FM 3-11.5 MULTISERVICE TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES FOR CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL, AND NUCLEAR DECONTAMINATION (April 2006) - page 6

 

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FM 3-11.5 MULTISERVICE TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES FOR CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL, AND NUCLEAR DECONTAMINATION (April 2006) - page 6

 

 

i.
Aircraft Decontamination. See Chapter VIII.
j.
Shipboard. See Chapter IX.
k.
Mass Casualty. Depending on the type of incident, the resources required could
be difficult to plan. Chapter X of this manual discusses patient decontamination.
l.
HLS and HLD. The DOD, in conjunction with the local and state responders,
will determine the resources that will be required based upon the information available, the
type of incident, and other supporting unit capabilities (see Chapter XI).
3.
Maintenance Considerations
The disabled equipment or systems located within a contaminated area should not be
removed for maintenance or returned to the owning organization until after they have been
decontaminated. Minor on-site maintenance of the contaminated equipment or systems
may be necessary. All maintenance that is performed on contaminated or potentially
contaminated equipment and systems must be coordinated with the owning unit
commander and the maintenance unit. If available, decontamination units may assist by
providing site and equipment decontamination for the affected area.
4 April 2006
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
XII-7
THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK.
Appendix A
CONVERSIONS AND MEASUREMENTS
This appendix contains the measurements and weights of decontaminant containers
that are the replacements for used containers (see Table A-1). It also contains a table of
commonly used metric system prefixes (see Table A-2) and a table of conversion factors (see
Table A-3, page A-2).
Table A-1. Measurements and Weights of Decontaminant Containers
Containers
Measurements
Weights
Drum, 55-gallon, 16-gauge
Volume - 12 cubic feet
Empty - 70 pounds
NSN 8110-00-597-2353
Length - 35 inches
Filled with water - 529 pounds
Width - 27.5 inches
Filled with STB (slurry) - 620 pounds
Drum, 55-gallon, 18-gauge
Volume - 12 cubic feet
Empty - 50 pounds
NSN 8110-00-292-9783
Length - 35 inches
Filled with water - 509 pounds
Width - 27.5 inches
Filled with STB (slurry) - 600 pounds
Ash and garbage can, 32-gallon
Volume - 7 cubic feet
Empty - 33 pounds
NSN 7240-00-160-0440
Length - 26.5 inches
Filled with water - 300 pounds
Width - 20 inches
Filled with STB (slurry) - 353 pounds
Gasoline can, 5-gallon
Volume - 1 cubic feet
Empty - 10.5 pounds
NSN 7240-00-178-8286
Length - 18.5 inches
Filled with water - 52 pounds
Width - 6.75 inches
Filled with STB (slurry) - 66 pounds
Drum, 8-gallon, STB, 16-gauge
Volume - 1.4 cubic feet
Empty - 11 pounds
NSN 6850-00-297-6693
Length - 14 inches
Filled with water - 78 pounds
Width - 14 inches
Filled with STB (slurry) - 91 pounds
Table A-2. Table of Commonly Used Prefixes
Prefix
Symbol
Factor
mega
M
106 = 1,000,000
kilo
k
103 = 1,000
hecto
h
102 = 100
deca
da
101 = 10
deci
d
10-1 = 0.1
centi
c
10-2 = 0.01
milli
m
10-3 = 0.001
micro
µ
10-6 = 0.000001
nano
n
10-9 = 0.000000001
pico
p
10-12 = 0.000000000001
4 April 2006
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
A-1
Table A-3. Conversion Factors
To Convert
Into
Multiply By
To Convert
Into
Multiply By
Ounces (fluid)
Milliliters
29.573500
Inches
Millimeters
25.4000000
Liters
0.029570
Centimeters
2.5400000
Ounces (weight)
Grains
437.500000
Meters
0.0254000
Drams
16.000000
Kilometers
0.0000254
Pounds
0.062500
Feet
Miles
5,280.0000000
Grams
28.3495270
Centimeters
30.4800000
Kilograms
0.028300
Meters
0.3048000
Grains
Ounces
0.002286
Kilometers
0.0003048
Drams
Ounces
0.062500
Yards
Meters
0.9144000
Pounds
Grams
453.592400
Miles
Meters
1,609.0000000
Kilograms
0.453600
Kilometers
1.6090000
Quarts
Milliliters
946.400000
Centimeters
Inches
0.3937000
Liters
0.946400
Feet
0.0328100
Milliliters
Ounces (fluid)
0.033800
Meters
0.0100000
Quarts
0.001057
Millimeters
Inches
0.0393700
Liters
Ounces (fluid)
33.814000
Meters
Inches
39.370000
Quarts
1.057000
Feet
3.2810000
Gallons (US)
0.264200
Yards
1.0940000
Cubic Feet
0.035310
Miles
0.0006214
Grams
Ounces (weight)
0.035270
Kilometers
0.0010000
Pounds
0.002205
Kilometers
Meters
1,000.0000000
Kilograms
Ounces (weight)
35.274000
Feet
3,281.0000000
Pounds
2.205000
Miles
0.6214000
Gallon (US)
Gallon (UK)
0.832670
Cubic Feet
Cubic Meters
0.0283200
Gallon (UK)
Gallon (US)
1.200950
Liters
28.3200000
Cubic Meters
Cubic Feet
35.3100000
Square Yards
Square Meters
0.8360000
Square Meters
Square Yards
1.1960000
NOTES:
1. The avoirdupois system of weights is used for pounds, ounces, and drams except when specified. The
avoirdupois system is the everyday system of weights commonly used in the United States where 16
ounces = 1 pound and 16 drams = 1 ounce. It is considered more modern and standardized than the
alternative troy or apothecary system.
2. The US gallon is a different size than the UK gallon, so no liquid measures of the same name are the
same size in the US and UK systems.
A-2
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
4 April 2006
Appendix B
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL,
RADIOLOGICAL, NUCLEAR, AND TOXIC INDUSTRIAL MATERIAL
DECONTAMINATION
1.
Background
This appendix provides basic information on the technical aspects of CBRN weapon
effects and characteristics as it relates to decontamination. It also briefly addresses the
decontamination-related aspects of TIM. Many CBRN and TIM substances are airborne
hazards and may leave some degree of residual contamination that is hazardous to
humans.
2.
Nuclear and Radiological Weapons
Radioactive material will remain radioactive for some time and forces use removal or
shielding methods to effectively decontaminate.
a.
Nuclear weapons have an enormous potential for physical damage and residual
contamination. An RDD is a device that causes the dissemination of radioactive material
across an area without a nuclear detonation. An RDD functions by using conventional
explosives to blow up and scatter radioactive debris across a targeted area. This type of
weapon may also cause conventional casualties to become contaminated with radioactive
material and would complicate recovery actions within a contaminated area. Significant
amounts of radioactive material may be deposited on surfaces after the use of a nuclear
weapon or an RDD. Military operations in these contaminated areas will require an
evaluation of the potential hazards and may require protective actions and
decontamination. Operations could result in military personnel receiving radiation
exposure or contact with particulate contamination, which would warrant medical
evaluation and remediation.
b.
Nuclear radiation is characterized as initial or residual. The initial radiation is
produced within 1 minute of the explosion. Residual radiation, also referred to as delayed
fallout, occurs over a period of time. Fallout is composed of radioactive particles from the
bomb and material from the surface of the earth that is carried into the air by the
explosion. The larger particles return to the earth within 24 hours, but the smaller dust
particles may take several months to fall. Other hazards include the presence of
radioactive material on or in exposed sources, such as food and water.
(1)
Little or no fallout is generated by a high-altitude burst.
(2)
Little or no fallout is generated by an airburst. While the fireball is still
glowing, a tremendous amount of radioactive energy is released.
(3)
The heaviest amount of fallout from a surface burst occurs within 24 hours
in the immediate area of ground zero (GZ). Lighter fallout, in the form of a radioactive
cloud, creates a residual radiation hazard (or footprint) that can extend hundreds of
kilometers downwind. Table B-1, page B-2, provides representative estimates of the
downwind radiation hazards resulting from different sized nuclear weapon detonations.
4 April 2006
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
B-1
These estimates are for planning purposes and are subject to change based upon variables
such as environmental conditions and the height of the weapon detonation.
Table B-1. Nuclear-Weapon Detonation Downwind Radioactive Fallout Hazard Estimate
Weapon Yield
Wind Speed (in
Downwind Distance (in kilometers)
(in kilotons)
kilometers per
hour)
Zone I—Immediate
Zone II—Secondary Hazard
Operational Concern
10
5
10
2
25
8
16
50
12
24
10
8
16
5
25
13
26
50
19
38
10
19
38
30
25
30
60
50
42
84
10
33
66
100
25
55
110
50
80
160
10
55
110
300
25
90
180
50
130
260
10
100
200
1,000
25
155
310
50
230
460
c.
The types of ionizing radiation are described below.
(1)
Alpha particles are charged particles that are approximately four times the
mass of a neutron. Because of their size, alpha particles cannot travel far and are stopped
by the dead layers of the skin or by a uniform. Alpha particles are a negligible external
hazard; but when they are emitted from an internalized source, they can cause significant
cellular damage in the region immediately adjacent to their physical location.
(2)
Beta particles are very light-charged particles that are found primarily in
the fallout radiation. These particles can travel a short distance in the tissue. If large
quantities are involved, beta particles can damage the skin and produce a “beta burn” that
can appear similar to a thermal burn.
(3)
Gamma rays, emitted during a nuclear detonation and from the fallout, are
uncharged radiation similar to X-rays. They are highly energetic and pass easily through
most material. Because of their high penetration ability, exposure to a gamma radiation
source can result in a whole-body exposure.
B-2
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
4 April 2006
(4)
Neutrons, like gamma rays, are uncharged and are emitted only during a
nuclear detonation; they do not present a fallout hazard. Compared to gamma rays,
neutrons can cause 20 times more damage to the tissue.
d.
The three principle means to mitigate nuclear weapon effects are time, distance,
and shielding.
(1)
Time. Minimize the exposure times of the personnel conducting the
decontamination. Personnel should remain inside unless directed otherwise through the
chain of command. See Multiservice Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Nuclear,
Biological, and Chemical (NBC) Protection for information on radiation exposure guidance.
(2)
Distance. Maximize the distance from the hazards.
(3)
Shielding. Concentrate efforts to prevent physical contact with the fallout.
As a minimum, wear the appropriate IPE when outside. The standard-issue chemical
protective masks afford protection from the inhalation and ingestion of radioactive
material. Remain within the protected areas or shelters until directed otherwise. Perform
damage assessment, self-aid, and buddy care and report these actions. Decontaminate
when necessary to remove or reduce the contact or long-term exposure hazards from the
fallout particles. The units and activities that are exposed to the initial radiation must first
identify the intensity (dose rate) of the residual or induced radiation using radiac meters.
