Military reference books and manuals (2009-2023, Volume 6)

(4) Crowd mood, intent, composition, and activity.

(5) Capabilities and readiness of control forces.

(6) Immediate and long-range benefits of control force action.

(7) Weather, terrain, and time of day.

b. Crowd Control Options. In today peace keeping and peace enforcement environment the use of firearms

may not he the viable solution when US military forces are face with separating two belligerent, hostile

ethnic groups or preventing the spread of civil unrest. Crowd control options are often combined.

Consideration of the variables listed above will show the control force commander the general nature of the

most suitable manner of controlling a particular crowd. Four crowd control options are available to the

commander, based on his objective with a particular crowd. These options are available to provide the

commander the flexibility of action. In order to advance this flexibility, there are numerous techniques

available from which the commander may select and employ in various combinations. The commander has

the capability of selectively tailoring his response for whatever crowd situation with which he is confronted.

A prime consideration in selecting an option or options will be the effect of the response on reducing the

strength of the existing situation. The four crowd control options are listed below.

(1) Monitoring. This option consists of watching the crowd's progress and development by control

force teams. Monitoring helps the commander to gauge the crowd's activity and intent in relation to the

larger civil disturbance and possibly to influence the crowd through persuasive means. Monitoring is a

continuous task that will last through out the duration of the demonstration, and can provide the

commander with vital information that would help defuse a situation and prevent it from escalating

beyond what it should have or cause a response to be inadequate based on the situation.

The commander may task observation team to monitor crowd activities to gather information.

They report on the size, location, mood, and developing situations. The observation team can consist of

a marksman, a radio operator, and an observer with binoculars. The team must provide timely

information back to the commander so he may influence the out come of a situations with simple

negations. Monitoring is particularly suitable for large, nonviolent demonstrations where more decisive

action is not possible because of crowd size or where the strength of the situation would increase. This

option is also suitable as a temporary measure pending the arrival of additional control forces.

Techniques for fulfilling this option include passive observation of the crowd and the communication of

interest and intent to leaders.

(2) Disperse. This option consists of action taken to fragment a crowd and is especially applicable to

small crowd situations in a congested urban environment. Its selection should include the consideration

that such dispersion may increase and spread lawlessness rather than reduce it. Therefore, the

commander should establish control over the routes of dispersal, and area or areas into which he plans to

disperse the crowd; provide security for those facilities which might become likely targets for small

groups; and be prepared to follow up the dispersal operation with the apprehension of small groups still

active in the area. Techniques for fulfilling this option would include the proclamation, show of force,

use of crowd control formations, and use of crowd control agents.

(3) Containing. This option consists of restraining a large number of persons within the area that they

are presently occupying, thereby containing any further aggressive activity. This option would be

suitable in a college campus situation, to prevent demonstrations from spreading out to surrounding

communities, and to prevent unauthorized personnel from entering the campus. Containment would

also be the suitable option where the systematic apprehension of crowd members is considered. Crowd

control formations, perimeter patrols, and barriers are effective methods to accomplish containment. In

all instances, caution must be used to avoid "fight-or-flight" syndrome common to people feeling

trapped with no escape.

Armored vehicles, armored security vehicles (ASVs), and up-armored HMMWVs are adaptable to

roadblock operations as they can serve as barriers, as well as protect Soldiers inside and outside the

manning of roadblocks, by giving the Soldiers something to crouch behind if object are thrown.

(4) Blocking. This option consists of the physical denial of a crowd's advance upon a facility or area

which is the potential or actual target of dissident activity. Crowd control formations, principally the

line and barricades, are the most appropriate techniques for this option. Barricades, such as vehicles,

concertina wire, and water-filled barrels can be erected to block or channelize the movement of the

crowd. These devices, when used in combination with Soldiers and other crowd control techniques, are

useful in accomplishing the options of containment or blocking.

c. Techniques for Crowd Control. There are numerous techniques designed to provide the commander

with flexibility of action in accomplishing crowd control. He must select a combination which will

produce the desired results within the framework of the selected crowd control option. The most common

techniques appropriate for military usage are discussed below.

(1) Observation. This consists of deployment of persons or teams to the periphery of a crowd for the

purpose of monitoring its activity. It includes gathering data on crowd size, location, mood, and

reporting on the developing situation. This technique includes posting persons on strategic rooftops and

other high terrain overlooking the crowd. This latter measure provides additional security to control

force personnel should they become committed to other crowd control operations. Such a team may be

composed of an expert marksman, a radio operator, and an observer equipped with binoculars. Care

must be taken to assure that committed control forces are aware of the locations of such teams to prevent

their being mistaken for sniper elements.

(2) Communication of Interest and Intent. In certain situations, effective communication with crowd

and mob leaders and participants may enable the commander to control the situation without resorting to

more severe actions. When planned and organized demonstrations, marches, or rallies within the

disturbed area are announced, the control force commander in coordination with local authorities should

meet with organizers of the activity in order to communicate the interest of the control forces. The

following matters, as appropriate, should be discussed.

(a) Parade or demonstration permits.

(b) Location of demonstration and routes of march.

(d) Provision of marshals by activity organizers.

(e) Prevention of violence.

(f) Safety of all concerned.

(3) The task force commander and local authorities should also communicate to the activity organizers

their intent to cope with violence, unlawful actions, and violations of restrictions imposed on the

activity. It is intended that, by this communication between activity organizers and control force

personnel, the demonstration, rally, or parade will occur without incident through the mutual

cooperation of all concerned. The intentions of control forces will not be effective if delivered as an

ultimatum. A limited, begrudging dialogue with activity organizers reduces the opportunity for

authorities to learn the plans of the demonstrators. It must be remembered that if this communication is

not effected, the activity organizers might well hold the demonstration in defiance of local authorities,

thereby creating a potential for violence that might not have existed if this technique had been

employed.

d. Channelization. Pressure can be brought to bear on the dissident leadership to channel the crowd into an

area which will minimize the disruption when the following requirements are met:

(1) When communications have been established with the dissident leadership.

(2) When the intent and nature of the crowd activity is known.

e. Diversion. When communication exists with the dissident leadership, consideration may be given to

efforts to divert the leadership of the crowd itself from its stated or obvious objective. The diversion should

support the objectives of the control force either by reducing the strength of the crowd situation or

motivating the crowd to seek an area more easily controlled by the control force.

f. Cooperation. Decreasing the potential disruption of the crowd activity may be accomplished by an active

attempt on the part of the control force to obtain cooperation of the dissident leadership. Whenever there is

an attempt by the crowd leadership to seek permission and cooperation of the local government, every effort

should be made to maximize this cooperation by demonstrating an attitude of facilitation. This may be

accomplished by helping the leadership to organize a peaceful demonstration while establishing guidelines

which will minimize the impact of the demonstration on the community.

g. Selection of Force Options.

(1) The commitment of federal military forces must be viewed as a drastic last resort. Their role,

therefore, should never be greater than is absolutely necessary under the particular circumstances which

exist. This does not mean, however, that the number of Soldiers used should be minimized. The degree

of force required to control a disorder is often inversely proportionate to the number of available

personnel. Doubts concerning the number of Soldiers required should normally be resolved in favor of

large numbers since the presence of such large numbers may prevent the development of situations in

which the use of deadly force is necessary. A large reserve of Soldiers should be maintained during

civil disturbance operations. The knowledge that a large reserve force is available builds morale among

military and law enforcement personnel and helps to prevent overreaction to annoying acts by unruly

persons.

(2) In selecting an operational approach to a civil disturbance situation, the commander and his staff

must follow the "minimum necessary force" principle; for example, crowd control formations or crowd

control agents should not be used if the area filled with manpower would be sufficient.

(3) Every effort should be made to avoid appearing as an alien invading force and to present the image

of a restrained and well-disciplined force whose sole purpose is to help to restore law and order with a

minimum loss of life and property and due respect for those citizens whose involvement may be purely

accidental. Further, while crowd control personnel should be visible, tactical, or force concentrations

which might tend to excite rather than to calm should be avoided where possible.

(4) The normal reflex action of the well-trained combat Soldier to sniper fire is to respond with all

firepower available. In a civil disturbance, this tactic endangers innocent people more than snipers. The

preferred tactic is to allow a special reaction team (SRT) who is trained for this type of mission, to enter

the building from which sniper fire starts. Keeping with the controlling principle that the team must use

only the minimum force necessary to fulfill the mission, the commander may select any one of the

following options for arming his Soldiers:

(a) Riot Shield. In the hands of a well trained soldier, the riot shield can be utilized as both a

defensive and offensive weapon when contact is made with an aggressive crowd. The primary use

of the riot shield is for defense of the line. However, each riot shield holder must be proficient in

its retention. The Soldier holding the shield must be trained to react when a demonstrator grabs the

top of the shield by slapping with his strong hand and gives the following command" Get back",

"Get away" "Stop". If a rioter grabs the bottom of the shield the Soldier should be trained in

forcefully dropping to one knee and pinning the rioters' fingers to the ground.

(b) Baton. The baton is most effective in a crowd control operation and is considered the primary

weapon for crowd control operations. The baton is considered to be an offensive weapon with

reduced lethality and unlike the rifle, the loss of a baton to the crowd does not create a serious

threat. Soldier must be trained with the riot baton to the point its various techniques are automatic

to them. This training must also include the vulnerable points on the body so they can avoid areas

that may cause permanent injury or death when struck.

Currently there are two types of riot batons, wooden and expandable. The most common one is the 36 inch

hickory riot baton with thong. There is also the 24-inch to 36 inch expandable riot baton, which has been added

to the nonlethal capabilities set. Each Solder within the control force need to be proficiently trained in all

techniques for blocking and striking. Improper use of the riot baton by an untrained Soldier has the potential

for creating a greater problem than what already exist.

set (NLCS) inventory. The pump action shotgun is chambered to take up to 3-inch shells. The 3-

inch chamber allows for the use of M1012 and M1013 NL munitions. This shotgun also provides a

visually distinct alternative to the standard military issues weapon.

(d) Rifle. The rifle, if capable of automatic fire, must be modified to prevent automatic operation.

Keeping with the controlling principle of using only the minimum force necessary to fulfill the

mission. If the Soldier are equipped with their long weapons and are in the front lines of the

formation, the weapon should be carried across their back from left to right with the muzzle of the

weapon pointed down and the butt of the weapon pointed up. The weapon should be cleared and

the magazine in the proper ammunition pouch.

(e) Non lethal weapons and munitions. Nonlethal weapons and munitions are an additional asset

afforded to the commander in civil disturbance and are preferred over lethal force. The showing of

force with nonlethal weapons and munitions may assist in crowd dispersing, separate, or leave the

area with minimal causalities. This nonlethal capability set (NLCS) is a well-rounded, versatile

package of both equipment and munitions. NLCS are dived into four distinct categories: personnel

protection, personnel effectors, mission enhancers and training devices

(f) While each of the above options represents an escalation in the level of force, they are not

sequential in the sense that a commander must initially select the first option, or proceed from one

to another in any particular order. So long as the option selected is appropriate, considering the

existing threat, the minimum necessary force principle is not violated.

1. The rifle and rifle with bayonet attached have extremely limited offensive use as both may

constitute deadly force. The primary value of the rifle or the rifle with bayonet attached is the

psychological impact on the crowd. While the use of fixed bayonets can add considerably to

this effect, the danger of intentional or accidental injury to demonstrators or fellow control

force personnel prevents such use except with extremely violent crowds.

2. Fire by selected marksmen. Fire by selected marksmen may be necessary under certain

circumstances. Marksmen should be pre-selected, trained, and thoroughly instructed. They

may be placed on vehicles, in buildings, or elsewhere as required.

3. Full firepower. The most severe measure of force that can be applied by Soldiers is that of

available unit firepower with the intent of producing extensive casualties. This extreme

measure would be used as a last resort only after all other measures have failed or obviously

would be impractical, and the consequence of failure to completely subdue the crowd would be

an imminent overthrow of the government, continued mass casualties, or similar grievous

conditions.

4. Shotgun. The riot shotgun is an extremely versatile weapon; its appearance

and capability also produce a strong psychological effect on rioters. It is particularly suited to

certain applications in civil disturbance operations. When used with No. 00 buckshot

ammunition, it is an excellent point target weapon extremely effective at limited range. By

varying the nonlethal munitions' M1012 and M1013 the weapon can be employed with

considerably less possibility of serious injury or death. This provides the commander with a

desirable flexibility in selecting the ammunition most appropriate under the existing conditions

(g) The measures described in paragraphs 1 through 5 below, may be applied in any

order as deemed suitable by the responsible commander as long as his application is consonant with

prescribed confrontation management techniques outlined earlier.

(1) Proclamation. A public announcement is considered an excellent medium to make known to a

crowd the intentions of the control force commander. In some cases, such an announcement makes

further action unnecessary. An announcement puts the population on notice that the situation

demands extraordinary military measures, prepares the people to accept military presence, tends to

inspire respect from lawless elements and supports law-abiding elements, gives psychological aid

to the military forces trying to restore order, and shows to all concerned the gravity with which the

situation is viewed. In making a proclamation, a commander may consider imposing a time limit.

