CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL, AND NUCLEAR DEFENSE (CBRND) FUNCTIONAL NEEDS ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT (2005)

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Chapter 13 Tactical Shield Tasks

Table 13.8-1. TASHLD 8: Capability and Deficiency Assessment

System/Measure

Current

Individual Protection

N/A

Respiratory/Ocular Protection

3¹

5²

N/A

3³

5⁴

N/A

6⁵

Percutaneous Protection

3⁶

5⁷

N/A

3³

5⁴

N/A

6⁵

Medical Protection

3⁸

N/A

6⁹

3³

5¹⁰

N/A

6⁵

Collective Protection

3.5

N/A

2.5

N/A

Mobile COLPRO

3¹¹

5¹²

N/A

2³

5⁴

N/A

6⁵

Fixed-Site COLPRO

4¹³

5¹⁴

N/A

3³

5⁴

N/A

6⁵

Mission-Oriented Protective Posture

8¹⁵

N/A

6⁵

(MOPP) Methodology

Unit Staff

6¹⁶

6¹⁷

6¹⁸

2¹⁹

5²⁰

6²¹

8²²

6⁵

Near/Mid

Individual Protection

N/A

Respiratory/Ocular Protection

3^1,23

6^2,24

N/A

3³

5⁴

N/A

6⁵

Percutaneous Protection

3^6,25

6^7,26

N/A

3³

5⁴

N/A

6⁵

Medical Protection

3^8,27

N/A

6⁹

3³

5¹⁰

N/A

6⁵

Collective Protection

4.5

N/A

2.5

N/A

11,28

Mobile COLPRO

5^12,29

N/A

2³

5⁴

N/A

6⁵

Fixed-Site COLPRO

6^13,30

5^14,31

N/A

3³

5⁴

N/A

6⁵

MOPP

8¹⁵

N/A

6⁵

Unit Staff

6¹⁶

6¹⁷

6¹⁸

2¹⁹

5²⁰

6²¹

8²²

6⁵

Far

Individual Protection

N/A

Respiratory/Ocular Protection

^1,23,³²

8^2,24

N/A

3³

5⁴

N/A

6⁵

Percutaneous Protection

3^6,25,³³

8^7,26

N/A

3³

5⁴

N/A

6⁵

Medical Protection

3^8,27,34

N/A

6⁹

3³

5¹⁰

N/A

6⁵

Collective Protection

N/A

2.5

N/A

11,28,35

Mobile COLPRO

5^12,29

N/A

2³

5⁴

N/A

6⁵

Fixed-Site COLPRO

7^13,30,³⁶

5^14,31

N/A

3³

5⁴

N/A

6⁵

MOPP

8¹⁵

N/A

6⁵

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System/Measure

Unit Staff

6¹⁶

6¹⁷

6¹⁸

2¹⁹

5²⁰

6²¹

8²²

6⁵

Overall

Current Overall Capability

Near/Mid-Term Overall Capability

Far-Term Overall Capability

FAA Measure

Scale

Forces are equipped to operate

8-10: Forces are adequately equipped and possess ready access to CBRND resources to conduct sustained operations

in a CBRN/TIM environment.

4-7: Forces are adequately equipped and possess ready access to CBRND resources to conduct operations in a

CBRN/TIM environment.

1-3: Uniformed forces are equipped and possess access to CBRND resources to conduct operations in a CBRN/TIM

environment.

0: Forces are not equipped and possess access to CBRND resources to conduct operations in a CBRN/TIM

environment.

Nonmedical CBRN/TIM

8-10: CBRND systems, components, and consumables are available and in place in plan identified quantities and

consumables and expendables

types to support sustained operations within a CBRN/TIM environment.

are on hand.

4-7: CBRND systems, components, and consumables are available and in place supporting operations but reflect

adjusted plan quantities and types for limitations and constraints in availability. Adjustments to operations are made

without serious impact.

1-3: Limitations and constraints upon available CBRND system, component, and consumable quantities and types

require changes to operations with potentially serious impact.

0: CBRND systems, components, and consumables availability and allocation do not support operations.

Medical CBRN/TIM

8-10: CBRND systems, components, and consumables are available and in place in plan identified quantities and

consumables and expendables

types to support sustained operations within a CBRN/TIM environment.

are on hand.

4-7: CBRND systems, components, and consumables are available and in place supporting operations but reflect

adjusted plan quantities and types for limitations and constraints in availability. Adjustments to operations are made

without serious impact.

1-3: Limitations and constraints upon available CBRND system, component, and consumable quantities and types

require changes to operations with potentially serious impact.

0: CBRND systems, components, and consumables availability and allocation do not support operations.

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Operations are sustainable over

8-10: Forces (including military, eligible civilians, and MWAs) are adequately equipped and possess ready access to

multiple CBRN/TIM attacks

sufficient CBRND resources to support sustained operations through multiple CBRN/TIM attacks across the

based upon organic, on-hand,

spectrum of operations and without unplanned and unforecasted resupply.

and issued CBRN/TIM

4-7: Forces (including military and eligible civilians) are equipped and possess ready access to sufficient CBRND to

protective assets, consumables,

support sustained operations through multiple CBRN/TIM attacks involving major operations with planned and

and expendables.

forecasted resupply.

1-3: Forces are inadequately equipped and/or possess limited access to CBRND resources to sustain operations

through multiple CBRN/TIM attacks and/or are reliant upon resupply.

0: Forces are not equipped and resupplied with CBRND resources for operations with multiple CBRN/TIM attacks.

CBRND asset replenishment

8-10: CBRND resources are stockpiled and prepositioned within or near the AO in plan identified quantities and

effectively maintains

types to support sustained operations against multiple CBRN/TIM attacks upon the force. Continuing replenishment

OPTEMPO and force

of unit operating stocks, and AO stockpiles and prepositioned stocks maintains plan established and operations

survivability.

related adjusted stock levels.

4-7: CBRND resources are stockpiled and prepositioned within or near the AO in plan identified required quantities

and types to support sustained operations in a CBRN/TIM environment. Periodic replenishment of unit operating

stocks, and AO stockpiles and prepositioned stocks maintains plan established stock levels.

1-3: CBRND resources are stockpiled at depots outside the OA, prepositioned within or near the AO, and stocked

within units in plan identified quantities and types to support sustained operations within a CBRN/TIM environment.

