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It is seen from this expres s ion that the center of pressure is uniquely determined by the blank perimeters or, in our cas e , by the diameters . Gene rally, the position of the center of press ure is expressed as x and y relative to some point of reference in the plane of the drawing. The diagram in Figure 6 shows the simultaneous piercing of holes of different diam eters . The resultant P of all the forces acting during blanking will be e qual to P = P1 + P, + Pa + · . . + P,.. Reso rting to the theorem of s tatics , according to which the s um of the moments of the component forces relative to an axis is equal to the moment , P1x1 + P1x2 + P8x8 + . . . + P,x,. = P ·x, P1Y1 + P2Y2 + PaYs + · · · + P,yn = p .y. Substituting P1, P2 , P3, P,. for D1 , D2 , Da• D,. (or the perimete rs U1 for contours of other shapes ), we obtain the general formula This m ethod for determining the c enter of p ressure is an analytical m ethod . A graphical method for determining the center of pressure is also in us e . I t c onsists in finding the application p oint of the resultant o f the system of parallel forces by means of a forc e polygon. When blanking irregularly s haped p arts , the contour of the part is b roken up into parts (straight segments , arc s , etc . ) . Each s ection of the contour is treated as a material line and a vector proportional to its length (to a chosen s cale ) is applied at its center of gravity . The coordinates of the center of p ressure are determined, analytically or graphically, as the application point of the resultant of the system of parallel forces ( vectors ) . Layout. The blanking operation must be designed s o a s to ensure the most economic us e of the m etal . To that end the part must be laid out in the strip so as to minimize scrap . Scrap resulting from punching small holes and was te of the m etal at both ends of the strip is unavoidable , but their influence on the coefficient of m etal utilization is small . The economy of the layout is basically deter mined by the amount of s c rap left between the blanks which, in certain cas e s , i s a s much a s 7 0 "/o, only 3 0 "/o o f the meta.l being utilized us efully. The economy of the layout is m easured by the coefficient of m etal utiliza tion, defined by the formula F km. u.= rr 1 00, 6 1 |