They will then send the NBC 4 contamination and radiation dose status reports through
the command channels. The commanders identify the units that exceed the OEG. They
decide whether to withdraw these units and conduct decontamination operations or to
continue with the mission. The personnel contaminated by the radioactive dust or debris
perform an immediate decontamination by brushing or wiping their bodies and gear. As
the mission permits, they can further reduce the radiation exposure by occupying armored
vehicles, bunkers, shelters, or buildings. Highly contaminated vehicles and major weapon
systems that pose a hazard undergo operational decontamination. This procedure limits
the spread of the contamination to other areas and reduces radiation hazards. Early
decontamination is necessary to cut down on the cumulative effects of radiation.
3.
Biological Warfare Agents
There are many factors that determine how to decontaminate BW agents.
a.
BW agents are pathogens or toxins. Some kill, while others incapacitate; some
act quickly, while others incubate for several weeks; and some are contagious, while others
are not. The pathogens include spore-forming agents (anthrax) that can persist for days in
the environment. See Table B-2, page B-4, for information on the properties of selected
biological agents.
4 April 2006
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
B-3
Table B-2. Survival of Selected Bacterial and Rickettsial Agents in Some Environments
Agent
Glass
Paper
Soil
Seawater
Water
Vegetation
Direct sun:
Anthrax
Sprayed on: 56-
December: 6.5 but
Months to
Data not
Data not
Data not
(Bacillus anthracis
70 days
not 8.5 hours;
years
available
available
available
spores)
April: 2.3 but not 3
hours; May: 1.5 but
not 2.5 hours
0-6 days
Brucellosis
Data not
Data not available
5-180 days
46 days
Lake water:
(Brucella abortus)
available
10 but not
36 days
Brucellosis
Dark: 16 days;
Tap water:
(Brucella melitensis)
Direct sun: 5-90
Diffused light:
7
6-69 days
11-46
20-72 days
6-22 days
min
days
days
Dark: 104-159
Diphtheria
days; Direct sun:
91-159 days
10-208 days
Data not
Data not
Data not
(Corynebacterium
2-5 min but not
available
available
available
diphtheriae)
more than 10 min
E. Coli
Dried: Direct sun:
99.998%
(Escherichia coli)
1 min but not
Data not available
21 - >80 days
loss in 5
Data not
Data not
more than 5 min
days
available
available
Tularemia
Data not
(Francisella
Data not
Data not available
Data not
available
May grow in
Data not
tularensis)
available
available
water
available
In sun; soil
Listeriosis
Less than 24
Diffused light:
24
surface:
Data not
Data not
Data not
(Listeria
hours
but not 48 hours
12 days (2-3
available
available
available
monocytogenes)
cm);
Buried: 180
days
Drop saline on
Tuberculosis
Dark: 4 days but
Data not available
sand: Shade:
Data not
7-17 but not
Data not
(Mycobacterium
not more than 8
>4 hours;
available
25 days
available
tuberculosis)
days
Sun: 2.5 but
not 3.6 hours
Direct Sun: 15
min not more
than 20 min
Glanders
Data not
(Pseudomonas
10-15 days
14-16 days
Data not
available
28 but not
Data not
mallei)
available
35 days
available
Melioidosis
Data not
(Pseudomonas
Data not
9 days
Greater than
available
Data not
Data not
pseudomallei)
available
27 days
available
available
Shade: 56 but
Salmonellosis
Data not
39 days
not 70 days;
18 days
Half life: 16
Data not
(Salmonella
available
Sun: 14 but
hours
available
paratyphi)
not 29 days
Salmonellosis
Dark: 15-33 hrs
Data not available
(Salmonella typhi)
Sun: 5-15 min
29 - 58 days
9 days
8 days
Data not
available
B-4
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
4 April 2006
B-2. Survival of Selected Bacterial and Rickettsial Agents in Some Environments1
(Continued)
Agent
Glass
Paper
Soil
Seawater
Water
Vegetation
Shade: 56 but not
Salmonellosis
Data not
39 days
70 days
7-21 days
Data not
Data not
(Salmonella
available
Sun: 14 but not 28
available
available
typhimurium)
days
Shigellosis
Direct sun: 20
12 hours
Several
(Shigella
but not 30
Data not available
13-30 days
Data not
tropical fruits:
dysenteriae)
minutes
available
1 hour
Dark: 24 but not
3-7 days
Cholera
30 hrs Direct
1-3 days
Data not available
1 hr-3 days
Data not
(Vibrio
sun: 2 but not 8
available
cholerae)
minutes
Dark: 2 to 4.5
Data not
Plague
days Direct sun:
Dry: 4 but not 8 days
Dry: Less than 1 to
available
16 days
Data not
(Yersinia
less than 1 to
Moist: more than 60
3 days
Moist:
available
pestis)
3.5 hours
days
More than 60 days
Leptospirosis
-20°C: 58
(Leptospira
Data not
Data not available
Dry: 2 hours
18-24
min
15 to
Data not
interrogans
available
Moist:
5 days
hours
17°C: 12-42
available
var. Pomona)
days
34°C: 2
days
Yock sac
Psittacosis
15 but not 20
Data not available
Data not available
18-24
Data not
culture on
(Chlamydia
days (4 but not
hours
available
straw, 22°C:
psittaci)
6 days when
20 but not 25
mixed with E.
days
coli)
When mixed
with E. coli:
6
but not 8 days
Sandy soil:
Q Fever
Data not
Data not available
Shaded Summer:
Data not
Tap water:
Data not
(Coxiella
available
102 days
Winter:
available
20-22°C:
available
burnetii)
120 days
160 days
In Sun:
Summer: 56 days
Winter: 70 days
Nonsandy soil:
99.5% loss in 9
minutes
Sun dry sterile soil
(105-106 conc), 4
6°C:
210 but not 270
days;
34-36°C: <60 days
b.
Knowing how an agent can be disseminated is important to shaping an effective
response. The size, shape, intensity, and overall effectiveness of the agent deposition
pattern are influenced by the delivery method.
(1)
Theater ballistic missiles are a viable means of delivery for many agents
and may cause some contamination depending on the type of agent.
(2)
The size of the submunition pattern allows the area targets to be more
effectively targeted.
4 April 2006
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
B-5
(3)
Stationary or vehicle-mounted ground sprayers can be used to deliver
agents. However, the resulting line source can cover a very large area and may cause some
contamination at the point of release for a point source depending on the type of agent.
(4)
As an airborne line source, aircraft sprayers may also yield some
contamination depending on the type of agent.
(5)
In addition to weapons-associated delivery of BW, BW agents can be
disseminated through other means such as fomite spread and food or water contamination.
(a) Using inanimate objects (fomites) to spread an agent is another
potential way to disseminate a biological agent, such as smallpox.
(b) Food or other products for human consumption are also a group that is
vulnerable to BW agent contamination.
(c)
Water supplies are a potential means for a biological attack. Some
pathogens can grow and survive in water for a considerable length of time. However, the
amount of agent required to have an operational impact make this a less likely means of
delivery.
c.
Environmental Factors.
(1)
Environmental factors will dictate the size and shape, dosage at inhalation,
height of the agent deposition, and the concentration of the agent deposition patterns on
the ground.
(2)
The conditions necessary to cause an operationally significant
reaerosolization hazard are not completely understood. The form of the agent at the time of
delivery is significant. Dry anthrax may be deposited over large areas with relatively small
deposition levels on the ground. It is unlikely that reaerosolization of the anthrax from
these depositions will generate an operationally significant hazard.
d.
Most biological agents are not persistent and will decay within hours or days
with exposure to the environment. However, anthrax spores can survive in a nonvegetative
state for years if embedded just beneath the surface where they would be shielded from UV
radiation, temperature, and humidity effects.
e.
The DOD biological sampling kit provides a simple presumptive identification
capability for a limited number of biological agents (pathogens and toxins). However, the
user will most likely not know what areas are contaminated. BW agents are generally not
recognizable in the air or on a surface by the human senses.
(1)
Since BW agents are released as small particles and aerosols, they tend to
move with the wind. Stronger winds move the clouds faster, resulting in a lower exposure.
In calm conditions, the agent cloud stays close to the release site.
(2)
A successful attack requires the agent to mix with the air. Stable layers
restrict the vertical movement of the agent particles so that the agent released below an
inversion remains available for inhalation and causes a higher likelihood of exposure.
(3)
Landforms, buildings, and surface coverings (e.g., trees, brush, sand, and
asphalt) influence the channeling of the wind and affect the spatial agent distribution.
(4)
BW agents decay in the atmosphere at different rates based on heat,
humidity, and exposure to UV light. Most BW agents will survive for relatively short
B-6
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
4 April 2006
periods of time (minutes to hours) in the open atmosphere. The relatively low rate of
biological decay of anthrax spores makes anthrax an attractive BW agent. Anthrax can
survive between one and two days in the air.
(5)
In a weaponized release, the level of deposition onto ground surfaces is very
low. Agent survival on the surfaces is an important characteristic for considering the risk
from a reaerosolization and the need for decontamination. Anthrax spores and smallpox
virons have been found to be quite stable in soil (for many years).
(6)
The time of day affects the operational impacts of an attack because each
agent biologically decays at a different rate depending on temperature, humidity, and UV
light intensity. In general, night or early morning, with their lower temperatures and UV
light, provides the best conditions for a successful BW agent attack because of the lower
biological decay. During this period, neutral and inversion conditions (especially with low
wind speeds) result in the agent clouds, which maintain lower physical decay (i.e.,
spreading of the biological agent over time).
4.
Chemical Agents
There are many considerations when determining chemical-agent decontamination.
a.
Factors such as hazard duration, climactic conditions, the amount and type of
contaminated resources, the number of personnel who physically come in contact with
contamination, and the type of chemical agent affect, postattack recovery, and medical
support activities are all considerations for determining chemical-agent decontamination.
The primary CW agents of concern for decontamination are nerve and blister agents.
Adversaries may seek to increase their effectiveness of chemical agents by employing them,
where possible, under favorable weather conditions. Weather factors that affect
chemical-agent employment include wind speed, air stability, temperature, humidity, and
precipitation.
b.
Chemical agents can adversely affect personnel through three principle routes of
entry: inhalation, absorption of liquid or solid agent through the skin, and absorption of
vapor through the skin.
c.
The following are methods an enemy could use to enhance dissemination.
(1)
Chemical agents, such as blister and nerve, have historically been released
in neat liquid form, but can be disseminated in thickened or solid particulate (dusty) form.
Agents disseminated in neat liquid form initiate a hazard cycle wherein the droplets settle
to the ground after detonation, posing a direct contact hazard to people and equipment
while the droplets are airborne. The agent is also beginning to evaporate during the
droplet fall phase, so a vapor hazard starts to emerge. The largest vapor concentrations
and probabilities of cross contamination remain highest while the droplets remain on the
surface. In varying degrees of time, the agent will absorb into all but the most nonporous
surfaces (e.g., glass, unpainted metal). Once this occurs, the agent may still present a
hazard because of the toxic vapors off-gassing from the contaminated surface.