Replenishment of operating unit and AO operating stocks from prepositioned and depot stocks are performed as

outlined in the appropriate plan.

0: CBRND stockpiles and prepositioned stocks of CBRND resources and replenishment of operating stocks are

inadequate to support sustained operations in a CBRN/TIM environment.

Positioning of consumables

8-10: Forces are issued identified CBRND assets and possess immediate access to replacement CBRND

effectively supports forces.

consumables. Replenishment is continuing and supports immediate availability.

4-7: Forces are issued identified CBRND assets and possess ready access to replacement CBRND consumables.

Periodic replenishment maintains availability at a sufficient level to support operations

1-3: Forces are issued identified CBRND assets and possess reasonable access to replacement CBRND

consumables. Programmed replenishment maintains minimal operational stocks.

0: Forces do not possess needed access to initial and replacement CBRND consumables. Programmed replenishment

is inadequate to support operations in a CBRN/TIM environment.

Integrated staff effort (medical,

8-10: Fully integrated staff functions collaboratively develop effective and detailed operational plans establishing

logistics, NBC) to prepare plan.

integrated CBRND support requirements for CBRN/TIM defense operations.

4-7: Staff functions collaborate in the development of operational plans addressing CBRND support requirements

for CBRN/TIM defense operations.

1-3: Force staff functions predominantly operate autonomously of each other and coordinate the development of

operational plans involving CBRND support requirements and CBRN/TIM defense operations.

0: Force staff functions do not coordinate development of operational plans entailing inclusion of CBRND support

requirements for CBRN/TIM defense operations.

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There is effective DOTMLPF

8-10: DOTLPF exists and is adequate for this task. Task can be effectively performed with little or no direct impact

in place to conduct task.

upon operations.

4-7: Most critical aspects of DOTLPF for this task are addressed. Task can be performed with limitations requiring

work-arounds.

1-3: DOTLPF is inadequate for accomplishment of this task.

0: DOTLPF does not exist for this task.

¹ CBRND IPE is currently Service-specific. Respiratory/ocular protection is diverse across the Services and performed functions. USAF combat aircrews conduction operations

within a CBRN environment are equipped with the MBU-19/P Chemical-Biological AERP that includes protective hood, MBU-12/P mask, C-2 filter canister, an intercom for

ground communications, and a blower assembly. The AERP provides protection whether or not supplemental oxygen is present. USN and USMC aviators use the A/P22P-14(V)

Respirator Assembly that is a self-contained protective system deployed for rotary-wing (Version 1 for USN) and fixed-wing (Versions 2-4 for USN and USMC) aircrews. The

system incorporates a CB filter, dual air/oxygen supply, and a crossover manifold with dual protective capabilities for flight and ground protection. The A/P 22P-14(V) 1 is not

compatible with aircraft with oxygen delivery systems and supports helicopter crew use. Version 2 is used for the EA-6B and F-18A, Version 3 for AV-8B and F-18C/D, and

Version 4 is applied for C-130 aircrews. The M17 series mask is obsolescent and is relegated to NEO support in selected HTAs. The mask is designed for the military standard

profile (ground) and does not adequately protect all potential nonmilitary populace members, for which is retained. The M40/M42 CB Protective Mask is in service with the U.S.

Army. The mask uses the C-2 canister for filtration of CBRN contaminants. The M42 integrates with combat vehicle filtration protection system and has a dynamic microphone

with cable for connection to vehicle communications systems. The system is a stand-alone system that accompanies the user. The M45 Aircrew Aviator Mask replaced the U.S.

Army M43 Type II and M49 Mask Systems. The system uses a low-profile canister compatible hose assembly for both hose and face-mounted configurations. The mask system

incorporates selectable filtration for support both during aircraft systems activation and using the connectable filter pack. The mask also is applied to personnel who cannot be

fitted with the standard M40A1, M42A2, or MCU-2A/P masks. The M48 CB Apache Aviator Mask protects AH-64 Apache helicopter aviators and flight support personnel. The

blower assembly uses the C-2 filter canister to provide filtered, breathable air. The M-48 replaced the M43 Type 1 mask. The MCU-2A/P is the mainstay USAF and USN mask

employed by personnel not equipped with aircrew masks and by aircrew when not performing flight operations. The MCU-2A/P is also used by aircrew during flight operations

who are not equipped with aircrew masks. COTS equipment meeting OSHA requirements (and NFPA for firefighters) is applied by selected civilian personnel performing specific

functions such as firefighting, EMS, hazardous materials, etc. Limited quantities of COTS may be available within HTAs for known NEO requirements for the protection of

populace members unable to wear the M17 series or standard warfighter respiratory/ocular protective devices. MWAs are not afforded respiratory/ocular protection.

² Respiratory/ocular CBRND protection asset expendables and consumables include filters, batteries, exhaust and inlet valves, disposable aviator materials, and other assets

designed for replacement or disposal. These are identified in the applicable technical manuals and directives and are a consideration in the planning, acquisition, positioning, and

allocation of logistics resources supporting operations. The diversity of respiratory/ocular assets between the services does place an increased logistical burden upon planners and

the logistics systems to accommodate unique requirements for specific systems. Limited standardization does exist, such as the C-2 filter canister, but not all expendable and

consumable components are standard across the services. Doctrine, policy, procedures, and TTPs include the planning, identification, positioning, and allocation by the command

staff of these assets to ensure their availability to the force.

³ Doctrine, policy, and procedures to not adequately address sustained operations over multiple CBRN/TIM attacks. Current assets are limited in their ability to address these types

of operations and will require increased quantities, service, replacement, and issue, placing serious demands upon logistics systems for support. Degradation to operational

performance is a significant concern in these circumstances.

⁴ Doctrine, policy, and procedures are adequate for planning, movement, management, and positioning of materiel (including CBRND materiel) in support of operations. CBRND

materiel for an operation addresses the identified CBRN/TIM threat. The allocation and dissemination of CBRND materiel is managed by the staff based upon plans, operational

requirements, anticipated or experienced threat, and available resources. Expeditionary operations are a particular concern. Availability of spares and resupply will be limited

during the period until the theater matures (usually the first 30-90 days). Maneuvering highly mobile forces operating in austere environments, behind adversary lines, and

possessing reduced logistical footprints are similarly constrained. The individual combat load also places limitations upon weight and type of equipment and consumables.