However, the situation may change, and not imposing a time limit may leave the commander other

options as he sees fit, as long as the proclamation is specific in its instruction.

(2) Show of Force. A show of force is effective in various situations in civil disorder control

operations. A show of force may as simple as Soldier dismounting from buses or trucks in plan

sight of the demonstrators, but must be far enough away to prevent a provoked attack of thrown

objects. When a crowd has gathered in a large area, show of force can take the form of marching a

well-equipped, highly disciplined control force into their midst. When persons are scattered

throughout the disturbance area in small groups, a show of force may take the form of motor

marches of Soldiers throughout the area, saturation patrolling, and the manning of static posts or

similar measures.

(3) Employment of Crowd Control Formations. Crowd control formations are used to contain,

disperse, block or break up a non conforming crowd; these crowd control formations are more

effective in urban areas than they are in open fields or parks. When this method is utilized in urban

areas, it is easy to disperse or split the crowd into small groups, isolate instigators, or funnel a

crowd into a desired area. The use of such formations is part of the show of force and has a strong

psychological effect on any crowd.

(4) Employment of Water. Water from a high pressure hose may be effective in moving small

groups on a narrow front such as a street or in defending a barricade or roadblock. Personnel

applying water should be protected by riflemen and in some cases by shields. In the use of water,

the factors discuss below should be considered.

(a) Water may be used as a flat trajectory weapon utilizing pressure, or as a high trajectory

weapon using water as a rainfall. The latter is highly effective during cold weather.

(b) The use of a large water tank (750 to 1,000 gallons) and a power water pump mounted on a

truck with a high pressure hose and nozzle capable of searching and traversing will enable

Soldiers to use water as they advance. By having at least two such water trucks, one can be

held in reserve for use when required.

water on innocent bystanders, such as women and children, should be avoided; ways to escape

must be provided; and the more severe use, flat trajectory application, should be used only

when absolutely necessary.

(d) Fire departments are normally associated with lifesaving practices rather than maintenance

of law and order. In order to maintain this image, fire department equipment will not be used

for riot control and crowd dispersal.

(e) Use of Crowd Control Agents. Crowd control agents are extremely useful in civil disorder

control operations because they offer a humane and effective method of reducing resistance and

lessen requirements for the application of more severe measures of force. Task force

commanders are authorized to delegate the authority to use crowd control agents and other

forms of non lethal force at their discretion.

2. Establish Area Control.

a. General. Acts of violence, such as looting, arson, and vandalism, are greatly reduced when the physical

and psychological influence of lawlessness is defeated. In establishing effective area control, commanders

must recognize the problem of widespread looting and arson that has accompanied most large urban

disorders. Performance of this task consists of reducing or eliminating those conditions which contribute to

the outbreak or continuation of lawlessness in the disturbed area.

(1) Looting. When dealing with persons involved in looting, extreme care and adherence to the

principle of minimum force must be observed. Looting may start at any time or place as an isolated

incident and spread quickly throughout the affected areas. Looting is not limited to any particular sex or

age group; it includes the very old, the very young, women, and children. For example, many children

may be looting without any idea of how serious their actions are. In the control of looting, unit leaders

must recognize that deadly force is not authorized.

(2) Anti-looting. Unit commanders must be familiar with anti-looting measures which can be taken by

civil authorities, such as boarding up broken or unbroken windows, covering windows with photo-

luminescent particles, and by the prompt posting of looting penalty proclamations. Anti-looting actions

that can be taken by military forces include the establishment of foot and motor patrols, the posting of

fixed guard posts, and the lighting of likely areas for looting. Guards at fixed posts will be briefed not to

leave their posts to pursue individual looters on foot, but to remain on post and prevent looters from

approaching their areas of responsibility. All guards must be briefed that looters will not be fired upon

nor will deadly force be used to catch looters.

(3) Protected or Sensitive Commercial Establishments. A main consideration in the conduct of civil

disturbance operations is to prevent liquor, drugs, weapons, and ammunition from falling into the hands

of rioters. Therefore, liquor stores, drug stores, sporting good shops, pawn shops, and hardware stores

are main targets for looters and must be kept under close observation by means of foot and motorized

patrols. Normally, businesses of this type must be identified in advance and included in emergency

plans.

(4) Arson. Arson is generally defined as a crime of purposely setting fire to a building or property.

Acts of setting fire to buildings, property, etc., often follow disturbances. Certain situations may arise in

controlling arson where the use of deadly force is authorized and necessary.

AREA CONTROL TECHNIQUES

SATURATION PATROLLING

MOTOR - FOOT - AIR - WATER

IMPOSE RESTRICTIONS

CURFEW - SALES

FIGURE 2-1 AREA CONTROL TECHNIQUES.

b. Area Control Techniques. The techniques (see figure 2-1) most suited to the task of area control include

the following:

(1) Saturation Patrolling. Alert, aggressive patrolling deters the assembly of crowds, provides data on

the developing situation, and creates a psychological impression that the control force is everywhere.

Patrols are particularly valuable in preventing overt arson and for prompt reporting of fires and other

violence. Whenever possible, patrols should be used with existing civil police patrols to concentrate

forces and provide for a military/civilian communication capability. This gives the Soldiers the

advantage of early area familiarity and provides civil police aid to the military patrol members. Patrol

routes for mounted and dismounted patrols should be varied, both as to patterns and times, to prevent

snipers, arsonists, and looters from being able to select a safe time to conduct their activities. Patrol

members must stick to proper standards of conduct and fair treatment of civilians at all times; they must

realize that they are performing an important community relations function as well as a control function.

Depending upon the nature and location of the civil disorder, several types of patrols can be used

effectively.

(a) Motor Patrols. Because of their speed and mobility, motor patrols are able to provide the

commander with timely ground reconnaissance, provide extended enforcement coverage, and respond

to calls for aid from other patrols and guard posts. Radio communication should be maintained with

the control force headquarters. Motor patrols may be used to make periodic contacts with foot patrols

and stationary posts which may lack communication means. All motor patrols should be equipped

with fire extinguishers with which they may put out small fires, thereby preventing larger fires and

reducing the necessity for calling the fire department. The vehicle should be modified with sandbags,

wire screens, or similar materials to protect against sniper fire or thrown objects. Motorized patrols

should consist of three vehicles with three personnel per vehicle.

(b) Foot Patrols. Depending upon the degree of violence and extent of activity in the patrolled area,

foot patrols may range from two- to four- or six-man elements or squad-size units. Foot patrols are

more useful in areas where the population movement is heavy and/or the area to be patrolled is small.

Foot patrols must be able to protect themselves and control a limited number of disorderly persons.

area. They are an excellent means of providing timely data on the actions of dissidents, extent of

damage, status of access routes, location and condition of road barriers, and other important data.

They can help the commander in the direction of the overall control effort within the disturbed area.

(d) Water Patrols. Water patrols can be used where the disturbed area contains or is bordered by

navigable water. Water patrols function in a similar manner to motor patrols.

(2) Imposed Restrictions. Except in the unlikely event of martial law, federal military forces will not

have the authority to impose restrictions such as a curfew on the civilian population. Certain

restrictions, however, may be imposed by civilian authorities to help in the control of lawlessness.

Military leaders should be prepared to recommend which restrictions are of substantial value in

comparison with the burden of enforcement. The most commonly used restrictions include:

Curfew. The curfew is a control measure which has proved highly effective in many civil disturbances. Its

purpose is to restrict the unauthorized movement of personnel on streets and public places during specified

periods of time, especially during the hours of darkness. Joint planning with civil authorities regarding the

imposition of a curfew should provide for:

(a) Coordination of the initiation, enforcement, and termination of a curfew.

(b) Public announcements of the beginning and ending of curfews. Civilian authorities make these

announcements through local mass media, pamphlets, and public address systems to ensure

maximum exposure.

or passes.

(d) Provision for the apprehension and disposition of curfew violators.

(3) Sales Restrictions. Restrictions on the sale, transfer, and possession of sensitive material such as

gasoline, firearms, ammunition, and explosives will help control forces in minimizing certain forms of

violence. Limiting the availability of weapons to the potential sniper or terrorist may reduce the

likelihood of such violence. The effective enforcement of these restrictions, however, requires extensive

planning and the commitment of adequate manpower to this effort.

PART B - Neutralization of Special Threats

1. General. Lessons learned from past civil disturbances show that control forces will be frequently exposed to

special threats which pose grave danger to both the control force and to the general community. Special threats

include such acts as bombing and sniping. Three general steps are required to neutralize all special threats.

a. Take immediate action. The first concern is the person or the control force unit or team encountering a

special threat, such as sniping, is personal safety and safety of others in immediate danger. Individual

soldiers and control force leaders should be trained and rehearsed on the immediate action to be taken upon

encountering sniping, a bomb threat, or an explosive device. The immediate action step specifically avoids

hastily attempted, disorganized, responses that will likely further danger the control force and the public.

b. Secure the area. Before the identified threat can be effectively neutralized, the danger area must be

secured. The control force unit or team on the scene or reinforcements should be used to isolate the area to

stop the escape of perpetrators and to prevent the influx of unauthorized personnel from the control force

and from the general public. In addition, the entire area may have to be cleared of persons endangered by

the threat. In the case of sniping, if evacuation of personnel from the danger area is not possible, warnings

to seek cover should be issued using public address communications.

c. Employ special teams. Poorly trained and equipped control force personnel should not try to destroy a

threat. Operations requiring the removal of a sniper from a barricaded position or the removal of an

explosive device should be performed by selected teams of specially trained, specially equipped personnel.

Explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) units should be used to destroy explosive devices.

2. Bombs. During civil disturbances, control forces should be trained to recognize fire bombs, pipe bombs, and

other devices. They should also be trained and rehearsed in the immediate action necessary when discovering

an explosive device. The actual destruction of the bomb should be accomplished by the EOD unit or civil

police bomb unit. Two specific steps (See Figure 2-2) are required when an explosive device is found:

IMMEDATE ACTION

Take Cover

Warn

Report

SECURE THE AREA

Isolate

Evaluate

Alert

Control

Utilities

FIGURE 2-2. STEPS TO TAKE WHEN AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE IS ENCOUNTERED.

a. Immediate Action. The individual soldier or control force unit or team that discovers an explosive device

should:

(1) Take Cover. All personnel should immediately leave the area and seek cover wherever possible.

(2) Warn. Notify all personnel to clear the area.

(3) Report. Inform the appropriate personnel of the situation so that aid can be sent to the scene.

NOTE: DO NOT, AT ANY TIME, HANDLE THE DEVICE.

b. Secure the Area. After the individual soldier or control force unit or team has taken the immediate

action, steps should be taken to secure the area. If the control force unit or team is capable, they may be

used to secure the area. The senior member of the element responsible for securing the area should consider

the following:

(1) Isolate. Establish roadblocks or checkpoints as necessary to keep unauthorized personnel out of the

area.

(2) Evacuate. Ensure that all personnel are out of the danger area.

(3) Alert. Notify fire, local police bomb squad, (if not available notify the military EOD), and medical

personnel and direct them to a staging area for quick deployment.

(4) Control Utilities. The close down of all gas, electric, and water service to the affected area should

be accomplished by qualified personnel familiar with the utilities and the area.

c. After the area has been secured, the EOD unit or civil police bomb unit should be escorted to the location

of the device. The actual destruction and disposal of the explosive device should be accomplished by an

EOD unit or civil police bomb unit.

d. Bomb Threats. Bomb threats may increase during civil disturbances or during other times of tensions

and crises. Frequently, warning calls or notice have been given when an explosive device has been actually

planted to avoid loss of innocent lives. However, on occasion, cranks, deranged persons, or disgruntled

employee may make threats or give fake notice following an actual explosion to cause activity or business

to stop by forcing evacuation. If a prank call is successful in causing evacuation, more threats will follow.

Safety must always be resolved in favor of evacuation. Most bomb threats are received by telephone

operators in industry and educational facilities. It might also be expected that bomb threats will be received

at rumor centers, police headquarters, and joint operational facilities during civil disorders. If possible, each

facility should be provided with a telephone tracing capability. Telephone switchboard operators and others

likely to receive bomb threats should be trained to accomplish the following:

e. Activate the telephone tracer system.

f. The person receiving the phone call may be the only person to have a conversation with the person who

has knowledge of the explosive device. Therefore it is extremely important that the receiver of the call

records or writes down the conversation word for work so that no important information is forgotten or

missed. By writing down the exact wording or electronically recording the conversation, and utilizing FBI

Form 6-136 (Bomb Threat Checklist) the person receiving the call can ask specific questions from the caller

such as:

(1) Bomb location.

(2) Time of explosion.

(3) What will cause the bomb to explode?

(4) Type of device, to include physical description.

(5) Sex, approximate age, and attitude of caller.

(6) Strange speech, accent, etc.

(7) Distinguishing sounds or backg1round noises coming from the caller's location.