(2)
Thickened agents are created by adding small amounts of selected
compounds to the agent and thoroughly mixing the substances. Agent thickening may
increase the time required for the agent to sorb into major terrain surfaces. During the
decontamination process, thickened agents generally require considerably more effort.
4 April 2006
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
B-7
(3)
Chemical-agent penetration of materials presents challenges that personnel
must recognize. Toxic vapors from absorbed liquid agents can penetrate nonporous
materials and create a residual vapor hazard, even though physical contact with the liquid
agent never occurred. Further, personnel must be aware that chemical agents can
penetrate barrier materials, such as plastic sheeting, and release toxic vapors on the
underside of the material. Table B-3 provides examples of agent penetration times for
common materials. Agent penetration over time is one of the reasons that contaminated
barrier materials should be replaced as soon as possible after an attack.
Table B-3. Protective Capability of Common Barrier Material (in Minutes)
Barrier Material
GD
TGD
HD
VX
Wool Blanket
2
84
84
600
Helicopter Cover
29
Data not available
Data not available
600
Heavy Tarp
120
120
120
600
Plastic Pallet Cover
180
180
180
600
NOTE: The criteria for these examples are the penetration of toxic vapor through the
material.
d.
Characteristics.
(1)
Chemical agents, like all other substances, may exist as solids, liquids, or
gases depending on temperature and pressure. Most wartime chemical agents used in
munitions are liquids, although some may be in a solid or dusty form. Following a
detonation of the munitions container, the agent is primarily dispersed as liquid or aerosol.
(2)
Certain chemical agents, such as selected nerve or blister agents, when
encountered during the warm months of the year at sea level are liquids, but they are
volatile to a certain extent. That is, they volatize or evaporate, just as water or gasoline
does, to form an often invisible vapor. A vapor is the gaseous form of a substance at a
temperature lower than the substance boiling point (BP) at a given pressure.
(3)
The tendency of a chemical agent to evaporate depends not only on its
chemical composition, vapor pressure, air temperature, and air pressure, but also on
variables such as wind velocity and the nature of the underlying surface with which the
agent is in contact. All external factors being equal, because of the respective agents vapor
pressures, pure mustard is less volatile than the nerve agent GB, but is more volatile than
the nerve agent VX. However, all of these agents evaporate more readily when the
temperature rises, a strong wind is blowing, or when they are resting on a nonporous
surface rather than on a porous surface.
(4)
When a chemical agent is disseminated as a vapor from a bursting
munition, the cloud initially expands, grows cooler and heavier, and tends to retain its
form. If the vapor density of the released agent is less than the vapor density of the air, the
cloud rises, mixes with the surrounding air, and dilutes rapidly. If the agent forms a dense
gas (the vapor density of the released agent is greater than the vapor density of air), the
cloud flattens, sinks, and flows over the earth’s surface.
(5)
Aerosols are finely divided liquid or solid substances suspended in the
atmosphere. Airborne aerosols behave in the same manner as vaporized agents, but are
heavier and tend to retain their forms and settle back to the earth.
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(6)
When a chemical agent is used for its liquid effect, evaporation also causes
the agent to release chemical vapor. The liquid continues to evaporate while the liquid
droplets are airborne and for some period of time after reaching the surface. Agent vapor
pressure will govern the rate at which the liquid will evaporate. Once the liquid is no
longer present on the surface, the desorption (chemical agent vapor returning back into the
air) process begins.
(7)
Some agents may be in a powder or dusty form. Dusty agents are created
by soaking very small particles of inert substances in liquid chemical agents. These solid
particles retain about half of the agent that is found in a liquid droplet of the same size.
e.
See Multiservice Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Nuclear, Biological, and
Chemical Reconnaissance for detailed information on detector capabilities and employment
techniques.
f.
Chemical-Agent Response to Decontamination Practices.
(1)
When the decontamination process includes scrubbing, decontamination
effectiveness is greatly improved. This appears to be true whether the mode of action of the
decontaminant is principally chemical or physical because the mechanical action of
scrubbing allows a greater amount of agent to react at any given time. For example, testing
has shown that scrubbing is indispensable while using soapy water in the decontamination
of HD. In general, dissolving the agent in the decontaminant facilitates the rapid
destruction of an agent. Additionally, with a longer weathering time before
decontamination there is an increase in the decontamination effectiveness because of the
evaporation of the CW agent resulting in less CW agent requiring decontamination.
(2)
The overall subjective rating of the decontamination effectiveness of hot,
cold, or hot soapy water and steam for all surfaces and agents is: steam > hot water > hot
soapy water > cold soapy water > cold water. However, G and V agents are more soluble in
cold water than in hot and HD is more soluble in higher water temperatures.
(3)
Bleach is effective in removing agents from surfaces; however, it is not able
to remove agents that have already penetrated into the paint. Thus, while a bleach wash
will remove all the contamination from a painted surface, none is destroyed inside the paint
layer. To remove agent H from the paint, an organic solvent in the decontaminant is
usually required. Nonsorptive paints, such as CARC, inhibit the penetration of agent into
the paint layer, thus allowing the bleach to react with the agent.
5.
Toxic Industrial Material
TIM can be found during all types of operations in peacetime or war.
a.
A TIM hazard, whether manufactured, stored, distributed, or transported can
present hazards to US forces. TIM should be recognized for the hazard they pose and the
risks that may result from an explosion or fire. Most present a vapor (inhalation) hazard.
This vapor concentration may be very high at or near the point of release. It may also
reduce the oxygen concentration below what is required to support life. TIM are generally
categorized as shown in Table B-4.
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Table B-4. Categories of TIM
Category
Type of Material
Primary Uses
Agriculture
Insecticides, herbicides, and
Agriculture and vector control
fertilizers
Industrial
Chemical and radiological material
Manufacturing processes, cleaning, and water
treatment
Production and research
Chemical and biological material
Laboratories and storage facilities
Radiological
Nuclear fuel and medical sources
Nuclear power plants, medical facilities, industrial
plants, and laboratories
b.
Forces will generally operate in environments where there are TIM. If an
uncontrolled or deliberate release occurs, there may be an impact on the full range of
military operations. Most TIM are released as vapors. These vapors exhibit the same
dissemination characteristics as CW agents. The vapors tend to remain concentrated
downwind from the release point (RP) and in natural, low-lying areas such as valleys,
ravines, or man-made underground structures. High concentrations may remain in
buildings, woods, or any area with low air circulation. Explosions may create and spread
liquid hazards, and vapors may condense to liquids in cold air.
c.
The most important action if TIM is released is the immediate evacuation of
personnel outside the hazard area. Use the Emergency Response Guidebook to identify
specific hazards and decontamination implications.
6.
Technical Reach-Back
Technical reach-back is the capability to contact a technical SME when an issue
exceeds the on-scene subject matter expert’s (SMEs) capability. Reach-back should be
conducted using established unit protocols. Many of the reach-back resources listed in
Table B-5 have other primary missions and are not specifically resourced for reach-back.
Issues may include nonstandard agent decontamination of CBRN and TIM. This
information could include persistency, medical effects, and decontamination or protection
requirements.
Table B-5. Technical Reach-Back POCs
Organization
Telephone
National Response Center, Chemical
1-800-424-8802
Terrorism/Chemical Biological Hot Line
Technical Chemical and Biological
1-877-269-4496
Assistance Hot Line
DTRA
1-877-244-1187, 1-703-325-2102
AFRRI
1-301-295-0316/0530
USAMRIID
1-888-872-7443
USAMRICD
1-800-424-8802
a.
The National Response Center (NRC) mans the hotline service and serves as an
emergency resource for technical assistance. The USCG operates the NRC, and trained
operators staff the hotline 7 days a week, 24 hours a day. The CB hotline is a joint effort of
the USCG, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), FEMA, Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), and DOD. Specialty
areas include the following:
Detection equipment.
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PPE.
Decontamination systems and methods.
Physical properties of CB agents.
Toxicology information.
Medical symptoms from exposure to CB agents.
Treatment of exposure to CB agents.
Hazard prediction models.
Federal response assets.
Applicable laws and regulations.
b.
The USA Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center (ECBC) hotline provides
technical assistance to emergency responders. The hotline is manned and operated 7 days
a week, 24 hours a day. Technical CB assistance from ECBC can be obtained by calling
1-877-269-4496.
c.
The Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) can provide technical reach-back
information and services for on-scene personnel. The focal/coordination point for support is
through the DTRA Emergency Operations Center (EOC). DTRA can be contacted by calling
1-877-244-1187.
d.
The Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute (AFRRI) can provide DOD
technical support capability for nuclear/radiological incidents or accidents. AFRRI can be
contacted by calling 1-301-295-0316/0530.
e.
The United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
(USAMRIID) provides medical and scientific SMEs and technical guidance to commanders
and senior leaders on the prevention and treatment of diseases and the medical
management of biological casualties. USAMRIID can be contacted by calling
1-888-872-7443.
f.
The United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense
(USAMRICD) provides medical and scientific SMEs and technical guidance to commanders
and senior leaders on the prevention and treatment of chemical casualties. USAMRICD
can be contacted by calling 1-800-424-8802.
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B-11
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Appendix C
DECONTAMINANTS
1.
Background
A decontamination procedure is characterized by the use of specific decontaminants,
equipment, or actions to decontaminate an object; one or more modes of decontamination
may be involved. Each particular mode of decontamination is determined by the process
that best effects decontamination (i.e., chemical, physical, or natural processes). In most
decontamination procedures, all three modes of decontamination occur, supplementing each
other.
2.
Types of Decontaminants
There are three general types of decontaminants—natural, standard, and
miscellaneous. There are also developmental decontaminants that are being tested and
evaluated.
a.
Natural Decontaminants.
(1)
Weathering. Weathering gradually decomposes CB agents by aeration,
hydrolysis, and evaporation. The time necessary for decontamination by weathering
depends on the persistency of the agent, its composition, climatic conditions, and the type of
surface. Although weathering is the easiest method of decontamination, persistency of an
agent is difficult to predict. Therefore, mission deadlines, unfavorable weather conditions,
or hazards to unprotected personnel may require the use of a faster method of
decontamination. Contaminated surfaces will be posted with standard contamination
markers and may be left to the natural decontamination process. Natural weathering of a
chemical agent is the simplest method of decontamination and, in some cases, may be the
preferred method. If environmental conditions are suitable, weathering is an effective way
to decontaminate military materiel, including heavy equipment and vehicles. Increases in
the temperature and relative wind speed are the two key facts that accelerate the
evaporation of an agent from a contaminated surface. In areas where warm, sunny, windy,
and dry weather conditions exist, a substantial amount of agent would evaporate under
weathering conditions. On the other hand, evaporation may not be practical for
cold-weather or nighttime decontamination if there is a time constraint. Although
weathering is recommended for chemical agents with high volatilities, such as GD or GB,
their evaporation time frame would change when applied with a thickening agent. If time
constraints are of little consequence, evaporative decontamination by weathering is an
option for many materials in warm weather. The rate of weathering from surface types
examined (bare metal, painted metal surfaces) at approximately 25°C shows the following
order of decrease as a function of time: This order for the neat agents parallels what might
be expected from examining their vapor pressure (GD > TGD > HD > THD > VX).