Protective equipment may be reduced or eliminated despite threat level. Sustained operations within a CBRN/TIM environment are not adequately addressed in DOTLPF and,

subsequently, in planning.

⁵ DOTLPF is adequate for the planning, movement, management, positioning, and reallocation of CBRND materiel in support of operations. However, DOTLPF is inadequate for

sustained operations within a CBRN/TIM environment and for expeditionary and highly mobile force operations with reduced logistical footprints. DOTLPF is also inadequate or

nonexistent addressing CBRND of eligible civilians and MWAs.

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⁶ Service-specific CBRND percutaneous protection is currently applied for the protection of the force. The BDO, used by the USAF and U.S. Army, is a two-piece garment

providing protection for a 24-hour period against chemical agent vapors, liquids, and droplets; biological agents and toxins and contact with radioactive particles. The BDO’s

protective abilities are lost if the suit is torn, ripped, splashed with POL, or is saturated with water and is designed for a one-time use and is worn by ground and most flight

personnel (non-high-performance aircraft). The USMC uses the Saratoga COLPRO suit similar in design to the BDO, but launderable for personnel hygiene. The CPOG is a

legacy two-piece garment for protection against CBRN agents. The CPOG is in use with the USN. The CPU is designed to provide an additional layer of protection for the

warfighter and is worn under standard IPE. The USAF CWU-66/P (and 77/P) is a one-piece flightsuit providing protection for a 24-hour period against standard CBRN agents and

is designed for compatibility with aircrew lift support equipment. The USN, USAF, and USMC use the disposable aircrew protective cape to protect aircrew between sheltering

and the combat aircraft. The cape drapes over the wearer and is removed during entry into the aircraft to prevent transfer of contamination into the aircraft interior. The BVO/GVO

overboots are applied over the wearer’s standard footwear to protect against contact with CBRND. The USN uses the CPFC, commonly called the “fishtail” for its design, to

protect the wearer’s footwear. The CPFC, considered obsolete, does provide a measure of antislip protection shipboard. The disposable aircrew boot cover is worn by USAF, USN,

and USMC aviators over aircrew footwear while en route and mounting combat aircraft. The covers are removed during aircraft entry and are designed to prevent contamination

transfer into the aircraft. Hand protection is provided by the CPG in 7-, 14-, and 25-mil thicknesses to meet warfighter hand protection and dexterity needs. Disposable aircrew

hand protection is applied by the USAF, USMC, and USN for aviators over their gloves (and may be worn between glove layers for additional protection) during movement

between shelter and aircraft. When used as an overglove, the gloves are removed during aircraft mounting during aircraft entry to preclude the potential for transfer of

contamination into the aircraft interior. Medical Services practitioners performing treatment The CPHS is designed to prevent contact of the warfighter’s helmet with liquid

contamination which may be absorbed, impact helmet integrity, and/or constitute a potential secondary hazard to the wearer. SCALP provides a disposable, lightweight,

impermeable layer of protection for personnel against gross liquid contamination and is worn over the warfighter’s protective ensemble. SCALP is commonly applied to protect

armor and EOD personnel who may be required to leave sheltering to perform duties and functions. SCALP is also applied by units performing decontamination operations where

personnel may become soaked by decontaminants and Medical Services personnel with potential for prolonged contact with body fluids. Standard wet-weather gear (e.g., poncho,

rain parka, rain suit, etc.) is also applied as a barrier against saturation of the warfighter’s protective ensemble by contact with liquids such as rain, sea spray, etc. The M-2 apron is

applied by personnel performing decontamination aprons and is worn over the ensemble. The apron is full length and sleeve to maximize coverage, although the back is open.

COTS assets meeting OSHA requirements (and NFPA for firefighters) is applied by selected civilian personnel performing specific functions such as firefighting, EMS, hazardous

materials, etc. Medical barrier impermeable barrier protective assets may also be applied by Medical Services practitioners potentially at risk for contact with fluids.

⁷ The Service-specific ensembles, footwear, hand covers, and other percutaneous protective assets are designed for disposal following exposure to CBRN/TIM agents. However,

selected assets are designed to be decontaminated and reused rather than disposal. These include the M-2 protective apron and BVO/GVO footwear covers.

Expendable/consumable CBRND percutaneous protective assets are a consideration in the planning, acquisition, positioning, and allocation of logistics resources supporting

operations. The diversity of percutaneous assets between the services places an increased logistical burden upon planners and the logistics systems to accommodate unique service

requirements. Limited standardization does exist, such as footwear covers, aviator disposable coverings, ensembles (the BDO is used by the U.S. Army and USAF), but not all

expendable and consumable assets are standard across the services. Doctrine, policy, procedures, and TTPs include the planning, identification, positioning, and allocation by the

command staff of these assets to ensure their availability to the force.

⁸ Forces are not protected against all identified threat CBRN/TIM capabilities. Medical prophylaxis does not exist for all threat CBRN/TIM agents. Current prophylaxis and

supporting doctrine, policy, and procedures do not address presymptomatic medical CBRND protective countermeasures by other than U.S. forces, excluding MWAs and eligible

civilians. Prophylaxis against most high-threat TIMs are not currently available due to the relatively recent consideration of these agents as a potential threat. Additionally, the

efficacy of existing prophylaxis, particularly vaccines, widely varies. Military personnel are administered and/or issued CBRND medical countermeasures for operations with

threat. Vaccines for selected biological agents, topicals, and preexposure and/or post-exposure/presymptomatic medications are applied to mitigate or preclude the effects of

specific CBRN/TIM agents. Currently, preexposure prophylaxis is available for nerve agents ( G and V series), and vesicants (H, HD, HN, L, CX), topical only. SERPACWA is

the preexposure countermeasure for vesicants and one nerve agent. TSP is approved by the FDA as a supplement for SERPACWA. Post-exposure prophylaxis is available for

pulmonary (CG) agent, but is not FDA approved. Radioprotective steroids and neutraceuticals may be effective as pre- and post-exposure prophylactics. 5-androstenediol is an

IND preexposure treatment for radiological exposure. Iodide/potassium iodide is FDA approved for application against Iodine 131, 132, 134, and 135. Post-exposure radiological

exposure prophylaxis consists of neutraceuticals, plant isoflavone genistein, and alpha tocopherol (Vitamin E) but are not approved by the FDA for prophylaxis against radiation.

