Главная Manuals FM 3-11.5 MULTISERVICE TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES FOR CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL, AND NUCLEAR DECONTAMINATION (April 2006)
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Table D-1. Decontamination Procedures for Specific Surfaces and Materials (Continued)
Surface or
Types of Contamination and How to Decontaminate
Material
Chemical
Biological
Radiological
Grass: fields,
Weather.
Weather.
Earthmoving (removal): Try
low
Burn.
Burn.
to control contaminated
vegetation,
dust, as equipment may
Spray with an STB slurry from the
Weather (remain masked).
and open
become contaminated.
PDDE.
Wet with water (will help
terrain
Consider waste disposal.
Cover with STB (pure form or dry
prevent secondary
Sealing (with earth):
mix).
aerosols, but does not
Equipment may become
Explode drums of STB.
decontaminate).
contaminated.
Clear paths through the area using
Pour, spray, or spread oil on
detonating cord or other
the surface (suppresses
detonating devices.
dust and associated
reaerosolization).
For critical, but limited,
areas:
• Spray with an STB slurry
from the PDDE.
• Apply 2% household
bleach solution.
Undergrowth:
Weather.
Weather (remain masked).
Earthmoving (removal): Try
tall grass,
Burn (may cause a downwind vapor
Wet with water (will help
to control contaminated
meadows,
hazard).
prevent secondary
dust, as equipment may
jungles, and
aerosols, but does not
become contaminated.
Spray STB slurry with a PDDE.
forests
decontaminate).
Consider waste disposal.
Explode drums of STB.
Pour, spray, or spread oil on
Sealing (with earth):
Clear a path with detonating cord,
the surface (suppresses
Equipment may become
bangalore torpedoes, or
dust and associated
contaminated.
demolition snakes.
reaerosolization).
For critical, but limited,
areas:
• Spray with an STB slurry
from the PDDE.
• Apply 2% household
bleach solution.
Sand:
Weather.
Weather (remain masked).
Earthmoving (removal): Try
beaches and
Flush with water.
Wet with water (will help
to control contaminated
deserts
prevent secondary
dust, as equipment may
Spread STB (pure form) or spray
aerosols, but does not
become contaminated.
STB slurry over the surface.
decontaminate).
Consider waste disposal.
Cover paths with roofing paper.
Pour, spray, or spread oil on
Sealing (with earth):
Scrape off 2 to 4 inches of the
the surface (suppresses
Equipment may become
contaminated top layer.
dust and associated
contaminated.
reaerosolization).
For critical, but limited,
areas:
• Spray with an STB slurry
from the PDDE.
• Apply 2% household
bleach solution.
4 April 2006
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
D-3
Table D-1.
Decontamination Procedures for Specific Surfaces and Materials (Continued)
Surface or
Types of Contamination and How to Decontaminate
Material
Chemical
Biological
Radiological
Fabrics:
Cotton:
Cotton:
Brushing removes
canvas,
NOTE: Do not use for MOPP
Boil in water for 15 minutes.
contamination dust, but it
gear.
Immerse in a 2% household
presents a dust hazard to
covers,
tarpaulins,
Immerse in boiling, soapy water
bleach solution for 30
personnel.
tentage, mask
for 1 hour (1 pound of soap to
minutes and rinse
Laundering is the most
carriers, web
10 gallons of water) and stir.
immediately.
practical procedure;
gear, and
Use a 5% sodium carbonate
Launder (destroys or
however, the fabric may
clothing
solution for G agents.
inactivates all but highly
shrink. Try to control
Immerse in boiling water for 1
resistant spores).
waste.
hour.
Launder by standard methods.
Woolen:
Use STB slurry.
Launder (fabric may shrink).
Weather, except for V agents.
Woolen:
Immerse in warm, soapy water
(100oF) for 1 hour or longer with
light agitation.
Dry items slowly because the
fabric may shrink.
Leather: boots,
Scrub with hot, soapy water and
Immerse in a 2% household
Brush.
gloves, belts,
rinse.
bleach solution for 30
Flush with water or soapy
and other
Immerse in warm, soapy water at
minutes, followed by a
water.
nonsensitive
120°F for 4 hours and rinse.
water rinse and aeration.
items
Equipment that should not
Use a 5% sodium carbonate
solution for G agents.
be immersed can be wiped
with hypochlorite or
Aerate.
peracetic acid.
Glass windows
Use an IEDK.
Use an IEDK.
Use an IEDK.
and other
Wash with hot, soapy water.
Clean with chlorine or
Wash with a detergent.
glass surfaces
peracetic acid solutions.
Rinse with clear water or an
Flush with water.
(except
organic solvent.
Wipe with solvents.
lenses)
Blot off the surface.
Air.
Weather.
Glass lenses
Wash with hot, soapy water.
Wipe with alcohol or
Brush or wipe (be careful so
Rinse with clear water or an
hypochlorite, and remove
as not to scratch the lens).
organic solvent.
it quickly with soap and
Use compressed air to blow
water.
the contamination from
Blot off the surface.
the surface.
Air.
Weather.
Metal
Wipe with soapy water.
Wipe with a 2% household
Brush or wipe.
(unpainted)
Wipe with organic solvent and dry.
bleach solution.
ammunition
Aerate.
Aerate.
Metal
Wipe with soapy water.
Weather.
Brush or wipe.
(unpainted)
Wipe with organic solvent and dry.
Clean with soapy water.
Wash with a detergent.
machinery
Aerate.
Flush with water.
D-4
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
4 April 2006
Table D-1. Decontamination Procedures for Specific Surfaces and Materials (Continued)
Surface or
Types of Contamination and How to Decontaminate
Material
Chemical
Biological
Radiological
Metal (painted)
Use IEDK to decontaminate
Weather.
Brush or wipe.
vehicles,
individual gear.
Wash with a detergent.
Wash.
weapons, and
Weather.
Steam-clean using a
Use organic solvents,
equipment
Wash with hot, soapy water and
detergent.
caustic agents (not on
rinse.
Apply STB slurry.
aluminum or magnesium
Spray with STB slurry from the
surfaces), complexing
PDDE, remove it in 1 hour, and
agents (of small value on
oil the surface.
weathered surfaces), or
abrasives.
Wood: buildings,
Apply STB slurry with the PDDE,
Weather.
Wash the interior with large
vehicle bodies,
brooms, or swabs.
Apply STB slurry.
amounts of water (some
boxes, crates,
Let the slurry remain 12 to 24
Apply detrochlorite to
contamination may soak
and similar
hours then flush the surface
vertical surfaces; leave it
into surfaces of unpainted
items
with water. Repeat the
on at least 30 minutes,
wood).
application, and flush it again.
and then flush it with
Wipe the contamination from
Scrub with hot, soapy water and
water.
the surface.
rinse.
Weather.
Plastics
Aerate.
Wipe with hypochlorite or
Wipe or brush.
(opaque):
Wash with hot, soapy water and
peracetic acid.
Wash with a detergent.
insulation,
rinse.
Flush with water.
telephones,
Weather.
and panel
boards
Plastics
Aerate.
Wipe with alcohol or
Wipe or brush.
(transparent):
Wash with hot, soapy water and
hypochlorite, and remove
Wash with a detergent.
eyepieces and
rinse.
it quickly with soap and
Flush with water.
airplane
water.
Weather.
canopies
Unsealed
Use a mild, evaporative solvent
Use a mild, evaporative
Wipe or brush.
electronic
such as alcohol.
solvent such as alcohol.
Use hot-air blowers.
equipment
Use a mild detergent and water.
Use a mild detergent and
Rinse with distilled water.
water.
Keep the solution out of
Rinse with distilled water.
adjustable switches,
Keep the solution out of
connectors, and relays.
adjustable switches,
Use hot-air blowers.
connectors, and relays.
Use hot-air blowers.
Rubber
Immerse in soapy water (just
Immerse in a 2% household
Brush.
(impermeable):
below the boiling point) for 1
bleach solution for 30
Scrub or flush with water or
aprons, suits,
hour. Do not agitate. Rinse
minutes, followed by a
soapy water.
and other
with clear water, and hang to
water rinse and aeration.
items
dry.
Equipment that should not
Use a 10% sodium carbonate
be immersed can be
solution for G agents, rinse,
wiped with hypochlorite or
and air.
peracetic acid.
Apply hot, soapy water with
brushes and rinse.
Spray with an STB slurry from the
PDDE.
Wash off with clear water after a
few minutes.
4 April 2006
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
D-5
Table D-1. Decontamination Procedures for Specific Surfaces and Materials (Continued)
Surface or
Types of Contamination and How to Decontaminate
Material
Chemical
Biological
Radiological
Rubber (natural
Aerate.
Immerse in a 2% household
Brush.
and synthetic):
Spray with a 10% mixture of HTH
bleach solution for 30
Scrub or flush with water or
gloves and
and rinse.
minutes, followed by a
soapy water.
boots
water rinse and aeration.
Immerse in STB slurry for 4
hours, rinse, and dry.
Equipment that should not
be immersed can be
Use an IEDK in emergencies.
wiped with hypochlorite or
peracetic acid.
Rubber: mask
Use an IEDK in emergencies.
Use an alcohol or peracetic
Brush.
facepieces and
Wash with warm, soapy water.
acid wipe followed by
Scrub or flush with water or
other rubber
aeration for 10 minutes.
soapy water.
articles coming
in direct
contact with
the skin
Rubber: tires,
Aerate.
Immerse in a 2% household
Brush.
hoses, mats,
Spray with a 10% mixture of HTH
bleach solution for 30
Scrub or flush with water or
and insulation
and rinse.
minutes, followed by a
soapy water.
Apply an STB slurry. Allow the
water rinse and aeration.
slurry to remain on the surface
Equipment that should not
at least 30 minutes, and then
be immersed can be
flush with clear water (may be
wiped with hypochlorite or
left on tires).
peracetic acid.
Apply hot, soapy water.
Weather.
Water
Use trained water purification
Boil small amounts for 15
Flocculation (requires
personnel to decontaminate.
minutes. (Boiling will not
special chemicals to
inactivate some toxins.)
remove suspended
Treat with chlorine or iodine
matter).
tablets.
Ion exchange (removes
Pass water through a
radians from solution).
reverse osmosis system.
Mess gear,
Immerse in boiling, soapy water
Wash in hot, soapy water,
Wash with soap and water,
canned rations,
for 30 minutes and rinse.
and rinse in chlorine
and then rinse.
and food
Immerse in boiling water for 30
solution.
Brush, and then wipe
(canned,
minutes.
Boil in water for 15 minutes
contamination from
bottled, or
(does not kill toxins or
surfaces and containers.
Wash in hot, soapy water; rinse;
protected by
anthrax spores).
and air.
impermeable
Immerse in peracetic acid
container)
solution, rinse, and aerate.
Food (not canned
Do not consume food that is
Boil in water for 15 minutes.