(8) Reason for the bomb placement.

NOTE: See Figures 2-3 for front and back of the FBI Bomb Data Sheet.

g. Inform the appropriate personnel of the threat (EOD or local police bomb unit).

h. Actions Upon Receipt of Bomb Threat. Upon receipt of a bomb threat, the responsible commander

should accomplish the following:

(1) Alert. Notify the necessary control force elements, civil law enforcement or military police, fire and

medical service personnel, utilities personnel (water, gas, and electricity), and civil police bomb squads

or military EOD units and direct them to report to a staging area near the threatened facility.

(2) Isolate. Establish roadblocks or checkpoints as necessary to keep unauthorized personnel out of the

area. Isolation should take place at a safe distance from the area to prevent danger from an explosion.

(3) Evacuate. The senior occupant of the building makes the decision to evacuate. Control forces may

only make a recommendation to evacuate. If the decision is made to leave, it should be done in an

orderly fashion using a bomb evacuating plan, a fire plan, or appropriate announcements and directions

to building occupants. Such a plan should name a building or area which provides shelter from the

elements. Care must be taken not to create panic. Before leaving the building, occupants should check

their immediate locations for any unusual or out-of-place objects or packages. Employees should be

advised to take their briefcases, overcoats, and like items with them as they leave.

(4) Organize Search Elements. Selected occupants of the building (familiar with its layout) and control

force personnel should be organized into search elements. They should not be equipped with hand held

radios, instead if they need to communicate with each other or personnel outside the danger area, they

should utilize on the of the following methods:

(a) Voice.

(b) Runners.

(d) Field phones.

(e) Hand signals (if one point is visible by all)

CAUTION: THE USE OF RADIOS DURING THE SEARCH CAN BE DANGEROUS. THE RADIO

TRANSMISSION ENERGY CAN CAUSE AN EARLY EXPLOSION OF AN ELECTRIC INITIATOR

(BLASTING CAP).

(5) There are two types of searches that can be conducted, a supervisor search or a search team search.

(a) Supervisors Search: A supervisor search can be conducted by the supervisor and a few

volunteers that are familiar with the overall layout of the building and can be conducted without the

building being evacuated, by utilizing a quick-pace method to look for suspicious items. This

search can be useful only if the areas are well organized and not cluttered.

(b) Search Team Search: A search team search requires that the building be evacuated until after

the search has been completed. The team should consist of two personnel who volunteer and are

assigned to familiar with the area they are searching. It must be stressed that they know if an object

is supposed to be there or not. For this reason, law enforcement and EOD should not conduct the

initial search of the building.

(6) Searches should be made of public access areas such as utility areas, hallways, administrative areas,

mess areas, outside of buildings, shipping or loading areas, vehicles parked near the facility, supply

rooms, under stairwells, and accessible closets and storage areas. Suspicious objects or packages found

during the search should be reported. They should not be handled. Even when a bomb is located, the

search should continue since there may have been more than one bomb.

i. Whenever the bomb itself or a suspicious object or package is found, the EOD or civil police unit should

be notified and used to destroy the bomb or suspect package. Further guidance in this subject area will be

found in FM 19-10.

j. Arson is not usually the first of the special threats to happen. Arson itself is reasonably easy to handle

in that fires can be seen and their size is readily definable. The following measures will help the control

force in stopping arson, arresting arsonists, and limiting the damage resulting from both acts of arson and

accidental fires.

(1) Preventive measures include convincing local members of the importance of security. This consists

of selling them on the importance of creating a security atmosphere through the installation of lighting,

alarms, gates, and other measures. Once a disorder has started, increased surveillance, through

saturation patrolling, and stationary guard posts, and isolation of the affected area by the use of

barricades and roadblocks will help in controlling arson. Patrols are especially effective in preventing

overt arson, in giving notification of the location of fires and conducting spot checks of persons acting

in a suspicious manner or searching for materials and devices used to set fires. Roadblocks and

barricades reduce the movement of persons in the affected area and also provide an opportunity for

searches of suspicious persons for materials and devices needed for arson. Control force commanders

may find it helpful to develop lists of known and suspected arsonists from the files of civil law

enforcement agencies and distribute this data to all control force personnel. Consideration should be

given to forming specially trained teams or arson experts such as specialists from police, fire and

insurance agencies to investigate promptly all acts of suspected arson and attempted arson and to help

control forces at the scene of arson incidents.

(b) Provide police protection to stations selling fuel in the disturbed area.

(d) Protect gasoline supply in service stations abandoned because of civil disorders.

(e) Station auxiliary police in unattended fire stations.

COUNTER-SNIPING

o IMMEDIATE ACTION

o TAKE COVER

o WARN

o IDENTIFY

o REPORT

o LOCATE

FIGURE 2-5. NEUTRALIZATION OF SNIPER FIRE.

3. Snipers.

a. Counter-sniping.

(1) Soldiers committed to civil disturbance control operations must be well-trained and rehearsed in the

quick action that must be taken to stop sniper fire. Actual termination of the sniper should be

accomplished by a special reaction team. The success of this team would depend upon the quantity and

quality of prior planning and the proper preparation for handling such incidents. (See Figure 2-5)

(2) Immediate Action. The individual soldier or control force unit or team that encounters sniper fire

should accomplish the following:

(a) Take Cover. All exposed personnel should immediately seek cover whenever possible.

(b) Warn. Notify all bystanders to clear the area or seek cover.

firecrackers, light flashes, accidental weapon discharges, random firing by control forces, or distance

sounds of firing may all be misidentified as sniper fire at your position.

(d) Report. After verifying the sniper fire, inform the appropriate personnel of the situation so that

help can be sent to the scene if required.

(e) Locate. Try to fix the exact position of the suspected sniper or snipers. Inform the special

reaction team leader of the sniper's location.

(f) Do not, during any of the immediate action steps, return the fire unless a positively identified

target is available and the requirements for the use of force can be met. If firing is necessary, it is

accomplished by a selected marksman acting on orders from an officer or the senior person present..

The military leader must make every effort to prevent a disorganized mass return of fire that will

likely endanger innocent persons. When crowd control formations are being used, the threat of

sniper fire increases. Members of the control force should be aware, however, that persons in the

crowd may try to disrupt the formation by the use of loud noises, such as fireworks or bursting paper

bags. Members of the control force should be alert to such tactics to prevent disruptions during

attempts to maintain order.

b. Securing the Area. After the individual soldier or control force unit or team has taken immediate action,

steps should be under-taken to secure the area. In most situations, however, it will be necessary to commit

reserves or other control force elements. Regardless of what forces are used, the senior member of the

element responsible for securing the area should accomplish the following:

(1) Isolate. Notify all control force units not committed to the termination of the sniper to stay clear of

the danger area. Establish roadblocks or checkpoints to keep unauthorized personnel out of the area to

block the escape routes of the sniper. Isolation should take place far enough away from the danger area to

prevent exposure to sniper fire.

(2) Evacuate.

(a) When meeting a sniper in a lightly populated area or building, make an announcement advising

residents to clear the area or building using a specific exit. Those personnel exiting the building or

area should be screened and identified since the sniper may well be one of them. Witnesses and those

suspected of involvement with the sniper should be detained. Some residents may be unwilling,

unable, or afraid to leave the area or building. A second announcement should also be made advising

the remaining residents to seek cover, remain still, and stay away from exposed areas and windows.

(b) When meeting a sniper in a heavily populated area or building where evacuation is impractical,

make an announcement to warn all residents to seek cover, remain still, and stay away from exposed

areas and windows.

Communications should be provided to the observers. A selected marksman, under appropriate

orders, may also be used with the observation posts.

(d) Support. Be prepared to provide necessary support to the special reaction unit. Such support may

include:

1. Establishment of a staging area for emergency and support equipment as well as for the team.

2. Establishment of a command and communications center for the coordinated control of the

operations.

3. Control of crowds.

(3) Employment of the Special Reaction Team. The actual search for and apprehension of a sniper is a

difficult and dangerous operation. It should be performed by a special reaction unit which has been

trained and equipped for such operations. The procedures outlined in this paragraph are suitable for the

team or for other control force elements assigned to terminate sniping when a team is unavailable.

(4) Establishment of a Command Post. The command element of the team should establish a central

location for the coordination of all elements. Communications should be set up and maintained with the

force securing the area and with observation posts. In addition, continuous communications between the

action and security elements must be maintained once they are deployed so that the progress of the search

team can be monitored and so that the cover team does not mistake persons in the search team for the

sniper.

(5) Deploy the Security Element. In order to observe sniper actions and all exits, the security element

should be positioned outside the immediate area. In addition, the security element should establish a

preferred route of entry into the area or building for use by the action element. The security element's

selected marksman should be positioned at a location giving him the best possible observation and field

of fire. If necessary, the selected marksman may fire at the sniper or snipers when they can be positively

identified as snipers, when they are continuing fire, and when the requirements of the use of deadly force

are met. This fire should be accomplished only by the selected marksman under the guidance and orders

of the commander.

(6) Prepare the Action Element for Entry Into the Area or Building. Preparation should include:

(a) A briefing on the area or building through the use of maps, drawings, and knowledgeable

residents.

(b) Equipment and communications checks.

(7) Prepare and Issue Warnings and Instructions to the Sniper. The sniper should be given enough time

to surrender.

(8) Attempt to Force the Sniper Into the Open. In open terrain or when meeting a sniper in a small

unoccupied building, use crowd control agents in an attempt to force the sniper into the open where he

can be taken into custody with less risk. Before using crowd control agents directly into the sniper's

location, saturate the areas and rooms adjacent to the sniper. This will prevent him from using unaffected

areas.

(9) If the sniper cannot be forced out, commit the action element to the area or building.

(a) When committing the action element to an open area, crowd control agents should be used to

saturate the area prior to entry. The action element should enter the area on one side of the perimeter

established by the cover element and then proceed through the area toward the other side of the

perimeter.

(b) When committing the action element to a building, the following methods of entry can be used:

1. Entry at the top. Whenever possible, buildings are entered and searched from the top down.

A sniper who is forced to the top may be cornered and fight desperately or escape over rooftops;

one who is forced down to the ground level may try to withdraw from the building, leaving

himself open to capture by the security element. Various means may be used to gain entry such

as ladders, drainpipes, vines, toggle ropes, grappling hooks, roofs of adjoining buildings, or

public utility vehicles designed for work on tall structures. Helicopters may also be used to

deploy the action element on top of buildings.

2. Entry on middle floor. Sometimes it is impossible to enter a building at the top. In these

instances, entry should be made at the highest possible point using the techniques described

above. The floor on which entry is made should be thoroughly searched and secured first. The

action element then moves to the top floor and searches from the top down.

3. Entry at the bottom. When entry must be made at the ground level, armored personnel

carriers should be used to gain entry and provide protection. Smoke may also be used to hide

movement. When entering single-story buildings, it may be preferable to use crowd control

agents to saturate the building before the action element enters.

1. In an open area, the action element should maneuver and search under the protection of cover,

firing only when necessary to protect life and property. Either the security element or the action

element may use crowd control agents to aid the advance of the action element. Fire by selected

marksmen may also be employed, if necessary. The "base of fire" technique (massed firepower)

should NOT be used since it is destructive and creates hostility among innocent persons who

suffer property damage or injury. The security element on the side of the perimeter where the

action element entered the area should gradually close the perimeter as the action element moves

forward. The security element on the opposite side should remain in position as the "noose"

closes. The purpose of this action is to force the sniper to withdraw, leaving him open to capture

by the security element. The techniques used for terminating a sniper in an open area will

require close coordination and communication between all elements involved.

2. In an unoccupied building, when the sniper's location is not known, all rooms must be

searched by at least two men. One man may throw a crowd control agent grenade, then enter

quickly and place his back against the nearest wall. The second man follows and searches the

room in detail. The action element leader should be kept informed of the progress made.

3. In an occupied building, when the sniper's location is unknown, all suspected rooms must be

searched. The action element should try to have occupants submit voluntarily to the search of

their rooms. At the same time, occupants should be questioned in an attempt to pinpoint the

sniper's location. If occupants will not submit voluntarily and there is probable cause to believe

that the sniper is located in the room a search should be conducted as described above.

4. In a building, occupied or not, where the sniper's location is known, the action element should

proceed directly to the immediate area of the sniper's location. The rooms near the sniper's

location should be checked first to ensure that the sniper has not moved. Once the rooms

adjacent to the sniper have been cleared, crowd control agents should be introduced into the

sniper's room by either the action element using bursting-type grenades or the security element

using grenade launchers from the outside of the building. The door to the sniper's room should

be opened or, if necessary, broken down. Before entering the room, allow time for the sniper to

exit the room. If he does not do so, proceed with caution into the room.

5. Apprehend the Sniper. Whenever possible, the actual apprehension of the sniper is left to the

civil police with help provided by military forces.

4. Integrated Tasks.

a. General. There are many additional tasks which must be fulfilled along with the five additional

operational tasks. Some are more important than others and the following inclusions by no means exhaust

the list of these integrated tasks. The extent of their use will depend on the nature of control force

involvement in the civil disorder.

b. Specific Tasks.