(a) Air. Winds rapidly disperse the vapors of the chemical agents.
(b) Temperature and Wind. High temperatures speed up the change of
state for liquid vapor (evaporation) and hasten the dispersion of chemical agents in the air.
The persistency of the liquid chemical agents decreases as the temperature increases.
Because the CW agent evaporation rate approximately doubles with each 10°C increase in
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temperature and because evaporation increases an average of approximately 25 percent
with each 1 meter per second wind speed, the blowing of hot winds over CW
agent-contaminated areas should hasten the weathering process.
(c)
Humidity and Precipitation. Moisture tends to hydrolyze the chemical
agents. However, most agents hydrolyze very slowly. Heavy rain aids the decontamination
by mechanically removing the agents. However, it may cause a concentration of agents in
drainage areas, thus creating another contamination hazard.
(d) Sunlight. Sunlight serves as a decontaminant. Even in cold weather,
the direct sun may warm surfaces above air temperature and hasten evaporation and
decomposition of the agents. Additionally, the sun’s UV radiation will destroy most BW
agents.
(2)
Earth (Covering). Earth can be used to seal in the contamination or as an
absorbent for the contamination. Covering an area with approximately 4 inches of earth
gives protection as long as the earth is not disturbed and the chemical agent exposed.
Additional protection may be obtained by mixing bleach with the earth. An area treated in
this manner may be subjected to light use; however, periodic monitoring will be required.
(3)
Fire. The ideal conditions for the use of fire are during periods of lapse
temperature gradient with a moderate wind speed away from friendly forces. Burning
operations could cause a downwind hazard and should be carried out with caution.
(4)
Water.
(a) Flowing water will flush agents from surfaces and will hydrolyze some
agents, such as mustard and lewisite. Hydrolysis is a very slow process and should not be
used as a primary means for decontamination. Hot water is a much more effective
decontaminant than cold water, and the addition of soap produces a more effective
decontaminant.
(b) Although water alone will hydrolyze mustards and lewisites, a toxic
and blistering residue is formed. Scrubbing with hot, soapy water will physically remove
the residue; an alkaline solution will destroy the chemical-agent properties. Therefore,
water alone should not be used to decontaminate objects when it is practical to use
standard decontaminants.
(c)
High-pressure application produces a better cleaning action than low
pressure. Flushing will remove the surface contamination but will not affect the agent that
is sorbed.
(d) Water used in decontamination operations is contaminated and must
not be disposed of in areas where it might flow or be washed into streams or other bodies of
water or where it might contaminate groundwater used as a water supply.
(e) Soaking contaminated items in boiling water is an excellent method of
decontamination. Soaking them in cold water is less effective. If hot water is not available
or if it might cause damage to the item, warm water may be used.
(5)
Soil. Soil should be considered a field-expedient decontaminating medium
whether or not other decontaminants are available for use. However, the effectiveness of
soil as a field-expedient decontaminant remains to be quantified. In all tests using soils or
clays as the decontaminating medium, it was concluded that as much material as possible
must be used for decontamination and that decontamination must begin as soon as
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possible. The use of ample soil will help ensure the absorption of chemical agents and will
also reduce the amount of vapor that is released. Soil can be used to remove chemical
agents from surfaces by scouring and by sorption. Sorption occurs primarily in the clay and
organic soil fractions. In the absence of better absorbents, soil may be used in removing
liquid contamination from material; however, the used soil becomes contaminated and must
be treated as contaminated waste.
(a) Under various conditions, chemical agents that have been sorbed by
clay minerals can desorb, presenting a secondary hazard. Water has a tendency to hinder
the sorption process in soil. Water also contributes to the movement and redistribution of
chemicals entrapped in soils. The role in sorption and the inactivation of chemical agents
by the organic matter in soils is not fully known. Nerve agents are decomposed by
naturally occurring processes in the soil. The degradation of mustard also occurs; however,
the rates and data on the conditions are very sparse. Studies indicate that mustard is very
difficult to degrade by natural processes occurring in soil.
(b) The way agent is held within various soil components is not
completely understood. Tests have shown that, following sorption, some agents can be
released from the soil; thus, they can contaminate individuals who come in contact with
contaminated soil. Work done with organophosphate insecticides indicates that clays will
probably not permanently adsorb nerve agents. Certain insecticides, and presumably
chemical agents, can remain in soil for long periods. Soil used in decontamination should
be marked, dated, and isolated.
(c)
Testing has shown that soil can be effective when used simply as a
scouring material. However, coarse materials have the least effective surface area for
sorption and are, thus, less effective in this role. Clay is the most absorptive portion of the
soil. Table C-1 (page C-4) provides guidelines for the use of soil as a decontaminant.
b.
Standard Chemical Decontaminants.
(1)
STB.
(a) Description and Use. STB is a decontaminating agent for most CW
agents. STB is a mixture of chlorinated lime and calcium oxide in a white powder form.
STB, in a diluted solution, can be substituted for household bleach. When manufactured, it
contains 30 percent available chlorine. Because of this chlorine content, a protective mask
and gloves should be worn when handling STB. STB decomposes slowly in storage; this
decomposition is easily recognized by the chlorine odor. STB can be expected to cause
serious degradation of electronic equipment, it is corrosive to most metals, and it is
injurious to most fabrics. It has a slight effect on nonmetals and a moderate effect on
sealants.
(b) Chemical Action. STB decontaminates mustard, lewisite, and nerve
agents. The vapor given off during the reaction with chemical agents is likely to be toxic.
Bleach will produce a strong exothermic reaction with liquid mustard. This reaction may be
severe enough to produce a flame. STB may be applied directly to surfaces contaminated
with liquid mustard when there is no objection to potentially toxic vapors or if extreme heat
would not damage the surface. Mixing STB with water or earth facilitates its distribution
and diminishes the temperature resulting from its reaction with liquid mustard. Dry
surface and deposits of STB do not react with liquid chemical agents that have been
absorbed into the ground or other porous materials, because they do not come into direct
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contact with the agent. However, as long as STB retains its chlorine content, it serves to
neutralize the vapors as they rise from the contaminated surface. Due to the decomposition
of STB, the covering should be renewed at least every 24 hours. If the seal is broken by
abrasion or traffic, the vapors will again become a hazard and the STB covering must be
renewed.
Table C-1. Guidelines for the Use of Soil as a Decontaminant
• Use any relatively dry soil as a decontaminant. Under adverse conditions, wet soil is better than nothing.
• Begin the decontamination procedure as soon as possible so that a high percentage of agents will be removed.
• Smear soil or mud on equipment prior to a chemical attack as a precautionary measure. This will provide
preemptive sorption of liquid chemical agent. A soil or mud coating will also help protect against agent aerosols
or vapor. A soil or mud patch could serve as a temporary barrier to seal small breaks or tears in protective
coverings.
• Establish an order of priority when decontaminating unprotected surfaces so that items with porous surfaces are
decontaminated first. For porous materials, the elapsed time between contamination and decontamination
should be less than 15 minutes; for less porous materials, the elapsed time between contamination and
decontamination should not exceed 1 hour. If these times are exceeded, decontamination with soil can still be
performed; however, the effectiveness of the decontamination will be diminished.
• Rub soil over contaminated surfaces to hasten the agent absorption and facilitate the abrasive removal of the
agent from equipment. Use caution when removing the agent from porous surfaces to avoid forcing the agent
into the pores.
• Discard spent soil, and replace it with fresh soil between 30 seconds and 1 minute if additional decontamination
is required. The absorptive capacity of soil used for decontamination will be exhausted.
• Use at least four times the minimum amount of soil required to remove the visible agent to complete
decontamination.
• Identify or mark the used soil following decontamination so that it can be properly treated and avoided for as long
as possible.
• Vacate any area where the soil was used as a decontaminant following decontamination because agent can
slowly desorb as vapor from contaminated soil.
NOTE: If no better alternative exists, soil previously used for decontamination can be guardedly used again.
Processes in the soil slowly deactivate agents, thus the longer the time lapse since the use of a soil, the
safer it will be. Additionally, the agent will slowly desorb from the soil, which will further reduce soil
contamination.
(c)
STB Mixtures. STB may be mixed with water to form a wet mixture
called “slurry”, or it may be mixed with dry earth to form “dry mix.”
Slurry. There are two types of slurry: one for manual application and
the other for application by a PDDA. For manual application with swabs, brushes, or
brooms, the most effective slurry consists of approximately equal parts (by weight) of STB
and water, prepared by mixing 50 pounds of STB with 6 gallons of water. The
recommended load for a 500-gallon PDDA is 1,300 pounds (or approximately 26 fifty-pound
cans) of STB and 225 gallons of water. Detailed information about the preparation of slurry
for use in the M12A1 PDDA is in applicable equipment TOs and TMs. To prepare the
slurry, mix 100 pounds of STB with 20 gallons of hot water.
Dry Mix. This mixture consists of STB thoroughly mixed with dry
earth. The proportion by weight is two parts (two shovelfuls) of STB to three parts (three
shovels full) of earth or other dry material. Personnel may shuffle their boots in dry mix
before and after completing decontamination operations in which their boots are likely
exposed to agents. Dry mix may be placed under equipment to decontaminate any agent
flushed from it. For small-area decontamination, use approximately 1 pound of STB per
square yard for short, grassy areas and 3 to 5 pounds per square yard for bushy or wooded
areas for the decontamination of liquid chemical agents.
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(d) Use in Cold Weather. STB mixtures (dry mix and slurry) do not
effectively decontaminate agents that have become solidified as a result of low
temperatures.
(e) Procedures after Decontamination. STB can be left on many surfaces
after use. However, it must be rinsed thoroughly from metal surfaces immediately
following the 30 minute contact time. Metal surfaces must then be oiled or greased to
prevent corrosion. On wood or other porous surfaces, several applications of STB may be
necessary. When decontamination is complete, surfaces must be flushed with water to
remove slurry.
(2)
High-Test Bleach (HTB) or HTH. HTH is a bleach material in granular or
tablet form, containing a minimum of 70 percent calcium hypochlorite. The compound
contains a higher percentage of chlorine than STB and is, therefore, more corrosive. HTH
can be used for the decontamination of individuals and personal protective material. HTH
will not blister paint during a decontamination operation that includes a prerinse and
postrinse; however, it can severely corrode metals. See Tables C-2 through C-4 for
information on preparing HTH solutions.
Table C-2. Preparation of Decontamination Solution Using HTH (6-Ounce Bottles)
% HTH Solution
Amount of Bottles per
Amount of Bottles per
Amount of Bottles per
4 Gallons Water1
10 Gallons Water2
20 Gallons Water3
1%
1
2
4.5
2%
2
5
9.5
3%
3
7
14.0
5%
5
12
24.0
10%
9
22
44.0
1Add 3 ounces of detergent.