Wash or trim contamination
or protected by
suspected of being
Cook food thoroughly.
from unpackaged food.
impermeable
contaminated with chemical
Immerse in or spray with a
container)
agents until approved by
2% household bleach
veterinary personnel.
solution. (Packaged food
or food that is peeled or
pared can be immersed
or sprayed with the
solution.)
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FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
4 April 2006
Table D-1. Decontamination Procedures for Specific Surfaces and Materials (Continued)
Surface or
Types of Contamination and How to Decontaminate
Material
Chemical
Biological
Radiological
Paper currency
Destroy by burning. Do not
Destroy by burning. Do not
Destroy by burning. Do not
decontaminate.
decontaminate.
decontaminate.
Coins
Wipe with soapy water.
Aerate.
Brush or wipe.
Wipe with an organic solvent.
Expose to UV rays.
Wash with a detergent.
Wash with soapy water.
Flush with water.
Wipe with a 2% household
bleach solution.
4 April 2006
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
D-7
THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK.
Appendix E
SPECIAL DECONTAMINATION CONSIDERATIONS
1.
Background
This appendix addresses decontamination considerations for sensitive equipment,
munitions, CBRN munitions disposal, sample transfer and processing, DU, radioactive
isotopes, and contaminated remains.
2.
Vulnerable/Sensitive Equipment
Most military equipment has not been critically assessed for its ability to withstand
decontamination without adverse effects. As more materiel testing is done, specific
decontamination instructions will be included in the applicable TMs/TOs for all types of
equipment. We know that some equipment is extremely vulnerable to damage when
subjected to decontamination. The decontamination of equipment containing vulnerable
components presents certain challenges. Electronics and optics are especially vulnerable to
damage if not carefully decontaminated. Some materials, such as canvas and rubber, tend
to absorb chemical agents. As a result, decontaminating absorbent surfaces is extremely
difficult, if not impossible. Many decontaminants are highly corrosive and cannot be used
on certain materials. They may also corrode and render ammunition unserviceable.
CAUTION
Do not subject vulnerable equipment to
unnecessary decontamination.
a.
Electronics. Moisture, dust, and corrosive decontamination materials can
damage unsealed electronic equipment circuitry. Most field electronic equipment is
watertight for environmental protection. This also provides good protection against CBRN
contamination. Contamination will probably not penetrate gasket-equipped protective
covers and sealed components on electronic equipment; but if exposed, the contaminants
may be present on the outside of cases containing the electronic equipment. Wipe down the
outside portions of the equipment case with a designated decontaminant. After
decontaminating the outside, wipe down the equipment with water or an approved solvent
to remove traces of decontaminant solutions. If equipment seals appear damaged or the
penetration of CBRN contamination into the inside of the equipment is suspected, then the
unit should be treated as if it was unsealed. Under no circumstances should electronic
equipment be immersed in a decontaminant solution or subjected to high-pressure
application of decontaminant solutions. The following high-value electronic equipment
presents examples of items that would be damaged by corrosives:
•
Joint, Helmet-Mounted Cueing System.
•
AN/PVS-4 night vision goggles.
•
AN/TVS-5A night vision goggles.
•
AN/PVS-7B night vision goggles.
•
M12 range finder.
4 April 2006
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
E-1
•
Tow sight.
•
M49 telescope.
•
AN/TAS-5 Thermal Imagery System.
•
AN/TAS-6 night vision sight, Thermal Imagery System.
•
AN/GRC-160 radio set.
•
AN/MRC-69 radio-telephone set.
•
AN/PRC-119 radio set.
•
AN/PRC-139 radio set.
•
AN/TRC-68 radio set.
•
AN/VRC-12 radio set.
•
AN/VRC-87 radio set.
•
AN/VRC-92 radio set.
•
AN/VRC-87 Single-Channel, Ground and Airborne Radio System (SINCGARS).
•
AN/VRC-92 SINGARS.
(1)
For chemical contamination, use M100 sorbent on metal electronic cases.
For biological agents, wipe the equipment exterior with a cloth and hot, soapy water or use
a miscellaneous decontaminant (see Appendix C). If contamination is not extensive, use the
M295 decontamination kit.
(2)
Corrosive decontaminants should never be used on unsealed electronic
equipment. This type of equipment is often found inside shelter assemblies and helicopters.
Refer to the appropriate TMs or TOs for acceptable decontamination procedures for
unsealed electronic equipment.
(3)
For radiological contamination, brush, wipe, or vacuum contamination from
equipment. The contamination is not destroyed, just moved from one place to another. So,
control the runoff and treat it as a hazardous substance.
b.
Optics. Optical systems are extremely vulnerable to decontamination materials
that might scratch or adversely affect the lenses. Wipe optical systems with a soft,
nonabrasive material such as a lens-cleaning tissue, cotton wadding, or a soft cloth dipped
in hot, soapy water. Wipe the optical system with decontaminants. Do not immerse it.
(1)
Hot, soapy water is the preferred decontaminant for chemical and biological
contamination. The M291 SDK may be used if hot, soapy water is not available.
NOTE: Do not use the M295 IEDK. It contains an abrasive sorbent, which may
damage the optics.
(2)
Radiological contamination should be blown off with a stream of air or
wiped off with hot, soapy water. Rinse the surface by wiping with a sponge dipped in clean
water.
c.
Ammunition. Decontaminate contaminated ammunition with cool, soapy water.
Apply with a PDDE, brushes, mops, rags, or brooms. Cool, soapy water is the preferred
decontaminant for all types of contamination on ammunition.
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FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
4 April 2006
CAUTION
Do not use STB on ammunition. It removes critical
markings from ammunition. It may also corrode and render
ammunition unserviceable. Do not use nonstandard
decontaminants that are corrosive. They also may remove
critical markings from the ammunition.
d.
Supplies.
(1)
Canvas Items. Some materials, such as canvas, tend to absorb chemical
agents and may not be decontaminated and reused. These items include LBE and web
gear. Decontamination is difficult. It may be necessary to burn or bury them if they are
heavily contaminated with a chemical agent. Either STB dry mix or slurry may be used.
Slurry is more effective. In many cases, weathering may be the preferred decontamination
technique because scrubbing canvas frequently imbeds the contamination further and
worsens the situation. If the item must be decontaminated, boiling for 1 hour in soapy
water is the preferred decontaminant for chemical and biological contamination.
Radioactive contamination can be removed by brushing and then washing. It may also be
vacuumed. Other options for disposing of contaminated canvas should be considered
against METT-TC. CBRN protective covers protect vulnerable items, but these covers
should be buried or destroyed after use.
(2)
Subsistence and Water.
(a) Decontamination removes the contaminant and provides food that is
safe for consumption. Food salvage operations require extensive efforts to assess, identify,
and evaluate. These efforts are further compounded if food supplies are suspected of being
comprised by CBRN contaminates. Decontamination efforts require even more elaborate
procedures that impact labor, time, and supplies of operational forces. The use of
appropriate decontamination must be emphasized to fit the situation and meet the mission.
That is, decontaminate just enough to sustain operations and keep fighting, rather than
creating a contamination-free environment. Normally, decontamination efforts will be
limited to the scope and nature of the packaging and packing materials.
(b) The first critical step is to take appropriate personal precautions
before starting decontamination procedures and dividing suspected exposed food items into
groups. Based on the division of food items, the time of exposure and the possible exposure
agent may be identified. Listed below are the food groups by priority, based on the ease of
decontamination and the ability to monitor the items in question:
•
Group I. Canned or packaged items exposed only to a CW agent
vapor.
•
Group II. Canned or packaged items that are contaminated on the
outside with a liquid CW agent, a BW agent, or radioactive fallout.
•
Group III. Unpacked or poorly packaged items that have been
exposed to any CBRN agent.
•
Group IV. Food contaminated through the food chain.
4 April 2006
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
E-3
(c)
There are three levels of decontamination for subsistence. These are
individual, unit, and support levels. See FM 4-02.7 for definitive information on
subsistence decontamination.
•
Individual decontamination of subsistence is performed by each
service member on the subsistence items in his possession at the time of the attack.
Decontamination procedures are conducted as outlined in the unit tactical standard
operating procedure (TSOP) and in FM 4-02.7.
•
Unit personnel under the supervision of CBRN-trained personnel
organic to the unit perform this level of decontamination as soon as possible after a CBRN
attack and in conjunction with area decontamination procedures. Decontamination is
attempted only on subsistence items that are in original, intact containers that do not
permit or have not allowed CBRN penetration. Special decontamination requirements and
advisability of decontamination efforts are relayed to unit commanders through command
or medical channels as required.
•
Specially trained and equipped decontamination units and teams
accomplish support levels of decontamination. This is accomplished at major subsistence
storage facilities and areas, such as the general support (GS) Class I activities in the
theater. Medical personnel advise on technical matters pertaining to the decontamination
operations involving subsistence items and also monitor the decontamination results and
recovery operations.
(d) Contaminated water must not be used until it has been treated by
quartermaster water production and distribution units or other equally capable water
purification units and approved for use by the medical authority. The treatment of
contaminated water requires chemicals and equipment that are only available to
specialized water purification units; individuals or units should not attempt to treat their
water. The decontamination of water is only undertaken when uncontaminated sources are
not available, and then only with the approval of the medical authority. See FM 10-52 for
details.
(3)
Painted Surfaces. Chemical agents will penetrate alkyd-painted vehicles
and will desorb small quantities of agent for hours to days (depending on certain factors,
such as temperature). However, most systems are CARC-painted. CARC-painted surfaces
significantly reduce agent penetration and are decontaminated more effectively than alkyd-
painted surfaces.
(4)
Vegetation. Vegetation also affects the persistency of chemical
contamination. When dispersed over vegetation, some of the chemical agent droplets cling
to the vegetation. This increases the surface area of agent exposed to the elements and the
rate of evaporation, but the contamination may be more dangerous because personnel may
be more likely to come into contact with the contaminated plants. In shaded woods, despite
the greater surface area covered by the agent, the reduced ambient temperature and winds
increase the persistency of the chemical agent.
3.
Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Munitions Disposal
CBRN enemy munitions or other improvised devices may be encountered. Captured
enemy CBRN munitions or agents may have sustained damage or be leaking due to
deterioration. Leaking munitions must be decontaminated, evacuated, and disposed of
safely by specialized units, such as EOD, who have properly trained personnel to perform
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FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
4 April 2006
this task. All personnel must use the applicable IPE when there is a possibility of
exposure. Notify an EOD unit for the disposal and decontamination of CBRN munitions.
4.
Sample Transfer, Evacuation, and Processing
If the decontamination unit headquarters requires a sample of the agent for
confirmation, it will be collected and packaged by the unit or activity obtaining the sample.
The sample is properly labeled, bagged, and prepared for evacuation. The sample is
evacuated according to the procedures outline in Multiservice Tactics, Techniques, and
Procedures for Biological Surveillance.
5.
Depleted-Uranium Decontamination
DU is an extremely dense metal used in munitions to penetrate heavy armor or as
protective shielding (armor packages). DU is also used as equipment components. Unfired
shells or intact DU armor does not exceed peacetime regulatory standards for personal
exposure. Unfired or intact DU does not present a health risk.
a.