FDA-approved preexposure medical countermeasures are available for anthrax, cholera, HFRS (Haantan), Rift Valley fever, yellow fever, HFRS (Haantan), and smallpox. IND

status vaccines are currently available for Q-fever, tularemia (although use has been placed on hold by the FDA), Botulinum, Junin hemorrhagic fever, and VEE/WEE/EEE.

Antiviral/bacterial medications may be administered and/or issued to provide a level of protection against biological agents.

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⁹ Medical CBRND materiel, including consumables and expendables, are administered, issued, and prepositioned for identified CBRN/TIM threats. The types, quantities,

movement, administration, issuance, and positioning of medical CBRND materiel is addressed by the command and support staffs during the planning and support for operations

and is addressed in doctrine, policy, and procedures. Expeditionary and highly mobile force operations are particular concerns. Availability of spares and resupply will be limited

for expeditionary forces during the period until the theater matures (usually the first 30-90 days). Highly mobile forces maneuvering and operating in austere environments, behind

adversary lines, and possessing reduced logistical footprints are similarly constrained. The individual combat load also places limitations upon weight and type of equipment and

consumables. Protective materiel may be reduced or eliminated despite threat level. Medical CBRND materiel for MWAs is virtually nonexistent. The application of

presymptomatic medical CBRND materiel to eligible civilians is not addressed in current doctrine, policy, and procedures. Sustained operations within a CBRN/TIM environment

are not adequately addressed in DOTLPF and, subsequently, in planning.

¹⁰ Medical CBRND materiel, including consumables and expendables, are administered, issued, and prepositioned for identified CBRN/TIM threats. The types, quantities,

movement, administration, issuance, and positioning of medical CBRND materiel is addressed by Medical Services, JTF, and unit staffs during the planning and support of

operations and is addressed in doctrine, policy and procedures. Expeditionary and highly mobile force operations are particular concerns. Availability of spares and resupply will

be limited for expeditionary forces during the period until the theater matures (usually the first 30-90 days). Highly mobile forces maneuvering and operating in austere

environments, behind adversary lines, and possessing reduced logistical footprints are similarly constrained. The individual combat load also places limitations upon weight and

type of equipment and consumables. Protective materiel may be reduced or eliminated despite threat level. Medical CBRND materiel for MWAs is virtually nonexistent. The

application of presymptomatic medical CBRND materiel to eligible civilians is not addressed in current DOTLPF. Sustained operations within a CBRN/TIM environment are not

adequately addressed in DOTLPF and, subsequently, in planning.

¹¹Inadequate quantities of mobile COLPRO systems exist to support highly mobile and expeditionary operations with reduced footprint. Further, there is insufficient quantities of

COLPRO to protect all critical activities and functions within the force. Prioritization is required of the available resources. Current mobile COLPRO systems are predominantly

integrated into selected combat vehicles/vessels. Selected U.S. Naval combat vessels may be equipped with full COLPRO (CITADEL). However, these systems are generally

restricted to critical operations areas of the ships. The critical areas are contiguous in that they share common bulkheads and movement between areas is not prevented. CCAs are

operated in areas located between the covered areas and the remainder of the ship. These areas are designated. The remainder of the interior of the vessel uses the Circle William

concept. Circle William requires prior warning of the presence of a CBRN/TIM in the path of the ship or knowledge of an impending attack to be fully effective. This concept

requires the shutdown of the ventilation system and sealing of hatches, bulkheads, and other such openings to seal the interior of the vessel from intrusion by a CBRN/TIM.

However, the majority of these actions are performed manually and are initiated upon detection of the potential CBRN/TIM agent. There are concerns about the potential for large

amounts of a CBRN/TIM agent to be drawn in by the high-velocity ventilation systems and dispersed throughout the interior of the ship during the period between agent encounter

and completion of Circle William. There are concerns about the ability of the vessel to remain in Circle William until it is determined the vessel is no longer exposed to a

CBRN/TIM. U.S. Naval combat vessels with full COLPRO of their critical functions currently include the DDG-51 class of destroyers, selected LSDs (vessel hulls 44 through 52),

LHDs (vessel hulls 1 through 6), LHAs (vessel hulls 1 through 5), and four of the AOE-6 (vessel hulls 6 through 8 and 10) class ships. Submarines are considered fully protected

so long as they remain sealed and do not take in air. The LHD and LHA Amphibious Assault Ships are undergoing a COLPRO Backfit of SCPE for their critical functions. Other

areas of these ships will use the Circle William Concept. Carriers, frigates, cruisers, DD-963 class destroyers, and other vessels not discussed earlier in note, do not currently afford

their critical functions full COLPRO. Naval hospital ships, U.S. Naval auxiliaries, and USCG vessels are not equipped with COLPRO. Areas critical to the safe operation of the

ship may not be protected against CBRN/TIMs. Ability of these vessels to successfully incorporate a concept similar to Circle William is a concern. There are also concerns about

the ability of these vessels to prevent infiltration of CBRN/TIM into their interior. Infiltration of vapors can cause a build up of concentrations within the vessel that could exceed

the levels surrounding the ship. USCG vessels are under the control and direction of DoD during a declared war. The USCG, however, is under the auspices of the Department of

Homeland Security during peacetime. USCG vessels are often attached to U.S. operations overseas for port security, coastal patrol, and similar functions. USCG personnel are also

dispatched with military forces deploying overseas for peacekeeping and other operations. USCG vessels and personnel served in Vietnam, Haiti, Granada, and other force

deployments. The ability of USCG resources to effectively integrate into DoD operations involving potential CBRN/TIM events is a concern. Mobile COLPRO are armored or

soft-skinned vehicle-supported and -based systems. They include both ground and air platforms. The operation of the COLPRO may not be supported while the vehicle is in

motion. They may or may not include CBRN/TIM filtration systems. Mobile COLPRO run the full range of protective capabilities from passive to fully protective COLPRO. The

majority of vehicles qualify as passive COLPRO, provided the exchange of air between the interior and the exterior is limited. Mobile COLPRO systems generally do not provide

protection for large numbers of personnel. Currently, the M1A1 Abrams MBT and the M93A1 FOX NBC Reconnaissance System Block I provide full COLPRO for their crews.