2Add 9 ounces of detergent.
3Add 13 ounces of detergent.
Table C-3. Preparation of Decontamination Solution Using HTH (Granular)
Water
Amount of HTH (Granular) to Give
Amount of HTH (Granular) to Give
5% Available Chlorine
0.2% Available Chlorine
(50,000 ppm)
(2,000 ppm)
40 gal
25 lb
1 lb
5 gal
3 lb
2 oz (5 tbls)
1 gal
10 oz (1 to ½ cups)
½ oz (1 tbls)
1 qt
2 ½ oz (6 tbls)
1/10 oz (1 tsp)
Table C-4. Preparation of 0.5 Percent Available Chlorine Solutions
Decontaminant
Directions
HTH (6-oz bottle)
Mix one bottle HTH with 5 gallons of water.
Household bleach
Add one part bleach to ten parts water.
(3)
Reactive Sorbent Powder. This sorbent is a free-flowing, reactive, highly
absorptive powder manufactured from aluminum oxide. The M100 SDS replaces the M11
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and M13 decontamination apparatuses, portable (DAPs) that were employed in spray-down
operations associated with immediate decontamination. Each M100 SDS consists of two
0.7-pound packs of reactive sorbent powder, two wash mitt type sorbent applicators, a case,
straps, and detailed instructions. An optional chemical agent-resistant mounting bracket is
also available. The M100 SDS uses a reactive sorbent powder to remove chemical agents
from surfaces. The use of the M100 SDS decreases decontamination time and eliminates
the need for water.
c.
Miscellaneous Decontaminants.
(1)
Soap provides a good cleansing medium for removing surface
contamination, dirt, or grease. By this action, mustard is emulsified and carried off; it is
not neutralized. Hot, soapy water is effective for decontaminating (neutralizing) G agents.
V agents will be destroyed slowly by hot, soapy water. Although soapy water will remain
effective as long as suds are maintained, a solution of 10 pounds of soap in 11 gallons of
water is recommended for the decontamination of G agents. An important use of soap is in
personnel decontamination and the removal of contamination from aircraft. Soap solution
may be used in PDDAs, and in bucket-and-broom procedures for the decontamination of
materials and surfaces. Soap is used in the decontamination of clothing by laundering.
(2)
Caustic Soda (Sodium Hydroxide or Lye). Caustic soda is a white solid that
dissolves easily in water or alcohol. The chemical name for caustic soda is sodium
hydroxide; it is commonly known as lye. Considerable amounts of heat are generated when
caustic soda is dissolved; therefore, containers must not be handled with bare hands. A
water solution of caustic soda will destroy G agents on contact. Caustic soda hastens the
hydrolysis of lewisite. However, mustard is destroyed only after prolonged contact with
caustic soda. An alcoholic solution of caustic soda will decontaminate BZ and VX agents.
(a) Preparation and Use. Water solutions of caustic soda are effective in
most concentrations, but normally the more concentrated the solution, the faster the
decontamination. Hot solutions decontaminate faster than cold solutions. A 5 percent
solution prepared by dissolving 5 pounds of caustic soda in 12 gallons of water is
recommended. Alcoholic solutions of caustic soda may be prepared by dissolving 5 pounds
of caustic soda in a mixture consisting of 6 gallons of water and 6 gallons of alcohol.
However, both woolen and cotton clothing are greatly deteriorated by even a 5 percent
solution. Solutions should not be prepared in aluminum, magnesium, tin, or zinc
containers. Contact with these metals causes the formation of flammable hydrogen gas.
Iron or steel containers are suitable. Glass or earthenware containers can be used in an
emergency if the solution is stirred constantly to keep the temperature down.
(b) Safety Precautions. Skin areas that come in contact with either the
solid or solution form of caustic soda should be washed immediately with a copious amount
of water. Affected clothing should be removed immediately. If the eyes are involved, they
should be flushed at once with a copious amount of warm water and the individual should
seek medical treatment. Personnel handling caustic solutions should wear rubber gloves
and protective masks or other respiratory and eye protective devices. Caustic soda burns
human tissue and eats away clothing on contact. Ingestion causes damage to the digestive
tract. Inhalation or ingestion of its dust or concentrated mist causes damage to the
respiratory system and digestive tract. Seek medical attention immediately. The use of a
mask and gloves is mandatory when handling caustic soda.
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(3)
Washing Soda (Sodium Carbonate). Washing soda is a white powder
having alkaline properties. Commercial grades may contain large amounts of sodium
carbonate. Common names include soda ash and laundry soda. It does not destroy blister
agents as readily as caustic soda or sodium hypochlorite. In addition, it does not destroy V
agents as readily as sodium hypochlorite. A hot solution of washing soda is an effective
means of decontaminating CN. The solution, hot or cold, is very effective for the
decontamination of G agents and is recommended.
(4)
Ammonia (NH3) or Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH). Ammonium hydroxide
is a water solution of ammonia. Ammonia or its water solution is an effective
decontaminant (as a weak hydroxide) for several chemical agents. Ammonia may be used
to decontaminate the G agents; however, it is slower acting than caustic soda or caustic
potash.
(5)
Common Solvents. Common organic liquids such as deicing fluids,
kerosene, and alcohol may be used as solvents for many chemical agents. Most organic
solvents are fire hazards, and some are toxic. Use suitable safety precautions. Solvents
decontaminate by removing agents from contaminated surface; they do not destroy the
agent. The solvent action of the liquid varies with the nature of the contaminated surface
and the contaminant.
(a) Use. Solvents must be used carefully to avoid spreading the
contamination. Swabs saturated with solvent are used on small areas. A contaminated
area is swabbed several times; swabs are changed as necessary. The number of times an
area is swabbed is determined by the amount of contamination, the amount of grease on the
surface, and whether the area will be treated with another decontaminant.
(b) Safety Precautions. After being used on a contaminated surface, the
cloth end of the swab must not touch bare skin or clothing. The solvent used to wash off the
agent becomes contaminated and must be disposed of as contaminated waste. If ground
contaminated with waste solvent is to be utilized, it must be decontaminated.
(6)
Degreasing Solvent. Degreasing solvents are noncorrosive,
water-dispersible liquids that are commonly used to clean aircraft and automotive engines
by absorbing grease and oily dirt. The solvent may be used in decontaminating procedures.
It may be diluted with water or kerosene and is effective in removing chemical agents by
solvent action through the removal of grease and oil holding the agent. After being applied
to contaminated equipment, the solvent is allowed to remain 15 minutes or more,
depending on the degree of contamination. Water, preferably under pressure, is used to
remove the solvent and to flush the dirt, grease, oil, and chemical agents from the
equipment. Contaminated waste must be disposed of properly.
(7)
Absorbents. Absorbents are various materials used to remove, but not
destroy, agents. Earth, charcoal, coal dust, clay, and sawdust may be used as absorbents.
The absorbents are contaminated after use and must be handled as contaminated waste.
(8)
Adsorbents. Adsorbent is a material used to adhere or become attached
mechanically or chemically to a chemical agent, but which does not destroy the agent. The
adsorbent is contaminated after use and must be handled as contaminated waste.
(9)
Household Bleach. Household bleach is 2 to 6 percent sodium hypochlorite
in water. For vehicle wash down, household bleach will corrode the metal parts of vehicles.
When the lack of water is a concern and a 5 percent available chlorine solution is needed,
4 April 2006
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
C-7
household bleach could be used for vehicle wash down. Bleach is useful to decontaminate
all types of microorganisms and most chemical agents.
d.
Developmental Decontaminants.
(1)
DF 200. The DF 200 is an aqueous solution containing a peroxide activator
and hydrogen peroxide. DF 200 can be used for the decontamination of material and for the
following contamination on porous surfaces: G agents on concrete, asphalt, sand, and soil; H
agents on concrete; and V agents on asphalt and concrete. However, the operational
constraints in Table C-5 apply for the use of DF 200. At all times, operators working with
DF 200 will be in MOPP gear and all runoff will be collected and treated as potential
hazardous waste. Standard decontaminants should continue to be used for all other
chemical contamination and all biological decontamination.
Table C-5. Operational Limitations of DF 200
• Use mops and brushes as DF 200 applicators.
• Do not use degraded DF 200 for chemical and biological decontamination operations if STB or HTH is available.
Degraded DF 200 is defined as DF 200 with compromised packaging, DF 200 without a lot number, DF 200 with
an unknown storage temperature history, and/or DF 200 with a storage temperature history known to exceed
85°F.
NOTE: Surface corrosion (rust) may degrade the ability of DF 200 to decontaminate chemical agents. DF 200
will produce surface corrosion of many unpainted/uncoated metallic and alloy surfaces.
• Use a hot, soapy water prewash and two applications (15-minute contact time) of DF 200 during thorough
decontamination for VX and HD. Use a hot, soapy water prewash and one application (15-minute contact time)
of DF 200 GD. Apply the DF 200 as a scrub.
• Do not use DF 200 on aircraft or optics. Limit DF 200 use on synthetic rubber or plastic materials (plastic
windshields and seals) as much as possible under field conditions. Inspect nonmetallic material components for
degradation after exposure to DF 200.
• Do not use DF 200 for any biological contamination, including porous surfaces.
• Maintain surface wetness with DF 200 for 30 minutes as DF 200 is active only when wet. Reapply and restart
the 30-minute wet contact time if the DF 200 dries.
• Use DF 200 within 6 hours after mixing.
• Rinse nonpermeable clothing with water following exposure to DF 200. Do not expose semipermeable protective
garments to liquid DF 200.
Replace mask filters after each DF 200 decontamination mission. Replace mask filters after every 12 hours of
DF 200 decontamination operations if decontamination operations are continuous.
• Use butyl gloves for up to 6 hours following exposure to DF 200. Use only 14- and 25-mil gloves for 24 hours
after exposure to DF 200.
• Do not treat sumps containing DF 200 with STB or HTH. Use additional DF 200 for sump treatment.
• Rinse DF 200 from vehicles.
• Do not mix DF 200 and STB/HTH, and do not store them together.
• Use the M256A1 to verify decontamination following decontamination by DF 200.
NOTE: Detector responses to DF 200 are similar to other field decontaminants. DF 200 can interfere with the
accurate functioning of the USMC version of the CAM as well as all ICAMs, ACADAs, M8 paper, and M9
paper.
(2)
Decon Green. This decontaminant provides the decontamination of CW
agents even at low temperatures (-31°C). The solution is noncorrosive to common surfaces
of military interest and leaves no toxic residue. Besides chemical agents, this
decontaminant also affords the destruction of anthrax spores to undetectable levels. Decon
green consists of three components that are mixed together to provide the active
decontaminant. Once mixed, the solution must be used within 2 hours. When the solution
C-8
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
4 April 2006
is applied, it should be rinsed off 15 minutes after application. The decontaminant can be
applied using a spray applicator. Personnel must use MOPP4 when mixing or applying this
decontaminant.
