carried equipment.

5: 50-59

4: 40-49

3: 30-39

2: 20-29

1: 10-19

0: <10

(Time) To initiate immediate

Initiate and complete immediate decontamination

10: Immediately

decontamination procedures.

of the hands, face, and neck within a measured

9: <10 seconds

amount of time to prevent a casualty-producing

8: <30 seconds

exposure.

7: <45 seconds

6: <1 minute

5: <1 minute, 15 seconds

4: <1 minute, 30 seconds

3: <1 minute, 45 seconds

2: <2 minutes

1: <3 minutes

0: >3 minutes

(Quantity) Personnel per hour

Sufficient number of personnel per hour can be

10: >300

to complete operational

processed through an operational decontamination

9: 250-300

decontamination process.

system or process (MOPP gear exchange or

8: 200-249

equivalent process). Operational decontamination

7: 160-199

of personnel includes the decontamination of

6: 120-159

individually carried equipment.

5: 100-119

4: 80-99

3: 60-79

2: 40-59

1: 20-39

0: <20

(Yes/No) Contaminated by-

Contaminated by-products are controlled. Scale

10: Yes, Complete (100%)

products are controlled?

represents range of no control to complete control

7: Yes, Substantial (~75%)

of by-products. Where contaminated by-products

5: Yes, Limited (~50%)

are less than 100% controlled, measures must be in

3: Yes, Minimal (~25%)

place to prevent cross-contamination from

0: No, Contaminated by-products cannot be controlled and

becoming an unacceptable hazard.

present an unacceptable hazard.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

(Level) Of chemical

The level of chemical contamination is acceptable

10: Decontaminate all CWAs, NTAs, TIMs to general

contamination after

after decontamination procedures. Agents defined

population exposure limits; must also be FDA approved.

decontamination procedures.

as: current generation chemical warfare agents

7: Decontaminate all CWAs, all NTAs, some TIMs to a level

(CWAs), nontraditional agents (NTAs) and toxic

that will allow unprotected exposure; must also be FDA

industrial materials and chemicals (TIMs).

approved.

5: Decontaminate all CWAs, some NTAs to a level that will

allow unprotected exposure; must also be FDA approved.

3: Decontaminate most CWAs to a level that will allow

unprotected exposure.

0: No effective decontaminant or process.

(Level) Of biological

The level of biological contamination is acceptable

10: 0 CFU/PFU/m²—total removal or neutralization of toxins

contamination after

after decontamination procedures. Vegetative and

against all 25 threat agents and also must be FDA approved.

decontamination procedures.

nonvegetative bacteria are measured in colony-

9: 0 CFU/PFU/m²—total removal or neutralization of toxins

forming units/square meter (CFU/m²), and viruses

against 20 or more key threat agents and also must be FDA

are measured in plaque-forming units/square meter

approved.

(PFU/m²).

8: 0 CFU/PFU/m²—total removal or neutralization of toxins

against 15 or more key threat agents and also must be FDA

approved.

7: 0 CFU/PFU/m²—total removal or neutralization of toxins

against 10 or more key threat agents and also must be FDA

approved.

6: 0 CFU/PFU/m²—total removal or neutralization of toxins

against eight or more key threat agents and also must be FDA

approved.

5: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin

exposure levels against six or more key threat agents and also

must be FDA approved.

4: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin

exposure levels against four key threat agents and also must be

FDA approved.

3: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin

exposure levels against three key threat agents.

2: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin

exposure levels against two or more key threat agents.

1: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin

exposure levels against one key threat agent.

0: More than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin

exposure levels.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

(Level) Of radiological

The level of radiological contamination is

10: Total removal to natural backg1round level.

contamination after

acceptable after decontamination procedures. 0.33

8: ≤0.11 cGy/hour residual dose rate.

decontamination procedures.

centigray per hour (cGy/hour) equates to an

6: ≤0.22 cGy/hour residual dose rate.

exposure that can cause mild incapacitation in

4: <0.33 cGy/hour residual dose rate.

2.5% or less of unprotected, not previously

2: 0.33 cGy residual dose rate.

exposed personnel.

0: Removal capabilities limited or ineffective, allowing

excessive residual dose rates >0.33 cGy/hour.

(Yes/No) Decontamination

Decontamination procedures must be logistically

10: No negative impacts on operations.

procedures are logistically

supportable.

7: Limited negative impact on operational capability.

supportable?

5: Moderate negative impact on operational capability

3: Major negative impact on operational capability

0: Not logistically supportable.

M10

There is effective DOTLPF in

Refers to non-materiel elements associated with the

10: DOTLPF is adequate for all tasks to be performed with this

place to conduct task?

execution of a task with the system.

system without limitations that cause significant impact upon

operations.

7: DOTLPF is adequate for most of the tasks to be performed

with this system without limitations that cause significant impact

upon operations.

5: Many critical aspects of DOTLPF for the task to be performed

with this system are addressed.

3: Some critical aspects of DOTLPF for the task to be performed

with this system are addressed.

0: DOTLPF is completely inadequate or does not exist for the

tasks to be performed with this system.

¹ M1 - (Yes/No) Cross-contamination is controlled? 7: Yes, Substantial (~75%).

² M2 - (Quantity) Personnel per hour to complete thorough decontamination process. 2: 20-29.

³ M5 - (Yes/No) Contaminated by-products are controlled? 7: Yes, Substantial (~75%).

⁴ M6 - (Level) Of chemical contamination after decontamination procedures. 3: Decontaminate most chemical warfare agents (CWAs) to a level that will allow unprotected

exposure.

⁵ M7 - (Level) Of biological contamination after decontamination procedures. 1: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin-exposure levels against one key threat

agent.

⁶ M9 - (Yes/No) Decontamination procedures are logistically supportable? 7: Limited negative impact on operational capability.

⁷ M10 - There is effective DOTLPF in place to conduct task? 10: DOTLPF is adequate for all tasks to be performed with this system without limitations that cause significant

impact upon operations.

⁸ M1 - (Yes/No) Cross-contamination is controlled? 5: Yes, Partial (~50%).

⁹ M5 - (Yes/No) Contaminated by-products are controlled? 5: Yes, Limited (~50%).

¹⁰ M7 - (Level) Of biological contamination after decontamination procedures. 5: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin-exposure levels against six or more key

threat agents and also must be FDA approved.

¹¹ M9 - (Yes/No) Decontamination procedures are logistically supportable? 5: Moderate negative impact on operational capability.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

¹² M10 - There is effective DOTLPF in place to conduct task? 7: DOTLPF is adequate for most of the tasks to be performed with this system without limitations that cause

significant impact upon operations.

¹³ M1 - (Yes/No) Cross-contamination is controlled? 3: Yes, Minimal (~25%).

¹⁴ M5 - (Yes/No) Contaminated by-products are controlled? 3: Yes, Minimal (~25%).

¹⁵ M6 - (Level) Of chemical contamination after decontamination procedures. 0: No effective decontaminant or process.

¹⁶ M7 - (Level) Of biological contamination after decontamination procedures. 3: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin-exposure levels against three key threat

agents.

¹⁷ M8 - (Level) Of radiological contamination after decontamination procedures. 6: ≤0.22 cGy/hour residual dose rate.

¹⁸ M8 - (Level) Of radiological contamination after decontamination procedures. 2: 0.33 cGy residual dose rate.

¹⁹ M8 - (Level) Of radiological contamination after decontamination procedures. 4: <0.33 cGy/hour residual dose rate.

²⁰ M10 - There is effective DOTLPF in place to conduct task? 5: Many critical aspects of DOTLPF for the task to be performed with this system are addressed.

²¹ M2 - (Quantity) Personnel per hour to complete thorough decontamination process. 2: 20-29.

²² M4 - (Quantity) Personnel per hour to complete operational decontamination process. 5: 100-119.

²³ M7 - (Level) Of biological contamination after decontamination procedures. 4: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin-exposure levels against four key threat

agents and also must be FDA approved.

²⁴ M8 - (Level) Of radiological contamination after decontamination procedures. 8: ≤0.11 cGy/hour residual dose rate.

²⁵ M9 - (Yes/No) Decontamination procedures are logistically supportable? 3: Major negative impact on operational capability.

²⁶ M6 - (Level) Of chemical contamination after decontamination procedures. 5: Decontaminate all CWA, some nontraditional agents (NTAs) to a level that will allow unprotected

exposure; must also be FDA approved.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

17.1.2

Functional Solution Analysis

17.1.3.1

DOTLPF Assessment Summary

This section states the deficiencies and suggests potential non-materiel solutions. If there are no

solutions or there are only partial solutions for a particular deficiency, the deficiency is then

reassessed in the IMA section.

Deficiency: Current array of decontaminants may not neutralize all chemical and biological

hazards.

Non-Materiel Solutions: None.

Deficiency: High concentrations of HTH or STB are may be harmful to personnel.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Doctrine (partial): Expand presentation of basic decontamination

concepts using HTH and STB into other doctrinal products beyond only CBRND. Training

(partial): Enhance training on basic decontamination procedures using HTH and STB to

mitigate the personnel hazards these products can produce.

Deficiency: Current procedures may not be feasible due to time and space requirements.

Non-Materiel Solutions: None.

Deficiency: Lack of doctrine and training for aircrew radiological decontamination

procedures.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Doctrine: Incorporate aircrew decontamination procedures for

radiological environments into current doctrine.

Deficiency: Operational and thorough procedures require large amounts of water.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Training (partial): Develop resource management training to

minimize water usage level to lowest possible level.

Deficiency: Runoff may be contaminated.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Doctrine (partial): Modify doctrine to consider contaminated

runoff as an operational consideration. Doctrine should address how to dispose of or

neutralize runoff. Training (partial): Modify training to consider contaminated runoff as an

operational consideration. Training should address how to dispose of or neutralize runoff.

17.1.3.2

IMA Assessment Summary

Table 17.1-2 identifies which of the materiel approaches might address specific materiel gaps

identified in the DOTMLPF assessment.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

17.2

Task TASUST 2: Decontaminate casualties and potentially exposed personnel

17.2.1

Functional Area Analysis

17.2.1.1

Definition

To decontaminate all casualties and potentially exposed personnel, ambulatory and

nonambulatory, as well as MWAs, specifically MWDs that have been exposed to CBRN/TIM

hazards. Several animal species are used as MWAs; however, MWDs are the predominant

species and are most likely to be deployed with military personnel. Levels of decontamination

are immediate and thorough. There is no operational level of decontamination for casualties.

Objectives of each of these levels are identified as follows:

• Immediate: Immediate removal of gross contamination to minimize casualties, save lives,

and minimize spread of contamination.