The CBPS is a general use fully protective COLPRO system mounted on an ECV HMMWV. The CBPS may be used for C4 operations, as aid stations, or for other needs. A

variety of Environmental Sheltering with Reduced CB Hazard (ESRCBH) CPS exist in a small percentage aircraft and other vehicles. The majority of these provide clean filtered

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air through piping or hose systems. In both the ESRCBH CPS and passively protective COLPRO systems, the occupants must wear a minimum of respiratory/ocular protection.

Combat crewed vehicles are not generally equipped with CBRN/TIM filtration systems. These vehicles are not able to provide clean filtered air to crew and passengers and thereby

extend the operational capabilities of the force. Support vehicles are similar to combat vehicles in that they do not routinely have CBRN/TIM filtration systems. Operators and

passengers must, as with the combat vehicles, depend upon their IPE for clean air and protection. Unlike the combat-crewed vehicles, support vehicles generally are more open for

infiltration by CBRN/TIM agents. Most airframes are also not equipped with CBRN/TIM filtration systems. They are either open exchange (normally lower altitude airframes) or

provide the ability to switch to bottled air (usually jet aircraft). The concern is the aircrew are dependent upon the filtration systems of their IPE to provide clean filtered air. This

reduces the extended operational time of the aircrew to that of their IPE. A concern is the inability to conduct mobile combat operations and to move large numbers of troops

throughout a CBRN/TIM hazard area without the need to maintain them in IPE. Degradation of performance is a factor after a period of time wearing IPE.

¹² Mobile COLPRO expendables and consumables include filters, fuel, batteries, and other assets designed for replacement or disposal. These are identified in the applicable

technical manuals and directives and are a consideration in the planning, acquisition, positioning, and allocation of logistics resources supporting operations. The diversity of

COLPRO assets between the services does place an increased logistical burden upon planners and the logistics systems to accommodate unique requirements for specific systems.

Limited standardization does exist, such as certain filters, but not all expendable and consumable components are standard across the services and systems. Doctrine, policy,

procedures, and TTPs include the planning, identification, positioning, and allocation by the command staff of these assets to ensure their availability to the force.

¹³ There are insufficient quantities of COLPRO to protect all critical activities and functions within the force. Prioritization is required of the available resources. The USMC

MGPTS with CB Protective Liner System provides a positive-pressure, filtered-air, toxic-free shelter for protection against CBRN agents. However, there are insufficient

quantities to protect all critical activities and functions from CBRN/TIM effects. The CP-DEPMEDS provides a clean, toxic-free, environmentally controlled, patient treatment

area and the components are designed to integrate as field hospitals. They are packaged as a set for deployment to threat areas for hospital operations. The entire composite hospital

consists of expandable tentage, passageways, environmental control units, and ISO shelters. The CP-DEPMEDS exist in very limited quantities. Although it could be applied to

provide COLPRO to the task identified groups, its designed and primary function is that of medical care. A similar COLPRO is the USAF’s CP-EMEDS, which is an air-

transportable medical facility deployable in various configurations from a single shelter to a 25-bed patient hospital. The CP-EMEDS is in a very limited number and, like the CP-

DEPMEDS, is designed for its primary function of the provision of medical care. The USAF CP-SSS is a small-scale CPS applied for the conduct of C2 operations, maintenance

of critical equipment, force beddown, and the provision of R2 for sortie generators and key leadership. This shelter is in limited supply and unlikely sufficient quantities would be

available to support a group of any size, especially during operations against an adversary. The M20/M20A1 SCPE is a lightweight, modular system involving a liner designed for

inflation within a room or building. The M20A1 serves to bridge the gap between the M20 SCPE and CBPS. Quantities are limited and are not likely to be available in any large

quantity during operations against an adversary. Current COLPRO systems are not available in the quantities and types necessary to support the protection of eligible civilians and

detainees. Current plans generally do not address the application of COLPRO to non-force personnel and do not allocate the limited COLPRO resources to this activity. Fixed-site

COLPRO within the United States and its territories is predominantly designed for nuclear fallout and does not address other CBRN/TIM hazards and threats arising after

September 11, 2001. Selected critical key facilities are equipped with CBRN COLPRO, but are not available to other than designated personnel and specific functions and

activities. Fixed-site CBRN COLPRO is installed in facilities housing selected activities and functions within HTAs. However, these are not present for all critical activities and

functions. However, the Guardian Program is reviewing FP protective measures at U.S. installations and facilities and will address COLPRO for critical activities/functions. The

Guardian Program, however, is not likely to address field COLPRO operations.

¹⁴ Site COLPRO expendables and consumables include filters, fuel, batteries, and other assets designed for replacement or disposal. These are identified in the applicable technical

manuals and directives and are a consideration in the planning, acquisition, positioning, and allocation of logistics resources supporting operations. The diversity of COLPRO

assets between the services does place an increased logistical burden upon planners and the logistics systems to accommodate unique requirements for specific systems. Limited

standardization does exist, such as certain filters, but not all expendable and consumable components are standard across the services and systems. Additionally complicating

logistical support are legacy systems installed into MILCON facilities within HTAs and selected CONUS locations, as well as older vessels. These systems will vary based upon

when the system was installed, facility/vessel design, and other factors largely associated with the age of the system. Doctrine, policy, procedures, and TTPs include the planning,

identification, positioning, and allocation by the command staff of these supporting expendable and consumable assets to ensure their availability to the force for COLPRO

operations.

¹⁵ Plans incorporate MOPP levels and methodologies are adjustable to meet local operations and threat needs as determined by the commander. MOPP levels and methodologies

define protective requirements and readiness for various level of threat and include the activation and operation of COLPRO as well as the wear and readiness of IPE by the force.

MOPP levels and methodologies seek to protect the force through an integrated DOTLPF, COLPRO, and IPE scaled approach.