DU exposure and incidents may occur anytime there is damage to the DU armor
package, a vehicle is hit with DU munitions, DU munitions are damaged, or equipment
components containing DU are damaged. The DU armor can be damaged during vehicle
maneuvers, onboard fires, maintenance activities, or ballistic impacts. DU munition
problems may occur during storage, transportation, combat, testing, or manufacturing. DU
contamination may be present on the ground in areas where equipment was destroyed or
damaged. The USAF primarily uses DU in aircraft counterbalances and in 30-millimeter
(mm) armor-piercing and incendiary munitions.
(1)
DU can present a number of hazards, depending on its physical (solid
versus particulate) and chemical forms. These hazards can be grouped into three
categories: radiological, toxicological, and pyrophoric.
(a) Radiological.
•
DU presents a radiological hazard from external and internal
radiation dose standpoints. Externally, DU and its decay products emit beta and gamma
radiations that can serve as sources of external radiation for personnel. Contact gamma
dose rates from bare DU can be 15 millirems per hour (mrem/hr), while skin contact dose
rate due to beta radiation from bare DU is approximately 238 mrem/hr.
•
Internally, insoluble DU oxide can be inhaled and deposited into the
lungs, where irradiation by alpha particles is the primary concern. In general, aircraft
counterbalances and DU penetrators used in munitions are typically covered to prevent
corrosion (oxidation). The primary groups at risk for external exposure are munitions
handlers and aircraft maintenance personnel. The primary groups at risk for internal
exposure are personnel involved with DU contamination that can potentially become
airborne and subsequently inhaled.
(b) Toxicological. Soluble forms of DU can present a significant
toxicological hazard. Like any heavy metal, DU can be ingested or inhaled into the body
and, subsequently, enter the blood stream. It may be toxic to the kidneys and other organs.
(c)
Pyrophoric. The pyrophoric hazard presented by DU is normally
associated with fine particulates of metallic DU generated during fabrication processes.
4 April 2006
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
E-5
Particulate oxides of DU are generated as a result of normal corrosive processes on exposed
DU, fires, and penetrator impact with armor, but are not pyrophoric.
(2)
Military and civilian vehicles may become contaminated with DU either as
a result of direct penetrator strikes, by traveling through a DU-contaminated environment,
or as a result of an accident or fire. Penetrators striking an armored target essentially burn
their way through the armor. As a result, DU oxide particles are formed and can be
deposited in or on the vehicle or short distances downwind (typically less than 100 yards).
The metal surrounding the DU penetration hole is generally the area of highest
contamination. The amount of DU contamination resulting from a crash of an aircraft
having DU counterbalances is dependent on its physical integrity.
(3)
Environmental media (and water) can be a receptor of contamination from
other sources (i.e., weathering of intact DU components, DU released from penetrator
strikes or fire). The level of this contamination is minor in comparison to that encountered
on vehicle surfaces, exposed counterbalance surfaces, etc. The one exception is hard-target
range operations involving DU munitions that are left exposed to oxidize and further add to
the soil contamination.
(4)
Ingestion or inhalation of DU from any form of contaminated media is the
primary hazard of concern. Taking the necessary precautions to minimize these risks
requires appropriate PPE (i.e., clothing and detection equipment) and procedures.
Required procedures and equipment will vary depending on the type of work to be
accomplished. Some common sense rules to apply when dealing with radioactive material
are—
(a) Evacuate or cordon off the area and avoid it when radioactive
contamination is present. If you must work in a contaminated environment, wear
protective equipment. Also, health monitoring or exposure control operations will be
required.
(b) Ensure that your protective equipment is operational and appropriate
for the task to be accomplished.
(c)
Do not eat, drink, or smoke in a potentially contaminated area.
(d) Roll down your sleeves, wear gloves, and cover any exposed skin areas.
This provides protection from alpha and beta radiation in the form of particles. Pay
particular attention to protecting open cuts or wounds, and wear a protective mask.
Depending on temperature, protective clothing availability, DU contamination levels, and
tasks to be performed, wear your overgarment or coveralls or roll down your sleeves and
blouse your trousers as directed by CBRN or medical personnel. Dust off your uniform
after leaving a vehicle and before removing your protective mask. Always exercise
standard field hygiene, including washing your hands and face.
(e) Limit external hazards by wiping or washing exposed areas as soon as
possible.
(f)
Minimize time, maximize distance, and maximize shielding to keep
any doses received as low as possible.
(g) Assume a DU contamination zone at 50 meters around actively
burning fires involving any armored combat vehicles or ammunition supply vehicles.
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b.
DU contamination may include DU oxides (dust), contaminated shrapnel,
munitions components, or armor components. DU primarily emits alpha particles;
however, beta, gamma, and X-ray ionizing radiation are also emitted. DU contamination
can be inhaled, ingested, or injected. DU contamination does not pose an immediate health
risk. Damaged or destroyed enemy or friendly armor vehicles may be DU-contaminated.
Unless an individual has a valid reason to enter such vehicles, he should stay away from
them. Consequently, contamination should be removed from personnel or vehicle surfaces
when directed by the unit commander based on METT-TC considerations.
c.
Visual signs that DU contamination is present include heavy, dull, black dust or
small, round holes. DU contamination can only be verified with a radiac meter. An
AN/VDR-2 (beta shield open) or AN/PDR-77 with an alpha or beta probe (flat-pancake
surface) is used to detect and measure DU contamination. These probes are included in the
radiological protection officer kit.
d.
General decontamination procedures are as follows:
•
Use a radiac meter to determine if DU contamination is present.
•
Provide protection, including appropriate clothing, for workers as directed by the
unit chemical or medical personnel.
•
Identify what is to be decontaminated.
•
Obtain necessary equipment and materials.
•
Brush, wash, or wipe off contamination with a damp cloth. Use a HEPA filter
vacuum cleaner if available.
•
Work from the outside of the contaminated area to the inside.
•
Cover fixed contamination with tape, paint, paper, plastic, or other disposable
material.
•
Use the standard double-bag-and-tag process for hazardous waste. The only
contaminated waste generated by DU will be the vacuum cleaner bags after use on multiple
vehicles.
6.
Decontamination of Specific Radioisotopes
Radiological contamination may occur in the form of one element. In this section, the
decontamination of six specific, commonly found radioactive elements is discussed. The
discussion is applicable not only to these elements but also to other elements having similar
chemical properties.
a.
Cesium. The common radioisotope of cesium is cesium-137. It emits beta and
gamma radiation, decaying to stable barium-137. Cesium-137 is widely used in gamma
sources. It occurs in these sources as cesium chloride pellets. Cesium chloride is a soluble
salt. The contamination from a sealed source leak absorbs water, becomes damp, and
creeps. Contamination from a sealed cesium source is best decontaminated by wet
procedures unless the contamination is on a porous surface, in which case, vacuuming
should precede wet procedures. Cesium is known to adsorb from solution onto glass
surfaces. The decontamination of a cesium liquid-contaminated surface is best
accomplished by wetting the surface, absorbing the solution with a rag or other absorbent
material, and rinsing the area several times with water. If the contamination persists,
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E-7
brushing and a detergent solution should be used. A cesium-contaminated solution which
has been standing for some time is best decontaminated by absorbing any remaining liquid,
treating the surface several times with water (allowing the water to stand on the surface
about 1 minute each time), and then absorbing the liquid from the surface. If the
contamination remains, further treatment depends on the surface. Metallic surfaces are
treated with strong mineral or oxidizing acids. Waxed surfaces are removed. If
contamination still persists, abrasion or other removal techniques are used.
b.
Cobalt. The common radioisotope of cobalt is cobalt-60, a beta gamma emitter.
Metallic cobalt-60 is commonly used in sealed gamma sources. Particles of cobalt dust
adhering to small articles are readily removed by ultrasonic cleaners or by dipping in a
dilute solution of nitric, hydrochloric, or sulfuric acid. Cobalt dust contamination that
exists over a large area is best removed by vacuuming. Sealed cobalt sources may leak as a
result of an electrolytic action between cobalt and the container. The result is often a
soluble cobalt salt that creeps and spreads. This is best decontaminated with a detergent
or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution, followed by treatment with mineral
acids. Contamination from solutions containing cobalt may be treated with water solutions.
c.
Plutonium. The most common isotope in which plutonium may be present as a
contaminant is plutonium-239, an alpha emitter. This isotope is present in the AN/UDM-6
calibration source. Plutonium contamination may be a result of a nuclear-weapon accident,
in which case the plutonium will be scattered as metal or oxide in a dust form. Both forms
of plutonium are insoluble. The aging of plutonium-239 contamination is impractical since
it has a 24,000-year half-life. Plutonium contamination that covers a small area is best
decontaminated by vacuuming. If contamination remains, the area should be washed with
a detergent solution. Any contamination that remains can be sealed in a protective coating
of paint, varnish, or plastic. Plutonium oxide or metal dust spread over a large area (e.g., a
field) is best decontaminated by removing the top layer of soil and disposing of it as
radioactive waste. Personnel should wear respiratory protection when decontaminating or
moving the soil.
d.
Strontium. The most common radioisotope of strontium is strontium-90, a beta
emitter. The daughter particle of strontium-90 is yttrium-90, which is also a beta emitter.
Strontium-90 and yttrium-90 are commonly used in sealed beta sources, such as the M6
source. Generally it is present as chlorine or carbonate. The chlorine is hygroscopic; it
absorbs water and creeps out of the container. This contamination is best decontaminated
by vacuuming, followed by treatment with water, complexing agent solution, and mineral
acid in that order. Contamination resulting from a dilution containing strontium is best
decontaminated by absorbing the solution and washing the area with a detergent solution.
If strontium contamination persists, the top layer of the surface should be removed by
abrasion or another removal procedure and a sealing coat should be placed over the surface.
e.
Tritium. Tritium is the radioisotope of hydrogen and is a weak beta emitter. If
it is released to an area as a gas, the best method of decontamination is to flush the area
with air. Since inhalation of tritium can present an internal hazard, personnel entering an
area containing tritium gas should wear an appropriate SCBA. Objects in an area exposed
to tritium may absorb the gas and should be disposed of if possible. They may be degassed
under a vacuum by flushing with helium or hydrogen. A cleaned surface may be
contaminated again in a matter of hours by percolation of absorbed tritium to the surface.
There is no practical way of removing tritium oxide from water due to its similarity to
natural water.
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f.
Uranium. The most probable source of uranium contamination is a
nuclear-weapon accident in which the fissionable uranium is spread as metal or oxide dust.
The common isotopes of uranium contamination are uranium-235 and uranium-238. This
metal or oxide is insoluble and is best removed from a contaminated surface by brushing or
vacuuming, treating with mineral acids or oxidizing acids, and then sealing. Large-area
uranium contamination is best decontaminated by removing the top layer of the surface or
by sealing.
7.
Contaminated-Remains Decontamination
Mortuary affairs personnel are responsible for coordinating the disposition of
contaminated remains. This includes the decontamination of remains when required.
a.