• Operational: N/A

• Thorough: Reduce CBRN/TIM contamination to the lowest possible levels to permit partial

or total removal of IPE and maintain operations with minimum degradation.

17.2.1.2

Derivation

UJTL (TA 7, TA 7.1), Protection Joint Functional Concept.

17.2.1.2.1

Supported Tasks: OPSUST 8, OPSUST 11

17.2.1.2.2

Lateral Task: TASHA 24

17.2.1.2.3

Supporting Task: N/A

17.2.1.3

Condition

Perform this task under conditions of:

Physical

1. Extremely rough sea state. (C1.2.1.3)

2. Tropical, arctic, and arid climate. (C1.3.1)

3. All seasons. (C1.3.1.1)

4. Precipitating and stormy weather. (C1.3.1.3)

5. Hot and very cold air temperature. (C1.3.1.3.1)

6. Liquid, freezing, and frozen precipitation. (C1.3.1.3.6.1)

7. Negligible light. (C1.3.2.1)

8. Nuclear effects. (C1.3.3.1)

9. Chemical effects. (C1.3.3.2)

10. Biological effects. (C1.3.3.3)

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

Military

1. Stressful mission. (C2.1)

2. Location—ashore/afloat. (C2.1.4.1)

3. Minimal time available. (C2.1.5)

4. Marginal forces allocated. (C2.2.3)

5. Low personnel capability. (C2.2.4)

6. Negligible personnel experience (C2.2.4.5)

7. Severe personnel fatigue. (C2.2.4.6)

8. Some or no interoperability. (C2.2.6)

9. Limited, little, or no lift assets. (C2.5.2)

10. Limited or no host-nation support. (C2.8.5)

11. Ambiguous threat existence. (C2.9.3)

Civil

1. Limited or negative foreign government support. (C3.1.2.3)

2. Aggressively opposed foreign public opinion. (C3.1.2.4)

3. High mission priority. (C3.1.3.2)

4. Few or negligible translators. (C3.2.1.2)

5. Significant customs adjustment. (C3.2.2)

6. Significant refugee-care responsibility. (C3.3.2.3)

17.2.2

Functional Needs Analysis

17.2.2.1

Capabilities and Deficiencies Assessment Summary

Table 17.2-1 presents individual and overall current capabilities to perform the task to the

designated standards. There are five current capabilities used to accomplish this task and two

projected capabilities to be added in the future (JSPDS Increment I in the near/mid term, JSPDS

Increment II in the far).

Current Capabilities and Deficiencies

Current capabilities to conduct casualty decontamination include the use of M291 kits, bleach

solutions, soap and water, brushes/removal and patient decontamination stations. The possibility

of cross-contamination and contaminated by-products during patient decontamination operations

will always be a challenge, especially if a mass casualty event occurs where a large number of

patients must be decontaminated. The decontamination procedures for animals use the same

tactics, techniques, and procedures as patient decontamination. Effectively decontaminating

MWDs is a challenge due to their hair coat. In addition, MWDs are naturally resistant to most

biological agents likely to be used as a WMD.

There are some deficiencies associated with casualty decontamination that exist at the immediate

and thorough levels. There is no single capability that can perform the task to all of the

designated standards. In general, thorough decontamination is a time and resource intensive

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

process, especially in a mass casualty environment, large amounts of water may be needed for

the prescribed capabilities, and run-off might be contaminated. An additional deficiency is that

the M291 kit cannot be used on wounds. Veterinary Services personnel and MWD handlers will

generally be responsible for conducting MWA decontamination. MWD handlers normally carry

one additional M291 kit for use on the dog.

Projected Near/Mid-Term Capabilities and Deficiencies

The projected near/mid-term capabilities and deficiencies evaluated were associated with JSPDS,

Increment I.

Projected Far-Term Capabilities and Deficiencies

The projected far-term capabilities and deficiencies evaluated were associated with JSPDS,

Increment II.

For Official Use Only

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

Table 17.2-1. TASUST 2: Capabilities and Deficiencies Assessment

Capabilities

Current

M291 Kit

7¹

N/A

8²

3³

1⁴

N/A

7⁵

7⁶

10⁷

Soap and Water

N/A

3⁸

N/A

0⁹

N/A

3¹⁰

N/A

8¹¹

N/A

3¹²

N/A

5¹³

N/A

7¹⁴

HTH/Household Bleach

N/A

5¹⁵

N/A

5¹⁶

N/A

5¹⁷

N/A

Removal/Brush and/or

N/A

4¹⁸

Wipe

Patient Decontamination

N/A

1¹⁹

N/A

3²⁰

N/A

Station

Near/Mid-Term

JSPDS Increment I

N/A

Far-Term

JSPDS Increment II

2²¹

5²²

Current Overall

4²³

Capabilities

Near/Mid-Term Overall

Capabilities

Far-Term Overall

Capabilities

FAA Measure

Elaboration

Scale

(Yes/No) Cross-

Cross-contamination is controlled. Where

10: Yes, Complete (100%)

contamination is controlled?

cross-contamination is less than 100%

7: Yes, Substantial (~75%)

controlled, measures must be in place to

5: Yes, Limited (~50%)

prevent cross-contamination from

3: Yes, Minimal (~25%)

becoming an unacceptable hazard.

0: No, cross-contamination cannot be controlled and presents an

unacceptable hazard

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

(Quantity) Casualties/

An adequate number of casualties can be

10: >60

personnel per hour to

thoroughly decontaminated per hour to

9: 50-60

complete thorough

minimize delays before receiving full

8: 40-49

decontamination process.

medical treatment.

7: 35-39

6: 30-34

5: 25-29

4: 20-24

3: 15-19

2: 10-14

1: 5-9

0: <5

(Time) To initiate immediate

Initiate and complete immediate

10: Immediately

decontamination procedures.

decontamination procedures within an

9: <10 seconds

adequate amount of time to preclude

8: <30 seconds

additional injury to casualties from

7: <45 seconds

chemical exposure. Time factors equate to

6: <1 minute

the time required to decontaminate

5: <1 minute, 15 seconds

1300 cm² of skin surface area.

4: <1 minute, 30 seconds

3: <1 minute, 45 seconds

2: <2 minutes

1: <3 minutes

0: >3 minutes

(Level) Of chemical

Chemical decontamination can be

10: Decontaminate all CWAs, NTAs, TIMs to general population

contamination after

performed to a level that no longer poses

exposure limits, must also be FDA approved.

decontamination procedures.

an imminent health threat to casualties or

7: Decontaminate all CWAs, all NTAs, some TIMs to a level that will

health care providers. The level of

allow unprotected exposure; must also be FDA approved.

chemical contamination is acceptable

5: Decontaminate all CWAs, some NTAs to a level that will allow

after decontamination procedures. Agents

unprotected exposure; must also be FDA approved.

defined as current-generation CWAs,

3: Decontaminate most CWAs to a level that will allow unprotected

NTAs, TIMs, and TICs.

exposure.

0: No effective decontaminant or process.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

(Level) Of biological

The level of biological contamination is

10: 0 CFU/PFU/m²—total removal or neutralization of toxins against all

contamination after

acceptable after decontamination

25 threat agents, and also must be FDA approved.

decontamination procedures.

procedures. Vegetative and nonvegetative

9: 0 CFU/PFU/m²—total removal or neutralization of toxins against 20

bacteria are measured in CFU/m², and

or more key threat agents, and also must be FDA approved.

viruses are measured in PFU/m².

8: 0 CFU/PFU/m² - total removal or neutralization of toxins against 15

or more key threat agents, and also must be FDA approved.

7: 0 CFU/PFU/m²—total removal or neutralization of toxins against 10

or more key threat agents, and also must be FDA approved.

6: 0 CFU/PFU/m²—total removal or neutralization of toxins against six

or more key threat agents, and also must be FDA approved.

5: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin exposure

levels against five or more key threat agents, and also must be FDA

approved.

4: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin exposure

levels against four key threat agents, and also must be FDA approved.

3: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin exposure

levels against three key threat agents.

2: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin exposure

levels against two or more key threat agents.

1: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin exposure

levels against one key threat agent.

0: More than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin exposure

levels.

(Level) Of radiological

Radiological decontamination can be

10: Total removal to natural backg1round level.

contamination after

performed to a level that no longer poses

8: <0.11 cGy/hour residual dose rate.

decontamination procedures.

an imminent health threat to casualties or

6: <0.22 cGy/hour residual dose rate.

health care providers. 0.33 cGy/hour

4: <0.33 cGy/hour residual dose rate.

equates to an exposure that can cause

2: 0.33 cGy/hour residual dose rate.

mild incapacitation in 2.5% or less of

0: Removal capabilities limited or ineffective, allowing excessive residual

unprotected, not previously exposed

dose rates >0.33 cGy/hour.

personnel.

(Yes/No) Contaminated by-

Contaminated by-products are controlled.

10: Yes, Complete (100%).

products are controlled?

Where contaminated by-products are less

7: Yes, Substantial (~75%).

than 100% controlled, measures must be

5: Yes, Partial (~50%).

in place to prevent cross-contamination

3: Yes, Minimal (~25%).

from becoming an unacceptable hazard.

0: No, Contaminated by-products cannot be controlled and present an

unacceptable hazard.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

(Yes/No) Decontamination

Decontamination procedures must be

10: No negative impacts on operations.

procedures are logistically

logistically supportable.

7: Limited negative impact on operational capability.

supportable?

5: Moderate negative impact on operational capability.

3: Major negative impact on operational capability.

0: Not logistically supportable.

There is effective DOTLPF in

Refers to non-materiel elements

10: DOTLPF is adequate for all tasks to be performed with this system

place to conduct task?

associated with the execution of a task

without limitations that cause significant impact upon operations.

with the system.

7: DOTLPF is adequate for most of the tasks to be performed with this

system without limitations that cause significant impact upon operations.

5: Many critical aspects of DOTLPF for the task to be performed with

this system are addressed.

3: Some critical aspects of DOTLPF for the task to be performed with

this system are addressed.

0: DOTLPF is completely inadequate or does not exist for the tasks to be

performed with this system.

¹ M1 - (Yes/No) Cross-contamination is controlled? 7: Yes, Substantial (~75%).

² M3 - (Time) To initiate immediate decontamination procedures. 8: <30 Seconds.

³ M4 - (Level) Of chemical contamination after decontamination procedures. 3: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin-exposure levels against three key threat

agents.

⁴ M5 - (Level) Of biological contamination after decontamination procedures. 1: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin-exposure levels against one key threat

agent.