(1) Gather, Record, and Report Data. Each functional element of the control force, regardless of size,

acts as a source for providing vital data upon which commanders at all levels can base their decisions.

Additionally, the requirements imposed for after-action reports, investigations, and other administrative

or judicial actions make it desirable that detailed unit journals or logs be kept by each separate operating

element. Consideration should be given to naming a person in each squad or platoon to act as a recorder

for the purpose of keeping an accurate journal of the unit's activity. Personnel named to act as recorders

should be equipped with appropriate recording devices and a camera as a minimum.

(2) Apprehend Law Violators. The apprehension of the individual law breaker is a vital function during

confrontation management operations because of the legal consideration involved; however, civil police

should make the actual apprehension whenever possible. When military forces detain or take a civilian

into temporary custody he will be turned over to civil police as soon as possible. The apprehending

individual will be required to complete DA Form 2708, Receipt for Inmate or Detainee, at the collection

point. This form, when properly completed, can provide civil authorities with all the basic data required

in case of prosecution. It further provides for proper control of those persons detained.

(3) Maintain Communications. Effective communications between all control force elements, both

within the military chain of command and with other law enforcement agencies, must be assured. Radio

equipment may require extensive interchange between military, state, and municipal agencies to provide

for cross-agency communications. Other planning considerations are the provision for alternate means,

such as commercial radios, pay telephones, and visual signals.

(4) Maintain Mobile Reserves. The control force commander and subordinate commanders must have

the ability to respond to unexpected requirements and to influence adverse situations. To this end,

mobile reserve forces should be set up and kept in readiness. Mobile reserves should be located at

secure locations close to the disturbed area to permit employment within minutes. The reserve force

must be reconstituted quickly upon commitment.

(5) Inform the Public. To deter the spread of rumors and false data, the control forces must ensure the

public is informed of the true nature and purpose of the measures being imposed upon them. This is

particularly important where dissident elements are known to be presenting false or distorted data.

Procedures must be set up to give news media access to the disturbed area and to the facts, if they are

denied this opportunity; their news coverage will likely be based on speculative or false data.

Additionally, rumor control centers operated by the control force may be required to deter the spread of

word-of-mouth rumors.

c. Firefighting Task Operations.

(1) General. In many civil disturbances, the existence of destructive violence, particularly demonstrated

by the setting of fires, requires that detailed consideration be given to the immediate and effective

response designed to limit the effect of such destruction.

(2) Firefighting Task Forces. A primary factor in such a response will be the firefighting task force,

which should be composed of a number of pieces of equipment and the required operational and security

people. The concept is to provide a mobile force capable of moving rapidly, having enough equipment

to quickly put out or contain large fires and then move on. In order for a task force to be efficient, the

following considerations should be made:

(a) A specific area of operation should be named.

(b) Several task forces should be created.

d. Security of Firefighting Task Forces. The primary mission of the firefighting task force is containing

fires and due to that total commitment, the task force must depend on other agencies for its security.

Firefighting personnel and equipment are extremely open to harassment and attacks by crowds or

individuals. This mission of security will normally be assigned to military units which have been

committed. When creating such a security force, two important areas must be addressed:

(1) Size. The size of the force will depend upon several factors such as:

(a) Size of the firefighting task force.

(b) Level and amount of hostility found in the area of operation.

(2) Techniques. Methods of providing security will incorporate a number of concepts.

(a) Mobility is a must and the best means to ensure this is to provide the security force with

sufficiently equipped vehicles and communication equipment. Vehicles should have flashing,

emergency lights to enable them to move safely or provide appropriate escort vehicles. Security

personnel should never ride or position themselves on fire fighting equipment. The humanitarian

(non-threatening) image must be maintained in the public.

(b) The following considerations should be observed at the fire scene:

1. The military unit leader should contact the senior fireman present and provide aid.

2. A protective cordon should be established around the fire service while it is operative. The

cordon should face outward and personnel should be assigned areas of responsibility.

3. All vehicle and pedestrian traffic entering the area should be blocked.

4. Observation posts should be positioned in any tall building to prevent sniper attacks.

5. Any hostile crowd activity should be controlled using appropriate crowd control techniques.

If necessary, reinforcement should be promptly requested.

6. Process detained personnel.

(e) Anti-looting measures.

General.

(1) Looting may start at any time or place as an isolated incident and quickly spread throughout the

affected area. From previous civil disorder, looting of businesses has emerged as a problem calling

for quick prevention action. Looting may take place at random throughout the time that an area is

in turmoil.

(2) From a previous discussion we know that looters are from all walks of life; young, old, male,

and female. Again, emphasis is placed on the use of force which should be no more than necessary.

(3) Lessons learned from various disorders have shown that looters will normally start with liquor

stores, arms and ammunition stores, and drug stores. However, looters will also take such things as

food, furniture, watches, rings, clothes, candy, television sets, major appliances, etc., whether they

need them or not. Department stores may be looted and then burned in order to destroy records of

money owed by the looters.

(4) Control of looting. The amount of force needed and the techniques used to control looting will

vary considerably within the area of operation. As a general rule, looting should be stopped as

quickly as possible to prevent it spreading to those who would not normally loot except when caught

up in the actions of others. The following control measures will help in this objective:

(a) Isolation and control of the affected area by use of barricades and road blocks to prevent

looters from increasing in numbers.

(b) Establishment of saturation patrolling and stationary guard posts within the affected area to

prevent looting.

(d) The techniques applied and the amount of force used will depend on the situation and the

instructions issued to the commander. As a general rule, looters should not be fired upon

merely to prevent their escape.

(e) Looting can be expected to increase during hours of darkness. Therefore, favorite looting

targets should be patrolled often and special night lighting should be used when and wherever

possible to discourage open acts of looting. In addition, peak periods of looting activity should

be carefully charted and increased efforts used during these times.

SUMMARY

During the course of this lesson you have learned how to use crowd control, counter sniper, building search

techniques and supervise immediate action to be taken upon a notification of an explosive device as well as

actions to be taken in the event you come in contact with an explosive device. Additionally, we have learned

that confrontation management operations require control forces which can effectively confront a variety of

crowds and mobs and maintain order one it has been established.

Lesson 2 Test

The following questions are multiple choice and true/false. You are to select the one that is correct. Show your choice by

CIRCLING the letter beside the correct choice directly on the page. This is a self-graded lesson exercise. Do not look up

the correct answer from the lesson solution sheet until you have finished. To do so will endanger your ability to learn this

material. Also, your final examination score will tend to be lower than if you had followed this recommendation.

1. There are several options for crowd control, for large nonviolent demonstrations, where decisive action is not possible,

the best option would be

A. Disperse.

B. Contain.

C. Monitor.

D. Block.

Which of the following is not used in the task of area control?

A. Fixed guard posts.

B. Motor patrols.

C. Curfew.

D. Air patrol.

When encountering an explosive device, which of the following actions should be taken?

A. Notify all personnel to clear the area.

B. Visually examine device to relay such information to EOD en route.

C. Place sandbags around the device.

D. Try to disarm device.

When conducting a bomb search, search teams should consist of

A. Only the control force.

B. Control force and select building occupants.

C. Control force and civil unit.

D. Only the civil police unit.

Deadly force may be used in the prevention of arson act.

A. True.

B. False.

What are the two types of searches that can be conducted of a building during a bomb threat?

A. Bomb Technician Search and EOD Search.

B. Specific area Search and General Area Search.

C. Supervisor Search and Search Team Search.

D. Firefighter Search and EOD Search.

When military forces detain or take a civilian into temporary custody he will be turned over to civil police. The

apprehending individual will be required to complete:

A. DA Form 3975 Military Police Report.

B. DA Form 4137 Evidence/Property Custody Document.

C. DA Form 2823 Sworn Statement.

D. DA Form 2708, Receipt for Inmate or Detainee,

When committing the action element to a building, what is the preferred method of entering the building?

A. Enter through a window.

B. Enter from the highest entry point.

C. Enter form the lowest entry point.

D. Enter from the middle floor of the building.

When encountering a sniper that is firing from inside of a building, the control force should:

A. Create a team and assault the building.

B. Notify the special reaction team and let them handle the situation.

C. Notify the closes air base for support.

D. None of the above.

10.During a riot, firefighting personnel and equipment are extremely open to harassment and attacks by crowds or

individuals.

A. True

B. False

LESSON 2

PRACTICE EXERCISE

ANSWER KEY AND FEEDBACK

Item

Correct Answer and Feedback

Monitor.

While monitoring... (page 2-4)

Fixed guard posts.

The techniques... (page 2-11)

Notify all personnel to clear the area.

Warn. (page 2-13)

Control force and selective building occupants.

Selected occupants... (page 2-15)

True.

The use of deadly force may be required to prevent acts of… (page 2-18)

There are two types of searches that can be conducted, a

supervisor search or a search team search. (Page 2-15)

All of the above.

Once a disorder... (page 2-14, para 2f(1))

Entry at the highest entry point. Whenever possible, buildings are entered and

searched from the top down. (page 2-21)

Actual termination of the sniper should be accomplished by a

special reaction team. (page 2-18)

10.

Firefighting personnel and equipment are extremely open to

harassment and attacks by crowds or individuals. (page 2-23)

LESSON 3

CROWD CONTROL FORMATIONS

OVERVIEW

LESSON DESCRIPTION:

In this lesson you will learn the various crowd control formations and how to form up Soldiers into those

formations.

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE:

ACTION:

Describe crowd control formations and how they are formed.

CONDITION: You will have this subcourse.

STANDARD: To demonstrate competency of this task you must achieve a score of 70 percent on the

subcourse examination.

REFERENCES:The material contained in this lesson was derived from the following publication: FM 3-19.15.

INTRODUCTION

We know from our studies of the histories of war that success in battle is not always determined by the number

of Soldiers or firepower. Success is more often determined by the discipline and training of the Soldiers

involved. This situation often applies to civil disturbance control operations because our Soldiers can be

expected to be greatly outnumbered. A system of crowd control formations has been devised to offset this

shortage of numbers. It is vital that you have a thorough knowledge of this system of formations to help you to

effectively employ your unit in a civil disturbance operation.

PART A - TYPES OF FORMATIONS AND WEAPONS

1. General.

a. Crowd control formations, when properly used and effectively carried out; represent one of the most

practical methods of controlling crowds. These formations are especially effective against a large crowd

because they enable the control forces to split the crowd into small groups. However, commanders must

realize their limitations; formations are not the answer to all disturbance situations. Soldiers should not be

subjected to unnecessary sniper fire and violent acts of troublemakers simply to impress the mob with a

show of force. When small dispersed groups are running wild in an area of operations, crowd control

formations will be of little value in stopping the disturbance.

b. With the development of non lethal weapons (NLW), the commander now has more options at his

disposal. Before NLW, the only other choices were chemical irritants, military working dogs (MWDs), and

lethal force. With the advances in NLW's, it is now possible to create an effective standoff distance of 15 to

100 meters between the crowd and the control force. Now commanders can create a standoff distance with

NLW that reduces the risk of close fighting with the mob.

c. Further, when a large mob has been broken up, the problem is not necessarily solved. It should not be

assumed that rioters have returned to peaceful activities. It may well be that the small groups breaking away

from the large group will engage in small mob tactics such as sniping, looting, and burning. If such a

situation develops, commanders should apply the tactics discussed in the preceding lessons and continue

active control measures until they are sure that law and order have been restored.

d. During CONUS operations, there are usually no enemy forces. However, the commander must still

assess and secure the areas of operations (AOs). This can be done by the use of helicopters conducting

over-flights observations or by visually securing rooftops, high elevations, and advantage points. When

utilizing crowd control formations, they can not only be utilized to break up crowds but also have the

capability to make apprehensions and detain certain personnel that the commander may feel will instigate

the crowed to further violence.

e. The manner of using formations and NLWs, the application of a certain formation to a particular

situation, and the stage of operations at which certain types of actions will be suitable, are matters which

must be decided by commanders.

2. Actions Before Movement

a. Control force formations, when properly employed and executed against a crowd, are some of the most

practical methods of crowd control. The riot baton has been the weapon of choice for the control force..

During any crowd control operation, the commander must protect the control force with lethal overwatch.

This overwatch may be in the form of marksmen and observer teams (sniper with observer) and a response

force with lethal capabilities.

b. Before moving the control force to the civil disturbance area and into a potentially hostile urban

environment, the commander and his staff must review the preincident plans and expand them (as needed)

based on current information. . During the planning phase, the information provided by the IPB will aid the

staff in selecting various routes and rally points. The selection of ingress and egress routes must include a

variety of ways in and out of the area. Direct and indirect routes and those with cover and concealment are

necessary. The rally point must be cleared and secured by an advanced party capable of controlling the area.

c. Additionally, civil disturbance training must be part of the annual unit training plan. If a Soldier is

deployed to an area where civil disturbances are a recurring event, sustainment training must occur more

frequently. Before moving the control force to the rally point, an intense rehearsal must be conducted by the

leadership and the control force. A top-down review of the rules of engagement (ROE/rules for the use of

force (RUF) must be accomplished. The ROE/RUF must be part of the unit training plan and each Soldier

must be trained to standard. The use of NLW (type specific) must be granted to the on-site commander from

the approval authority.