Introduction. Command responsibilities (i.e., service, combatant commander,
subordinate unit) for mortuary affairs are outlined in Joint Publication (JP) 4-06. The TTP
for processing contaminated remains are also outlined in JP 4-06.
(1)
Command mortuary affairs support plans are prepared based on
supporting the operational requirements of the command. Mortuary affairs support plans
may differ in scope, detail, objectives, and available resources between commands.
(2)
When planning the level of mortuary affairs support, consider multiple
factors, to include the possibility of searching, recovering, evacuating, and decontaminating
contaminated remains.
(3)
When a CBRN event has occurred on the battlefield, there is a possibility
that deceased personnel were exposed to contaminating agents. If the situation does not
lend itself to the determination of a hazard on an individual basis, all remains within the
affected area will be treated as if contaminated. If the theater surgeon or staff determines
that biological agents have been employed, all remains will be treated as if contaminated.
b.
Concept of the Operation. A mortuary affairs decontamination collection point
(MADCP) may become operational whenever the threat of CBRN warfare exists. The Joint
Mortuary Affairs Office (JMAO) acts as the theater central point of contact for coordination
for this operation. The handling of contaminated remains is a process consisting of the
following:
(1)
The MADCP is deployed to the area concerned for the recovery of
contaminated remains. The MADCP will set up operations just outside the contaminated
area.
(2)
Upon verification that the remains have been decontaminated, they are
evacuated to the theater mortuary evacuation point or designated holding area.
(3)
The final verification of decontamination completeness will be conducted
within the theater.
c.
Responsibilities.
(1)
Geographic combatant commanders are responsible for searching,
recovering, tentatively identifying, and evacuating remains from their areas of
responsibility (AORs). They ensure that the proper planning, training, staffing, and
equipment is furnished for mission requirements (e.g., ensuring proficiency of team
personnel on CBRN protective measures and providing CBRN specialists for the MADCP).
(2)
Service component commanders are responsible for providing or arranging
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E-9
for mortuary affairs support for their personnel.
(3)
Subordinate commanders at all levels are responsible for the initial search,
recovery, tentative identification, and evacuation of all deceased unit personnel within their
area of operation (see FM 10-64 and JP 4-06). If the threat of CBRN is suspected or
present, commanders will request MADCP support to perform recovery operations and the
subsequent decontamination of remains.
d.
CBRN Search, Recovery, Tentative Identification, and Evacuation Operations.
(1)
CBRN search, recovery, tentative identification, and evacuation are the
first steps in the care and handling of deceased personnel during MADCP operations. To
ensure successful mission accomplishment, the leader of the MADCP conducting the search
and recovery must gather all available information for the mission such as coordinating
with intelligence, medical, and CBRN personnel on potential hazards. Personnel assigned
to support MADCP must be thoroughly trained in CBRN defense and the use of personnel
protective measures and personnel detection. During search operations, if a CBRN hazard
is suspected or if an unknown hazard situation exists, the MADCP will assume the
appropriate protective posture (e.g., MOPP4).
(2)
MADCP recovery personnel will be in CBRN IPE when conducting recovery
missions. When remains are encountered, check them for unexploded ordnance, explosives,
and booby traps. Ensure that all hazardous items are removed. Coordinate with a
supporting CBRN or EOD specialist/team for assistance or guidance when CBR agents or
hazardous items are suspected. Once contaminated remains are determined to be safe to
handle, proceed with the recovery.
(3)
The remains are placed in a CB human remains pouch, if available, and
care is taken to minimize the spread of contamination. When a CB pouch is not available,
the Type II-A human remains pouch should be used.
NOTE: The human remains pouch does not retain all fluids, and off-gassing of
vapor can occur through pouch membranes.
(4)
Recovery site operations outlined in FM 10-64 are followed, to include
indicating (if known) whether the remains are contaminated and marked (i.e., annotating
applicable forms and markers to indicate CBR contamination).
(5)
Personnel evacuating contaminated remains to a MADCP remain in IPE.
The transport means used to evacuate contaminated remains is monitored and
decontaminated as required.
e.
Mortuary Affairs Decontamination Collection Point.
(1)
Mortuary affairs personnel establish and operate the MADCP. MADCP
operations adhere to the procedures outlined in JP 4-06.
(2)
Personnel support is required after completing the evacuation mission to
the MADCP, such as thorough DTD. The conduct of DTD takes about 1 hour. The MADCP
site will also receive support from a supporting decontamination unit for a complete DTD.
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8.
Animals
Throughout history, animals have played an important part in military operations.
Today, military working dogs (MWDs) continue to provide support to the warfighter.
a.
The decontamination of MWDs and other government-owned animals (GOAs)
should be accomplished by MWD handlers and supporting veterinarian personnel in
accordance with FM 4-02.18. Contaminated MWDs and other GOAs are decontaminated in
a manner similar to that of service members. The initial decontamination of the animal
should be completed with an M291 SDK. The initial decontamination of the handling
equipment (leashes, collars, muzzles) should be completed with an M295 IEDK, a 5 percent
hypochlorite solution, or a 5 percent sodium solution (G agents only).
NOTE: Each MWD handler should carry several extra M291s and an extra M295.
b.
Definitive decontamination requires the removal and replacement of all
contaminated handling equipment and the thorough washing of the animal with soap and
water, followed by a thorough rinsing with water. If soap is not available, copious rinsing
with water alone should provide adequate decontamination. Each handler should store
extra handling equipment in a chemically protected container.
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E-11
Appendix F
EFFECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON DECONTAMINATION
1.
Background
US forces may find themselves anywhere in the world and subjected to the conditions
in that region. Weather and terrain conditions will influence the decontamination process
used. The conditions in cold weather and arctic areas, hot weather and desert areas, urban
areas, mountains, and jungles impact how decontamination operations are performed. If
METT-TC allows, permitting the contamination to weather is generally a preferred option.
However, marking, reporting, and periodically rechecking the contamination is required.
The effects of the environment will also impact decontamination manpower requirements.
2.
Cold Weather
Cold can kill, maim, and disable without any help from a human foe. Cold weather
regions are characterized by extreme cold weather and deep snow during winter months.
Whiteout, gray out, and ice fog are weather phenomena that have an impact on northern
operations. In whiteout, a person seems to be surrounded by an unbroken white glow.
Gray out is similar to a whiteout except that the horizon is distinguishable. Depth
perception and orientation are lost in the absence of shadows, the horizon, and clouds. Ice
fog forms when water vapor is produced by human activities and the air at low
temperatures is unable to hold the moisture. Ice fog may appear over personnel, vehicles,
bivouac areas, and permanent facilities, marking their location. Ice fog can obscure vision.
a.
Chemical Agents. Chemical agents also react differently at extremely low
temperatures. For example, at 32°F (0°C), HD, CX and HT become solids. As the
temperature drops to minus 15°F (minus 25°C), AC, CK, HN-3, and PD become solids.
Munitions containing normally persistent agents become very persistent at low
temperatures, and some normally nonpersistent chemicals become persistent. GB, a
normally nonpersistent agent, could remain a transfer hazard for up to 30 days in arctic
climates. Although frozen agents do not present a significant problem in solid state, they
become hazards when they warm up. See Table F-1 (page F-2) for the freezing/melting
points of selected chemical agents.
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F-1
Table F-1. Freezing Points and Melting Points of Selected Chemical Agents
Agent
Symbol
FP
MP
Boiling Point
Nerve Agents
Tabun
GA
-50°C
Data not available
248°C
Sarin
GB
-56°C
Data not available
150°C
Soman
GD
Data not available
-42°C
198°C
Cyclosarin
GF
-30°C to -50°C
-12°C
228°C
O-Ethyl-S-Methyl
VX
Below -51°C
Data not available
292°C
Phosphonothiolate
V sub x
Vx
Data not available
Data not available
256°C
Blister Agents
Mustard
HD
14.45°C
Data not available
218°C
Nitrogen Mustard
HN-1
Data not available
-34.2°C
192°C
Nitrogen Mustard
HN-2
-70°C
177°C
Nitrogen Mustard
HN-3
Data not available
-3.74°C
257°C
Distilled Mustard and T
HT
Data not available
1.3°C
No constant
Mixture
temperature
Lewisite
L
-44.7°C to -1.8°C
Data not available
196°C
Distilled Mustard and
Munitions: -42°C
Data not available
Lewisite Mixture
HL
Pure: -25.4°C
200°C
Phenyldichloroarsine
PD
-22.5°C
Data not available
233°C
Ethyldichloroarsine
ED
Data not available
Below -65°C
156°C
Methyldichloroarsine
MD
-54.8°C
Data not available
132.6°C
Phosgene Oxime
CX
Data not available
39°C
129°C
Blood Agents
Hydrogen Cyanide
AC
Data not available
-13.3°C
25.5°C
Cyanogen Chloride
CK
-6.9°C
Data not available
12.8°C
Arsine
SA
Data not available
-116°C
-62.2°C
Choking Agents
Phosgene
CG
Data not available
-128°C
7.8°C
Diphosgene
DP
Data not available
-57°C
127°C
b.
Decontaminants. Decontamination is a problem because low temperatures also
reduce the effect of decontaminants. When temperatures reach 32°F, water can no longer
be used. In such situations, use STB or HTH as a dry mix (two parts of STB to three parts
of unfrozen earth). If unfrozen dirt is not available, use snow (same proportion). Apply the
dry mix by shoveling it on contaminated surfaces or by filling sandbags with the mix and
dusting it on the surfaces. Remove the dry mix by brushing, scraping, or using
uncontaminated earth or snow to “wash” it off. Other decontaminating methods using
nonstandard solvents and fuels may be used, but observe fire safety, protect personnel from
corrosives, and take precautions against supercooling effects. Because of their low freezing
points, solvents such as aviation fuel (JP-8), diesel fuel, and kerosene may be used to
physically remove contamination. These solvents only flush the agent from the surfaces.
They generally do not neutralize agents nor do they eliminate agents that soak into
surfaces. Nonstandard solvents generally are very flammable and must be handled with
care.
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FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
4 April 2006
c.
Decontamination Operations.
(1)
Decontamination apparatuses and water trucks may have to be deployed
with empty tanks instead of full ones as in temperate climates. To prevent freezing, it may
be necessary to preheat water when loading water trucks and the tanks of decontaminating
apparatuses and keep it heated until it is used. These vehicles may have to be enclosed and
warmed so that the engines will start. Decontaminate apparatuses and drain water trucks
immediately after use to prevent damage from freezing.
(2)
Vehicles and personnel covered with contaminated snow should be
decontaminated before the snow has a chance to melt and freeze. Such snow forms layers
of ice that make contamination difficult to remove. Radioactive fallout that is mixed with
snowfall must be removed as soon as possible. Use tree branches (if available) to remove
contaminated snow.
(3)
Snow can be used to cover contamination; however, the snow can blow
away or the contamination can resurface when tracked vehicles, personnel movement, or
digging disturbs it. Snow cover provides some protection if left undisturbed, but this
protection is too uncertain to rely on.