⁵ M7 - (Yes/No) Contaminated by-products are controlled? 7: Yes, Substantial (~75%).

⁶ M8 - (Yes/No) Decontamination procedures are logistically supportable? 7: Limited negative impact on operational capability.

⁷ M9 - There is effective DOTLPF in place to conduct task? 10: DOTLPF is adequate for all tasks to be performed with this system without limitations that cause significant

impact upon operations.

⁸ M1 - (Yes/No) Cross-contamination is controlled? 3: Yes, Minimal (~25%).

⁹ M4 - (Level) Of chemical contamination after decontamination procedures. 0: No effective decontaminant or process.

¹⁰ M5 - (Level) Of biological contamination after decontamination procedures. 3: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin-exposure levels against three key threat

agents.

¹¹ M6 - (Level) Of radiological contamination after decontamination procedures. 8: ≤0.11 cGy/hour residual dose rate.

¹² M7 - (Yes/No) Contaminated by-products are controlled? 3: Yes, Minimal (~25%).

¹³ M8 - (Yes/No) Decontamination procedures are logistically supportable? 5: Moderate negative impact on operational capability.

¹⁴ M9 - There is effective DOTLPF in place to conduct task? 7: DOTLPF is adequate for most of the tasks to be performed with this system without limitations that cause

significant impact upon operations.

¹⁵ M1 - (Yes/No) Cross-contamination is controlled? 5: Yes, Limited (~50%).

¹⁶ M5 - (Level) Of biological contamination after decontamination procedures. 5: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin-exposure levels against five or more key

threat agents, and also must be FDA approved.

¹⁷ M7 - (Yes/No) Contaminated by-products are controlled? 5: Yes, Partial (~50%).

¹⁸ M6 - (Level) Of radiological contamination after decontamination procedures. 4: <0.33 cGy/hour residual dose rate.

¹⁹ M2 - (Quantity) Casualties/personnel per hour to complete thorough decontamination process. 1: 5-9.

²⁰ M8 - (Yes/No) Decontamination procedures are logistically supportable? 3: Major negative impact on operational capability

²¹ M2 - (Quantity) Casualties/personnel per hour to complete thorough decontamination process. 2: 10-14.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

17.2.3

Functional Solution Analysis

17.2.3.1

DOTLPF Assessment Summary

This section states the deficiencies and suggests potential non-materiel solutions. If there are no

solutions or there are only partial solutions for a particular deficiency, the deficiency is then

reassessed in the IMA section.

Deficiency: Decontamination process causes delay in treatment.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Doctrine: Doctrine should clearly define those medical treatments

that should be performed in a contaminated environment and during the decontamination

process. Training: Prepare and practice decontamination procedures to gain proficiency and

to determine the approximate number of people that can be processed per hour for each

decontamination method.

Deficiency: Current decontaminants may not neutralize all hazards.

Non-Materiel Solutions: None.

Deficiency: Large amount of water may be needed.

Non-Materiel Solutions: None.

Deficiency: Cross-contamination may be difficult to control due to insufficient or

uncontrolled drainage and water flow.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Training (partial): Cross-contamination can be minimized through

adequate training of personnel performing decontamination tasks.

Deficiency: Time- and resource-intensive.

Non-Materiel Solutions: None.

Deficiency: Runoff may be contaminated.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Doctrine (partial): Modify doctrine to consider contaminated

runoff as an operational consideration. Doctrine should address how to dispose of or

neutralize runoff. Training (partial): Modify training to consider contaminated runoff as an

operational consideration. Training should address how to dispose of or neutralize runoff.

Facilities (partial): Supporting infrastructure to neutralize or dispose of captured

contaminated runoff.

Deficiency: M291 kit cannot be used on wounds.

Non-Materiel Solutions: None.

Deficiency: Internal decontamination of inhaled biological organisms is not possible.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Since it is not possible to decontaminate internal biological

contamination, patients exposed to potential contamination must be referred for medical

treatment (prophylaxis and/or treatment). Doctrine: Doctrine can reinforce the importance of

early identification and referral. Training: Training can provide the skills necessary for early

identification and referral.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

9. Deficiency: The dog handler carries only one additional skin decontaminating kit for the dog.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Doctrine: Modify doctrine to allow veterinary service personnel

and MWD handlers to carry more than one additional skin decontaminating kit.

10. Deficiency: Doctrine does not address decontamination procedures for individuals not in

MOPP gear.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Doctrine: Modify doctrine to include procedures for casualties not

in MOPP gear.

11. Deficiency: Doctrine does not address all methods of decontamination available for MWDs.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Doctrine: Modify doctrine to include all methods of

decontamination.

12. Deficiency: Some decontaminants produce contaminated by-products.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Doctrine (partial): Modify doctrine to address proper disposal of

contaminated by-products.

17.2.3.2

IMA Assessment Summary

Although early physical removal of any agent is the most important aspect of decontamination,

there are potential future technologies that may improve capabilities to conduct casualty

decontamination. Table 17.2-2 links materiel alternatives to the identified gaps. Rapid adaptation

of some materiel solutions to dogs is no doubt possible and desirable, while other solutions

deserve a directed research effort to determine their applicability for decontamination of working

dogs.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

17.3

Task TASUST 3: Decontaminate wounds

17.3.1

Functional Area Analysis

17.3.1.1

Definition

To decontaminate external wounds. External wounds damage skin, penetrate skin, or open skin.

Internal wounds resulting from inhalation, ingestion, or absorption are not decontaminated but

rather medically treated and are discussed in another task. This task includes MWAs, specifically

MWDs that have been exposed to CBRN/TIM hazards. Several animal species are used as

MWAs; however, MWDs are the predominant species and are most likely to be deployed with

military personnel. Levels of decontamination include immediate, operational, and thorough.

There is no operational decontamination of wounds. Objectives of each of these levels are

identified as follows:

• Immediate: Immediate removal of gross contamination to minimize casualties, save lives,

and minimize spread of contamination.

• Operational: N/A

• Thorough: Reduce CBRN/TIM contamination to the lowest possible levels to permit partial

or total removal of IPE and maintain operations with minimum degradation.

17.3.1.2

Derivation

UJTL (TA 7, TA 7.1), Protection Joint Functional Concept.

17.3.1.2.1

Supported Tasks: OPSUST 8, OPSUST 11

17.3.1.2.2

Lateral Task: TASHA 24

17.3.1.2.3

Supporting Task: N/A

17.3.1.3

Condition

Perform this task under conditions of:

Physical

1. Negligible light. (C1.3.2.1)

2. Nuclear effects. (C1.3.3.1)

3. Chemical effects. (C1.3.3.2)

4. Biological effects. (C1.3.3.3)

Military

1. Stressful mission. (C2.1)

2. Location—ashore/afloat. (C2.1.4.1)

3. Minimal time available. (C2.1.5)

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

4. Marginal forces allocated. (C2.2.3)

5. Low personnel capability. (C2.2.4)

6. Negligible personnel experience. (C2.2.4.5)

7. Severe personnel fatigue. (C2.2.4.6)

8. Some or no interoperability. (C2.2.6)

Civil

1. High mission priority. (C3.1.3.2)

2. Few or negligible translators. (C3.2.1.2)

3. Significant customs adjustment. (C3.2.2)

4. Significant refugee-care responsibility. (C3.3.2.3)

17.3.2

Functional Needs Analysis

17.3.2.1

Capabilities and Deficiencies Assessment Summary

Table 17.3-1 presents individual and overall current capabilities to perform the task to the

designated standards. There are three current capabilities used to accomplish this task and one

projected capability to be added in the future, JSPDS Increment II in the far term).

Current/Near/Mid-Term Capabilities and Deficiencies

The current capabilities and deficiencies for wound decontamination procedures involve the use

of soap and water, diluted bleach, and surgical debridement. Although skin areas adjacent to

wounds can be decontaminated using current existing materiel and procedures, current

deficiencies include the difficulty in decontaminating hard-to-reach areas, contaminated by-

products, and the potential to retard natural healing of the wound or cause additional injury as a

result of the decontamination process or decontaminant exposure.

Projected Far-Term Capabilities and Deficiencies

The projected far-term capabilities and deficiencies evaluated were associated with JSPDS

Increment II. JSPDS Increment II will introduce radiological decontamination capabilities and

systematic capabilities to process casualties and human remains. It will also provide a capability

to decontaminate casualties with open wounds without making the wound worse or retard

healing.

For Official Use Only

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

Table 17.3-1. TASUST 3: Capabilities and Deficiencies Assessment

Capabilities

Current/Near/Mid-Term

Soap and Water

N/A

3¹

N/A

0²

N/A

3³

N/A

8⁴

N/A

3⁵

N/A

5⁶

N/A

10⁷

HTH/Household Bleach

N/A

5⁸

N/A

3⁹

N/A

5¹⁰

N/A

5¹¹

N/A

Debridement

N/A

7¹²

N/A

5¹³

N/A

5¹⁴

N/A

10¹⁵

N/A

Far-Term

JSPDS Increment II

4¹⁶

8¹⁷

N/A

7¹⁸

7¹⁹

Current/Near/Mid-Term

N/A

Overall Capabilities

Far-Term Overall

N/A

Capabilities

FAA Measure

Elaboration

Scale

(Yes/No) Cross-contamination is

Cross-contamination and contaminated by-

10: Yes, Complete (100%).

controlled?

products are controlled. Where cross-

7: Yes, Substantial (~75%).

contamination is less than 100% controlled,

5: Yes, Partial (~50%).

measures must be in place to prevent cross-

3: Yes, Minimal (~25%).

contamination from becoming an

0: No, cross-contamination cannot be controlled and presents an

unacceptable hazard.