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¹⁶ The command staff reviews identified forces and the potential threat for planned operations. Specified forces, time permitting, train and prepare for operations involving the

potential threat. Equipping the tasked force is an integral part of planning and preparation. The command staff tracks force readiness for planned operations. Readiness issues are

addressed by the staff. The combination of established force organic assets, material acquisitions, prepositioned material, and movement of identified CBRND resources from

assigned stockpiles and reallocation activities are pursued by the command staff to prepare and support deploying forces as outlined by the appropriate plan. Expeditionary

operations are a particular concern as most CBRND systems and associated logistics are not designed for a highly mobile force, with a reduced logistical footprint, and for the

initial period of operations until the theater matures (usually the first 30-90 days). Deploying units may not possess full CBRND resources and capabilities during the initial stages

of deployment and until after arrival within the AO. The individual combat load places limitations upon weight and type of equipment and consumables. Protective equipment may

be reduced or eliminated despite threat level. Additionally, deploying eligible civilians and MWAs (particularly MWDs) are not equipped and trained to survive a CBRN/TIM

environment. The command staff does not possess clear guidance for planning and providing CBRN/TIM protection training and CBRND protection resources to deploying

eligible civilians and MWAs. Sustained operations within a CBRN/TIM environment are not adequately addressed in DOTLPF and, subsequently, in planning.

¹⁷ Doctrine, policy, and procedures are adequate for planning, movement, management, and positioning of materiel (including CBRND materiel) in support of operations. CBRND

materiel for an operation addresses the identified CBRN/TIM threat. The allocation of CBRND materiel is managed by the command staff. Expeditionary operations are a

particular concern. Availability of spares and resupply will be limited during the period until the theater matures (usually the first 30-90 days). Maneuvering highly mobile forces

operating in austere environments, behind adversary lines, and possessing reduced logistical footprints are similarly constrained. The individual combat load also places limitations

upon weight and type of equipment and consumables. Protective equipment may be reduced or eliminated despite threat level. Sustained operations within a CBRN/TIM

environment are not adequately addressed in DOTLPF and, subsequently, in planning.

¹⁸ Medical CBRND materiel, including consumables and expendables, are administered, issued, and prepositioned for identified CBRN/TIM threats. The types, quantities,

movement, administration, issuance, and positioning of medical CBRND materiel is addressed by the JTF staff and supporting staffs during the planning and support for operations

and is addressed in doctrine, policy, and procedures. Expeditionary and highly mobile forces are particular concerns. Availability of spares and resupply will be limited for

expeditionary forces during the period until the theater matures (usually the first 30-90 days). Highly mobile forces maneuvering and operating in austere environments, behind

adversary lines, and possessing reduced logistical footprints are similarly constrained. The individual combat load also places limitations upon weight and type of equipment and

consumables. Protective materiel may be reduced or eliminated despite threat level. Medical CBRND materiel for MWAs is virtually nonexistent. The application of

presymptomatic medical CBRND materiel to eligible civilians is not addressed in current doctrine, policy, and procedures. Sustained operations within a CBRN/TIM environment

are not adequately addressed in DOTLPF and, subsequently, in planning.

¹⁹ The command staff plans for operations using JTF plans for the potential threat. Equipping the force is an integral part of planning and preparation. The combination of

established force organic assets, material acquisitions, prepositioned material, and movement of identified CBRND resources from unit designated stockpiles and reallocation

activities are pursued by the command staff with the JTF staff to prepare and support the force as outlined by the appropriate plan. However, sustained operations within a

CBRN/TIM environment are not adequately addressed in DOTLPF and, subsequently, in planning.

²⁰ Available CBRND systems are not prepositioned in sufficient quantities to support concurrent military operations. Timing for replenishment of systems is dependent upon

operational consumption, available replenishment stocks within the AO and in the line of communications, manufacturing capabilities, system age, and funding availability.

Production for replenishment by industry may require a period to expand or establish manufacturing capabilities which could exceed the necessary replenishment timeline. This

concern is particularly applicable when components or systems are dependent upon non-U.S. manufacturing capabilities. Expeditionary operations are a particular concern.

Availability of spares and resupply will be limited during the period until the theater matures (usually the first 30-90 days). Maneuvering highly mobile forces operating in austere

environments, behind adversary lines, and possessing reduced logistical footprints are similarly constrained. The command staff coordinates operational replenishment

requirements with the JTF staff and reallocates available resources to meet critical operational needs, as necessary. Sustained operations within a CBRN/TIM environment are not

adequately addressed in DOTLPF and, subsequently, in planning.

²¹ Plans, guidance, threats, taskings, and operational requirements are assessed by the command staff to determine operational requirements, including CBRND. However, dual

taskings can occur on specific resources necessitating changes in resource taskings for operations. Unsatisfied requirements are reviewed for potential adjustments within available

resources and/or identification and action for resolution. Limitations upon resource availability may necessitate adjustments to the planned mix and quantities. These adjustments

may impact optimal CBRND protection with implications for operational planning and support. Identification of unsatisfied requirements are coordinated with the JTF staff for

review and resolution assistance by the command staff.

²² Doctrine, policy, and procedures for operational planning and operations management require the involvement and integration of all core and supporting functions and activities.

Support requirements for CBRND are addressed in planning when there exists a CBRN/TIM threat. The command staff collects, processes, interprets, and acts upon information

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obtained from all applicable resources. This requires a fully integrated staff effort for accurate and timely decision-making. However, sustained operations within a CBRN/TIM

environment are not adequately addressed in DOTLPF and, subsequently, in planning.

²³ Legacy systems will remain in the inventory throughout the mid term. These systems will be gradually replaced by new joint systems of respiratory/ocular protection as they are

fielded. The JSAM replaces the Service-specific systems. When incorporated with anti-G protection of high-performance aircraft aviators, the JSAM will provide simultaneous

CBRN and anti-G protection. The JSAM is compatible with existing and programmed CBRN IPE, provides flame and thermal protection, and reduces the heat stress associated

with existing systems of ocular/respiratory protection. Further, the JSAM may be donned and doffed during flight. The JSGPM also replaces current Service-specific

ocular/respiratory protection. The system provides respiratory and ocular protection from CBRN agents and selected TIMs. The field-of-vision is improved and encumbrances

associated with legacy systems are reduced. The JSGPM incorporates state of the art technology and is designed to integrate with future warfighter CBRND IPE and function

equipment/assets. The JCESM is a COTS one-time use, one-size-fits-all, respiratory/ocular protective system affording 2 hours of protection and is lightweight and disposable. The

system is designed to provide low-level CBRN vapor, aerosol, and particulate protection to the wearer for egressing the contaminated environment. The JCESM is projected for

use when standard respiratory/ocular protection is not practical. The JCESM is not programmed for general dissemination. The Guardian Program is projected to review, assess,

and implement protection for critical members of the installation/facility populace during the mid term. This will predominantly be COTS-based assets for respiratory/ocular

protection. However, the Guardian Program is not expected to address eligible civilian protection within the AO for other than existing U.S. military installations and facilities.