(3)
Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion (RSDL). The FDA has approved
RSDL for use by the US military. The lotion removes chemical agents or the T-2 toxin and
also reacts with the chemical agents, rapidly neutralizing them so they are non-toxic. RSDL
must be applied to exposed skin (intact) as soon as possible after exposure to a chemical
agent. The lotion is impregnated in a sponge pad packaged as a single unit in a heat-sealed
foil pouch.
3.
Decontamination Solution Preparation
Several precautions must be followed when mixing STB or HTH. Use Tables C-2
through C-4 (page C-5) to mix the appropriate decontamination solutions.
a.
Mixing STB Slurry. Add the STB to the water. Do not add detergent.
WARNING
DO NOT mix STB with anything except water.
b.
Mixing HTH Solutions. HTH is most effective in a solution with detergent. The
detergent brings the agent into solution and, thus, in contact with the hypochlorite, where
the chemical reaction can take place. In preparing the HTH decontamination solution,
always add HTH to the water, mix to dissolve, and then add the detergent and stir
thoroughly.
4 April 2006
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
C-9
WARNING
Never add water to HTH or add HTH to water with
which detergent has already been mixed. A
dangerous reaction may result in either case.
4.
Storage and Shelf Life
The shelf life of HTH is 2 years. An expiration date is printed on each bottle. HTH is
an oxidizer and should be kept isolated from fuels, oils, greases, paints, organic solvents,
cellulose products, and any other material that is easily oxidized. These materials are
incompatible and may cause a violent reaction or fire. HTH will react with rags, fabrics,
detergent, antifreeze, and ammonia in addition to the materials listed previously. When
heated, HTH decomposes to chlorine gas, phosgene, and other toxic and corrosive fumes.
Do not use HTH near heat sources or open flames because toxic gases may be produced. Do
not stow oxidizers near heat sources, in areas adjacent to ammunition storage, or in areas
where the maximum temperature exceeds 100°F (37.8°C) under normal operating
conditions. Contact with moisture causes formation of toxic chlorine gas. Accidental
mixture with small amounts of water spray from firefighting may cause toxic-gas
formation. Drenching with excess water can control this reaction. Stowage areas shall be
kept cool, dry, and well-ventilated. Containers used for holding oxidizers should have a
warning label indicating their reactivity and associated hazards.
5.
Decontaminants
See Tables C-6 through C-8 (pages C-11 to C-21) for a representative listing of
standard, miscellaneous, and natural decontaminants.
C-10
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
4 April 2006
Table C-6. Standard Decontaminants Available in the Supply System
Decontaminant
Agent
Use
Cautions/Safety
Preparation
STB
Chemical
Allow 30-minute contact
Will produce a very strong
Slurry paste: mix one 50-pound
(NSN 6850-00
G agents
time, and rinse with
exothermic reaction on contact
drum of STB with 6 gallons of
297-6653)
clear water.
with a liquid blister agent or
water. Slurry paste consists
V agents
Not effective against
DS2.
of equal parts (by weight) of
Lewisite
mustard if it has
Will give off toxic vapors on
STB and water.
Biological
solidified at low
contact with G agents.
Dry mix: mix two shovelfuls of
temperatures.
Is not recommended for ship
STB to three shovelfuls of
Apply to porous
use. Store it on the top deck
earth or inert material
surfaces several
only.
(ashes).
times.
Do not inhale or allow it to touch
Slurry mix, chemical: mix 40
the skin. Wear a protective
parts of STB to 60 parts of
mask or respiratory protective
water (by weight).
device when preparing slurry.
For M12A1 PDDA: use 1,300
Store in an unheated warehouse
pounds of STB, 225 gallons
away from combustibles and
of water, 12½ pounds of
metals subject to corrosion.
antiset, and 24 ounces of
antifoam.
Has the following corrosive
effects:
Slurry mix, biological: mix 7
parts of STB to 93 parts of
Very corrosive to metals. Slight
water (by weight).
effect on nonmetals. Moderate
effect on sealants.
For M12A1 PDDA: use 150
pounds of STB, 225 gallons
Is corrosive to most metals and
of water, 12½ pounds of
damaging to most fabrics
antiset, and 24 ounces of
(rinse thoroughly and oil metal
antifoam.
surfaces).
Camouflage: lampblack or dye
mixes may be added for
camouflage.
Calcium
Chemical
Reacts rapidly (within 5
Precautions are the same as for
Chemical: mix 5 pounds of
hypochlorite
G agents
minutes) with
STB.
decontaminant to 6 gallons of
(HTH or HTB)
V agents
mustards and
Pure HTH will burn on contact
water (10% solution).
(NSN 6810-00
Lewisite
lewisite.
with VX and HD.
Biological: mix 1 pound of
255-0471 [6
Mustards
Acts faster than STB.
Toxic vapor and will burn skin.
decontaminant to 6 gallons of
ounces])
Biological
Allow 15-minute contact
water (2% solution).
Protective mask and rubber
(NSN 6810-01
including
time for biological
gloves are the minimum
PDDE: mix slurry of 1 part
225-2682 [25
bacterial
agents.
protective equipment needed
decontaminant to 2 parts
pounds])
spores
Use as a dry mix or
when handling.
water (any heavier slurry will
(NSN 6810-00
slurry.
clog the decontamination
HTH should only be used if STB
225-0472 [100
apparatus).
is not available.
pounds])
Has the following corrosive
effects:
More corrosive than STB.
Will destroy clothing.
4 April 2006
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
C-11
Table C-6. Standard Decontaminants Available in the Supply System (Continued)
Decontaminant
Agent
Use
Cautions/Safety
Preparation
Mask sanitizing
Chemical
Use on a previously
None
Fill a standard plastic canteen to
solution
Biological
cleaned mask with
the shoulder with water. Add
filter elements and
a 0.5-gram tube of calcium
canisters removed.
hypochlorite from the water
Place the mask face up;
purification kit (NSN 6810-00
attach the canteen to
266-6976). Cover the
the mask at the
canteen, and shake it
drinking tube. Drain
vigorously for 30 seconds.
one canteen full of
Mix bulk quantities as follows:
sanitizing solution
add 2 grams of calcium
through the mask.
hypochlorite from a 6-ounce
Rinse the mask with
jar (NSN 6810-00-255-0471)
two canteens of clear
to 1 gallon of water.
water. Immerse the
Use a ratio of about 1 pound of
mask and outserts in
soap per gallon of water for
the sanitizing
smaller amounts of solution.
solution. Agitate the
Mix 2 pints of detergent to 450
mask for 5 minutes.
gallons of water in the M12A1
Rinse it twice in clear
PDDA.
water, agitating 2 to 3
minutes each time.
Dry all parts of the
mask and
reassemble it.
Use 1 gallon of solution
for every ten masks.
Soap and
All agents
Scrub or wipe the
Casualty-producing levels of
Mix 75 pounds of powdered
detergents:
(physical
contaminated surface
contamination may remain in
soap in 350 gallons of water.
detergent, GP,
removal
with hot, soapy water,
the runoff water and must be
If powdered soap is not
liquid
(NSN
only)
or immerse the item
considered contaminated.
available, use bar laundry
7930-00-282
in the solution.
soap (75 pounds of soap cut
9699)
into 1-inch pieces and
dissolved in 350 gallons of
hot water).
Use a ratio of about 1 pound of
soap per gallon of water for
smaller amounts of soap
solution.
Mix 2 pints of detergent to 450
gallons of water in the M12A1
PDDA.
C-12
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
4 April 2006
Table C-7. Miscellaneous (Nonstandard) Decontaminants
Decontaminant
Agent
Use
Cautions/Safety
Preparation
Sodium
Chemical
Will react rapidly (within 5 minutes)
Is harmful to the skin and
For chemical
hypochlorite
V agents
with blister and V agents.
clothing if undiluted.
decontamination: no
(household
Blister
Allow a 10- to 15-minute contact
Remove from the skin and
mixing is required.
bleach)
agents G
time for biological agents.
clothing by flushing with
For biological
Agents*
Should be applied undiluted with
water.
decontamination: dilute
Biological
brooms, brushes, or swabs.
Has a limited storage
by adding two parts
problem.
bleach to ten parts
Radiological
Is the preferred decontaminant for
water.
ship use. A 5:1 concentration is
Should be stored in a cool
recommended.
place.
For decontamination of
cotton clothing and
Has the following corrosive
utensils: mix 2 cups of
effects:
bleach with 1 gallon of
Is corrosive to metals
water.
unless rinsed, dried,
For application: mix
and lubricated after
bleach half and half with
decontamination.
water, and spray it from
the PDDE.
Ethylene glycol
Chemical
Scrub on contaminated surfaces,
Removes contamination
Mix equal amounts of
(physical
and rinse thoroughly.
only; does not
solution and water.
removal
Mix equal amounts of solution and
neutralize it. Runoff
only)
water.
residue must be
considered
contaminated.
Solvents
Chemical
Scrub on contaminated surfaces,
Removes contamination
None
(gasoline, DP8,
(physical
and rinse thoroughly.
only; does not
diesel fuel,
removal
neutralize it. Runoff
kerosene, and
only)
residue must be
similar solvents)
considered
contaminated.
Sodium carbonate
Chemical
Reacts rapidly with G agents,
Not to be used against VX.
Mix 10 pounds of washing
(washing soda,
G agents
normally within 5 minutes.
It cannot detoxify VX
soda with 12 gallons of
soda ash, or
CN
Is the preferred decontaminant for
and creates extremely
water (10% solution).
laundry soda)
ship use.
toxic by-products.
Should be used with a hot solution
Does not dissolve or
to decontaminate CN
detoxify mustard
effectively.
agents.
5% by weight is the recommended
There are no storage
concentration.
limitations.
Mix 10 pounds of washing soda to
12 gallons of water (10%
solution).
Ammonia or
Chemical
Slower acting than sodium
May require the use of a
None
ammonium
G agents
hydroxide or potassium
SCBA or special-
hydroxide
hydroxide.
purpose mask.
(household
Ammonium hydroxide is a water
ammonia)
solution of ammonia.
Diethyl ether
Chemical
Good decontaminant for use in
Is extremely flammable.
None
arctic regions. The freezing
Does not neutralize
point is -241°F; the boiling point
agents.
is 93°F.
* The reaction time between sodium hypochlorite and G agents will be slower than that for V or H agents.
4 April 2006
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
C-13
Table C-7. Miscellaneous (Nonstandard) Decontaminants (Continued)
Decontaminant
Agent
Use
Cautions/Safety
Preparation
2-propanone
Chemical
Effective for dissolving and
Is extremely flammable.
None
(acetone)
(physical
flushing agents.
Does not neutralize
removal
Good decontaminant for use in
agents.
only)
arctic regions. The freezing
point is -203°F; the boiling point
is 133°F (evaporates rapidly).