(Level) Of chemical

Chemical decontamination can be performed

10: Decontaminate all CWAs, NTAs, TIMs to general population

contamination after

on or around a wound to a level that no longer

exposure limits, must also be FDA approved.

decontamination procedures.

poses an imminent health threat to casualties

7: Decontaminate all CWAs, all NTAs, some TIMs to a level that

or health care providers. Compatibility with

will allow unprotected exposure; must also be FDA approved.

wounds assumes decontaminant will not

5: Decontaminate all CWAs, some NTAs to a level that will allow

otherwise hinder healing of a wound that it

unprotected exposure; must also be FDA approved.

comes in contact with. The level of chemical

3: Decontaminate most CWAs to a level that will allow

contamination is acceptable after

unprotected exposure.

decontamination procedures. Agents defined

0: No effective decontaminant or process.

as current-generation CWAs, NTAs, TIMs,

and TICs.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

(Level) Of biological

Biological decontamination (to include toxins)

10: 0 CFU/PFU/m²—total removal or neutralization of toxins

contamination after

can be performed on or around a wound to a

against all 25 threat agents, and also must be FDA approved.

decontamination procedures.

level that no longer poses an imminent health

9: 0 CFU/PFU/m²—total removal or neutralization of toxins

threat to casualties or health care providers.

against 20 or more key threat agents, and also must be FDA

Compatibility with wounds assumes

approved.

decontaminant will not otherwise hinder

8: 0 CFU/PFU/m²—total removal or neutralization of toxins

healing of a wound that it comes in contact

against 15 or more key threat agents, and also must be FDA

with. Vegetative and nonvegetative bacteria

approved.

are measured in CFU/m², and viruses are

7: 0 CFU/PFU/m²—total removal or neutralization of toxins

measured in PFU/m².

against 10 or more key threat agents, and also must be FDA

approved.

6: 0 CFU/PFU/m²—total removal or neutralization of toxins

against six or more key threat agents, and also must be FDA

approved.

5: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin

exposure levels against five or more key threat agents, and also

must be FDA approved.

4: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin

exposure levels against four key threat agents, and also must be

FDA approved.

3: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin

exposure levels against three key threat agents, and also must be

FDA approved.

2: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin

exposure levels against two or more key threat agents.

1: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin

exposure levels against one key threat agent.

0: More than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin

exposure levels.

(Level) Of radiological

Radiological decontamination can be

10: Total removal to natural backg1round level, will decontaminate

contamination after

performed on or around a wound to a level

wounds if required.

decontamination procedures.

that no longer poses an imminent health threat

8: ≤0.11 cGy/hour residual dose rate, will decontaminate wounds if

to casualties or health care providers.

required.

Compatibility with wounds assumes

6: ≤0.22 cGy/hour residual dose rate, compatible with wounds.

decontaminant will not otherwise hinder

4: <0.33 cGy/hour residual dose rate, compatible with wounds.

healing of a wound that it comes in contact

2: 0.33 cGy residual dose rate, wounds should not be exposed to

with. 0.33 cGy/hour equates to an exposure

decontaminant.

that can cause mild incapacitation in 2.5% or

0: Removal capabilities limited or ineffective, allowing excessive

less of unprotected, not previously exposed

residual dose rates.

personnel.

>0.33 cGy/hour, wounds should not be exposed to decontaminant.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

(Time) To initiate immediate

Initiate and complete immediate

10: Immediately

decontamination procedures.

decontamination procedures on or within (if

9: <10 seconds

compatible) or around a wound within an

8: <30 seconds

adequate amount of time to preclude

7: <45 seconds

additional injury to casualty from chemical

6: <1 minute

exposure. Time factors equate to the time

5: <1 minute, 15 seconds

required to decontaminate 1300 cm² of skin

4: <1 minute, 30 seconds

surface area.

3: <1 minute, 45 seconds

2: <2 minutes

1: <3 minutes

0: >3 minutes

(Yes/No) Contaminated by-

Contaminated by-products are controlled.

10: Yes, Complete (100%).

products are controlled?

Where contaminated by-products are less than

7: Yes, Substantial (~75%).

100% controlled, measures must be in place to

5: Yes, Partial (~50%).

prevent cross-contamination from becoming

3: Yes, Minimal (~25%).

an unacceptable hazard.

0: No, Contaminated by-products cannot be controlled and present

an unacceptable hazard.

(Yes/No) Decontamination

Decontamination procedures must be

10: No negative impacts on operations.

procedures are logistically

logistically supportable.

7: Limited negative impact on operational capability.

supportable?

5: Moderate negative impact on operational capability.

3: Major negative impact on operational capability.

0: Not logistically supportable.

There is effective DOTLPF in

Refers to non-materiel elements associated

10: DOTLPF is adequate for all tasks to be performed with this

place to conduct task?

with the execution of a task with the system.

system without limitations that cause significant impact upon

operations.

7: DOTLPF is adequate for most of the tasks to be performed with

this system without limitations that cause significant impact upon

operations.

5: Many critical aspects of DOTLPF for the task to be performed

with this system are addressed.

3: Some critical aspects of DOTLPF for the task to be performed

with this system are addressed.

0: DOTLPF is completely inadequate or does not exist for the

tasks to be performed with this system.

¹ M1 - (Yes/No) Cross-contamination is controlled? 3: Yes, Minimal (~25%).

² M2 - (Level) Of chemical contamination after decontamination procedures. 0: No effective decontaminant or process.

³ M3 - (Level) Of biological contamination after decontamination procedures. 3: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin-exposure levels against three key threat

agents and also must be FDA approved.

⁴ M4 - (Level) Of radiological contamination after decontamination procedures. 8: ≤0.11 cGy/hour residual dose rate, will decontaminate wounds if required.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

⁵ M6 - (Yes/No) Contaminated by-products are controlled? 3: Yes, Minimal (~25%).

⁶ M7 - (Yes/No) Decontamination procedures are logistically supportable? 5: Moderate negative impact on operational capability.

⁷ M8 - There is effective DOTLPF in place to conduct task? 10: DOTLPF is adequate for all tasks to be performed with this system without limitations that cause significant

impact upon operations.

⁸ M1 - (Yes/No) Cross-contamination is controlled? 5: Yes, Partial (~50%).

⁹ M2 - (Level) Of chemical contamination after decontamination procedures. 3: Decontaminate most CWAs to a level that will allow unprotected exposure.

¹⁰ M3 - (Level) Of biological contamination after decontamination procedures. 5: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin-exposure levels against five or more key

threat agents, and also must be FDA approved.

¹¹ M6 - (Yes/No) Contaminated by-products are controlled? 5: Yes, Partial (~50%).

¹² M1 - (Yes/No) Cross-contamination is controlled? 7: Yes, Substantial (~75%).

¹³ M2 - (Level) Of chemical contamination after decontamination procedures. 5: Decontaminate all CWAs, some NTAs to a level that will allow unprotected exposure; must also

be FDA approved.

¹⁴ M3 - (Level) Of biological contamination after decontamination procedures. 5: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin-exposure levels against five or more key

threat agents, and also must be FDA approved.

¹⁵ M6 - (Yes/No) Contaminated by-products are controlled? 10: Yes, Complete (100%).

¹⁶ M4 - (Level) Of radiological contamination after decontamination procedures. 4: <0.33 cGy/hour residual dose rate, compatible with wounds.

¹⁷ M5 - (Time) To initiate immediate decontamination procedures. 8: <30 Seconds.

¹⁸ M6 - (Yes/No) Contaminated by-products are controlled? 7: Yes, Substantial (~75%).

¹⁹ M7 - (Yes/No) Decontamination procedures are logistically supportable? 7: Limited negative impact on operational capability.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

17.3.3

Functional Solution Analysis

17.3.3.1

DOTLPF Assessment Summary

This section states the deficiencies and suggests potential non-materiel solutions. If there are no

solutions or there are only partial solutions for a particular deficiency, the deficiency is then

reassessed in the IMA section.

1. Deficiency: Some capabilities produce contaminated by-products.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Doctrine (partial): Modify doctrine to ensure that proper

procedures are in place to handle and dispose of contaminated by-products.

2. Deficiency: Current decontaminants may not neutralize all agents.

Non-Materiel Solutions: None.

3. Deficiency: Wounds may be further damaged by decontaminants.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Doctrine (partial): Develop doctrine that clearly outlines how

wounds should be cleaned to minimize damage in an immediate situation. Training (partial):

At self/buddy-aid levels, train individuals to properly clean wounds in an effort to minimize

any wound damage.

4. Deficiency: May be difficult to decontaminate all wound surfaces or deep wounds.

Non-Materiel Solutions: None.

5. Deficiency: Process may be time- and resource-intensive.

Non-Materiel Solutions: None.

17.3.3.2

IMA Assessment Summary

There is a need to improve the wound decontamination process to make it more effective and

less resource-intensive. Table 17.3-2 links materiel alternatives to the identified gaps.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

17.4

Task TASUST 4: Decontaminate remains

17.4.1

Functional Area Analysis

17.4.1.1

Definition

To decontaminate human remains. Remains of MWAs will not normally be decontaminated.

Levels of decontamination include immediate, operational, and thorough. Objectives of each of

these levels are identified as follows:

• Immediate: N/A

• Operational: Reduce CBRN contamination to negligible risk until remains can be checked for

contamination and thoroughly decontaminated at the Mortuary Affairs Decontamination

Collection Point (MADCP).

• Thorough: Reduce CBRN contamination to negligible risk.

17.4.1.2

Derivation

UJTL (TA 7, TA 7.1), Protection Joint Functional Concept.

17.4.1.2.1

Supported Tasks: OPSUST 8, OPSUST 11, OPSUST 12

17.4.1.2.2

Lateral Task: TASHA 24

17.4.1.2.3

Supporting Task: N/A

17.4.1.3

Condition

Perform this task under conditions of:

Physical

1. Extremely rough sea state. (C1.2.1.3)

2. Tropical, arctic, and arid climate. (C1.3.1)

3. All seasons. (C1.3.1.1)

4. Precipitating and stormy weather. (C1.3.1.3)

5. Hot and very cold air temperature. (C1.3.1.3.1)

6. Liquid, freezing, and frozen precipitation. (C1.3.1.3.6.1)

7. Negligible light. (C1.3.2.1)

8. Nuclear effects. (C1.3.3.1)

9. Chemical effects. (C1.3.3.2)

10. Biological effects. (C1.3.3.3)

Military

1. Stressful mission. (C2.1)

2. Location—ashore/afloat. (C2.1.4.1)

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

3. Marginal forces allocated. (C2.2.3)

4. Low personnel capability. (C2.2.4)

5. Poor personnel morale. (C2.2.4.4)

6. Negligible personnel experience. (C2.2.4.5)

7. Severe personnel fatigue. (C2.2.4.6)

8. Limited, little, or no lift assets. (C2.5.2)

9. Limited or no host-nation support. (C2.8.5)

Civil

1. Adversarial media relations. (C3.1.1.5)

2. Limited or negative foreign government support. (C3.1.2.3)

3. Aggressively opposed foreign public opinion. (C3.1.2.4)

4. Low mission priority. (C3.1.3.2)

5. Few or negligible translators. (C3.2.1.2)

6. Significant customs adjustment. (C3.2.2)

17.4.2

Functional Needs Analysis

17.4.2.1

Capabilities and Deficiencies Assessment Summary

An analysis was conducted to determine the capabilities and deficiencies of DoD to

decontaminate CBRN contaminated remains and personal effects (PE). Tables 17.4-1 and 17.4-2

depict external and internal decontamination overall current and near/mid-term capabilities.