MWA respiratory/ocular protection is not programmed or forecasted.

²⁴ Fielding of standard joint Service CBRND respiratory/ocular protection will reduce logistical impacts and enable reallocation of related consumables/expendables between

elements of the force within the AO. Standardization reduces the logistics impact and simplifies planning and support of operations. However, replacement of existing Service-

specific systems will be performed over time and into the far term. Continued support of Service-specific systems will be required until removed from operational stocks.

²⁵ Legacy systems will remain in the inventory throughout the mid term. These systems will be gradually replaced by new joint systems of percutaneous protection as they are

fielded. The JSLIST NBC Protective Garment is a two-piece, risk-taking, overgarment with integrated hood affording protection against CBRN agents and selected TIMs. The

garment reduces the physiological and psychological encumbrances associated with legacy systems. The JSLIST is under evaluation by NIOSH for application to OSHA

protection requirements. The JPACE replaces the Service-specific systems. The JPACE provides aircrew members with equivalent protection to the JSLIST ensemble. The JPACE

is designed to not interfere with emergency ejection from a combat aircraft and continues to provide CBRN percutaneous protection following ejection and during escape and

evasion operations. The ensemble is both flame-retardant and self-extinguishing to permit emergency egress from a burning aircraft. Further, the ensemble provides CBRN

protection when subject to rotor, propeller, and jet wash. Joint Service glove upgrades are provided under the Joint Block 1 and 2 Glove Upgrade Program (JB1/2GU) in the near

and mid term. The JB1GU responds to an urgent need by designated elements of the force for increased tactility/durability supporting mission requirements. The JB1GU is

expected to meet most of the requirements within the JSLIST ORD and is viewed as an evolutionary approach in the development of the JB2GU. Versions under consideration

include a protective inner glove worn under existing warfighter gloves, a replacement glove for existing hand wear, or a combination of glove shell and liner affording CBRN

protection of the legacy gloves they are projected to replace. The JFIRE addresses protection of military firefighters within a CBRN/TIM environment conducting firefighting

operations involving structural and crash/firefighting/rescue. The JFIRE incorporates the JSLIST into firefighter bunker gear. The MULO is projected to replace legacy footwear

covers. The ability of the MULO to provide adequate antislip protection for USN personnel asea is under review. The Guardian Program is projected to review, assess, and

implement protection for critical members of the installation/facility populace during the mid term. This will predominantly be COTS-based assets for percutaneous protection.

However, the Guardian Program is not expected to address eligible civilian protection within the AO for other than existing U.S. military installations and facilities. MWA

percutaneous protection is not programmed or forecasted.

²⁶ Fielding of standard joint Service CBRND percutaneous protection will reduce logistical impacts and enable reallocation of related consumables/expendables between elements

of the force within the AO. Standardization reduces the logistics impact and simplifies planning and support of operations. However, replacement of existing Service-specific

systems will be performed over time and into the far term. Continued support of Service-specific systems will be required until removed from operational stocks.

²⁷ Cell Culture Derived Vaccinia is projected for production during the near-term. Clostridium Botulinum Toxin Medical Defense System is projected for availability during the

mid term for Serotypes A, B, C, E, and F. The SERPACWA Active TSP is also projected for production during the late mid term.

²⁸ Fielding of the P3I upgraded CBPS for heavy/airborne use is projected for the mid term, as are two variants of the JSLNBCRS, and the M93A1 Fox NBCRS Block II.

²⁹ Integration of standardized COLPRO systems into the design and backfit of mobile systems for CBRND operations will gradually replace legacy systems and their associated

logistics support requirements. Further, the cross-service (primarily USAF, USMC, and U.S. Army) fielding of the CBPS provides a basis for further standardization of common

mobile COLPRO system requirements between the services.

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³⁰ JTCOPS Block I is projected for initial fielding during the mid term. The projected initial capabilities fielding of JECP is within the mid term and will include adaptive insertable

COLPRO systems (including liner) for existing buildings/rooms and stand-alone COLPRO for small groups of personnel. JECP may provide the capability to provide COLPRO

for critical activities and functions; however, JECP acquisition quantities have not as yet been determined.

³¹ Integration of standardized COLPRO systems into the design and backfit of site systems for CBRND operations will gradually replace legacy systems and their associated

logistics support requirements. Further, the cross-service fielding of JECP and JTCOPS provides a basis for further standardization of common site COLPRO system requirements

between the services.

³² The next-generation series of aviator and nonaviator masks is in R&D. The capabilities and fielding of these masks are not as yet determined.

³³ The next-generation series of aviator and nonaviator percutaneous protective assets are in R&D. The capabilities and fielding of these assets are not as yet determined.

³⁴ Active TSPs are projected for replacement of SERPACWA TSP and SERPACWA Active TSP in the far term. The Chemical Agent Prophylaxis and Cyanide Pretreatment are

also projected for the far term. The Multivalent VEE Vaccine is projected to begin production in FY2013. The Next-Generation Anthrax Vaccine, Tularemia Vaccine, and Plague

Vaccine are projected for production beginning in FY2010. Serotypes A and B are addressed in the Recombinant Bivalent Botulinum Vaccine projected for production in FY2012.

A number of R&D efforts are under way for the development of preexposure and post-exposure prophylaxes. Potentially, these efforts may produce viable prophylaxes within the

mid and far term resulting in fielded material. However, possible resulting prophylaxes cannot be predicted at this time.

³⁵ The projected Future Tactical Lift Option is under evaluation for the potential addition of COLPRO in the design and production specifications. A decision on the inclusion of

COLPRO in the LHA(R) is expected in the mid term.

³⁶ JTCOPS Block II is projected for the far term. Continued fielding of JECP.

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13.8.3

Functional Solutions Analysis

13.8.3.1

DOTLPF Assessment Summary

This section addresses the deficiencies and suggests potential non-materiel solutions. If there are

no non-materiel solutions, or they are only partial solutions, the remaining non-materiel need is

then stated. Materiel needs are assessed in the IMA section.

Deficiency: CBRND protective equipment and measures do not protect against all

CBRN/TIM agents.

Partial Non-Materiel Solutions: Doctrine: Ensure doctrine effectively describes the

limitations of CBRND protective equipment to enable users to choose appropriate equipment

for the threat encountered. Leadership: Enforce compliance with established standards (see

Doctrine) for prophylactic CBRND protection.