3. Control Force Formations. Dismounted crowd control formations constitute a means of blocking the

advance of a mob. The various crowd control formations are tools to be employed as required. Normally, the

line can be employed against any size crowd, and the echelon and wedge against a small group on a narrow

front or in confined areas. When Soldiers penetrate a crowd to capture one of its members, they may use a

modified formation, such as a circular or a diamond formation, with at least two unarmed soldiers inside the

formation; when the formation reaches the person to be seized, a gap is opened and the unarmed soldiers pull

the person inside. These soldiers should be equipped with handcuffs and/or restraining straps for use in

securing the person; however, the diamond and circular formations are open to being surrounded by the crowd.

4. Vehicle and Formations.

a. Vehicles can be employed with Soldiers in a control force formation. Although vehicles may add

strength to the formation certain precautions should be taken to protect the Soldiers riding inside the vehicle

such as covering the windshield with sturdy, close mesh fencing and standard safety glass. By placing a

wooden or metal frame with strung barbed wire can also act as a barrier. Additionally, have the control force

walk close to the side of the vehicle will prevent the crowd from attacking the sides and back of the

vehicles. Vehicles may be used to obtain shock action; as a base to release crowd control agents; or to enter

a crowd to arrest selected instigators.

b. Up-armored HMMWVs, ASVs. or armored vehicles may be employed with the control force when

determined by the mission, enemy, terrain, troops, time available and civilian considerations (METT-TC).

These up armored or armored vehicle can have a great psychological effect on the crowd as well as protect

members of the control force. The commander when utilizing these vehicles must keep in mind to maintain

visual and control of the vehicle formation. The commander can place himself the rear of the vehicle

formations and utilized vehicle radio communications to talk to the other vehicles. Additionally, he may

have to convert to utilizing hand signals if for some reason radio communications are not working. Either

way, the utilization of vehicle in a riot or demonstration must be practiced to be effective.

5. Type of Crowd Control Formations and Their Uses.

a. Control force formations when utilized properly can be an effective tool in crowd control. Experience

has shown that the most effective control force formation is the line and wedge. The two less used

formations are the diamond and circle. Descriptions of all the formations are as follows:

(1) Line formation: The line is the basic formation and it is used more often because of its offensive

and defensive applications. As an offensive formation, the line is used to push or drive crowds straight

back, across an open area, or up a city street. As a defensive formation, the line is used to hold the

crowd or to deny access to areas.

(2) Echelon formation: The echelon is an offensive formation used to turn or divert groups in open or

built-up areas and to move crowds away from buildings, fences, and walls.

(3) Wedge formation. The wedge is an offensive formation that is used to penetrate and split crowds

into smaller groups.

(4) Diamond formation: The diamond, when used as an offensive formation, is used to enter a crowd

and is the formation of choice for extraction teams. As a defensive formation, the diamond is used when

all-around security is required in open areas. The decision to use this formation is based on the

conformation of the crowd.

(5) Circular formation: The circular formation is used for the same purpose as the diamond formation.

The decision to use this formation is based on the conformation of the crowd.

b. Elements of a Control Force Formation

(1) Base element: The base element is made up of two ranks. The first rank is shield holders, while the

second rank contains the NLW. This is the front line of the formation.

(2) Support element: The support element forms up in a column formation behind the base element and

has a variety of uses. It may be used to replace base element members as needed, provide lateral or

direct support, or perform extraction team operations. The support element helps the base element by

performing the following three essential tasks:

(a) General support: The general-support element is formed from an uncommitted squad in the

platoon (generally the 2d squad). When a company is tasked as the control force element, one of the

platoons becomes the general-support element. The element is in a column formation centered on

and behind the main formation. From this formation, the general-support element can move to lateral

or direct support, as needed.

(b) Lateral support: The lateral -support element is used to protect the flanks of the formation. This

is done by moving a set number of teams forward from the general-support element or by using the

end teams in the formation; however, this will make the formation smaller. Once in position, three

teams become part of the formation, with their riot shields facing the flanks of the formation.

they form their own formation. While moving forward, the squad and team leaders form the control

force formation step back and allow the riot shield holders from the support element to step behind

riot shield holders of the original formation. This allows the support riot shield holders to form up

between and behind the riot shield holders between the crowd and NLW fires. This formation is the

strongest of the formations and requires more planning and practice to master.

(d) Command element: The command element contains several different members. A general

configuration for the command element is the platoon leader, the platoon sergeant, a radio operator,

a video recorder operator (is required), and an interpreter (if required). This element does not have a

fixed location within the formation and moves about as needed.

(e) Lethal over watch elements: The lethal over watch element is a team formed from reserve

security forces.

6. Normal Preliminary Procedure. A show of force is often a useful tool for dispersing crowds. When the

soldiers arrive at the scene, the psychological effects of their arrival can be utilized. Soldiers should make a

strong surprise appearance using the following procedures:

a. Soldiers should dismount from helicopters, busses, trucks in plain sight of the crowd. Caution must be

taken that the rally point is close enough to the crowd to present a strong psychological presents but far

enough away from the demonstrators to prevent or provoke attacks of thrown objects.

b. The commander should place his lethal over watch (designated marksmen {DM} teams) in areas that

have a good field of vision over the crowd and control force. The DM teams can be sent to the flanks and

slightly to the front of the formation. It is their responsibility for protect the control force from any lethal

actions on the part of the crowd by continually scanning the crowd.

c. When the commander receives word that the DM teams are in place, he will form the control force into a

crowd control formation and move them from the rally point to where the demonstrator are located.

Depending on the situation, the commanders should move the control force in a column formation or one of

the three basic control force formations.

d. Reserve forces need to stay at the rally point until it is deemed necessary that they are needed to reinforce

the formation or provide additional lethal over watch for the control force formation.

e. The unit halts and remains in formation. The Soldiers hold their riot shields at the ready position while

the commander delivers the proclamation. Following the proclamation, the commander informs the

participants that they have a specific time in which to comply with the order to leave.

f. If the participants fail to leave within the given time, the commander uses measures necessary to break up

the crowd.

7. Special Preliminary Procedure. If rioters are known to be well-armed, and intelligence reports show that

they intend to open fire as soon as Soldiers appear, the commander may not make a show of force, but may

launch a crowd control agent attack from covered or hidden positions.

8. Lethal and Non Lethal Weapons Used in Formations.

a. Riot Shield: The riot shield has been proven over time to be the first line of defense for a formation. The

riot control shield may also be used as an offensive weapon when in contact with an aggressive crowd. The

riot shield is designed to withstand strikes from thrown objects. In addition to protecting the riot shield

bearer, it also protects other members of the formation form thrown objects.

b. Baton: The baton is considered the primary weapon for crowd control operations. It is an offensive

weapon and unlike the rifle, the loss of baton to the crowd does not create a serious threat. Soldiers must be

trained with the riot baton to the point that its various techniques are automatic. This training must also

include learning the venerable points of the human body so they can avoid areas that may cause permanent

injury or death when struck, (See FM 3-19.15 for targets areas of the human body).

c. Rifle. The rifle is the most practical weapon for general use by Soldiers in crowd control formations if

batons are not available. If the control force must carry their assigned rifle it should be carried across the

back with the barrel pointed toward the ground and the butt of the weapon pointed toward the sky.

d. Shotgun. The 12-gauge shotgun is a pump action shotgun currently in non lethal capabilities set (NLCS)

inventory. The pump action shotgun is chambered to take up to 3-inch shell. The 3-inch chamber allows

for the use of M1012 and M1013 non lethal munitions. This shotgun also provides a visually distinct

alternative to standard military weapons that may be desired based on mission considerations (force

signature and acceptability). A list of nonlethal munitions that can be utilized with the 12-gage shotgun are

listed below:

(1)

12-Gauge, Fin-Stabilized Point, Nonlethal Cartridge (M1012): The M1012 is a single projectile

round made of hard rubber that is shaped like a bomblet and designed to be fired a at a single target.

With a muzzle velocity of 500 feet per second, the M1012 has the effective range of no closer that 5

meters and no further than 30 meters. Engagement inside 5 meters could cause serious injury or death.

Beyond 30 meters the kinetic energy dissipates to the point where the round becomes ineffective.

(2)

12-Gauge, Crowd Dispersal, Nonlethal Cartridge (M1013): The M1013 is a multiple projectile

round with .23 caliber hard rubber pellets that is designed to be fired at and employed with the purpose

of affecting multiple targets. With a muzzle velocity of 900 feet per second, the M1013 has a effective

range on no closer then 5 meters and no further that 30 meters. Engagement inside 5 meters may cause

serious injury or death. Beyond 30 meters, the kinetic energy dissipates to the point where the rubber

pellets become ineffective.

(3) Rubber Ball Grenade (GG04): The GG04 is a multiple projectile, flash-bang grenade with 100 .25-

caliber hard rubber pellets. Each grenade has a fuse delay of 2.8 to 3 seconds with a flash measuring

approximately 1 million CP and 180 decibels at 3.5 feet. At detonation, rubber pellets are dispatched at

360° with an effective range of 2 to 3 meters and a maximum engagement range of 15 to 20 meters. The

rubber ball grenade is designed to be hand-thrown or muzzle-launched from a 12-gauge shotgun.

(4) Rubber Ball Grenade Launching Cup and AA30 12-Gauge Launch Round: The launch cup firmly

attaches to the 12-gauge shotgun without any additional tools. It works in concert with the AA30 12-

gauge launch round to propel the rubber ball grenade approximately 100 meters. The shooter simply

inserts the full body and the safety lever of the grenade into the launching cup, pulls the pin, loads a 12-

gauge round, and fires (approximately) at a 30° angle. The desired effect is to have the grenade explode

approximately 7 to 10 feet above the target.

e. Sniper rifle. When available, each platoon should have one sniper rifle which is carried by a selected

marksman to fire at specific targets as directed by the platoon leader or company commander.

f. Hand weapons. Hand weapons may be carried by the commander, drivers, grenadiers, extraction teams,

apprehension teams, and other personnel when it is impractical to carry rifles. They are used primarily as

defensive weapons.

g. Portable dispersers. Currently in the NLCS numerous chemical dispenser are available for use during a

demonstration. Some of these portable chemical dispensers are mentioned below:

(1) Individual riot Control Agent Disperser (M36): The M36 contains a Dibenz solution. It can deliver

25 one-second bursts out to 12 feet. Individual disposable Riot control Agent( RCA) disperser are

intended primarily for self-defense or to keep rioter out of arm's reach of soldiers conducting crowd

control formations or Soldiers engaged in missions where a noncombatant exist.

(2) Midsize Riot Control Agent Disperser (M37): The M37 is the size of a standard fire extinguisher

that uses compressed air to force the RCA out to a range of 30 feet. It has the capacity to employ 18

burst for 3 seconds per charge. It is excellent for providing a wide coverage of RCA onto hostile crowd

while maintaining excellent standoff capabilities.

(3) Squad Riot Control Dispenser (M33A1): The M33A1 is designed to provide crowd control and

protection at the squad level. It is capable of projecting a ballistic stream of RCAs beyond 25 feet in up

to 25 half-second bursts. It consists of a frame and harness assembly, compressed-gas cylinder (agent

container assembly), air pressure assembly, gun and hose, assembly, mutijet spray unit, and check valve

assembly. The M33A1 can be refilled and is rechargeable.

h. M234 Riot Control Launcher: This projectile fired from the M234 launcher has sufficient momentum to

cause pain and discomfort in order to deter individual violent rioters with minimum possibility of producing

injury. For more determined or fanatical rioters, the system can also use a round that will disperse a tearing

(CS) agent while it hits the person. The M234 maximum range for a point target is 40 meters and area

target is 60 meters. Only an M16A1 with closed end flash suppressor can be used for the M234. The M234

is scheduled to be modified at depot level for the M16A2.

i. M203 grenade launcher. The M203 grenade launcher firing the CS cartridge is used to engage selected

point or small area targets at a range of 200-400 meters. Additionally, other the following nonlethal

munitions may be used with the M203:

(1)

40-Millimeter Sponge Grenade (M1006): The M1006 is a single projectile round made of pliable

foam rubber with a hard plastic back. The M1006 is designed to be aimed and fired at a single target.

With a muzzle velocity of 265 feet per second, the M1006 has an effective range of no closer than 10

meters and no further than 50 meters. Engagements inside 10 meters could cause serious injury or death.

Beyond 50 meters, the kinetic energy dissipates to the point where the round becomes ineffective.