Currently, there are five capabilities that will decontaminate remains and PE to varying degrees,

depending on the threat and capability used. One additional known capability is projected to be

added in the future (JSPDS Increment I in the near/mid term, JSPDS Increment II in the far

term), and actions are in progress to add a second.

Current Capabilities and Deficiencies

Normally, decontamination of remains and PE is conducted at a MADCP established as close to

the incident site as safety permits. Depending on the situation, however, decontamination

operations or temporary interment of contaminated remains may have to be conducted by in-

theater forces prior to the arrival of MADCP personnel and equipment. And, depending on the

threat, MADCP personnel may use soap and water, diluted chlorine solutions, or DF 200 (Sandia

Foam), once approved, to decontaminate remains and PE. None of these capabilities have the

ability to neutralize bacterial and viral pathogens that may remain viable inside the body

following external remains decontamination. For this reason, in the event mass fatalities should

result from a biological incident in a theater of operations outside the continental United States

(OCONUS), in accordance with DoD policy, biologically contaminated remains will be

temporarily interred in theater until an effective decontamination method has been identified or

developed that is capable of neutralizing bacterial and viral pathogens that may remain viable

inside the body or until the remains have been thoroughly decontaminated by the environment

and can be safely disinterred and returned to CONUS for final processing. Should a biological

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

mass fatality incident occur in CONUS, biologically contaminated remains may also have to be

temporarily interred.

Handling biologically contaminated remains is further complicated by the fact that DoD does not

have a containment system to safely transport biologically contaminated remains and personal

effects from the incident site to the MADCP or decontamination facility. The inability to safely

transport and decontaminate biologically contaminated remains is a significant capability

deficiency that DoD must resolve to counter current and anticipated threats.

Projected Near/Mid-Term Capabilities and Deficiencies

Current, The Combined Arms Support Command (CASCOM) is working with JRO-CBRND to

determine the feasibility of fielding an Interim Mortuary Affairs Remains Decontamination

System based on the Small Shelter Decontamination System evaluated under the Contamination

Avoidance at Sea Ports of Debarkation Advanced Capability Technology Demonstration

conducted by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA). Fielding a limited quantity of

these systems will provide DoD the capability to decontaminate the majority of remains and PE

resulting from a CBRN incident. Currently, DoD has limited Mortuary Affairs (MA) equipment

and force structure to support total force requirements, and MA personnel are only marginally

trained to accomplish this mission.

CASCOM is also working with DTRA to test military and commercial products to safely

transport contaminated remains from an incident site to a decontamination site. In conjunction

with Dugway Proving Ground, DTRA is planning to conduct a swatch test, using live agents, of

the military unique and commercial Human Remains Pouches (HRP) currently used by DoD

Pouches (CRP). Based on the swatch test results, the selected technologies will be tested as a unit

technologies configured as a unit pass the technical test, an operational demonstration will be

recommended to assess the technologies. Military Utility Testing is scheduled to be conducted in

September 2005.

Projected Far-Term Capabilities and Deficiencies

To identify far-term requirements and identify potential solutions, CASCOM is conducting a

JCIDS study to formally analyze the DoD MA program. Existing capabilities and capability

gaps, potential solutions, and recommended courses of action will be proposed to eliminate

identified capability deficiencies. One potential far-term solution may be realized through JSPDS

Increment II developmental efforts, which will provide the capability to neutralize all H-series,

V-series, and G-series chemical and biological warfare agents, as well as T-2 mycotoxins, TICs,

and TIMs.

Additional far-term solutions to identify and neutralize both known and unknown warfare agents

may be identified through the JCIDS process being conducted by CASCOM.

For Official Use Only

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

Table 17.4-1. TASUST 4: External Decontamination—Capabilities and Deficiencies Assessment

Capabilities

Current

Soap and Water

3¹

0²

4³

8⁴

3⁵

5⁶

5⁷

7⁸

Diluted HTH Household Bleach

5⁹

3¹⁰

6¹¹

N/A

5¹²

Temporary Interment

7¹³

7¹⁴

0¹⁵

4¹⁶

N/A

7¹⁷

3¹⁸

Embalming

N/A

8¹⁹

N/A

Near/Mid-Term

DF 200

N/A

0²⁰

Far-Term

JSPDS Increment II

10²¹

5²²

10²³

Current Overall Capabilities*

Near/Mid-Term Overall Capabilities

Far-Term Overall Capabilities

*This table suggests that current overall capabilities should be labeled “yellow”; however, Mortuary Affairs units and personnel do not have a standard remains

decontamination system to utilize the capabilities currently available, which were evaluated in the table. This deficiency suggests the need to develop a

standardized remains decontamination system to effectively utilize existing and developmental capabilities. Development of an effective system for external

remains decontamination is not technology constrained.

FAA Measure

Elaboration

Scale

(Yes/No) Contaminated by-

Contaminated by-products are controlled. Where

10: Complete (100%).

products are controlled?

contaminated by-products are controlled less than

7: Substantial (~75%).

100%, measures must be in place to prevent them

5: Partial (~50%).

from becoming an unacceptable hazard or safety

3: Minimal (~25%).

risk.

0: No, cross-contamination cannot be controlled and presents an

NOTE: The definition of “contaminated by-

unacceptable hazard.

products” is the residual waste created during the

decontamination process.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

(Level) Of chemical

Chemically contaminated remains can be

10: Decontaminate all CWAs, NTAs, and TIMs to general

contamination after

decontaminated to reduce the level of

population exposure limits.

decontamination procedures.

contamination to a low enough level that remains

7: Decontaminate all CWAs and NTAs and some TIMs to a level

no longer pose an imminent health threat to the

that will allow unprotected exposure.

living. Every effort is made to render remains safe

5: Decontaminate all CWAs, some NTAs to a level that will allow

for immediate return to families. “Agents” defined

unprotected exposure.

as current-generation CWAs, NTAs, TIMS, and

3: Decontaminate most CWAs to a level that will allow

TICs.

unprotected exposure.

0: No effective decontaminant or process.

(Level) Of biological

Biologically contaminated (to include toxins)

10: 0 CFU/PFU/m²—total removal or neutralization of toxins

contamination after

remains can be decontaminated to reduce the level

without causing any visual effects to remains.

decontamination procedures.

of contamination low enough that remains no

8: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin

longer pose an imminent health threat to the living.

exposure levels; no visual effects on remains.

Every effort is made to make remains safe for

6: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin

immediate return to families. Vegetative and

exposure levels; minor visual effects on remains.

nonvegetative bacteria are measured in CFU/m²

4: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin

and viruses are measured in PFU/m².

exposure levels; significant visual effects on remains.

2: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin

exposure levels; remains may not be viewable due to

disfigurement by decontamination process

0: More than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin

exposure levels, and remains cannot be immediately transported

and returned to families

(Level) Of radiological

Radiologically contaminated remains can be

10: Total removal to natural backg1round level; no visual effects on

contamination after

decontaminated to reduce the level of

remains.

decontamination procedures.

contamination low enough that remains no longer

8: <0.4 Bq/cm² beta/gamma activity and <0.04 Bq/cm² alpha

pose an imminent health threat to the living. Every

activity; no visual effects on remains.

effort is made to make remains safe for immediate

6: <0.4 Bq/cm² beta/gamma activity and <0.04 Bq/cm² alpha

return to families.

activity; minor visual effects on remains.

4: <0.4 Bq/cm² beta/gamma activity and <0.04 Bq/cm² alpha

activity; significant visual effects on remains.

2: <0.4 Bq/cm² beta/gamma a activity and <0.04 Bq/cm² alpha

activity; remains may not be viewable due to disfigurement by

decontamination process.

0: Partial removal; remains cannot be immediately transported and

returned to families due to excessive residual dose rate.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

(Yes/No) Cross-

Cross-contamination is controlled. Where cross-

10: Complete (100%).

contamination is controlled?

contamination is less than 100% controlled,

7: Substantial (~75%).

measures must in place to prevent cross-

5: Partial (~50%).

contamination from becoming an unacceptable

3: Minimal (~25%).

hazard or safety risk.

0: No, Contaminated by-products cannot be controlled and present

an unacceptable hazard

(Yes/No) Decontamination

Procedures required to implement the capabilities

10: No negative impacts on operations.

procedures are logistically

necessary to decontaminate remains against a given

7: Limited negative impact on operational capability.

supportable?

threat are logistically supportable.

5: Moderate negative impact on operational capability.

3: Major negative impact on operational capability.

0: Not logistically supportable.

There is effective DOTLPF

The non-materiel elements associated with

10: DOTLPF is adequate for all tasks to be performed with this

in place to conduct task?

executing the tasks required to implement a given

system without limitations that cause significant impact upon

capability have been established and are available.

operations.

7: DOTLPF is adequate for most of the tasks to be performed with

this system without limitations that cause significant impact upon

operations.

5: Many critical aspects of DOTLPF for the task to be performed

with this system are addressed.

3: Some critical aspects of DOTLPF for the task to be performed

with this system are addressed.

0: DOTLPF is completely inadequate or does not exist for the

tasks to be performed with this system.

¹ M1 - (Yes/No) Contaminated by-products are controlled? 3: Minimal (~25%).

² M2 - (Level) Of chemical contamination after decontamination procedures. 0: No effective decontaminant or process.

³ M3 - (Level) Of biological contamination after decontamination procedures. 4: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin-exposure levels, significant visual effects

on remains.

⁴ M4 - (Level) Of radiological contamination after decontamination procedures. 8: <0.4 bequerel/square centimeter (Bq/cm²) beta/gamma activity and <0.04 Bq/cm² alpha activity;

no visual effects on remains.

⁵ M5 - (Yes/No) Cross-contamination is controlled? 3: Minimal (~25%).

⁶ M6 - (Yes/No) Decontamination procedures are logistically supportable? 5: Moderate negative impact on operational capability.

⁷ M7 - There is effective DOTLPF in place to conduct task? 5: Many critical aspects of DOTLPF for the task to be performed with this system are addressed.

⁸ M7 - There is effective DOTLPF in place to conduct task? 7: DOTLPF is adequate for most of the tasks to be performed with this system without limitations that cause

significant impact upon operations.

⁹ M1 - (Yes/No) Contaminated by-products are controlled? 5: Partial (~50%).

¹⁰M2 - (Level) Of chemical contamination after decontamination procedures. 3: Decontaminate most CWAs to a level that will allow unprotected exposure.