Deficiency: Medical prophylaxis does not exist for all threat CBRN/TIM and TIM agents.

Partial Non-Materiel Solutions: Doctrine: Establish in doctrine, policy, and procedures the

application of standards for prophylactic CBRND protection against all threat agents.

Training: Train, exercise, and evaluate personnel (military and eligible civilians) on the use

of prophylactic CBRND protection against threat agents. Leadership: Enforce compliance

with established standards (see Doctrine) for prophylactic CBRND protection. Implement

and ensure training is adequate and conduct exercises and evaluations to ensure readiness.

Deficiency: Encumbrances associated with ocular/respiratory and percutaneous protection

degrade performance and limit the conduct of certain tasks.

Partial Non-Materiel Solutions: Doctrine: Enforce existing doctrine addressing prolonged

wear of IPE. Organization: Develop organizational structures, resources, staffing, and

capabilities to support personnel exchange and R2 to preclude degradation of tasks and to

promote the well-being of the force. Training: Ensure training, exercises, and evaluations

effectively promote acclimation and endurance of wear of IPE. Leadership: Ensure

awareness of degradation effects.

Deficiency: Current doctrine, the UJTL, and operational planning do not adequately address

sustained operations within a CBRN/TIM environment.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Doctrine: Include in doctrine, policy, procedures, and UJTL

sustained operations within a CBRN/TIM environment. Training: Train, exercise, and

evaluate the force for sustained operations within a CBRN/TIM environment. Leadership:

Recognize criticality of readiness of the force for potential sustained operations within a

CBRN/TIM environment, training providing the skills to manage the force in these

circumstances, and willingness and ability to implement necessary changes and activities to

prepare and appropriately apply the force.

5. Deficiency: Expeditionary operations are a particular concern as most CBRND systems and

associated logistics are not designed for a highly mobile force, with a reduced logistical

footprint, and for the initial period of operations until the theater matures (usually the first

30-90 days).

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Non-Materiel Solutions: Doctrine: Complete the JCIDS process and central

correlation/comparison of national and strategic plans to identify CBRND resources

necessary and available to support expeditionary operations during the first 30-90 days

following commencement of hostilities and with a reduced logistical footprint. Organization:

Develop organizational structures, resources, staffing, and capabilities to conduct

expeditionary operations while possessing reduced logistical footprint and during the first

30-90 days of operations following commencement of hostilities. Training: Train, exercise,

and evaluate expeditionary capabilities of the force in a CBRN/TIM threat with reduced

logistical footprint during the initial 30-90 days of operations using CBRND resources

supporting expeditionary operations. Leadership: Recognize differences and challenges

associated with expeditionary operations during the first 30-90 days following

commencement of hostilities and with a reduced logistical footprint, training providing skills

and knowledge to manage operations in these circumstances, and ability and willingness to

implement necessary changes and activities to prepare for and conduct expeditionary

operations with a CBRN/TIM threat. Facilities: Develop supporting infrastructure for

expeditionary operations during the first 30-90 days following commencement of hostilities

and with a reduced logistical footprint.

Deficiency: Not all critical facilities and activities are equipped with COLPRO.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Doctrine: Enforce existing doctrine and policy.

Deficiency: Current mobile COLPRO is inadequate to support operations by highly mobile

forces.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Doctrine: Complete analysis and central correlation/comparison of

national and strategic plans to identify quantities and types of mobile COLPRO (and

supporting consumables) necessary and available to support highly mobile forces for

envisioned plans and taskings. Organization: Develop organizational structures, resources,

staffing, and capabilities to conduct CBRND, including mobile COLPRO, of highly mobile

forces. Training: Train, exercise, and evaluate CBRND, including mobile COLPRO,

capabilities of the force in a CBRN/TIM threat during highly mobile force operations.

Leadership: Recognize differences and challenges associated with CBRND operations by

highly mobile forces, training providing skills and knowledge to manage operations in these

circumstances, and ability and willingness to implement necessary changes and activities to

prepare for and conduct expeditionary operations with a CBRN/TIM threat. Facilities:

Develop supporting infrastructure for CBRND of highly mobile forces.

Deficiency: Maneuvering forces are inadequately equipped with COLPRO capabilities.

Non-Materiel Solutions: Doctrine: Complete the JCIDS process and central correlation/

comparison of national and strategic plans to identify CBRND resources necessary and

available to support maneuver operations, particularly expeditionary operations during the

first 30-90 days following commencement of hostilities, with a reduced logistical footprint.

Organization: Develop organizational structures, resources, staffing, and capabilities to

conduct maneuver operations, particularly expeditionary operations during the first 30-90

days of operations following commencement of hostilities, while possessing reduced

logistical footprint. Training: Train, exercise, and evaluate maneuver capabilities

(particularly expeditionary capabilities) of the force in a CBRN/TIM threat with reduced

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logistical footprint during the initial 30-90 days of operations using organic, prepositioned,

and planned CBRND resources supporting operations. Leadership: Recognize differences

and challenges associated with maneuver operations, particularly expeditionary operations

during the first 30-90 days following commencement of hostilities, with a reduced logistical

footprint; training providing skills and knowledge to manage operations in these

circumstances; and ability and willingness to implement necessary changes and activities to

prepare for and conduct expeditionary operations with a CBRN/TIM threat. Facilities:

Develop supporting infrastructure for expeditionary operations during the first 30-90 days

following commencement of hostilities and with a reduced logistical footprint.

9. Deficiency: Inadequate COLPRO to support expeditionary and highly mobile forces.

Partial Non-Materiel Solutions: Doctrine: Develop and disseminate appropriate doctrine,

policy, and procedures for the application of common materials for COLPRO and for

COLPRO kits and components. Organization: Develop organizational structures, resources,

staffing, and capabilities to enable effective application of available COLPRO and

implementation of expedient COLPRO capabilities. Training: Establish initial and recurring

training of all members of the force on the conduct of expedient COLPRO. Exercises and

evaluations incorporate criteria challenging this capability. Leadership: Recognize potential

for expedient COLPRO to improve force capabilities and survivability. Facilities: Develop

supporting infrastructure enabling expedient COLPRO and the effective application of

available COLPRO.

10. Deficiency: Quantities and availability of mobile COLPRO is inadequate.