Hexachloramelamine
Chemical
Is not soluble in water, but is
May require the use of a
Is not soluble in water, but
Mustard
soluble in organic solvents such
protective mask and
is soluble in organic
as gasoline, kerosene, and
rubber gloves when
solvents such as
paint thinner.
used.
gasoline, kerosene, and
Is corrosive to metal.
paint thinner.
Dichlorimine B and
Chemical
None
May require the use of a
Is not soluble in water, but
Dichoramine T
Mustard
protective mask and
is soluble in certain
rubber gloves when
organic solvents (e.g.,
used.
dichlorethane).
Is corrosive to metal.
Is normally mixed as a
10% solution in
dichloroethane.
Perchloroethylene
Chemical
Is good for use in arctic climates.
Removes contamination
None
(tetrachloroethylene)
(physical
The freezing point is -8°F; the
only; does not
removal
boiling point is 250°F.
neutralize it. Runoff
only)
Dissolves H and V agents, but not
residue must be
G agents.
considered
contaminated.
Requires no mixing (practically
insoluble in water).
Nonflammable.
Low toxicity.
C-14
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
4 April 2006
Table C-7. Miscellaneous (Nonstandard) Decontaminants (Continued)
Decontaminant
Agent
Use
Cautions/Safety
Preparation
NaOH, sodium
Chemical
Will neutralize G agents on contact.
Will damage the skin,
Small amount: Mix 10
hydroxide
G agents
Allow 15-minute contact time.
eyes, and clothes;
pounds of lye with 12
(NSN 6810-00
Lewisite
and can cause
gallons of water (10%
Must flush with large amounts of
174-6581 [100
upper respiratory or
solution). Mix it in an iron
Biological,
clear water.
pounds])
lung damage if
or steel container (never
including
For small amounts, mix 10 pounds
inhaled. The
aluminum, zinc, or tin).
bacterial
of lye with 12 gallons of water
affected area must
Add lye to the water to
spores
(10% solution). Mix it in an iron or
be washed
prevent boiling and
steel container. Add lye to the
immediately with
splattering due to heat
water to prevent boiling and
large amounts of
being emitted. Do not
splattering due to heat being
water and flushed
handle the mixing
emitted.
with diluted acetic
container with bare hands.
Use while hot.
acid or vinegar.
Large amount (PDDE use):
Will cause a red color change upon
Remove affected
Mix 227 grams (½ pound)
contact with M8 detector paper.
clothing. If eyes are
of lye with each gallon of
Effectiveness is directly proportional
involved, flush them
water. Pump 350 gallons
to the strength of the solution.
at once with large
of water into the tank unit.
amounts of warm
Connect the tank unit,
water and seek
pump unit, and heater
medical attention.
together. Heat the water
Full rubber protective
to 122°F. Disconnect the
clothing, gloves,
heater unit, and add 175
boots, and a mask
pounds of lye to the
are required when
heated water. Circulate
using.
the solution with the pump
Runoff is highly
unit until all the lye is
corrosive and toxic.
dissolved. The
Drain runoff into a
temperature will increase
sump, and bury it.
noticeably. Use while hot.
Is not recommended
Simultaneous mixing and
for ship use. Store it
applying: Sprinkle dry lye
on the top deck
on the contaminated area
only.
and then dissolve it with a
spray of steam or hot
Is not recommended if
water. Do not wash the
less toxic caustic
lye off the surface while
decontaminants are
applying the steam or hot
available.
water.
Can substitute with
Paint removal: 1 pound of
calcium hydroxide,
lye per 2½ gallons of water
potassium
is capable of removing an
hydroxide, or
average coat of paint from
trisodium
about 11 square yards of
phosphate.
surface. This solution is
Is corrosive to most
effective in removing paint
metals.
on which chemical
contamination has
absorbed.
4 April 2006
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
C-15
Table C-7. Miscellaneous (Nonstandard) Decontaminants (Continued)
Decontaminant
Agent
Use
Cautions/Safety
Preparation
Potassium
Chemical
Will neutralize G agents on contact.
Will damage the skin,
Small amount: Mix 10
hydroxide (caustic
G
Allow 15-minute contact time.
eyes, and clothes;
pounds of lye with 12
potash)
agents
and can cause
gallons of water (10%
Must flush with large amounts of
Lewisite
upper respiratory or
solution). Mix it in an iron
clear water.
Biological
lung damage if
or steel container (never
For small amounts, mix 10 pounds
inhaled. The
aluminum, zinc, or tin).
of lye with 12 gallons of water
affected area must
Add lye to the water to
(10% solution). Mix it in an iron or
be washed
prevent boiling and
steel container. Add lye to the
immediately with
splattering due to heat
water to prevent boiling and
large amounts of
being emitted. Do not
splattering due to heat being
water and flushed
handle the mixing
emitted.
with diluted acetic
container with bare hands.
Use while hot.
acid or vinegar.
Large amount (PDDE use):
Will cause a red color change upon
Remove affected
Mix 227 grams (½ pound)
contact with M8 detector paper.
clothing. If eyes are
of lye with each gallon of
Effectiveness is directly proportional
involved, flush them
water. Pump 350 gallons
to the strength of the solution.
at once with large
of water into the tank unit.
amounts of warm
Connect the tank unit,
water and seek
pump unit, and heater
medical attention.
together. Heat the water
Full rubber protective
to 122°F. Disconnect the
clothing, gloves,
heater unit, and add 175
boots, and a mask
pounds of lye to the
are required when
heated water. Circulate
using.
the solution with the pump
Runoff is highly
unit until all the lye is
corrosive and toxic.
dissolved. The
Drain runoff into a
temperature will increase
sump, and bury it.
noticeably. Use while hot.
Is not recommended
Simultaneous mixing and
for ship use. Store it
applying: Sprinkle dry lye
on the top deck
on the contaminated area
only.
and then dissolve it with a
spray of steam or hot
Is not recommended if
water. Do not wash the
less toxic caustic
lye off the surface while
decontaminants are
applying the steam or hot
available.
water.
Can substitute with
Paint removal: 1 pound of
calcium hydroxide,
lye per 2½ gallons of water
potassium
is capable of removing an
hydroxide, or
average coat of paint from
trisodium
about 11 square yards of
phosphate.
surface. This solution is
Is corrosive to most
effective in removing paint
metals.
on which chemical
contamination has
absorbed.
Detrochlorite
Biological
Thickened bleach useful on vertical
Mixing the wetting
Mix by weight 19.3%
surfaces.
agent and calcium
diatomaceous earth, 0.5%
Allow 30-minute contact time, rinse
hypochlorite in a dry
anionic wetting agent,
with water.
and undiluted state
2.9% calcium hypochlorite
may cause an
(70% available chlorine),
Apply by means of the PDDA.
explosion.
and 77.3% water.
Coverage is 1 gallon per 8 square
yards.
Agent is very
Mix the wetting agent and
corrosive.
diatomaceous earth with
water before adding the
calcium hypochlorite.
C-16
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
4 April 2006
Table C-7. Miscellaneous (Nonstandard) Decontaminants (Continued)
Decontaminant
Agent
Use
Cautions/Safety
Preparation
Iodine water
Biological
Use when it is impractical to boil
None
None
purification tablets
drinking water.
Two iodine tablets per canteen are
effective against most biological
agents
Ethylene oxide
Biological,
Should be applied in the strength of
Flammable and
None
including
30 pounds for every 1,000 cubic
explosive.
bacterial
feet.
Not recommended for
spores
Allow a 6-hour contact time (contact
interior use.
time must be doubled for each
20°F drop in temperature below
75°F).
Should be used in an airtight
enclosure.
Disinfectant
Biological
Use to decontaminate utensils, mess
Dispose of any food or
Dissolve one package of
chlorine (NSN
gear, exteriors of sealed
vegetables that are
disinfectant in 20 gallons
6840-00-270
containers, and food products that
damaged and any
of warm, potable water
8172)
can withstand soaking.
outer leaves that
(100°F).
Allow a 30-minute contact time (stir
are bruised or torn.
occasionally).
Do not cut or peel
Rinse thoroughly in potable water.
fruits and
vegetables before
Make fresh solutions for rinsing and
disinfecting.
disinfecting utensils for each 100
persons.
Use the solution only
once.
Prepare an emergency solution by
mixing one level MRE spoonful of
calcium hypochlorite (water
disinfecting powder) to each 10
gallons of water.
If liquid chlorine bleach is available,
use about 1/3-canteen cup of 5%
chlorine bleach to each 10 gallons
of water.
Hyamine
Biological
Allow a 5- to 30-minute contact time.
Very toxic; the
Mix 1 pound of hyamine to
(benzethonium
Use a 0.1% to 1% solution (1 pound
estimated fatal dose
every 12 gallons of water
chloride)
of hyamine for every 12 gallons of
to man is 1 to 3
(yields a 1% solution).
water yields a 1% solution).
grams.
Care should be taken
when mixing to
avoid the inhalation
of powder.
Agent is not to be
used on aircraft or
ships.
4 April 2006
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
C-17
Table C-7. Miscellaneous (Nonstandard) Decontaminants (Continued)
Decontaminant
Agent
Use
Cautions/Safety
Preparation
Formalin
Biological,
Used for interior decontamination of
Personnel entering an
No mixing is required.
(formaldehyde)
including
relatively close areas.
area containing
However, less residue
bacterial
Allow vapors to remain 16 hours in a
formalin vapors
remains and less aeration
spores
closed structure; aerate until the
should—
is required if the mixture of
odor is no longer objectionable.
• Wear a protective
five parts formalin and
mask.
three parts methanol is
Optimum conditions for spraying
used.
formalin are 70°F to 80°F with an
• Wear washable outer
85% relative humidity.
clothing, fastened to
Use this mixture at a rate of
prevent vapors from
4 to 5 quarts per 1,000
The minimum effective relative
entering at wrists,
cubic feet of space.
humidity is 70%.
ankles, or neck.
Increase exposure time to 24 hours
at 60°F.
• Remove outer
clothing after
Agent is applied as a vapor from
emerging from
standard insecticide sprayers or is
vapors.
vaporized by heat or a bubbling
steam from a pan.
• Shower and put on
clean clothing as
soon as possible.
Vapors are very toxic.
Vapors are not
flammable; open
flame should not be
used for vaporizing
when methanol has
been added to the
agent.
When steam is used,
the source of the
steam should be
outside the area being
decontaminated.
Corrosive.
Formalin will curl and
discolor paper.
Leaves a white
residue.
C-18
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
4 April 2006
Table C-7. Miscellaneous (Nonstandard) Decontaminants (Continued)
Decontaminant
Agent
Use
Cautions/Safety
Preparation
Peracetic acid
Biological,
Allow a 10-minute contact time.
Protective mask and
Available as a 40% solution.
(PAA)
including
Wipe with a rag or swab (immerse
clothing are
Mix 1 quart of PAA to 3½
bacterial
small items). Remove excess
required.
gallons of water (add PAA
spores
acid and aerate for 10 to 15
Fumes are highly
to the water).
minutes or until no objectionable
irritating.
odor remains.