(2)

40-Millimeter Crowd Dispersal Cartridge: The crowd dispersal cartridge (CDC) is a multiple

projectile round with .48 caliber hard rubber balls that is designed to be fired and employed with the

purpose of affecting multiple targets. With a muzzle velocity of 450 feet per second, the CDC has an

effective range of no closer than 10 meters and no further than 30 meters. Engagement inside 10 meters

could cause serious injury or death and beyond 30 meters the kinetic energy dissipates until the rubber

balls become ineffective.

j. M7 66-Millimeter Launcher with M315 Installation Kit: The M7 is a 66-millimeter vehicle- mounted,

NL, grenade-launching device that is mounted on a HMMWV. It is an indirect fire support system that can

deliver the M98 distraction grenade that creates a flash-bang effect, L96A1 antiriot grenade, or M99 blunt

trauma grenade that creates a sting-ball effect. The M315 installation kit is used to install an M7 discharger

on the turret ring of appropriate HMMWV variants. An adjustable bracket allows the launch angle to be

depressed for engaging targets at ranges of 50, 75, and 100 meters. The system enforces standoff distances

and deters potential threats.

9. Position for Carrying Weapons. At the discretion of the unit commander, the Soldiers may carry their

weapons in any of the positions prescribed by FM 3-21.5. The descriptions and illustrations given below

pertain to the 12-gauge pump shotgun. The following positions are used as indicated:

a. Safe-port arms.

(1) Command. PORT ARMS (two count movement).

(2) Position (see Figure 3-1).

(a) On the command of execution ARMS, grasp the shotgun barrel with he right hand and raise the

shotgun diagonally across the body, keeping the elbow down (without strain).

(b) The left hand will grasp the hand guard at the base of the stock.

shotgun diagonally across the body, about 4-inches from the waist.

(d) Upper left arm is parallel to the ground, and forearm is as perpendicular to the ground as body

conformation permits.

(e) Elbows are held as close to the body as body conformation permits.

(f) Heel of the rifle butt is held slightly to the right of the waist belt buckle.

(g) Weapon is held just diagonally enough across the body to permit the person to look straight to

the front over the right side of the stock.

(3) Use.

(a) The safe-port position is extremely useful in making a show of force before rioters. The above

mentioned carrying position is the primary method of carrying weapons in the control force

formation. It allows the Soldier to control both ends of the weapon while moving in and out of the

formation and advancing the crowd.

FIGURE 3-2. HIGH-PORT ARMS

(a) Right hand grasps the weapon on small portion of the stock; the under and inner part of the

forearm against the top of the stock; the shotgun is held across the body.

(b) Left hand grasps the hand guard at the most comfort-able point forward of the balance point; left

arm is slightly bent.

the safe-pot position.

(d) When at the halt, the feet are comfortably apart, toes pointed at rioter; knees slightly bent; body

leaning slightly forward; and the hip level.

(4) Use.

(a) The high-port position is a position of complete readiness. It is used whenever Soldiers are in

contact with a crowd that is showing resistance or is not withdrawing. .

(b) Commanders should rest Soldiers at every opportunity by using less tiring positions. The "high-

port arms" position is too tiring to maintain for long periods of time.

PART B - Unit Organization for Crowd Control Formations

NOTE: The formations covered in this lesson (12-man squad, 4-squad platoon, 3-squad platoon, 3-

platoon company with 4-squad platoons) are for illustration only, and are not intended to require

unit reorganization.

1. Commands.

a. Oral commands.

(1) Commands are given to the control force formation orally or with hand signals. Oral commands for

the on-guard position are given in one count. All other commands are given I tow count, a preparatory

command and a command of execution. If the commanders' oral commands cannot be heard by the

control force he may have to utilize hand signals.

(2) If vehicles are in the formation, radio's become an alternate method for relaying commands. The

commander may utilize both oral and hand signals to improve his communications with the control

force.

b. Hand signals. When necessary, hand signals should be used by commanders in conjunction with oral

commands. Hand signals for crowd control formations may be given as follows:

(1) Line. Raise both arms to the side until horizontal, arms and hands extended, palms down. (See

Figure 3-3.)

(2) Echelon right (left): Extend one arm 45-degrees above and the other 45-degrees below the

horizontal, palm to the front. The upper arm shows the direction of echelon when the commander faces

the formation. (See Figures 3-4 )

(3) Wedge: Extend both arms downward and to the sides of an angle approximately 45-degrees below

the horizontal, palms to the front. (See Figure 3-5.)

(4) Diamond: Extend both arms above the head, elbows bent slightly and fingertips touching. (See

Figure 3-6.)

(5) Circle: Give the diamond signal, then give a circular motion with the right hand.

(See Figure 3-7)

NOTE: Hand signals indicated by the silhouettes are as if facing the formation.

b. The normal cadence for movement of Soldiers while in any crowd control formation is quick time (120

steps per minute). While in the on-guard position, the cadence is approximately 60 steps per minute. For

psychological effect, an on-guard step may be executed by accentuating each step on the left foot with a

resounding stamp.

c. Cadence may be increased or decreased at the discretion of the unit commander to meet varying

situations.

d. A unit may be ordered into or assembled from crowd control formations from the halt or while marching.

As each man reaches his proper position, he automatically faces in the direction of the unit's intended

advance and comes to a halt. He remains at the halt in the safe-port position and awaits further orders.

3. Position of Commander and Leaders.

a. When in column, the commander at each echelon normally assumes his position at the head of the

column.

b. When in crowd control formation, squad leaders and their teams, platoon leaders and teams, and

company commanders take positions in the rear of the assault elements of their respective units where they

can best direct and control their units. In the illustrations of crowd control formations, the platoon and

squad leaders are not shown uniformly in order to illustrate the flexibility of their positions behind the

formations. The symbols listed below are a key to identify Soldiers within crowd control formations (see

Figure 3-8).

c. When in column, messengers (radio operators), selected marksmen, dispersers, and other members of

platoon headquarters normally take positions at the rear of the column.

d. When a unit is in a crowd control formation, headquarters personnel, at the discretion of the unit

commander, are positioned near the commander. If the situation prevents this, they may be positioned

behind the assault element.

FIGURE 3-8. Key To Symbols Used to Identify soldiers within A Crowd Formation.

4. Interval and Distance.

a. Interval is the lateral space between elements. Distance is the space between elements in a column. The

usual interval and distance between soldiers in control force formations is 30 inches. The interval and

distance can be adjusted based on METT-TC. If the crowd has to be physically pushed back, a close interval

is preferred. This allows the riot shields to be overlapped, creating a stronger wall. During peaceful

demonstrations, the interval could increase to double arm width, allowing the formation to cover more area

and still control the crowd. The interval and distance could change several times during the course of

operations before the crowd is dispersed.

b. In any echelon formation with normal interval and distance, the angle made by the formation and the

route of advance will be approximately 45 degrees. The angle formed by the two wings of any wedge

formation will be approximately 90 degrees when normal interval and distance are used.

5. Masking Procedures. When it is necessary to use crowd control munitions to break up an unruly mob, or

when intelligence indicators point to mob use of chemicals, protective masks will have to be worn. A key

consideration in this regard is not to break formations while Soldiers are masking. Consistent with the security

of the Soldier, any of the following methods may be used.

a. Every other man drops back one or two paces, dons his mask, then resumes his place in the formation.

The other half of the formation then performs the same act.

b. Remaining in formation, Soldiers in every other squad put on their masks. Then remaining Soldiers don

their masks.

c. If there is sufficient space between Soldiers and a crowd, all men may don their masks at the same time.

d. Reserve units put on masks and replace units in the line. This act is repeated until all Soldiers are

masked and a new reserve is constituted.

e. When chemicals have been used by rioters, or early use of crowd control agents is anticipated by the

commander, Soldiers may be ordered to mask prior to commitment.

PART C - Squad Formations

1. General. When executing squad crowd control formations from the column, the squad leader takes one or

more steps to the right and faces his squad. As he gives his preparatory command, he points to the location at

which he desires the formation to be formed. If he does not point, the squad forms on the position of the

number 2 man (base man) of the squad.

2. Squad Line.

a. Command. "Squad Line Formation, Move."

b. Execution. On the command of execution, the A team leader leads the baseman to the place indicated by

the squad leader. The squad members align themselves in sequence with the baseman at normal intervals.

Based on the situation, the squad leader may designate a specific interval. He does this when he gives the

preparatory command. If no interval is specified, the squad automatically forms using the normal interval.

(See Figure 3-9).

FIGURE 3-9. Squad Line

3. Squad Echelon Right or Left.

Command. “Squad Echelon Right (or Left), Move." On the command of execution, the A team

leader places the baseman at the location indicated by the squad leader. The squad members align themselves in

sequence with the baseman, one pace to the side and one pace to the rear. (See Figure 3-10).

Figure 3-10. Squad Echelons Right Left and Right.

4. Squad Wedge.

a. Command. "Squad Wedge, Move."

b. Execution. At the command of execution, the base man advances to the position named by the squad

leader. Even-numbered men align themselves in sequence on the base man, one pace to the right and one

pace to the rear of each preceding man. Odd-numbered men align themselves in sequence on the baseman;

one pace to the left and one pace to the rear of each proceeding man (see Figure 3-11).

FIGURE 3-11. Squad Wedge.

5. Diamond and Circle Formations.

a. The diamond and circle formations are used during extraction team operations. They are small

formations used to penetrate the crowd or cover small areas. The decision on which formation to use is

based on METT-TC and the ability of the squad to perform.

b. Commands for forming a squad in a diamond or circle formation is “Squad Diamond (or Circle), Move.”

On the command of execution, the A team leader moves the baseman to the place indicated by the squad

leader. The A-team lines up to the left of the baseman, covering the 8 to 12 o’clock positions. B-team

members align themselves to the right of the baseman, covering the 12 to 4 o’clock positions. C team

members align themselves covering the 4 to 8 o’clock positions (see Figure 3-12).

Figure 3-12. Diamond and circle Information.

6. Assembling a Squad.

a. When assembling a squad from the line formation, the squad leader takes a position a sufficient distance

to the rear of the squad and commands, “Squad Assemble.” At the same time, he raises his right hand in the

air and makes a circular motion. Squad members, who hear the command, automatically come to the port

arms position. The A team leader and the baseman do an about-face movement.

b. The other squad members face toward the baseman. On the command of execution “Move,” the squad

leader points to the place where he wants the squad to assemble. The A team leader double-times to the

designated spot, and the other members of the squad follow him. Team leaders fall into the file in their

designated positions as they move to the AA. To assemble from a squad echelon formation, the steps are the

same as a line formation.

c. To assemble from a squad wedge formation, the squad leader takes the same steps as for the line and

echelon formations. B team members do a half left face, and the A team and C team members do a half right

face. The C team pauses at the baseman position and allows the B team to clear the formation before

moving to the AA.

d. To assemble from a squad diamond or circle formation, the squad leader takes the same steps as he

would for a line formation. The A team leads the squad to the AA followed by the B team and then the C

team. Teams fall into a column formation as they file back to the AA.

PART D - Platoon Formations (4 Squad)

1. General. Platoon headquarters should consist of the following individuals:

a. Platoon leader.

b. Platoon sergeant.

c. Radio Operator or messenger

d. When directed by the platoon leader, other persons, such as marksman, interpreters, RCA dispenser

operators, and firefighters may added to or become a part of the platoon headquarters.

e. In forming all control force formations from the column, the platoon leader moves to the right of the

platoon and faces them when giving his commands. He gives the hand-and-arm signal and the preparatory

command. On the command of execution “Move,” he points to the approximate location where he wants the

platoon to form. The platoon leader pauses between the preparatory command and the command of

execution to allow each squad leader to issue a preparatory command to his squad.

2. Platoon Line.

a. Command. "Platoon on Line, Move."

b. Execution. Immediately following the platoon leader's preparatory command, the squad leaders of the

1st and 4th squads command, “Follow Me.” The squad leaders of the 2d and 3d squads command “Stand

Fast.” On the platoon leader's command of execution, the 1st and 4th squads move forward to the point

designated by the platoon leader. The 1st A team member of the 1^st squad is the baseman for the platoon

formation. The 1st squad forms a squad line to the left of the baseman and the 4th squad forms a squad line

to the right of the baseman with all lines dressed to the right. After the 1st and 4^th squads have cleared the

platoon, the 2d and 3d squad leaders command, “Follow Me.” The 2d squad forms a squad line to the left of

the 1st squad. The 3d squad forms a squad line to the right of the 4th squad. All squads dress with the 4th

squad. (Figure 3-13).

3. Platoon Line Formation Assembly.

a. When assembling from the platoon line formation, the platoon leader and his HQ personnel take a

position to the rear of the platoon. He then gives the command, “Platoon Assemble,” while raising his right

arm and making a circular motion above his head.

b. Execution. Platoon members automatically assume the port arms position. The 1st squad leader and the

baseman do an about-face movement. All other platoon members do an about-face movement toward the

baseman. On the platoon leader's command of execution, he points to where he wants the platoon to

assemble. He commands, “Follow Me,” and moves his squad toward the AA. The 1st squad files to the

baseman position, followed by the 2d squad. As the 2d squad clears the baseman position, the 4th squad

leader then commands, “Follow Me,” and leads his squad to the AA, followed by the 3d squad. As the 1st

squad comes to a halt facing the crowd in the AA, the 2d squad assumes its position to the right of the 1st

squad. As the 4th squad assembles, it dresses on the 1st squad, leaving space for the 3d squad to return to its

place in the formation. Once the platoon is formed into a column formation, HQ personnel take their

position in the formation. The PSG then commands, “Countercolumn, March,” and moves the platoon to the

rally point.