¹¹ M3 - (Level) Of biological contamination after decontamination procedures. 6: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin-exposure levels; minor visual effects on

remains.

¹² M5 - (Yes/No) Cross-contamination is controlled? 5: Partial (~50%)

¹³ M1 - (Yes/No) Contaminated by-products are controlled? 7: Substantial (~75%).

For Official Use Only

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

¹⁴ M2 - (Level) Of chemical contamination after decontamination procedures. 7: Decontaminate all CWAs, all NTAs, some TIMs to a level that will allow unprotected exposure.

¹⁵ M3 - (Level) Of biological contamination after decontamination procedures. 0: More than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin-exposure levels, and remains cannot be

immediately transported and returned to families.

¹⁶ M4 - (Level) Of radiological contamination after decontamination procedures. 4: <0.4 Bq/cm² beta/gamma activity and <0.04 Bq/cm² alpha activity; significant visual effects on

remains.

¹⁷ M5 - (Yes/No) Cross-contamination is controlled? 7: Substantial (~75%).

¹⁸ M6 - (Yes/No) Decontamination procedures are logistically supportable? 3: Major negative impact on operational capability.

¹⁹ M3 - (Level) Of biological contamination after decontamination procedures. 8: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin-exposure levels; no visual effects on

remains.

²⁰ M7 - There is effective DOTLPF in place to conduct task? 0: DOTLPF is completely inadequate or does not exist for the tasks to be performed with this system.

²¹ M1 - (Yes/No) Contaminated by-products are controlled? 10: Complete (100%).

²² M2 - (Level) Of chemical contamination after decontamination procedures. 5: Decontaminate all CWAs, some NTAs to a level that will allow unprotected exposure.

²³ M7 - There is effective DOTLPF in place to conduct task? 10: DOTLPF is adequate for all tasks to be performed with this system without limitations that cause significant

impact upon operations.

Table 17.4-2. TASUST 4: Internal Decontamination—Capabilities and Deficiencies Assessment

Capabilities

Current/Near/Mid/Far-Term

Temporary Interment*

7¹

7²

0³

4⁴

7⁵

3⁶

7⁷

Embalming*

N/A

8⁸

N/A

5⁹

Cremation

N/A

10¹⁰

N/A

2¹¹

N/A

0¹²

N/A

0¹³

Current/ Near/Mid/Far-

Term Overall Capabilities*

*Temporary interment, embalming, and cremation, while offering various capabilities, are either not allowed by current policies or are not desired solutions for

the expeditious return of previously contaminated remains to families. These are stop-gap and extreme measures utilized only in the case of lacking other

decontamination capabilities. There are no formal capability development programs currently under way to decontaminate remains with residual internal hazards.

¹ M1 - (Yes/No) Contaminated by-products are controlled? 7: Substantial (~75%).

² M2 - (Level) Of chemical contamination after decontamination procedures. 7: Decontaminate all CWAs, all NTAs, some TIMs to a level that will allow unprotected exposure.

³ M3 - (Level) Of biological contamination after decontamination procedures. 0: More than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin-exposure levels, and remains cannot be

immediately transported and returned to families.

⁴ M4 - (Level) Of radiological contamination after decontamination procedures. 4: <0.4 Bq/cm² beta/gamma activity and <0.04 Bq/cm² alpha activity; significant visual effects on

remains

⁵ M5 - (Yes/No) Cross-contamination is controlled? 7: Substantial (~75%).

⁶ M6 - (Yes/No) Decontamination procedures are logistically supportable? 3: Major negative impact on operational capability.

⁷ M7 - There is effective DOTLPF in place to conduct task? 7: DOTLPF is adequate for most of the tasks to be performed with this system without limitations that cause

significant impact upon operations.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

⁸ M3 - (Level) Of biological contamination after decontamination procedures. 8: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin-exposure levels; no visual effects on

remains.

⁹ M7 - There is effective DOTLPF in place to conduct task? 5: Many critical aspects of DOTLPF for the task to be performed with this system are addressed.

¹⁰ M2 - (Level) Of chemical contamination after decontamination procedures. 10: Decontaminate all CWAs, NTAs, and TIMs to general population exposure limits.

¹¹ M3 - (Level) Of biological contamination after decontamination procedures. 2: Less than infective dose levels/casualty-producing toxin-exposure levels; remains may not be

viewable due to disfigurement by decontamination process.

¹² M6 - (Yes/No) Decontamination procedures are logistically supportable? 0: Not logistically supportable.

¹³ M7 - There is effective DOTLPF in place to conduct task? 0: DOTLPF is completely inadequate or does not exist for the tasks to be performed with this system.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

17.4.3

Functional Solution Analysis

17.4.3.1

DOTLPF Assessment Summary

This section states the deficiencies and suggests potential non-materiel solutions. If there are no

solutions or there are only partial solutions for a particular deficiency, the deficiency is then

reassessed in the IMA section.

Deficiency: Inadequate expeditionary capabilities to perform remains decontamination.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Doctrine (partial): Doctrine establishes policy—i.e., what must be

done, not how to do it—and history has demonstrated repeatedly that doctrine cannot always

be implemented during combat as envisioned. This principle is especially true on the

ambiguous, nonlinear battlefield of today where personnel from all Services are evacuating

remains from the battlefield. Doctrine must be updated to take into account the force

structure changes taking place in all the Services to enhance their capability to rapidly deploy

and to efficiently and effectively fight in a joint, combined, and/or multinational

environment. Above all, however, it is essential that doctrine be updated to emphasize the

need for a capability to safely transport and decontaminate biologically contaminated

remains and PE.

Deficiency: Inadequate force structure and equipment to perform expeditionary remains

decontamination.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Organizations (partial): CASCOM is currently drafting a Force

Design Update to restructure U.S. Army MA companies to enable them to better support the

full spectrum of MA operations. And other Service components are changing their force

structure as well to increase their organic MA operational capability. Changing the current

structure of military organizations or adding additional activities to the military force

structure may provide personnel assets to support transporting and decontaminating

biologically contaminated remains and PE, but without the right equipment to perform these

functions, these serious capability gaps will not be eliminated. To ensure U.S. Army MA

companies, as well as the other Service component organizations, are able to perform MA

decontamination functions as required, CASCOM is currently working with JRO-CBRND to

determine the feasibility of fielding an Interim Mortuary Affairs Remains Decontamination

System to provide DoD the capability to decontaminate the exterior of CBRN contaminated

remains and PE. If approved, this equipment will be added to the MA company tables of

organization and equipment (TOEs). Other Service components will also be able to add it to

their authorized equipment lists, as well. CASCOM is also working with DTRA to develop

and test a containment system to safely transport contaminated remains from an incident site

to a decontamination site. CASCOM anticipates this effort will be successful. If so,

depending on the solution identified and approved through the JCIDS process to

decontaminate biologically contaminated remains, the equipment may be added to the MA

Company TOEs, and other Service Component equipment lists. Personnel (partial): An

increase or decrease in personnel authorizations cannot resolve this urgent requirement, and

until specific materiel solutions are identified and approved to support these requirements,

the need for changes in personnel authorizations will not be known. Certain military

occupational specialties for existing military positions, and/or job descriptions for existing

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

DoD civilian personnel may very well need to be modified to incorporate operation of this

equipment as a primary duty.

Deficiency: Training to perform remains decontamination is inadequate.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Training (partial): Changes to existing Service Component

professional development and training plans will not address this deficiency by themselves.

As previously mentioned, materiel solutions are required to provide DoD the capability to

safely transport and decontaminate biologically contaminated remains. The addition of new

equipment to support this requirement, will however, require the development of new

training plans on how to operate and maintain the equipment; as well as the procedures to be

followed to transport and decontaminate biologically contaminated remains and PE.

Leadership Development (partial): Like training, changes to existing leadership development

programs will not correct these capability gaps. The addition of new technology equipment to

the military inventory, and the subsequent processes developed for the implementation of this

technology may/ require the addition of, or changes to leadership development programs.

Deficiency: A lack of fixed facilities with capabilities to support remains decontamination.

Non-Materiel Solutions: None. Existing facilities do not have the capability or can be

modified to provide this critical requirement, however, a materiel solution to decontaminate

biologically contaminated remains may require equipment to be installed and maintained in

fixed facilities. Until a specific solution is identified and approved, however, the answer to

this question will not be known. If fixed facilities are required, they may need to be

strategically located at multiple sites within CONUS to enable them to support both CONUS

and OCONUS requirements. Facilities may also need to be identified in overseas theaters of

operation that can be used to house the system in the event a bioterrorist attack is launched

against United States interests overseas.

17.4.3.2

IMA Assessment Summary

Table 17.4-3 identifies which of the materiel approaches might address specific materiel gaps

identified in the DOTMLPF assessment.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

17.5

Task TASUST 5: Diagnose chemical effects on personnel and MWAs

17.5.1

Functional Area Analysis

17.5.1.1

Definition

To use medical diagnostic tools and procedures to identify and confirm chemical hazard

exposure in both personnel and MWAs, specifically MWDs. Also includes monitoring

presymptomatic levels of exposure. Several animal species are used as MWAs; however, MWDs

are the predominant species and are most likely to be deployed with military personnel.

17.5.1.2

Derivation

UJTL (TA 7, TA 7.1), Protection Joint Functional Concept.

17.5.1.2.1

Supported Tasks: OPSUST 8, OPSUST 11

17.5.1.2.2

Lateral Tasks: TASHA 12, TASHA 13

17.5.1.2.3

Supporting Task: N/A

17.5.1.3

Condition

Perform this task under conditions of:

Physical

1. Negligible light. (C1.3.2.1)

2. Chemical effects. (C1.3.3.2)

Military

1. Severe health status. (NEW)

2. Stressful mission. (C2.1)

3. Minimal or short time available. (C2.1.5)

4. Marginal forces allocated. (C2.2.3)

5. Low personnel capability. (C2.2.4)

6. Limited or negligible personnel experience. (C2.2.4.5)

7. Severe personnel fatigue. (C2.2.4.6)

8. Some or no interoperability. (C2.2.6)

9. Restricted information exchange. (C2.3.1.8)

Civil

1. High mission priority. (C3.1.3.2)

2. Few or negligible translators. (C3.2.1.2)

3. Significant customs adjustment. (C3.2.2)

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

4. Significant refugee-care responsibility. (C3.3.2.3)

17.5.2

Functional Needs Analysis

17.5.2.1

Capabilities and Deficiencies Assessment Summary

Table 17.5-1 presents individual and overall current, near-/mid-term, and far-term capabilities to

perform the task to the designated standards. There are eight current capabilities used to

accomplish this task. The individual capabilities include signs/symptomatology and clinical

diagnosis capabilities for nerve, blister, cyanide, and pulmonary agent exposure.