(4)
Personnel supporting cold weather decontamination operations may use
warming areas for rest and relief. However, if personnel get a frozen agent on their
clothing, the agent will be hard to detect because low temperatures have slowed its
evaporation.
(5)
Moving vehicles through the decontamination site will be a challenge.
Caution must be exercised. It will be hard for the vehicles to navigate and stop if there is
ice present on the ground.
3.
Hot Weather (Desert and Jungle)
Hot weather can considerably complicate decontamination operations.
a.
Desert Areas. Extreme temperatures characterize desert regions with ranges
varying between 30°F to 130°F over a 24-hour period. These regions have long drought
periods, which are interrupted by sudden rains that bring flash floods. There are shortages
of suitable groundwater. Large areas suitable for tracked-vehicle maneuvers may
sometimes have impassable ravines; wet, spongy grounds; and sand areas.
(1)
Water. The principal problem for decontamination in the desert is the lack
of water. The use of STB slurry will burden the logistical system because of the water
required for mixing and rinsing. Non-water-based decontaminants (natural solvents) may
be required. Contamination avoidance becomes increasingly important in desert operations
because of limited water sources.
(2)
Heat Stress. Heat stress is a critical issue for personnel. Operating
decontamination stations in daytime temperatures may require short periods of work
followed by long periods of rest. See Chapter II for guidance on work/rest cycles.
(3)
Weathering. Weathering is a viable decontamination option. High daytime
temperatures can increase the evaporation of liquid contamination. For example, if a
vehicle were contaminated with THD in a hot, desert environment, at least 99 percent of
the contamination would have evaporated within 2 hours. Therefore, vehicle wash down
may not be necessary. As a result, vapor concentrations will be high but should not last
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F-3
long. If liquid contamination soaks into soft, porous soil (such as loose sand), evaporation is
not as quick. Strong winds also increase the evaporation rate. Low temperatures during
the night have a reverse effect and tend to increase the persistency of chemical and
biological contamination. The sandblasting effect of sandstorms may remove contamination
from surfaces facing the storm. Desert sunlight and high temperatures will destroy many
CB agents without additional decontamination measures.
(4)
Bearings and Other Critical Moving Parts. Bearings and other critical
moving parts need extra lubrication in the desert. This complicates decontamination
because lubricants tend to absorb chemical agents. After a sandstorm, maintenance must
be conducted regardless of the last scheduled maintenance. Therefore, perform
decontamination first and, if time is critical, decontaminate only those surfaces that will be
touched during maintenance. This will not eliminate vapor hazards.
b.
Jungle Areas. The characteristics of jungle climates vary with the location.
Close to the equator, all seasons are nearly alike, with rains throughout the year. Farther
from the equator, especially in India and Southeast Asia, jungles have distinct wet
(monsoon) and dry seasons. Both zones have high temperatures averaging 78°F to 98°F,
heavy rainfall (as much as 400 inches annually), and high humidity (90 percent)
throughout the year.
(1)
Temperature/Humidity. Many tasks in the jungle take more time than in
other environments. When temperatures rise to the 85°F to 100°F range, personnel can
only continue medium or heavy workloads by reducing their MOPP level. Since
decontamination crews will be more susceptible to heat stress, leaders should plan for
frequent crew rotations and provide enough decontamination personnel to conduct
decontamination operations. Biological agents can persist in the heat, humidity, and
shade, which are characteristics of the jungle. Therefore, weathering is not a practical
means of biological decontamination. See Chapter II for information on work/rest cycles.
(2)
Rain. Tropical rainstorms will flood decontamination sites unless the sites
are adequately drained. Decontamination sites should be put on high ground during the
rainy season. Ground that appears firm may become impassable. Rain can help the
decontamination process by washing away contamination on exposed surfaces. Rain can
also hydrolyze some agents. However, runoff may contaminate the soil.
(3)
Terrain. Contamination will be retained temporarily in the jungle canopy,
reducing the immediate hazard. Later, rains will wash these particles to the ground and
concentrate them in low areas. These areas are likely to become contamination “hot spots.”
The thick vegetation can reduce sunlight and wind, increasing the persistency of some CB
agents.
(4)
Decontaminants. Solid decontaminants, such as STB powder, tend to cake
and decompose at a faster rate than in temperate climates. Caking is no problem, but the
decomposition eventually makes STB powder ineffective.
(5)
Lubricants. Frequently oil exposed metal parts and grease wheel bearings
to protect them from moisture. Since POL tends to absorb chemical agents, additional
decontamination may be needed. Measures taken to protect electronic communications
equipment from moisture may reduce the need for decontamination since these measures
provide good CBRN protection.
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4 April 2006
4.
Urban Areas
The need for decontamination operations in urban areas may also exist, and it may be
easier to support. Water sources are generally available, and commercial chemicals may be
used as decontaminants. Decontamination operations in urban areas will not differ
significantly from similar operations in the field; however, keep the following
considerations in mind:
a.
Structures. Wood and concrete tend to absorb liquid agents, and they may give
off toxic vapors for days or weeks. Building decontamination is very difficult and requires
large quantities of decontaminants. Covering the contamination with plastic sheets, STB
slurry, sodium silicate, or other substances that cover or absorb the agent can reduce the
hazard. Even though a particular part of a building is not intended for occupation, it may
still need to be decontaminated to prevent the contamination from spreading.
b.
Streets and Sidewalks. Streets and sidewalks also absorb liquid agents and then
give off toxic vapors when heated by the sun. These surfaces may need to be
decontaminated several times to reduce hazards. Streets, sidewalks, or other porous
surfaces are best decontaminated by weathering if the time and the situation permit.
c.
Sanitation Systems and Runoff. Urban areas may have sophisticated sanitation
systems. When those systems are destroyed, sanitary conditions become far worse than
those in areas where sanitation systems have never existed. Sanitation systems must be
maintained to avoid overloading decontamination capabilities. Contaminated water and
residue must be controlled so that it will not create a hazard. Support may be necessary to
construct controlled runoff areas.
5.
Mountains
Excluding extremely high, Alpine type mountains, most mountain systems are
characterized by heavy woods or jungle, compartments and ridge systems, limited routes,
and highly variable weather conditions. All these factors will affect decontamination
operations.
a.
Mobility. The terrain and the disruption of existing routes may dictate that
decontamination operations be decentralized. Additional water-carrying vehicles may be
needed to support decontamination. Forces must be organized to be self-sufficient and may
have decontamination elements attached to them initially. Decontamination elements
must be equipped with greater hauling capabilities, especially for water.
b.
Weather. Although there is a general climatic correspondence between high
latitudes and high altitudes, there are factors that act as additional local variables that
may impact decontamination.
(1)
Wind. Mountains have changing weather and constant winds that promote
weathering at a faster rate.
(2)
Temperature. Cool or cold temperatures have an adverse effect on
decontamination operations. Air temperature drops about 6.5°C for each kilometer of rise
in altitude. The drier the air, the more pronounced the drop in temperatures. At high
altitudes, there may be differences of 40°F to 50°F between the temperature in the sun and
that in the shade. Low temperatures that normally exist at extremely high altitudes may
demand decontamination procedures and precautions similar to those used in cold-weather
operations. Daytime operations can be scheduled to avoid some low-temperature problems.
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F-5
(3)
Sunlight. Increasing altitude results in increased sunlight because the air
becomes clearer as altitude increases. At high altitudes, exposed surfaces are heated much
more than they would be in the lowlands. The clearer air also results in a greater loss of
heat by radiation at night. Sunlight destroys most biological agents.
c.
Altitude. The body must adjust to the lower air pressure at high altitudes.
These adjustments take time. As much as 70 percent of sea level work capacity may be
attained after months in a high-altitude environment by acclimatized personnel.
Practically all unacclimatized personnel can be expected to show some altitude effects
above 2,100 meters.
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Appendix G
DECONTAMINATION UNITS AND ASSETS
1.
Background
This appendix contains basic information on service decontamination capabilities.
2.
Army
This paragraph describes the organizational structure, mission, capabilities,
limitations, C2, and basis of allocation of Army CBRN units that have a decontamination
capability. The basis of allocation is determined by the number and type of units being
supported, and capabilities are available at brigade and battalion level to provide C2 of
subordinate unit decontamination assets.
a.
Chemical Brigade. The chemical brigade commander, with the advice of his staff
and in conjunction with the theater/corps/JTF chemical section, evaluates and determines
the chemical unit support requirement for the supported commander. The brigade
commander advises his higher commander concerning the employment of CBRN
decontamination units.
(1)
Mission. Provide C2 of two to six battalions and other assigned or attached
separate companies.
(2)
Capabilities.
•
Provide C2, and supervise the operation of the brigade and two to six
subordinate chemical battalions or separate companies.
•
Plan and coordinate for the combat, combat support, and CSS operations
for all assigned and attached units.
•
Allocate units and resources to conduct CBRN decontamination.
•
Provide necessary logistical and administrative support to the brigade HQ.
•
Provide organizational level maintenance to the brigade HQ.
(3)
C2 HQ. Normally supports a theater, corps, or JTF.
(4)
Basis of Allocation. One per corps and one per theater support command
(TSC).
b.
Chemical Battalion. There are many different organizations that a chemical
battalion can support. The nonenhanced chemical battalion may support a corps or larger
sided AO. Smaller scale operations may require the chemical battalion to work directly for
a JTF. In all situations, the chemical battalion commander, in conjunction with the
supported unit chemical staff, will develop the CBRN decontamination plan according to
METT-TC considerations. The functions and responsibilities of the chemical battalion are
usually constant but will depend on the command and support relationship given it by the
higher HQ.
(1)
Mission. Provide C2 of two to five chemical companies.
(2)
Capabilities.
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•
Provide C2 and supervision for the operation of the battalion and two to
five subordinate units.
•
Plan and coordinate the combat, combat support, and CSS operations for all
assigned and attached units.
•
Provide organizational maintenance and mess support, and establish and
operate internal and external mobile subscriber equipment, radio, and wire
communications nets.
(3)
C2 HQ: Chemical brigade, chemical division, or JTF.
(4)
Basis of Allocation. One per two to five chemical companies in a corps. One
per two to seven chemical companies assigned to a theater Army and above.
c.
Chemical Companies. Chemical companies are the basic unit of employment for
the Army Chemical Corps in support of military operations. Companies are task-organized
to support military elements operating within the AO based on capabilities and METT-TC
considerations. The capabilities described below will only address unit decontamination
capabilities.
(1)
Chemical Company (Combat Support) (Table of Organization and
Equipment [TO&E] 03496F000). This company provides CBRN reconnaissance and
surveillance (R&S) and decontamination support for elements operating within a division
AO. The unit has three decontamination platoons and is 100 percent mobile.
(a) Mission. Provides CBRN R&S and decontamination to support an
assured access strategy.
(b) Capabilities.
•
A platoon can C2 and support a single DED operation for thorough
decontamination.
•
A platoon can support up to three independent decontamination
operations by operating as independent squads.