FIGURE 3-13. Platoon Line Formation With Four Squads

4. Platoon Line Formation With General Support.

a. General Support. Whenever the command for establishing a crowd control formation contains the

phrase, IN SUPPORT Without Modification, it means that the support element is to remain in general

support.

(1) Command. “Platoon Line, 2d and 3d Squads in Support, Move.”

(2) Execution. The 1st and 4th squads execute the line, while the 2d and 3d squads remain in the

column. To assemble a platoon with two squads in general support, the procedure is the same as that of

the platoon line, except that the 1st and 4th squads dress on with the 2d and 3d squads. (See Figure 3-

14).

FIGURE 3-14. Platoon Line With 2d and 3d Squads in General Support.

b. Lateral Support.

(1) Command. “Platoon Line, 2d and 3d Squads in Lateral Support, Move.”

(2) Execution. The 4th and 1st squads execute the line as before, and the 2d and 3d squads stand fast.

After the line has been formed, the squad leaders of the 2d and 3d squads command, “Follow Me.” The

2d squad forms a column behind the last man of the 1st squad. The 3d squad forms a column behind the

last man of the 4th squad.

(3) Squads may be moved from general support to lateral support at any time by the platoon leader. He

commands, “2d and 3d Squads, Lateral Support, Move.” To have the 2d and 3d squads join the line from

either support position, the platoon leader commands, “2d and 3d Squads, Extend the Line, Move.” The

2d and 3d squad leaders command, “Follow Me.” On the command of execution, the squads set up

individual lines, closing and dressing with the existing line. To assemble the platoon from a platoon line

with lateral support, the procedure is the same as that of the platoon line, except lateral support squads

face forward until they move to the AA. (See Figure 3-15).

FIGURE 3-15. Platoon Line Formation With 2d and 3d Squads in Lateral Support.

c. Platoon Line Formation With Direct Support.

(1) Command. “Platoon Line, 2d and 3d Squads in Direct Support, Move.”

(2) Execution. The 1st and 4th squads execute a line as before. The 2d and 3d squads execute a 2d line

directly to the rear and centered on the 1st line. The members in the direct support line cover the

intervals between members in the baseline. To do this, the squad and team leaders of the 1st and 4th

squads must take two steps to the rear to allow space for the 2d and 3d squads to move into place. After

seeing the squad and team leaders move back from the line, 2d and 3d squad leaders command, “Follow

Me,” and lead their squads into position. (see Figure 3-16)

FIGURE 3-16. Platoon Line Formation With 2d and 3d Squads in Direct Support

d. Platoon Line Formation With One Support Squad.

(1) Command. “Platoon Line, 3d Squad in Support, Move.”

(2) Execution. The 1st squad moves out and executes a squad line. The 2d and 4th squads form a line

on the side of the left and rights sides of the 1st squad. The 3d squad remains in column formation. The

support squad may be used in lateral support on one or both sides of the formation or in direct support of

any segment of the formation. To assemble the platoon, the procedure is the same as that of a platoon

line, except that all squads dress with the 3d squad.

5. Platoon Echelon Right and Left Formations.

a. Command. "Platoon Echelon Right, Move."

b. Execution. After the platoon leader's preparatory command, the squad leader of the 1st squad

commands, “Follow Me.” The squad leaders of the 2d, 3d, and 4th squads command, “Stand Fast.” On the

command of execution, the 1st squad moves out and executes an echelon right at the location designated by

the platoon leader. As each squad clears the column, the next successive squad moves out and extends the

echelon that has been formed. To assemble the platoon, the procedure is the same as that of a platoon line,

FIGURE 3-20. Platoon Echelon Left Formation With 2d and 3d Squads in Direct Support.

6. Platoon Wedge.

a. Command. "Platoon wedge, Move."

b. Execution. After the platoon leader’s preparatory command, the 1st and 4th squad leaders command,

“Follow Me.” At the same time, the 2d and 3d squad leaders command, “Stand Fast.” On the platoon

leader’s command of execution, the 1st and 4th squads move directly to the front. When the last members of

the 1st and 4th squads clear the 2d and 3d squads, the 2d and 3d squad leaders command, “Follow Me,” and

move out to the left and right. The 1st squad executes an echelon left on the baseman and the 4th squad

executes an echelon right. The 2d squad forms an echelon left on the last man of the 1^st squad. The 3d squad

forms an echelon right on the last man of the 4th squad. This completes the wedge formation. (see Figure 3-

21)

FIGURE 3-21. Platoon Wedge Formation With Four Squads.

7. Platoon Wedge Formation With General Support.

a. General Support.

(1) Command. "Platoon Wedge, 2d and 3d Squads in Support, Move."

(2) Execution. The command for forming a platoon wedge formation with two squads in support is

“Platoon Wedge, 2d and 3d Squads in Support, Move.” The 1st and 4th squads execute the wedge while

the 2d and 3d squads remain in column formation. (see FIGURE 3-22)

FIGURE 3-22. Platoon Wedge Formation With Four Squads

b. Platoon Wedge Formation With Lateral Support.

(1) Command. Platoon Wedge, 2d and 3d Squads in Lateral Support, Move."

(2) Execution. The 1st and 4th squads execute the wedge while the 2d and 3d squads stand fast. After

the 1st and 4th squads have cleared the column, the 2d and 3d squad leaders command, “Follow Me,”

and move out to the left and right. The 2d squad forms a column formation behind the last man of the

1st squad. The 3d squad forms a column formation behind the last man of the 4th squad. (see Figure 3-

23)

and 3d Squads, Lateral Support, Move." To have the 2d and 3d squads join the wedge from general or

lateral support, the platoon leader commands, “2d and 3d Squads, Extend the Wedge, Move." The 2d

and 3d squad leaders command, “Follow Me,” and move out to the left and right to extend the wedge on

the 1st and 4th squads.

Figure 3-23. Platoon Wedge Formation With 2d and 3d Squads in Lateral Support

c. Platoon Wedge Formation With Direct Support.

(1) Command. Platoon Wedge, 2d and 3d Squads in Direct Support, Move."

(2) Execution. The command for forming a platoon wedge with two squads in direct support is

“Platoon Wedge, 2d and 3d Squads in Direct Support, Move." The 1st and 4th squads execute a wedge.

The 2d and 3d squads execute a wedge and close in on the leading wedge. The members in the

supporting wedge cover the intervals between members in the leading wedge. To do this, the squad and

team leaders of the 1st and 4th squads must take two steps to the rear to allow space for the 2d and 3d

squads to move into place. After seeing the squad and team leaders move back from the line, the 2d and

3d squad leaders command, “Follow Me,” and lead their squads into position. To move the 2d and 3d

squads back to general support, the platoon leader commands, “2d and 3d Squads Support, Move."

Then the 2d and 3d squads move to their general support positions. (see Figure 3-24)

(3) To assemble a platoon from a platoon wedge with direct support, the procedure is the same as that

of a platoon wedge, except that the 2d squad assembles first, followed by the 3d, 1st, and 4th squads.

FIGURE 3-24. Platoon Wedge Formation With 2d and 3d Squads in Direct Support

d. Platoon Wedge Formation With One Support Squad.

(1) Command. Platoon Wedge, 3d Squad in Support, Move."

(2) Execution. The 1st squad moves out and executes a squad wedge. The 2d and 4th squads form

echelons left and right on the 1st squad. The 3d squad remains in the column formation.

8. Platoon Diamond and Circle Formations.

a. Command. "Platoon Diamond (or Circle), Move."

b. Execution. On the command of execution, the 1st squad leader moves the baseman to the location

indicated by the squad leader. The baseman becomes the 12 o’clock position. The 1st squad lines up to the

left of the baseman covering the 9 to 12 o’clock positions. The 4th squad aligns themselves to the right of

the baseman covering the 12 to 3 o’clock positions. The 3d squad aligns itself covering the 3 to 6 o’clock

positions. The 2d squad aligns itself covering the 6 to 9 o’clock positions.

c. To assemble a platoon from a platoon diamond or circle formation, the HQ element uses the same

procedures as that of a line formation. The 1st squad leads the platoon back to the AA followed by the 2d,

3d, and 4th squads. The squads fall into a column formation as they file back to the AA.

9. Assembling a Platoon.

a. Command. "Platoon Assemble, Move."

b. Execution. The platoon leader moves out to the rear of his platoon. As he gives his preparatory

command, he points to the location at which the platoon is to assemble. If he does not point, the platoon

assembles directly in front of its present location. Immediately following the platoon leader's preparatory

command, the squad leaders move to the head of their respective squads and command FOLLOW ME. At

the command of execution, the squads follow their respective squad leaders to their appropriate positions to

form a platoon column.

10. Relief Elements in Place. During crowd control operations, the platoon leader may rotate his squads to give

them a rest. He is not limited to using only those squads specified in the preceding examples as the lead

elements of the formations. He can replace the base elements by commanding direct support to the 1st squad

and then directing the 1st squad into general support. The support element (the 2d squad) then passes through

the 1st squad. Once, the 2d squad is formed directly behind the 1st squad, the 1st squad leader commands,

“Right Face." The members of the 1st squad do a right-face movement and the 2d squad steps quickly though

the 1st squad and forms the base formation. The 1st squad leader then commands, “Follow Me,” and leads his

squad to the general support position. This procedure is often necessary when protective masks are used and

chemical irritants employed. The 1st squad then replaces the 3d squad in the same manner. Platoons

participating in company operations are relieved in the same manner.

11. Three -Squad Platoon Formations.

a. General.

(1) Platoon headquarters should consist of the following individuals:

(a) Platoon Leader.

(b) Platoon Sergeant.

(2) When directed by the platoon leader, other persons, such as marksman, interpreters, RCA dispenser

operators, and firefighters may added to or become a part of the platoon headquarters.

(3) In forming all control force formations from the column, the platoon leader moves to the right of the

platoon and faces them when giving his commands. He gives the hand-and-arm signal and the

preparatory command. On the command of execution “Move,” he points to the approximate location

where he wants the platoon to form. The platoon leader pauses between the preparatory command and

the command of execution to allow each squad leader to issue a preparatory command to his squad.

b. Platoon Line Formation.

(1) Command. "Platoon on Line, Move."

(2) Execution. Immediately following the platoon leader's preparatory command, the squad leaders of

the 1st and 3d squads give the command, “Follow Me.” The leader of the 2d squad gives the command,

“Stand Fast.” On the platoon leader's command of execution, the 1st and 3d squads move forward to the

point designated by the platoon leader. The 1st team member of the 1st squad is the baseman for the

platoon formation. The 1st squad forms a squad line to the left of the baseman while the 3d squad forms

a squad line to the right of the baseman and dresses with the 1st squad. After the 1st and 3d squads have

cleared the platoon, the 2d squad leader gives the command, “Follow Me.” The 2d squad splits and the

A and B teams form a line to the right of the 3d squad. (see Figure 3-25)

(3) Assembling form a platoon Line Formation. When assembling the platoon from the platoon line

formation, the platoon leader and his HQ personnel take a position to the rear of the platoon. He then

gives the command, “Platoon Assemble,” while raising his right arm and making a circular motion

above his head. Platoon members automatically assume the port arms position. The 1st squad leader and

the baseman do an about face. The 3d squad leader moves to the head of his squad. All other members

do an about-face movement toward the baseman. On the platoon leader's command of execution, the

platoon leader points to where he wants the platoon to assemble. The 1st squad leader gives the

command, “Follow Me,” and moves his squad toward the AA. The squad moves to make a single file

line to the baseman position followed by the C team of the 2d squad. As the 1st squad clears the

baseman position, the 2d squad leader comes to a halt at the baseman position. The 3d squad leader

gives the command, “Follow Me,” and leads his squad to the AA followed by the A and B teams of the

2d squad. The A team leader of the 2d squad comes to a halt at the baseman position. Once the 3d

squad has cleared the baseman position, the 2d squad leader gives the command, “Follow Me,” and

leads his squad to the AA. The 2d squad reassembles into their original column formation as they move

to the AA. As the 1st squad comes to a halt (facing the crowd) in the AA, the 3d squad dresses with the

1st squad and leaves space for the 2d squad to return to its place in the formation. Once the platoon is

formed into a column formation, HQ personnel take their position in the formation. The PSG then gives

the command, “Counter-column March,” and moves the platoon to the rally point.

Figure 3-25. Platoon Line Formation

c. Platoon Line Formation with General Support.

(1) Command. “Platoon Line, 2d Squads in Support, Move.”