Current Capabilities and Deficiencies

The overall current capability is assessed as “yellow.” High-level chemical exposure typically

causes a rapid onset of recognizable signs and symptoms; however, signs and symptoms of

mustard and phosgene exposure as well as low-level exposure by all chemical agents may not be

immediately recognizable to medical and veterinary services personnel. Diagnostic tools are

available to presumptively identify and quantify chemical agent exposure by class (with the

exception of phosgene intoxication). However, there are no clinical laboratory tests that confirm

blister agent or phosgene exposure. Furthermore, laboratory diagnosis typically cannot be

completed in sufficient time frame to reduce morbidity and mortality.

Projected Near/Mid-Term Capabilities and Deficiencies

No changes in capability are projected in the near/mid term for this task, so the overall projected

near/mid-term capability will remain “yellow.”

Projected Far-Term Capabilities and Deficiencies

No changes in capability are projected in the far term for this task, so the overall projected far-

term capability will remain “yellow.”

For Official Use Only

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

Table 17.5-1. TASUST 5: Capabilities and Deficiencies Assessment

System/Measure

Current

Signs and Symptomatology - Nerve Agents

N/A

Clinical Diagnosis - Nerve Agents

N/A

Signs and Symptomatology - Vesicant Agents

N/A

Clinical Diagnosis - Vesicant Agents

N/A

Signs and Symptomatology - Cyanides

N/A

Clinical Diagnosis - Cyanides

N/A

Signs and Symptomatology - Pulmonary Agents

N/A

Clinical Diagnosis - Pulmonary Agents

N/A

Current Overall Capabilities

Near/Mid-Term Overall Capabilities

Far-Term Overall Capabilities

FAA Measure

Elaboration

Scale

Signs and symptoms of

Applies to sign and

10: Complete capability.

chemical exposure can be

symptomatology

5: Partial capability.

recognized?

capabilities only.

0: No capability.

All chemical hazard effects

10: Complete capability (e.g., specific agent identified).

can be identified during

5: Partial capability (e.g., agent type identified).

diagnostic evaluation?

0: No capability.

All chemical hazard effects

Applies to clinical

10: Complete capability.

can be quantified during

diagnosis

5: Partial capability.

diagnostic evaluation?

capabilities only.

0: No capability.

Time to prepare sample?

Applies to clinical

10: Sample collection/preparation can be completed in sufficient time frame to reduce morbidity and

diagnosis

mortality.

capabilities only.

5: Sample collection/preparation cannot be completed in sufficient time frame to reduce morbidity and

mortality.

0: Samples cannot be collected and prepared for analysis.

Time to confirm hazard

Applies to clinical

10: Sample analysis can be completed in sufficient time frame to reduce morbidity and mortality.

presence in sample?

diagnosis

5: Sample analysis cannot be completed in sufficient time frame to reduce morbidity and mortality.

capabilities only.

0: Sample analysis capability does not exist.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

17.5.3

Functional Solution Analysis

17.5.3.1

DOTLPF Assessment Summary

This section states the deficiencies and suggests potential non-materiel solutions. If there are no

solutions or there are only partial solutions for a particular deficiency, that deficiency is then

reassessed in the IMA section.

Deficiency: Inability to immediately recognize low-level exposure to chemical agents or

confusing it for other maladies.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Training: Increase Medical and Veterinary Services personnel

training on recognizing signs and symptom of chemical agent exposures in personnel and

MWAs.

Deficiency: Lack of recognition of early signs and symptoms that indicate chemical exposure

in MWAs.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Training: Develop course for Veterinary Services personnel (based

on existing course for human chemical agent casualties) and provide initial and refresher

training on medical identification and management of chemical effects in MWAs.

Deficiency: Inability to definitively identify mustard and phosgene casualties during early

post-exposure period.

Non-Materiel Solutions: None.

Deficiency: General inability to identify, during diagnosis, actual agent that caused exposure.

Non-Materiel Solutions: None.

Deficiency: Lack of clinical laboratory tests that confirm blister agent or phosgene exposure.

Non-Materiel Solutions: None.

Deficiency: Inability to complete clinical diagnosis in sufficient time frame to reduce

morbidity and mortality.

Non-Materiel Solutions: None.

Deficiency: Lack of resources to prevent mass casualty diagnostic requirements from

overwhelming the laboratory system.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Doctrine (partial): Incorporate guidelines for an MOU/A with

external laboratory resources. Revise doctrine to define those circumstances when assistance

from alternative laboratories would be needed, to identify which staff and what equipment

would be readily available to conduct diagnostics, to clarify DoD requirements for personnel

(i.e., clearance, experience, etc.), to identify what protocol for diagnosing/analyzing samples

are to be followed, and to ensure adequate training of personnel. Training (partial):

Coordinate training and certify personnel from alternative laboratories. Organization

(partial): Develop MOU/As with civilian and/or commercial laboratories to assist with

diagnostic requirements.

For Official Use Only

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

Table 17.5-2. TASUST 5: IMA Assessment

Idea for Materiel

Approach

(IMA)

Identified Gap

Inability to definitively identify mustard and phosgene casualties during early

post-exposure period.

General inability to identify, during diagnosis, actual agent that caused exposure.

Lack of clinical laboratory tests that confirm blister agent or phosgene exposure.

Inability to complete clinical diagnosis in sufficient time frame to reduce

morbidity and mortality.

Lack of resources to prevent mass casualty diagnostic requirements from

overwhelming the laboratory system.

Inadequate chain-of-custody procedures and/or special packaging and handling.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

17.6

Task TASUST 6: Diagnose biological effects on personnel and MWAs

17.6.1

Functional Area Analysis

17.6.1.1

Definition

To use medical diagnostic tools and procedures to identify and confirm biological hazard

exposure in both personnel and MWAs, specifically MWDs. Also includes monitoring

presymptomatic levels of exposure. Several animal species are used as MWAs; however, MWDs

are the predominant species and are most likely to be deployed with military personnel.

17.6.1.2

Derivation

UJTL (TA 7, TA 7.1), Protection Joint Functional Concept.

17.6.1.2.1

Supported Tasks: OPSUST 8, OPSUST 11

17.6.1.2.2

Lateral Tasks: TASHA 12, TASHA 13

17.6.1.2.3

Supporting Task: N/A

17.6.1.3

Condition

Perform this task under conditions of:

Physical

1. Negligible light. (C1.3.2.1)

2. Biological effects. (C1.3.3.3)

Military

1. Severe health status. (NEW)

2. Stressful mission. (C2.1)

3. Minimal or short time available. (C2.1.5)

4. Marginal forces allocated. (C2.2.3)

5. Low personnel capability. (C2.2.4)

6. Limited or negligible personnel experience. (C2.2.4.5)

7. Severe personnel fatigue. (C2.2.4.6)

8. Some or no interoperability. (C2.2.6)

9. Restricted information exchange. (C2.3.1.8)

Civil

1. High mission priority. (C3.1.3.2)

2. Few or negligible translators. (C3.2.1.2)

3. Significant customs adjustment. (C3.2.2)

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

4. Moderate or high health risk. (C3.3.1.5)

5. Significant refugee-care responsibility. (C3.3.2.3)

17.6.2

Functional Needs Analysis

17.6.2.1

Capabilities and Deficiencies Assessment Summary

Table 17.6-1 presents individual and overall current, near-/mid-term, and far-term capabilities to

perform the task to the designated standards. There are six current capabilities and three

projected to be added in the future (actually two: Joint Biological Agent Identification and

Diagnostic System [JBAIDS] Block I and II in the near/mid term). The individual capabilities

include signs/symptomatology and clinical diagnosis capabilities for bacteria/rickettsia, viruses,

and toxins.

Current Capabilities and Deficiencies

The overall current capability is assessed as “yellow.” Signs and symptomatology, in addition to

currently available diagnostic tools, partially meet most standards for diagnosing biological

effects on personnel and MWAs¹. They partially meet confirmatory standards since, with the

exception of toxins, cultivation and identification of pathogen is usually required and this process

can take days.

Projected Near/Mid-Term Capabilities and Deficiencies

The overall projected near/mid-term capability is assessed as “yellow.” Near-future capability

JBAIDS Block I will rapidly identify and quantify all bacterial/rickettsia agents of interest and

most viral agents of interest in clinical samples. JBAIDS Block II will also detect all toxins or

interest.

Projected Far-Term Capabilities and Deficiencies

No changes in capability are projected in the far term for this task, so the overall projected far-

term capability will remain “yellow.”

¹ In general, diseases produced by the offensive use of biological warfare (BW) agents against U.S. forces could be lethal and/or

disabling. These BW agents could also infect the animal population within the contaminated area; however, most of the diseases

that are likely to be used in BW are unlikely to cause illness in MWDs, primarily due to varied species susceptibility between

dogs and humans for most BW agents. (For definitive information on BW agents, see FM 8-284). Of the diseases considered to

be likely BW agents, MWDs are likely to be susceptible to only plague (Yersinia pestis), tularemia, brucellosis, Q-fever, and

anthrax. In all of these diseases, the MWD is believed to be less susceptible than man.

For Official Use Only

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

Table 17.6-1. TASUST 6: Capabilities and Deficiencies Assessment

System/Measure

Current

Bacteria/Rickettsia

Signs and Symptoms

N/A

Clinical Diagnosis

N/A

Viruses

Signs and Symptoms

N/A

Clinical Diagnosis

N/A

Toxins

Signs and Symptoms

N/A

Clinical Diagnosis

N/A

Near/Mid-Term

JBAIDS Block I/II - Bacteria/ Rickettsia

N/A

JBAIDS Block I/II - Viruses

N/A

JBAIDS Block II - Toxins

N/A

Current and Overall Capabilities

Near/Mid-Term Overall Capabilities

N/A

Far-Term Overall Capabilities

N/A

FAA Measure

Elaboration

Scale

Signs and symptoms of

Applies to signs and

10: Complete capability.

biological exposure can be

symptomatology capabilities

5: Partial capability.

recognized?

only.

0: No capability.

All biological hazard effects

10: Complete capability (e.g., specific agent identified).

can be identified during

5: Partial capability (e.g., agent type identified).

diagnostic evaluation?

0: No capability.

All biological hazard effects

Applies to clinical diagnosis

10: Complete capability.

can be quantified during

capabilities only.

5: Partial capability.

diagnostic evaluation?