•
A platoon can conduct fixed-site, area, and route decontamination.
(c)
Limitations.
•
The company has no organic water resupply capability for
decontamination operations.
•
The decontamination platoon cannot operate the DTD during
thorough decontamination operations.
(d) C2 HQ. Chemical battalion (TO&E 03496F000).
(e) Basis of Allocation. Three per division or one per tactical brigade.
(2)
Chemical Company (Corps) (TO&E 03498F100). This company provides
CBRN R&S, biological surveillance, and decontamination support for elements operating
within a corps forward AO. The company generally supports units in the corps forward AO,
but may provide support to units in a corps rear AO, the communications zone (COMMZ),
or forward within a division AO. The company may also provide specialized
decontamination support, such as aircraft or terrain decontamination. The company has
four decontamination platoons and is 100 percent mobile.
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(a) Mission. Provides CBRN R&S, and decontamination support.
(b) Capabilities.
•
A platoon can C2 and support a single DED operation for thorough
decontamination.
•
A platoon can support up to three independent decontamination
operations by operating as independent squads.
•
A platoon can conduct fixed-site, area, and route decontamination.
(c)
Limitations.
•
The company has no organic water resupply capability for
decontamination operations.
•
The decontamination platoon cannot operate the DTD during
thorough decontamination operations.
(d) C2 HQ. Chemical battalion (TO&E 03496F000).
(e) Basis of Allocation: Three per corps.
(3)
Chemical Company (Heavy)-TO&E 03498F200. This company provides
CBRN R&S, biological surveillance, and decontamination support for elements operating
within a corps rear AO and within the theater Army. The company generally supports
units in the corps rear AO, but may provide support to the corps forward AO and the
COMMZ. The company may also provide specialized decontamination support, such as
aircraft or terrain decontamination. The company has four decontamination platoons and
is 100 percent mobile.
(a) Mission. Provides CBRN R&S and decontamination to support an
assured access strategy.
(b) Capabilities.
•
A platoon can C2 and support a single DED operation for thorough
decontamination.
•
A platoon can support up to three independent decontamination
operations by operating as independent squads.
•
A platoon can conduct fixed-site, area, and route decontamination.
(c)
Limitations.
•
The company has no organic water resupply capability for
decontamination operations.
•
The decontamination platoon cannot operate the DTD during
thorough decontamination operations.
(d) C2 HQ. Chemical battalion (TO&E 03496F000).
(e) Basis of Allocation: Two per corps and five per theater Army.
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3.
Marine Corps
The USMC NBC defense teams consist of personnel trained in NBC decontamination
and NBC reconnaissance in support of USMC MAGTF operations. NBC decontamination
teams are formed primarily at the company level from assigned personnel with oversight
and supervision provided by NBC specialists (MOS 5711/5702) at the battalion level and
higher. NBC defense teams at the company level may be reinforced by the attachment of
other company teams as directed by the senior commander. Positioning NBC defense
teams at the company, squadron, and battalion levels allows the USMC to task-organize its
NBC decontamination and reconnaissance elements/assets across the MAGTF, depending
on the situation and mission.
a. Decontamination Teams. Decontamination teams are the backbone of the
MAGTF decontamination capability. Teams are trained and equipped in a manner that
facilitates task organization and are tailored towards specific decontamination operations.
These decontamination teams are capable of rapid employment through the use of organic
vehicles that have been dedicated to the teams. Teams are force-multiplied to support
sustained operations.
(1) Major Subordinate Command (MSC) Decontamination Teams. Each MSC
has a decontamination team comprised of NBC defense specialists that is task-organized as
required to support MAGTF operations. The team organization is based upon providing one
decontamination section for each MSC civil engineer (CE), regiment, Marine aircraft group
(MAG), and five for each force service support group (FSSG). Each section is staffed with
one section leader and three section members. Teams are task-organized to perform their
operational decontamination missions based on mission requirements and the commander’s
priorities. The nuclear, biological, and chemical center (NBCC) operations coordinator will
direct the task organization and employment and will coordinate the support for the team.
The actual common operating environment (COE) will be based upon the vulnerability
analysis and adjusted as required to respond to the enemy’s use of NBC agents. Each
operational decontamination section is trained and equipped to support casualty
decontamination, MOPP drop, MOPP gear exchange, and vehicle/aircraft wash down.
(2) Subordinate Command Decontamination Teams. All battalions and
squadrons that function as an integral unit during combat operations are trained and
equipped to support casualty decontamination, MOPP drop, MOPP gear exchange, and
vehicle/aircraft wash down. Team members come from the unit command element. Teams
task-organize to perform their operational decontamination missions based on mission
requirements and the commander’s priorities. Decontamination teams provide the
commander with the ability to—
•
Prepare contaminated casualties for transport to a casualty
decontamination site by removing as much contamination from the casualty as possible.
•
Conduct MOPP drop.
•
Conduct MOPP exchange.
•
Conduct vehicle/aircraft wash down.
•
Provide site workers for thorough/clearance and casualty decontamination
operations.
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(3) USMC NBC Decontamination Teams. The USMC NBC decontamination
teams may also be task-organized in support of the following decontamination operations:
(a) Patient (Casualty) Decontamination. Casualty decontamination is
conducted in accordance with the procedures outlined in this manual and MCRP 4-11.1F.
Each MSC maintains a capability set with sufficient supplies and materials to set up one
casualty decontamination site (CDS) that is capable of decontaminating 100 casualties.
The decontamination team/section will require additional personnel augmentation to set up
and sustain operations at the CDS. This augmentation will consist of any available USMC
(CDS workers) and medical personnel who are familiar with triage and the treatment of
casualties with conventional and CBRN agent injuries. Personnel working on the CDS will
be rotated in accordance with the work rates and work/rest cycles contained in Multiservice
Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Protection.
Medical personnel required to support the CDS will be task-organized based on mission
requirements and the commander’s priorities. The shock trauma platoons located in the
medical battalion are ideally suited for supporting the CDS. The MAGTF NBCC will direct
the establishment of at least one CDS whenever the vulnerability analysis indicates the
likelihood of encountering CBRN contamination. MSCs will establish additional CDSs in
those instances when the single MAGTF site does not adequately support their
decontamination needs. The personnel used to man the CDS will conduct MOPP drop to
remove their CBRN IPE prior to crossing the contamination control line (hot line) or
entering any clean area.
b. Thorough Decontamination. The MAGTF is prepared to conduct
thorough decontamination of its vehicles, equipment, DED, aircraft, and DAD. Personnel
decontamination will be accomplished primarily by using the MOPP drop and/or the MOPP
gear exchange procedures identified in this publication.
(1) The MAGTF decontamination elements are structured and equipped in
a manner that provides a flexible capability. Operational decontamination will be used to
support the high OPTEMPO associated with FP. Thorough decontamination will be
conducted in support of retrograde operations or as required to support unusual
circumstances.
(2) The MAGTF CE CBRN operations coordinator will organize and
coordinate thorough decontamination operations. The MSC and subordinate command
operational decontamination teams, medical personnel, engineers, and other augmentees
are task-organized as required to support the MAGTF thorough decontamination
operations. The divisions and FSSGs will each maintain a capability set with sufficient
supplies and materials to set up one DED that is capable of decontaminating 100 medium
tactical vehicle replacements (MTVRs) (7-ton) each. The wings will maintain a capability
set with sufficient supplies and materials to set up one DAD capable of decontaminating
100 aircraft (Marine attack squadron [VMA]/Marine light/attack helicopter squadron
[HMLA]).
(3) All vehicles, equipment, and aircraft must be checked for
contamination during retrograde operations. Contaminated vehicles, equipment and
aircraft must go through thorough (clearance) decontamination operations.
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c.
MAGTF NBCC. The MAGTF NBCC will task-organize decontamination teams
as required to support the following operations:
• Terrain decontamination.
• Fixed-site decontamination.
• Sensitive-equipment decontamination.
• DU decontamination
• Contaminated-remains decontamination.
d. USMC Chemical/Biological Incident Response Force (CBIRF). The CBIRF was
established by the direction of the Commandant of the USMC as a result of Presidential
Decision Directive 39 (PDD-39), which states that the United States shall give the highest
priority to developing the capability to manage the consequences of NBC materials or
weapons use by terrorists.
(1)
Mission. When directed, the CBIRF forward-deploys domestically or
overseas in order to provide FP and/or mitigation in the event of a WMD incident. CBIRF is
prepared to respond to no-notice WMD incidents with a rapidly deployable initial-response
force (IRF) and follow-on forces (FOF) if required. CBIRF also conducts FP training for
Fleet Marine Force units.
(2)
Organizational Structure. The CBIRF is composed of 350 to 375 USMC and
USN personnel and consists of three elements. In garrison, the CBIRF is under the
operational control (OPCON) and administrative control (ADCON) of the 4th Marine
Expeditionary Brigade Antiterrorism (4th MEB/AT) who falls under the II Marine
Expeditionary Force (II MEF) and USMC Forces, Atlantic (MARFORLANT). The CBIRF is
an incident response force that executes CM operations in support of a combatant
commander or lead federal agency. The CBIRF has limited organic equipment
decontamination capability, but does not conduct DED or area decontamination operations.
Further, the majority of CBIRF personnel are trained in Level A and B operations. TIC and
TIM are potential threats to US forces, even OCONUS, since littoral areas include port and
industrial complexes where the storage and manufacture of these materials are common.
The CBIRF also has state-of-the-art monitoring and detection equipment used to identify,
sample, and analyze NBC hazards, including TIC and TIM, as well as oxygen (O2) and
lower-explosive levels (LEL).
(3)
Command Element.
•
Provides liaison teams to other agencies or commands.
•
Interfaces with local and military commanders.
•
Coordinates all on-site CBIRF operations.
•
Establishes data/voice reach-back to scientific and medical advisors.
•
Prepares CBR plume models.
(4)
Reaction Force Company Capabilities.
•
Agent detection and identification.
•
Sampling and collection.
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•
Monitoring of concentration and exposure levels.
•
Decontamination for unit personnel.
•
Decontamination for first responders.
•
Casualty decontamination on scene.
•
Victim search in the area and confined spaces.
•
Technical rescue and casualty extraction.
•
EOD (FP).
(5)
Medical Capabilities.
•
Emergency medical care in contaminated areas.
•
Casualty triage and stabilization.
•
Transfer into the local emergency medical system.
(6)
Helicopter-Born Package.
•
Eighty personnel on 1-hour alert status.
•
Decontamination of 35 to 50 ambulatory casualties per hour.
•
Decontamination of 20 to 35 nonambulatory casualties per hour.
(7)
Follow-On Force (Vehicle/Fixed-Wing Operations).
•
Decontamination of 200 to 225 ambulatory casualties per hour.
•
Decontamination of 65 to 75 nonambulatory casualties per hour.
•
Mobile laboratory.
4.
Air Force
This paragraph provides an overview of the USAF CBRN structure and
decontamination response capabilities.
a.