Burns and blisters on
Available as a 40% solution. Mix 1
the skin will occur.
quart of PAA to 3½ gallons of
A violent explosion
water (add PAA to the water).
may result if heavy
metal ions come in
contact with the
agent.
A 40% solution has a
low flash point
(105°F); a 3%
solution is
nonflammable.
Store in original
containers under
refrigeration to
prevent
decomposition.
Corrosive.
Prolonged exposure
will damage most
material.
Prolonged exposure
will corrode iron and
deteriorate rubber,
plastic, and leather.
Carbon dioxide
Biological
Recommended for interior use. Use
Nonflammable.
None
and ethylene
in an airtight enclosure.
Will blister the skin.
oxide mixture
Allow a 12-hour contact time
(>87% ethylene
(doubled for each 20°F drop in
oxide)
temperature below 75°F).
Apply 30 pounds for every 1,000
cubic feet.
Aerate items next to the skin for 18
to 24 hours.
Oxidizing agents
Radiological
Effective in dissolving surfaces
Use only under the
Aqua regia is prepared by
(nitric acid, aqua
containing absorbed radioactive
supervision of a
mixing three parts of
regia, sodium
contamination.
trained individual.
concentrated hydrochloric
dichromate, and
Apply to the surface, or dip the item.
Will require the use of
acid and one part of
potassium
Rinse the surface thoroughly with
a neoprene or
concentrated nitric acid.
permanganate)
water and detergent and then with
rubber protective
Other oxidizing agents do not
clear water.
apron, gloves,
require mixing.
boots, and safety
glasses when
handling. (Rubber
offers only limited
protection.)
Extremely corrosive.
Exposure must be
limited due to the
corrosive nature of
the solution.
4 April 2006
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
C-19
Table C-7. Miscellaneous (Nonstandard) Decontaminants (Continued)
Decontaminant
Agent
Use
Cautions/Safety
Preparation
Complexing
Radiological
Allow a 30-minute contact time, and
Does not neutralize
Mix 3% to 5% of the agent
agents (versene,
(physical
then flush with water.
contamination.
(by weight) in water.
citric acid,
removal
Apply as a film over the surface
Runoff will be
sequesterene,
only)
using a PDDE, firefighting
contaminated.
sodium citrate,
apparatus, or a tree or garden
tartanic acid,
sprayer.
sodium oxalate,
sodium
tartrategoxalic
acid,
othophosphoric
acid, and similar
agent)
Acids (sulfuric
Radiological
Effective solvents for rust and
Will require the use of
None
acid, hydrochloric
mineral deposits holding
respiratory
acid, oxalic acid,
radioactive material on metal
protection when
and similar acids)
surfaces.
used in closed
Allow a 1-hour contact time.
areas. May require
the use of rubber
Must be flushed with water,
boots, gloves,
scrubbed with a water-detergent
aprons, and goggles
solution, and flushed again with
when used.
water.
Can produce boiling
and splattering of
the solution when
mixed.
Difficult to handle and
is harmful to the
body, especially the
eyes. Flush the
area immediately
with water. Use a
5% solution of water
and baking soda
(sodium
bicarbonate).
C-20
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
4 April 2006
Table C-8. Natural Decontaminants
Decontaminant
Agent
Notes
Cautions/Safety
Water
(Physical
Can be used to flush contamination from
Is effective in physically removing
removal only)
surfaces.
contamination, but does not neutralize
Chemical
Hot, soapy water is more effective in
it.
Biological
removing agents.
Do not use water on lewisite.
Radiological
Boiling for 15 minutes (30 minutes at high
altitude) destroys biological agents.
Sea water
(Physical
None
None
removal only)
Steam
Chemical
None
Is effective in physically removing
Biological
contamination, but does not neutralize
it.
Radiological
Absorbents (earth,
(Physical
Used to physically remove gross
The contamination is transferred from the
sawdust, ashes,
removal only)
contamination from surfaces.
surface to the absorbent.
rags, and similar
Chemical
The absorbent becomes contaminated
materials)
and must be disposed of accordingly.
Biological
Radiological
Sufficient contamination to produce
casualties may remain on surfaces.
Sealants (concrete,
(Physical seal
Sealants are used to physically seal in or
A break in the surface of the sealant will
asphalt, earth, paint,
only)
shield contamination.
expose the contamination.
and similar
Chemical
Chemical - 4 inches of earth provides good
Contaminated areas covered with
materials
protection.
sealants must be marked with
Biological
Biological - Burying items is an effective
appropriate CBRN warning signs.
Radiological
means of sealing off contamination.
Radiological - 12 inches of earth provides
good protection from fallout (3 inches will
reduce the dose rate about one-half).
Radiological - 1 inch of asphalt or concrete
completely absorbs alpha and beta
radiation.
Radiological - ¼ inch of grout shields alpha
and beta radiation.
Weather/time
Chemical
UV light kills most bioorganism agents,
None
Biological
organisms, and radiation decay over time.
Radiological
Should be used when time and the mission
permit.
Burning
Chemical
N/A
Creates downwind hazards.
Biological
Requires that sentries be posted to keep
people out of the danger area.
4 April 2006
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
C-21
THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK.
Appendix D
DECONTAMINATION OF SPECIFIC SURFACES AND MATERIALS
This appendix should be used to determine how to decontaminate various surfaces.
Table D-1 lists specific surfaces or materials and briefly explains the representative
methods of how to conduct a CBRN decontamination. In turn, detection and identification
equipment must be used to check the completeness of decontamination.
Table D-1. Decontamination Procedures for Specific Surfaces and Materials
Surface or
Types of Contamination and How to Decontaminate
Material
Chemical
Biological
Radiological
Asphalt roads
Weather.
Weather (remain masked).
Brush or sweep.
Flush with water.
Wet with water (will help prevent
Flush with water (this may
Spray with an STB slurry from
secondary aerosols, but does
drive some of the
the PDDE.
not decontaminate).
contamination into the
Pour, spray, or spread oil on the
surface; waste must be
Cover with STB (pure form).
surface (suppresses dust and
controlled).
When liquid contamination is
visible and personnel are
associated reaerosolization).
Clean with a vacuum.
nearby, use STB dry mix.
For critical, but limited, areas:
Cover small areas or paths
• Spray with an STB slurry from
across roads with 4 inches of
the PDDE.
earth.
• Apply 2% household bleach
solution.
Roofs
Weather.
Weather (remain masked).
Brush or sweep.
Flush with water.
Wet with water (will help prevent
Flush with water (this may
Spray with an STB slurry from
secondary aerosols, but does
drive some of the
the PDDE.
not decontaminate).
contamination into the
Pour, spray, or spread oil on the
surface; waste must be
Cover with STB (pure form).
surface (suppresses dust and
controlled).
When liquid contamination is
visible and personnel are
associated reaerosolization).
Clean with a vacuum.
nearby, use STB dry mix.
For critical, but limited, areas:
Cover small areas or paths
• Spray with an STB slurry from
across roads with 4 inches of
the PDDE.
earth.
• Apply 2% household bleach
solution.
• Apply detrochlorite. Leave it
on at least 30 minutes, and
then flush it with water.
Brick and
Weather.
Weather (remain masked).
Brush or sweep.
stone roads
Wash with soapy water,
Wet with water (will help prevent
Flush with water (this may
preferably hot.
secondary aerosols, but does
drive some of the
Spray with an STB slurry from
not decontaminate).
contamination into the
the PDDE or apply with
Pour, spray, or spread oil on the
surface; waste must be
brushes and brooms. Leave
surface (suppresses dust and
controlled).
the slurry on for 24 hours, and
associated reaerosolization).
Clean with a vacuum.
then flush it with water.
For critical, but limited, areas:
Use abrasion (sand
Cover small areas or paths
blasting). This provides
• Spray with an STB slurry from
across roads with 4 inches of
the PDDE.
direct and complete
earth.
removal of contaminated
• Apply 2% household bleach
dust; however, sand and
solution.
equipment being used
becomes contaminated.
4 April 2006
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
D-1
Table D-1. Decontamination Procedures for Specific Surfaces and Materials (Continued)
Surface or
Types of Contamination and How to Decontaminate
Material
Chemical
Biological
Radiological
Brick and stone
Weather.
Weather (remain masked).
Brush or sweep.
buildings,
Wash with soapy water, preferably
Wet with water (will help
Flush with water (this may
bunkers, gun
hot.
prevent secondary
drive some of the
emplacements,
Spray with an STB slurry from the
aerosols, but does not
contamination into the
and tank
PDDE or apply with brushes
decontaminate).
surface; waste must be
obstacles
and brooms. Leave the slurry
Pour, spray, or spread oil on
controlled).
on for 24 hours, and then flush it
the surface (suppresses
Clean with a vacuum.
with water.
dust and associated
Use abrasion (sand
Use STB (pure form or dry mix)
reaerosolization).
blasting). This provides
around buildings where
For critical, but limited,
direct and complete
wastewater runs.
areas:
removal of contaminated
dust; however, sand and
• Spray with an STB slurry
equipment being used
from the PDDE.
becomes contaminated.
• Apply 2% household
bleach solution.
• Apply detrochlorite.
Leave it on at least 30
minutes, and then
flush it with water.
Concrete roads
Weather.
Weather (remain masked).
Brush or sweep.
Spray with an STB slurry from the
Wet with water (will help
Flush with water (this may
PDDE.
prevent secondary
drive some of the
Cover with an STB slurry or dry
aerosols, but does not
contamination into the
mix.
decontaminate).
surface; waste must be
Pour, spray, or spread oil on
controlled).
Cover small areas or paths across
roads with 4 inches of earth.
the surface (suppresses
Clean with a vacuum.
dust and associated
Use abrasion (sand
Scrape the layer of contaminated
reaerosolization).
blasting). This provides
earth to the side of the road.
For critical, but limited,
direct and complete
areas:
removal of contaminated
dust; however, sand and
• Spray with an STB slurry
equipment being used
from the PDDE.
becomes contaminated.
• Apply 2% household
bleach solution.
Earth: roads,
Weather.
Weather (remain masked).
Earthmoving (removal): Try
gun
Spray with an STB slurry from the
Wet with water (will help
to control contaminated
emplacements,
PDDE.
prevent secondary
dust, as equipment may
bivouac areas,
aerosols, but does not
become contaminated.
Cover with STB (pure form).
pathways, and
decontaminate).
Consider waste disposal.
When liquid contamination is
bomb craters
Sealing (with earth):
visible and personnel are
Pour, spray, or spread oil on
nearby, use STB dry mix.
the surface (suppresses
Equipment may become
dust and associated
contaminated.
Cover small areas or paths across
roads with 4 inches of earth.
reaerosolization).
Scrape the layer of contaminated
For critical, but limited,
earth to the side of the road.
areas:
• Spray with an STB slurry
from the PDDE.
• Apply 2% household
bleach solution.
• Burn.
D-2
FM 3-11.5/MCWP 3-37.3/NTTP 3-11.26/AFTTP(I) 3-2.60
4 April 2006

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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