0: No capability.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

Time to prepare sample?

Applies to clinical diagnosis

10: Sample collection/preparation can be completed in sufficient time frame to reduce

capabilities only.

morbidity and mortality.

5: Sample collection/preparation cannot be completed in sufficient time frame to reduce

morbidity and mortality.

0: Samples cannot be collected and prepared for analysis.

Time to confirm hazard

Applies to clinical diagnosis

10: Sample analysis can be completed in sufficient time frame to reduce morbidity and

presence in sample?

capabilities only.

mortality.

5: Sample analysis cannot be completed in sufficient time frame to reduce morbidity and

mortality.

0: Sample analysis capability does not exist.

Capability (DOTLPF) exists

10: DOTLPF exists and is adequate for this task. Task can be effectively performed with

to diagnose biological

minor limitations with little or no direct impact upon operations.

exposure?

5: Most critical aspects of DOTLPF for this task are addressed.

0: DOTLPF is inadequate or does not exist for this task. Task cannot be effectively

accomplished.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

17.6.3

Functional Solution Analysis

17.6.3.1

DOTLPF Assessment Summary

This section states the deficiencies and suggests potential non-materiel solutions. If there are no

solutions or there are only partial solutions for a particular deficiency, that deficiency is then

reassessed in the IMA section.

Deficiency: Inability to perform presumptive identification during early stages of illness.

Non-Materiel Solutions: None.

Deficiency: Unacceptable amount of time (i.e., order of days) required for confirmation of

bacterial and viral etiologic agents.

Non-Materiel Solutions: None.

Deficiency: Limited capability for forward-deployed medical personnel to rapidly analyze

biological specimens.

Non-Materiel Solutions: None.

Deficiency: Limited capability for forward-deployed medical personnel to collect and

prepare samples.

Non-Materiel Solutions: None.

Deficiency: Lack of resources to prevent mass casualty diagnostic requirements from

overwhelming the laboratory system.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Doctrine (partial): Revise doctrine to define those circumstances

when assistance from alternative laboratories would be needed, to identify which staff and

what equipment would be readily available to conduct diagnostics, to clarify DoD

requirements for personnel (i.e., clearance, experience, etc.), to identify what protocol for

diagnosing/analyzing samples are to be followed, and to ensure adequate training of

personnel. Organization (partial): Develop MOU/As with civilian and/or commercial

laboratories to assist with diagnostic requirements. Training (partial): Coordinate training

and certify personnel from alternative laboratories.

Deficiency: Inability to presumptively differentiate between bacterial diseases during early

illness through recognition of signs and symptoms.

Partial Non-Materiel Solutions: Training (Partial): Develop course for Veterinary Services

personnel (based on existing course for human biological agent casualties) and provide initial

and refresher training on medical identification and management of biological warfare agents

effects in MWAs.

Deficiency: Unacceptable risk of infecting laboratory personnel during clinical specimen

analysis.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Training (partial): Train laboratory personnel on safe handling and

testing procedures and protocols.

For Official Use Only

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

Table 17.6-2. TASUST 6: IMA Assessment

Idea for Materiel

Approach

(IMA)

Identified Gap

Inability to perform presumptive identification during early stages of illness.

Unacceptable amount of time (i.e., order of days) required for confirmation of bacterial and viral

etiologic agents.

Limited capability for forward-deployed medical personnel to rapidly analyze biological specimens.

Limited capability for forward-deployed medical personnel to collect and prepare samples.

Lack of resources to prevent mass casualty diagnostic requirements from overwhelming the

laboratory system.

Inability to presumptively differentiate between bacterial diseases during early illness through

recognition of signs and symptoms.

Unacceptable risk of infecting laboratory personnel during clinical specimen analysis.

Lack of specificity of most routine laboratory tests.

Inadequate chain-of-custody procedures and/or special packaging and handling.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

17.7

Task TASUST 7: Diagnose radiological effects on personnel and MWAs

17.7.1

Functional Area Analysis

17.7.1.1

Definition

To use medical diagnostic tools and procedures to identify and confirm radiological hazard

exposure in both personnel and MWAs, specifically MWDs. Also includes monitoring

presymptomatic levels of exposure. Several animal species are used as MWAs; however, MWDs

are the predominant species and are most likely to be deployed with military personnel.

17.7.1.2

Derivation

UJTL (TA 7, TA 7.1), Protection Joint Functional Concept.

17.7.1.2.1

Supported Tasks: OPSUST 8, OPSUST 11

17.7.1.2.2

Lateral Tasks: TASHA 12, TASHA 13

17.7.1.2.3

Supporting Task: N/A

17.7.1.3

Condition

Perform this task under conditions of:

Physical

1. Negligible light. (C1.3.2.1)

2. Nuclear effects. (C1.3.3.1)

Military

1. Severe health status. (NEW)

2. Stressful mission. (C2.1)

3. Minimal or short time available. (C2.1.5)

4. Marginal forces allocated. (C2.2.3)

5. Low personnel capability. (C2.2.4)

6. Limited or negligible personnel experience. (C2.2.4.5)

7. Severe personnel fatigue. (C2.2.4.6)

8. Some or no interoperability. (C2.2.6)

9. Restricted information exchange. (C2.3.1.8)

Civil

1. High mission priority. (C3.1.3.2)

2. Few or negligible translators. (C3.2.1.2)

3. Significant customs adjustment. (C3.2.2)

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

4. Significant refugee-care responsibility. (C3.3.2.3)

17.7.2

Functional Needs Analysis

17.7.2.1

Capabilities and Deficiencies Assessment Summary

Table 17.7-1 presents individual and overall current, near-/mid-term, and far-term capabilities to

perform the task to the designated standards. There are two current capabilities used to

accomplish this task. The individual capabilities include signs/symptomatology and clinical

diagnosis capabilities for detecting, identifying, and quantifying radiation exposure.

Current Capabilities and Deficiencies

Since effects from radiation resemble other common illnesses, laboratory findings are essential.

Current deficiencies include limited capability for forward-deployed medical personnel to

rapidly identify radiological agents in clinical specimens, lack of diagnostic tools at all levels of

care to identify or quantify exposure in the absence of recognizable signs and symptoms.

Projected Near/Mid-Term Capabilities and Deficiencies

No changes in capability are projected in the near/mid term for this task, so the overall projected

near/mid-term capability will remain “yellow.”

Projected Far-Term Capabilities and Deficiencies

No changes in capability are projected in the far term for this task, so the overall projected far-

term capability will remain “yellow.”

For Official Use Only

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

Table 17.5-1. TASUST 7: Capabilities and Deficiencies Assessment

System/Measure

Current

Signs and Symptoms

N/A

Clinical Diagnosis

N/A

Current and Overall Capabilities

Near/Mid-Term Overall

Capabilities

Far-Term Overall Capabilities

FAA Measure

Elaboration

Scale

Signs and symptoms of

Applies to signs and

10: Complete capability.

radiological exposure can be

symptomatology capabilities

5: Partial capability.

recognized?

only.

0: No capability.

All radiological hazard effects

10: Complete capability

can be identified during

5: Partial capability.

diagnostic evaluation?

0: No capability.

All radiological hazard effects

Applies to clinical diagnosis

10: Complete capability.

can be quantified during

capabilities only.

5: Partial capability.

diagnostic evaluation?

0: No capability.

Time to prepare sample?

Applies to clinical diagnosis

10: Sample collection/preparation can be completed in sufficient time frame to

capabilities only.

reduce morbidity and mortality.

5: Sample collection/preparation cannot be completed in sufficient time frame to

reduce morbidity and mortality.

0: Samples cannot be collected and prepared for analysis.

Time to confirm hazard

Applies to clinical diagnosis

10: Sample analysis can be completed in sufficient time frame to reduce morbidity

presence in sample?

capabilities only.

and mortality.

5: Sample analysis cannot be completed in sufficient time frame to reduce morbidity

and mortality.

0: Sample analysis capability does not exist.

Capability (DOTLPF) exists to

10: DOTLPF exists and is adequate for this task. Task can be effectively performed

diagnose radiological

with minor limitations with little or no direct impact upon operations.

exposure?

5: Most critical aspects of DOTLPF for this task are addressed.

0: DOTLPF is inadequate or does not exist for this task. Task cannot be effectively

accomplished.

For Official Use Only

CBRND Functional Needs Analysis/Functional Solution Analysis

Chapter 17. Tactical Sustain Tasks

17.7.3

Functional Solution Analysis

17.7.3.1

DOTLPF Assessment Summary

This section states the deficiencies and suggests potential non-materiel solutions. If there are no

solutions or there are only partial solutions for a particular deficiency, that deficiency is then

reassessed in the IMA section.

Deficiency: Inability of physical dosimeter to differentiate between whole-body and partial-

body exposure.

Non-Materiel Solutions: None.

Deficiency: Inability to determine dose rate of exposure from most physical dosimeters.

Non-Materiel Solutions: None.

Deficiency: Lack of resources to prevent mass casualty diagnostic requirements from

overwhelming the laboratory system.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Doctrine: Revise doctrine to define those circumstances when

assistance from alternative laboratories would be needed, to identify which staff and what

equipment would be readily available to conduct diagnostics, to clarify DoD requirements

for personnel (i.e., clearance, experience, etc.), to identify what protocol for diagnosing/

analyzing samples are to be followed, and to ensure adequate training of personnel.

Organization: Develop MOU/As with civilian and/or commercial laboratories to assist with

diagnostic requirements. Training: Coordinate training and certify personnel from

alternative laboratories.

Deficiency: Lack of recognition of early signs and symptoms that indicate radiation

exposure.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Training: Continue to provide initial and refresher training on

medical identification and management of radiation casualties. Adapt existing courses for

human casualties to MWAs for Veterinary Services personnel. Leadership: Leadership may

be required to divert nontraditional medical evacuation assets in order to evacuate casualties

to higher levels of care required for life saving diagnosis and treatment.

Deficiency: Limited capability for forward-deployed medical personnel to rapidly identify

radiological agents in clinical specimens.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Doctrine (Partial): Clearly define under what conditions medical

prophylaxis and treatment should be initiated (prior to confirmatory testing). If decision is

made after results of confirmatory testing the morbidity and mortality rate significantly

increases.

Deficiency: Inability to diagnose radiation effects in sufficient time frame to reduce

morbidity and mortality.

Non-Materiel Solutions: None.

Deficiency: Inadequate chain-of-custody procedures and/or special packaging and handling.

For Official Use Only

CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL, AND NUCLEAR DEFENSE (CBRND) FUNCTIONAL NEEDS ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT (2005) - page 27