AB CBRN Defense Capabilities. USAF CBRN forces are structured to support
AB survivability and operations. Each AB has one central focal point for CBRN defense,
the CE readiness flight (office symbol CEX), which is contained in the CE squadron.
Representative decontamination related functions include—
•
Conducting CBRN defense training for all USAF personnel and training unit
CBRN teams (contamination control, shelter management).
•
Developing base CBRN defense plans and procedures.
•
Advising the commander on all nonmedical aspects of CBRN defense.
•
Establishing personnel CCAs.
•
Advising contamination control teams (CCTs).
•
Marking contaminated areas.
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(1)
CBRN defense actions require a force structure that includes both primary
duty and base augmentation forces. Primary duty CBRN defense forces are located within
the CE squadron readiness flight.
(2)
In-place and deployed units provide augmentation manpower for CCTs and
CCA teams. Deliberate planning guidelines for identifying specialist and augmentation
support for NBCC defense are found in AFI 10-204. The installation, theater, or USAF
planning agent determines the actual requirements after considering the threat and
missions for each in-place and deployed location.
b.
AB NBC Defense Structure. The AB NBC defense structure includes a defined
C2 structure and CONOPS for wartime operations. The host wing commander sets alarm
conditions, MOPP levels, and FP conditions for the entire base. The survival recovery
center (SRC) is the (base) command post element that develops, recommends, implements
(with wing approval), and tracks pre-, during-, and postattack passive-defense activities on
the base. The SRC broadcasts alarm conditions and MOPP exchanges to all units on base,
activates the base siren, tracks casualties and damage to installation resources, and directs
recovery efforts. The SRC tracks the location of all known postattack hazards on the base.
c.
Unit Control Center (UCC). The next level down in the command structure,
below the SRC, is the UCC. It monitors the status of unit activities and maintains a log of
unit actions. The UCC passes information to and from the SRC, and it directs and monitors
the implementation of unit pre-, during-, and postattack actions. UCCs maintain a base
map with all unit structures, shelters, bunkers, and primary operating areas color-coded or
marked to enable quick identification. UCC checklists outline tasks and responsible unit
functions under each alarm condition. Following attacks, the UCC directs (in coordination
with the SRC) and reports postattack hazards to the SRC and coordinates recovery actions.
d.
UCC Capabilities. UCCs track the location of all known postattack hazards that
may affect their unit personnel or mission. This includes hazards such as contamination
and unexploded ordnance (UXO). The UCC advises unit personnel of hazard locations and
directs the movement of unit assets away from hazard areas. If the base uses the NBC
sector or zone concept, the UCC tracks the alarm condition and MOPP for the sectors/zones
and controls movement of unit resources into and out of the contaminated areas.
e.
Deployable Teams. Within the USAF, deployable teams with a decontamination
capability (see Table G-1) are organized under unit type codes (UTCs). UTCs prescribe
specific team support for a given contingency. Within this concept, trained individuals are
deployed for assignment to these teams when the need arises. The teams have multiple
capabilities.
Table G-1. USAF UTCs
USAF UTCs
4
NBCC Threat
Provides limited NBCC defense supporting activities ranging from small-scale
F
Response Core Team
contingency operations to MTWs and response to major accidents and natural disasters
9
for an AB with up to 1,200 personnel. Capabilities include preliminary risk/VAs and
D
threat analysis; planning, detection, identification, warning, and reporting;
A
decontamination; CCA; disaster response equipment; technical data; roll-on/roll-off
capability, and 463L pallets. Personnel will deploy with IPE, clothing, weapons, and
ammunition.
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Table G-1. USAF UTCs (Continued)
USAF UTCs
4
NBCC Threat
Provides minimal NBCC defense supporting activities ranging from small-scale
F
Response Light Team
contingency operations to MTWs and response to major accidents and natural disasters
9
for AB with up to 600 personnel. Capabilities include preliminary risk/VAs and threat
D
analysis; planning, detection, identification, warning, and reporting; decontamination;
B
CCA; disaster response equipment; technical data; roll-on/roll-off capability; and 4,63L
pallets. Personnel will deploy with IPE, clothing, weapons, and ammunition.
4
NBCC Threat
Provides additional technical expertise, support, and manpower to other UTCs in
F
Response Light Team
full-spectrum threat response to NBCC defense, major accidents, and disaster response
9
operations. Personnel capabilities include detection, identification, warning, reporting,
D
decontamination, and contamination control operations. Provides additional manpower
C
supporting activities, ranging from smaller-scale contingency operations to MTWs.
Personnel deploy with IPE, clothing, weapons, and ammunition.
4
NBCC Response
Provides limited full-spectrum threat response and contamination control capabilities for
F
CCT Equipment Set
sustained operations in an NBCC environment. Provides contamination avoidance
9
resources, such as decontamination apparatuses and supplies, M295 decontamination
D
kits, protective covers, decontaminants, and application devices. Requires manpower
E
augmentation (10 personnel) from the supported unit for the setup, maintenance, and
operation of contamination control equipment.
4
NBCC Threat
Provides NBCC defense capability to respond to attacks, major accidents, and natural
F
Response Core Team
disasters in support of small-scale contingency operations (without augmentation) or
9
MTWs for an AB with up to 1,200 personnel (with augmentation by UTC 4F9DC).
D
Capabilities include preliminary risk/VAs and threat analysis; planning, detection,
M
identification, warning, and reporting; decontamination; CCA; disaster response
equipment; technical data; roll-on/roll-off capability; and 463L pallets. Personnel will
deploy with IPE, clothing, weapons, and ammunition.
4
Wartime Medical
Provides the capability to remove or neutralize NBC agents on casualties immediately
F
Decontamination
prior to being admitted to the MTF. Standardized WMDs and equipment assemblages
9
Team (UTC FFGLB)
can be deployed, assigned, or pre-positioned to support and enable USAF MTFs to
D
safely and effectively treat contaminated casualties without contaminating medical
Q
personnel, equipment, or facilities. Decontamination sites/facilities are constructed in the
vicinity of the MTF. Personnel decontamination is accomplished by clothing removal and
skin washing using soap or hypochlorite. The WMDT conducts the contamination control
of medical personnel and assets as needed.
F
Expeditionary
Provides the capability to remove CBRN contamination from contaminated casualties
F
Medical
prior to admission to an MTF.
G
Decontamination
L
Team
B
f.
Casualty Decontamination. The decontamination of casualties protects them
from the detrimental effects of contamination and protects those who move and treat them.
Units and individuals have the responsibility for immediate decontamination during the
self-aid buddy care (SABC) process (i.e., use of M291 and M295 decontamination kits). This
should be done as soon as contamination is found and prior to moving casualties to the
medical facility; quick action saves lives. Upon completion of SABC efforts, units should
move contaminated casualties into the medical treatment system as soon as possible, even
if decontamination is not complete. The MTF will plan for and provide patient
decontamination depending on the local threat conditions. The wartime patient
decontamination team provides this capability and may be deployed, depending on the NBC
threat. Medical units without a patient decontamination team may need to establish a
decontamination capability using personnel and material of opportunity. Commanders at
the employment location may need to provide manpower augmentation to the medical unit
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G-9
in the event of insufficient medical resources. Ambulatory personnel with no significant
symptoms should process through unit or area CCAs for decontamination whenever
practical. Patient decontamination resources are limited and are best-suited for personnel
in need of medical care. See Table G-2 for a synopsis of CE and CBRN decontamination
capabilities.
Table G-2. CE and Medical CBRN Decontamination Capabilities
CE UTCs
Medical UTCs
Provide alarm conditions and MOPP level
Assist with NBC postattack risk assessments and
recommendations based upon the threat.
management.
Conduct NBC reconnaissance to determine
Detect NBC agents at the MTF; report to the SRC and NBC
contamination footprint(s) and related operational
cells.
protective measures.
Collect and consolidate postattack reports from
Dispatch to identified NBC footprints for the further
NBCC teams, UCCs, and the SRC.
identification and quantification of hazard concentrations and
the collection of samples (surveillance for health protection).
Advise the incident commander on TTP to conduct
Sample food and water for NBC contamination.
sustained operations in a contaminated
environment.
Provide additional technical expertise, support, and
Conduct surveillance activities in reduced MOPP level
manpower to NBCC defense.
sectors.
Manage CCA operations and advise on entry and
Document individual exposure (PRD-5) requirements.
exit control point procedures.
Advise the SRC commander on NBC operational
Identify groups of personnel in hazard areas (e.g., squadrons
aspects (persistency, contamination isolation, and
in contaminated sectors) and track exposure to NBC agents
control).
(PRD-5 requirements).
Provide MOPP level recommendations (operational),
Advise the SRC commander on the health effects and health
to include split MOPP/reduced MOPP operations.
risks of NBC agents
Coordinate the collection, storage, and disposal of
Advise the SRC on the health/medical aspects in support of
contaminated waste.
reduced MOPP levels.
Perform patient decontamination.
Perform the appropriate level of decontamination for medical
vehicles, shelters, and equipment
5.
Navy
This paragraph provides an overview of USN decontamination CBRD capabilities and
organization.
a.
Afloat. CBRD is coordinated aboard each ship according to the specific CBRD
bill for that ship. The responsibility for the CBRD normally rests with the damage control
officer, who organizes the CBRD team. Personnel are assigned to operate decontamination
stations as designated by the damage control officer.
b.
Ashore. Disaster preparedness teams are established by the naval shore activity
commanding officer. CBRD decontamination teams consist of the following assets:
(1)
CBR Survey Team. Surveys the assigned areas to determine CBR
contamination locations and levels and marks hazardous areas.
(2)
Personnel Decontamination Team. Conducts chemical and radiological
decontamination of personnel who are not seriously injured.
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(3)
Facilities and Area Decontamination Team. Is responsible for performing
CBR decontamination of essential facilities and areas.
(4)
Radiation Monitor Team. Provides radiation monitoring capability and
equipment to personnel performing rescue, first aid, and firefighting.
(5)
Dosimetry Team. Determines the radiation dosage of personnel by reading
dosimeters and recording readings.
(6)
Clothing Decontamination Team. Retrieves contaminated clothing from
personnel decontamination stations and determines its reusability. Delivers clothing to
decontamination stations and returns it to the clothing supply team.
(7)
Nuclear Accident Team. Provides assistance to the on-scene commander
and performs emergency actions that may be necessary to minimize the initial results of a
nuclear accident/incident.
(8)
Shelter Management Team. Provides the orderly administration of all
activities related to the comfort and welfare of all inhabitants of an assigned shelter.
6.
Other Units
Selected units, such as USA reserve component CBRN units, are equipped with
additional resources to support casualty decontamination requirements. The mission of
these units is to provide a domestic response capability for casualty decontamination in
support of CM operations.
a.
These units are equipped with a platoon set of domestic response style
equipment (see Table G-3, page G-12) to decontaminate both ambulatory and
nonambulatory casualties. The set includes a quickly erectable tent with runoff
containment included for the actual decontamination, two other tents for sun protection for
the workers and victims, showers for washing and rinsing, and rollers for decontaminating
nonambulatory victims.