(2) Execution. The 1st and 3d squads of the platoon line with general support execute the line, while

the 2d squad remains in the column. To assemble a platoon with a squad in general support, the

procedure is the same as the platoon line, except that the 1st and 3d squads dress with the 2d squad.

FIGURE 3-26. Platoon Line Formation With General Support

d. Platoon Line Formation With Lateral Support.

(1) Command. “Platoon Line, 2d Squad in Lateral Support, Move.”

(2) Execution. The 1st and 3d squads execute the line as before, and the 2d squad stands fast. After the

line has been formed, the 2d squad leader gives the command, “Follow Me.” The A and B teams move

to the right flank while the squad leader and the C team move to the left flank of the formation. The 2d

squad forms columns behind the last men on the line formation. If no direction is given, the 2d squad

splits to cover both flanks. A squad may be used to cover one flank by giving the command, “2d Squad

Right (or Left) Lateral Support” (see Figure 3-27).

(3) The 2d squad may be moved from general to lateral support at any time by the platoon leader. The

platoon leader commands, “2d Squad, Lateral Support, Move.” To have the 2d squad join the line from

either support position, the platoon leader commands, “2d Squad, Extend the Line, Move.” The 2d

squad leader commands “Follow Me.” On the command of execution, the squads set up individual lines,

closing and dressing on the existing line. To assemble the platoon from a platoon

FIGURE 3-27 Platoon Line Formation With Lateral Support (Right)

e. Platoon Line Formation With Direct Support.

(1) Command. “Platoon Line, 2d Squad in Direct Support, Move.”

(2) Execution. The 1st and 3d squads execute a line as before. The 2d squad executes a squad line

directly to the rear and centered on the 1st line. The men in the supporting line cover the intervals

between the men in the 1st line. To do this, the squad and team leaders of the 1st and 3d squads must

take two steps to the rear to allow space for the 2d squad to move into place. After seeing the squad and

team leader move back from the line, the 2d squad leader commands, “Follow Me,” and leads his squad

into position (see Figure 3-28).

(3) To assemble a platoon with direct support, the procedure is the same as the platoon line, except that

the 2d squad moves to the AA first. To assemble the support squads from any position to general

support, the platoon leader commands, “2d Squad in Support, Move.” The 2d squad then returns to a

column behind the line formed by the other two squads.

Figure 3-28. Platoon Line Formation With Direct Support

f. Platoon Echelon Right and Left Formations.

(1) Command. “Platoon Echelon Right, Move.”

(2) Execution. After the platoon leader's preparatory command, the squad leader of the 1st squad

commands, “Follow Me.” The squad leaders of the 2d and 3d squads command, “Stand Fast.” On the

command of execution, the 1st squad moves out and executes an echelon right at the location designated

by the platoon leader. As the 1st squad clears the column, the 3d and 2d squads extend the echelon. The

2d squad performs support to this formation in the same ways it supports a line formation.

(3) The command for forming a platoon echelon left is “Platoon Echelon Left, Move.” The platoon

echelon right is formed in the same manner as the echelon left. (Figures 3-29, 3-30 and 3-31 show

support formations in a left echelon).

(4) Assembly. To assemble the platoon, the commander takes his position to the rear of the formation

with the platoon HQ. On the preparatory command, “Platoon Assemble,” the 1st squad leader does an

about-face movement while all other members assume the port arms position and face the baseman. On

the command, “Move,” the 1st squad moves first, followed by the 3d and 2d squads. Each squad dresses

with the 1st squad as it reaches the AA. The assembly of the echelon right formation is the same as the

echelon left.

Figure 3-29. Platoon Echelon Left Formation

Figure 3-31. Platoon Echelon Left Formation With 2d Squad in Lateral Support.

Figure 3-32. Platoon Left with 2d squad in Direct Support.

g. Platoon Wedge Formation.

(1) Command. “Platoon Wedge, Move.”

(2) Execution. After the platoon leader's preparatory command, the squad leaders of the 1st and 3d

squads command, “Follow Me.” At the same time, the 2d squad leader commands, “Stand Fast.” On

the platoon leader's command of execution, the 1st and 4th squads move directly to the front. The 1st

squad executes an echelon left on the baseman while the 3d squad executes an echelon right. When the

last man of the 1st and 4th squads clear the 2d squad, the 2d squad leader commands, “Follow Me,” and

moves out to the left and right. The 2d squad splits and the A and B teams go to the right and the C

team goes to the left to extend the formation (see Figure 3-33).

(3) Assembly of the wedge formation is the same as the platoon line.

Figure 3-34. Platoon wedge Formation with 2d Squad in General Support.

i. Platoon Wedge Formation with Lateral Support.

(1) Command. “Platoon Wedge, 2d Squad in Lateral Support, Move.”

(2) Execution. The 1st and 3d squads execute the wedge while the 2d squad stands fast. After the 1st

and 3d squads have cleared the column, the 2d squad leader commands, “Follow Me.” If no direction is

given, the 2d squad splits to cover both flanks. A squad may be used to cover one flank by commanding,

“2d Squad Right (or Left) Lateral Support” (see Figures 3-35 and 3-36).

(3) To move the 2d squad from general support to lateral support, the platoon leader commands, “2d

Squad, Lateral Support, Move.” To have the 2d squad join the wedge from general or lateral support,

the platoon leader commands, “2d Squad, Extend the Wedge, Move.” To extend the wedge, the 2d

squad splits and the teams move to the left and right, respectively.

individuals in the leading wedge (see Figure 3-37).

Figure 3-37. Platoon Wedge Formation with 2d Squad in Direct Support.

k. Platoon Diamond and Circle Formations.

(1) Command. “Platoon Diamond (or Circle), Move.”

(2) Execution. On the command of execution, the 1^st squad leader moves the baseman to the place

indicated by the squad leader. The baseman becomes the 12 o’clock position while the 1st squad lines

up to the left of the baseman covering the 8 to 12 o’clock positions. The 3d squad aligns itself to the

right of the baseman, covering the 12 to 4 o’clock positions and the 2d squad aligns itself, covering the 4

to 8 o’clock positions (see Figures 3-38 and 3-39).

(3) To assemble from a platoon diamond or circle formation, the HQ element takes the same steps as

that of a line formation. The 1st squad leads the platoon back to the AA followed by the 2d and 3d

squads. Squads fall into a column formation as they file back to the AA.

Figure 3-38. Platoon Diamond Formation.

Figure 3-39. Platoon Circle Formation.

l. Assembling a Platoon. A 3-squad platoon is assembled in the same manner as a 4-squad platoon.

PART E - Company Formations

1. Company Headquarters.

a. Personnel. The company commander may use as many personnel as needed for his headquarters;

however, it is advantageous to use as few as possible. Personnel not in formation and not with the company

commander may be used to secure vehicles, or they may remain at the unit's administrative area. Minimum

personnel to accompany the company commander should be a messenger (radio operator) and a selected

marksman.

b. Equipment. The company commander should have the following equipment:

(1) Communications to maintain contact within his unit and with next higher headquarters.

(2) Sufficient transportation to keep an adequate amount of supplies available, such as crowd control

agent munitions.

(3) Loudspeaker or other voice amplifying equipment.

2. Designating Locations of Formations. When the company commander orders his company into crowd

control formations from the column, he moves out to the left or right near the head of the column, where he can

be seen by his platoon leaders, and faces the company. As he gives his preparatory command, he points to the

approximate location for the formation. If he does not indicate a location, the company forms immediately to

the front of the leading platoon.

3. Company Line In-Depth.

a. Command. "Company Line in Depth, Move."

b. Execution. After the company commander’s preparatory command, each platoon leader gives the

command, “Platoon Line.” The squad leaders follow with their commands to their squads to form the

platoon line. ON the command of execution, each platoon establishes a platoon line immediately to its front.

(see Figure 3-40)

c. If the 3d platoon is called on to support the company line, it moves forward and takes up a position

directly behind the 2d platoon in the same manner. Platoon leaders and PSGs help each other in controlling

the company.

FIGURE 3-40. Company Line in Depth Formation.

4. Company Line in Mass.

a. Command. "Company Line in Mass, Move."

b. Execution. The company line in mass is the same as a company line with both platoons in direct support.

Instead of forming it in stages, the company commander indicates his desire for this formation in his initial

command. The platoons each form a line and the 2d and 3d platoons close on the 1st platoon without

further command. (see Figure 3-41)

FIGURE 3-41. Company Line in Mass Formation

5. Company Line with Support. In company formations, the 1st platoon usually forms the lead element and the

2d and 3d platoons provide support (see Figures 3-42, 3-43, and 3-44). The support platoons can be employed

in the same manner as the support squads in platoon formations. One platoon can be relieved from the lead

element by another platoon while in formation by having a support platoon pass through the lead platoon.

FIGURE 3-42. Company Line in Mass Formation with One Platoon in Depth

FIGURE 3-43. Company Line in Mass Formation with One Platoon in Lateral Support.

FIGURE 3-44. Company Line, One Platoon in Lateral Support

and One Platoon in General Support.

6. Company Echelon and Wedge Formations. The company echelon (right or left) and company wedge are

formed in the same manner and with the same variations as the company line (see Figures 3-45 through 3-52).

FIGURE 3-50. Company Wedge Formation with One Platoon in

Lateral Support and One Platoon in General Support.

FIGURE 3-51. Company Wedge Formation With One Platoon in

Lateral Support and One Platoon in General Support

7. Assembling a Company. A company assembles from a crowd control formation in the same manner as a

platoon or a squad does. However, due to the size of company formations, the commander must consider the

area that the company is operating in when he assembles the company. If he follows the guidelines of platoon

assembly, he will have no difficulty. When assembling the company, the commander takes a position to the

rear of the formation and commands, “Company Assemble.” The platoon leaders take charge of their respective

platoons. Usually, the 3d platoon assembles first, just behind the formation. After the 3d platoon is assembled,

the 2d platoon assembles in front of the 3d platoon and the 1st platoon assembles in front of the 2d. All platoons

assemble facing the commander. The 2d and 3d platoons then dress with the 1st platoon. As each platoon is

assembled, they are ordered to port arms by the platoon leader to await further orders from the commander. If

four platoons are used, the 4th platoon assembles first.

8. Company and Platoon Formations With Vehicles..

a. When encountering large riotous groups, it may be helpful to use vehicles with foot Soldiers in crowd

control formations. While vehicles add strength to formations, certain safeguard measures should be taken.

(1) Windshields of vehicles may be in upright positions, removed, or completely depressed. If

windshields are of safety glass, they offer some protection in an upright position to front seat occupants

with minimum danger of injury from glass fragments.

(2) Shields or mobile barriers may be constructed by mounting a wooden or metal frame strung with

barbed wire across the front of a vehicle.

(3) Foot Soldiers in formation should walk as near the front corners of each vehicle as possible to

prevent rioters from attacking the sides or rear of the vehicles.

b. Armored vehicles should be used when available and practicable because of their psychological effect

and the protection they afford their occupants.

(1) Vehicles should be used only in conjunction with foot Soldiers.

(2) Whenever vehicles and foot Soldiers are used, the commander of the foot Soldiers commands the

unit. He joins the leader of the motor section in the command (number 1) vehicle where he has a

position of vantage (see Figure 3-51). In every instance, his commands are carried out through the

subordinate leaders

(3) If possible, headquarters personnel should travel with the commander.

time, the 3d and 4th vehicles swing out to the left and right. They form to the left and right and slightly

to the rear of vehicle number two. The 1st and 4th squads of the lead platoon then move forward and

form lines to the left and right, on the front end of vehicle number two. As soon as the troops are in

position, the 3d and 4th vehicles close in on the squads and tighten the formation. The 2d and 3d squads

of the lead platoon then form a line to the left and right of the 3d and 4th vehicles to complete the

company line. The command vehicle (vehicle number one) takes up a position behind the line where the

commander can direct and control the unit. The 2d and 3d platoons move forward and are used in

general, lateral, or direct support. In some instances, foot troops move into position first and vehicles

join the formation, as needed. (see Figures 3-52, 3-53, 3-54, 3-55, 3-56, 3-57, and 3-58 for types of

vehicles formations)

9. Echelon or Wedge. To form a company echelon or a company wedge with vehicles, the company follows

the same procedures used for company formations without vehicles. Vehicles are moved into the appropriate

positions using procedures similar to those used for a company line.

10. Assembling Foot Soldiers and Vehicles. To assemble troops and vehicles, the command vehicle moves to a

position behind the formation. The commander faces the formation and gives the vehicle section the signal for

assembly. Immediately, the vehicles return to their proper positions in column formation behind the command

vehicle while the troops stand fast.

11. Variations of Formations. Many suitable variations to the formations described and illustrated above may

be used, and appropriate commands and signals may be devised to carry them out. Because of the somewhat

complicated nature and coordination required in these formations, however, new variations should be practiced

extensively before they are used in actual riot situations.

FIGURE 3-52. Company Line Formation With Vehicles

and Two Platoons in General Support.

Military reference books and manuals (2009-2023, Volume 6) - page 19