Table G-3. USA Reserve Component Platoon Equipment for Casualty Decontamination
Line
Description
Remarks
Identification Number
1
Reeves Decontamination System
1 per platoon
DCJ-10
3 per company
2
Western Shelter System
2 per platoon
N/A
6 per company
3
DRCD kit accessories
1 per company
N/A
4
ICAM
3 per platoon
6665-01-657-8502
9 per company
5
CAMSIM
1 per platoon
6665-99-001-9985
3 per company
6
Radiac meter, AN/PDR-77
1 per platoon
6665-01-347-6100
3 per company
7
Radiac meter, AN/UDR-13
5 per platoon
6665-01-407-1237
15 per company
8
Radiac meter, AN/VDR-2
1 per platoon
6665-01-222-1425
3 per company
4 April 2006
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
G-11
Table G-3. USA Reserve Component Platoon Equipment for Casualty Decontamination
(Continued)
Line
Description
Remarks
Identification Number
9
ACADA, M22
2 per platoon
6665-01-438-6963
5 per company
10
Carrier, litter, wheeled
2 per platoon
6530-01-220-7186
6 per company
11
PA system, portable with rechargeable battery, remote
2 per company
9925-01-450-0074
operation
12
Level B suit (TYCHEM 9400, hooded)
140 per company
N/A
13
Filter canister, C2A1
140 per company
4240-01-361-1319
14
Gloves, CP, rubber, 15 mil
140 per company
8415-01-033-3519
15
Skin, hood, M40
140 per company
4240-01-413-1543
16
Hood, M40
140 per company
4240-01-376-3152
17
EMT shears, red
50 per company
N/A
18
EMT shears, black
50 per company
N/A
19
Radio, handheld
15 per company
5820-01-Z68-0002
20
Battery, rechargeable, ICAM
10 per company
N/A
21
Charger, battery, rechargeable, ICAM
2 per company
N/A
22
ACAA, simulator
Request in sets; 1
N/A
per DRCD kit
23
Chemical-agent patient decontamination, medical
1 set per 60
N/A
equipment set
patients
24
Chemical-agent patient treatment, medical equipment
1 set per 30
N/A
supplies
patients
25
STB (50 pounds)
See CTA
N/A
26
Cover, chemical protective wrap
See CTA
N/A
b.
USA reserve units, while designed for overseas deployment, have the capability
to provide domestic-response casualty decontamination (DRCD) in support of CM. These
units are not designed or intended to replace functions carried out under the ICS or
functions normally performed by the emergency first-responder community. Instead, these
units provide additional capability as needed to support CM. They are not designed for a
rapid response, but can be mobilized and deployed within days. The basic functions
performed by these units include the following:
•
Receive the mission, activate the mobilization plan, and initiate unit movement.
•
Conduct mission assessment to develop a force packet.
•
Coordinate unit movement and deployment.
•
Conduct liaison operations.
•
Conduct staging operations.
•
Conduct incident integration operations.
•
Conduct decontamination site selection, parameters, and setup.
G-12
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
4 April 2006
•
Receive and process casualties from a WMD event.
•
Establish a triage site, and triage casualties from a WMD event.
•
Provide critical medical intervention for casualties suffering from the effects of a
CBRN event.
•
Provide FP for individuals working within the decontamination line.
•
Establish log-in site procedures.
•
Establish the domestic decontamination site.
•
Conduct ambulatory casualty gross decontamination.
•
Conduct ambulatory casualty clothing removal and contaminant neutralization.
•
Conduct ambulatory casualty rinse procedures.
•
Determine the level of decontamination effectiveness on an ambulatory casualty.
•
Conduct nonambulatory casualty gross decontamination.
•
Conduct nonambulatory casualty clothing removal and contaminant
neutralization.
•
Conduct nonambulatory casualty rinse procedures.
•
Determine the level of decontamination effectiveness on a nonambulatory
casualty.
•
Receive personal property and equipment for decontamination.
•
Establish a personal property and equipment line, and perform decontamination
procedures.
•
Determine the level of decontamination effectiveness on personal items and
equipment.
•
Establish and maintain a hazardous waste site in support of casualty
decontamination.
•
Establish and maintain a contaminated water collection site in support of
casualty decontamination.
•
Conduct hazardous wastewater sampling to determine neutralization
effectiveness.
•
Control runoff of contaminated water in support of casualty decontamination.
•
Conduct rehabilitation procedures.
•
Sustain operations during inclement weather or limited visibility.
•
Conduct the unit recovery mission.
•
Conduct the postincident debriefing.
4 April 2006
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
G-13
THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK.
Appendix H
DECONTAMINATION KITS, APPARATUSES, AND EQUIPMENT
1.
Background
Table H-1 lists the decontamination equipment and materials, and Table H-2 (page
H-2) lists detection equipment and materials. Various materials and equipment are used in
decontamination operations. Some are simple to use and are readily available to personnel.
Others are very complex to use and are available only to specially trained teams.
Table H-1. Decontamination Equipment and Materials
Item and Description
Use
Limitations
Individual
Decontaminating kit, skin,
To decontaminate your skin completely,
The M291 is for external use only.
M291 SDK
through physical removal, absorption, and
(20 kits per box)
neutralization of toxic agents without long-
WARNING
term effects.
Keep decontamination powder
out of eyes, cuts, or wounds. It
NOTE: Use this kit for both actual
could slightly irritate the skin
combat and training purposes.
or eyes.
Decontaminating kit,
To decontaminate your chemical protective
individual equipment,
gloves, mask, hood, overboots, LCE, and
M295, IEDK
weapon.
WARNING
Do not use for skin
decontamination. Keep off the
skin and out of wounds, eyes,
and mouth.
Battalion Decontamination Crew and Chemical Company
SDS, M100. Each M100
To perform immediate decontamination of
Do not use on sensitive items.
consists of two 0.7-lb
equipment, vehicles, and crew-served
The operating temperature is -25°F to
packs of reactive sorbent
weapons.
120°F.
powder, two applicators, a
carrying case, and two
NOTE: Use this kit for both actual
WARNING
straps
combat and training purposes.
Do not use for skin
decontamination. Keep off the
skin and out of wounds, eyes,
and mouth.
Decontaminating
To spray decontaminating agents, STB
Do not use with defoliants, herbicides, or
apparatus, power-driven,
slurries and solutions, and hot, soapy water
insecticides.
skid-mounted,
rinses during field decontamination
multipurpose, integral,
operations.
500-gallon, M12A1 PDDA.
To pump water or foam to fight fires, deice
The apparatus includes a
items, wash vehicles, and pump various
pump unit, tank unit, and
fluids.
M2 water heater (all
mounted on skids).
4 April 2006
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
H-1
Table H-1. Decontamination Equipment and Materials (Continued)
Item and Description
Use
Limitations
Battalion Decontamination Crew and Chemical Company (Continued)
Decontaminating system,
To perform operational and thorough
None
lightweight, M17 LDS,
decontamination of vehicles and
NSN 4230-01-251-8702.
equipment.
The M17 is a portable
To provide troop showers, as necessary.
pump and water-heating
unit for producing hot
water and steam. The
system incorporates a
1,580- to 3,000-gallon
collapsible water tank, two
wand assemblies, and
connecting hoses.
MPDS. The system
To perform operational and thorough
None
includes one high-pressure
decontamination of vehicles and
hose, two high-
equipment.
temperature hoses, a
lance-and-gun assembly,
and a 3,000-gallon
collapsible water tank.
FSDS. This system
To perform fixed-site and terrain
None
includes a pump unit and a
decontamination.
bulk decontaminant tank.
To perform operational and thorough
The system includes a
decontamination of vehicles and
spray bar for terrain
equipment.
decontamination, a deck
gun for fixed-site
equipment, and a spray
hose.
Table H-2. Detection Equipment and Materials
Item and Description
Use
Limitations
Paper, chemical agent,
To detect the presence of liquid V, G, and
It cannot be used to detect vapors or
detector, M8. The paper is
H chemical agents.
chemical agents in water or petroleum
issued in a book of 25
products.
sheets, perforated for easy
It may give false readings.
removal. A color
comparison bar chart is
printed on the inside front
cover.
Paper, chemical agent,
To detect the presence of liquid V, G, and
It cannot be used to detect vapors or
detector, M9. The paper is
H chemical agents.
chemical agents in water.
issued in a 7-ounce
It will not stick to dirty, oily, or greasy
dispenser box that contains
surfaces.
one 30-foot roll of 2-inch
Contamination indications cannot be
wide detector paper and
read under a red light or by a color-blind
plastic storage bags. The
soldier.
paper has an adhesive
The following can cause false readings:
back for attaching to
equipment and clothing.
• Temperatures above 125°F.
• Brake fluid.
• Aircraft cleaning compound.
• DS2.
• Petroleum products.
• Insect repellent.
H-2
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
4 April 2006
Table H-2. Detection Equipment and Materials (Continued)
Item and Description
Use
Limitations
ACAA, M22
To detect chemical nerve agents in the air.
WARNING
Radiation hazard—contains
beta emitters.
ACAA, M8A1. It can be
vehicle-mounted,
To detect chemical nerve agents in the air.
backpacked, or ground
WARNING
emplaced.
Radiation hazard—contains
Americium (AM241).
ICAM
To detect nerve- and blister-agent vapors.
It is a point monitor only. It cannot give
To search out areas; to search and locate
an assessment of the vapor hazard over
contamination on personnel, equipment,
an area from one position.
ship's structure, aircraft, land vehicles,
It can only report conditions at the front
buildings, and terrain; and to monitor for
of the inlet probe.
the effectiveness of decontamination. Can
also be used for monitoring collective
WARNING
protection.
Beta radiation hazard.
Detector kit, chemical
To detect liquid G, V, and H chemical
None
agent, M256A1. It contains
agents using M8 detector paper and to
M8 detector paper for liquid
detect and determine the type of vapor (G,
agents and
V, H, and AC) using samplers and
samplers/detectors for
detectors.
vapors.
Radiac set, AN/VDR-2.
To measure gamma radiation dose rates
None
The instrument consists of
from 0.01 µGy/hr to 100 Gy/hr.
a radiac meter with an
To detect and display the level of beta
internal sensor for
particle dose rates from 0.1 µGy/hr to 5
obtaining dose rates during
cGy/hr.
both mounted and
To measure, store, and display
dismounted operations. It
accumulated dose rates from 0.01 µGy to
has a second sensor
9.99 Gy.
housed in a probe and
To monitor personnel, supplies, and
attached to the radiac
equipment.
meter with a cable and
input connector.
The radiac set uses a pre
settable, an audible, and a
visual warning device
integral to the radiac meter.
The system is air-
transportable and organic
to all units.
Computer indicator, radiac,
To measure the accumulated neutron and
None
CP696/PDR-75; detector,
gamma radiation dose recorded by the
radiac/ DT236/PDR-75;
DT236. A person who may become
radiac set, AN/PDR-75
exposed to radiation from tactical nuclear
weapons wears the DT236 on his wrist.
4 April 2006
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
H-3
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