FM 3-11.9 POTENTIAL MILITARY CHEMICAL/BIOLOGICAL AGENTS AND COMPOUNDS (JANUARY 2005) - page 5

 

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FM 3-11.9 POTENTIAL MILITARY CHEMICAL/BIOLOGICAL AGENTS AND COMPOUNDS (JANUARY 2005) - page 5

 

 

d.
TIC of Concern. The TIC have important physical properties (such as reactivity,
flammability, or corrosivity), and these properties cause many chemical injuries and
damage annually. For example, the United Nations Environmental Protection
Organization (UNEPO) developed a list of accidents (1970-98) involving hazardous
substances in which there were at least 25 deaths, 125 injured, 10 thousand evacuated or
deprived of water, or $10 million US damages to third parties. See Table V-1 for a listing of
the hazardous substances, primarily TIC, that were involved.
Table V-1. Accidents Involving Hazardous Substances
Chemical Class
Frequency %
Ever used as a weapon?
Fuel gases
15
Yes - Columbia, 2000
Explosives
12
Yes - Oklahoma City bomb
Liquid fuels
8
Yes - animal rights and environmental arson
Petrochemicals
8
Yes - Kutina, Croatia
Chlorine
8
Yes - Jovan, Croatia
Oil
7
Yes -Texas, Columbia, Guatemala, Kuwait
Ammonia
6
Yes - Kutina, Croatia
Acids & bases
6
Yes - abortion clinics
Plastics manufacture
3
No
Pesticides, including precursors
3
Yes - Bhopal (sabotage)
PCBs (slow onset)
2
No
Fertilizers
2
Yes - Oklahoma City bomb
Dusts (e.g., grain elevator)
1
Yes - IEDs
Radiation
1
Yes - RDDs (Moscow)
Other Chemicals
13
Yes - arsenic, cyanides, phosgene, metals
Not specified
5
NA
(1)
As shown, fuel gases, explosives, liquid fuel, petrochemicals, and oil account
for nearly 50 percent of the incidents.
(2)
Consideration of a chemical’s many hazardous properties is reinforced by
the criteria governing the US chemical manufacturing Risk Management Program (RMP).
The RMP, instituted in June 1999, under US federal regulations, requires certain chemical
facilities to implement chemical accident prevention and preparedness measures and to
submit summary reports to the government every 5 years. The RMP database contains
information on 14,828 facilities containing 20,210 chemical processes. Of these processes,
17,529 contain at least one TIC and 8,107 contain at least one flammable chemical.
Chemicals such as anhydrous ammonia, chlorine, propane, and flammable mixtures are
present in nearly 70 percent of all RMP processes.
2.
Other Information Sources
Multiple data sources are available to support the need for data and information to
support the military decision-making process (MDMP). These sources include—
a.
North American Emergency Response Guidebook (NAERG) 2000 (http://
hazmat.dot.gov/gydebook.htm).
(1)
The US DOT, Transport Canada, and the Secretariat of Communications
and Transportation (SCT) of Mexico developed the Emergency Response Guide (ERG) 2000
jointly for use by firefighters, police, and other emergency services personnel who may be
the first to arrive at the scene of a transportation incident involving a hazardous material.
It is primarily a guide to aid first responders in quickly identifying the specific or generic
classification of the material(s) involved in the incident, and protecting themselves and the
general public during this initial response phase of the incident. The ERG is updated every
3 years to accommodate new products and technology. The ERG 2000 incorporates
V-2
dangerous goods lists from the most recent United Nations (UN) recommendations as well
as from other international and national regulations.
(2)
The DOT goal is to place one ERG 2000 in each emergency service vehicle,
nationwide, through distribution to state and local public safety authorities. To date, more
than 7 million copies have been distributed without charge to the emergency responder
community. Copies are made available free of charge to public emergency responders
through the state coordinators (US only). In Canada, contact the Canadian Transport.
Emergency Centre (CANUTEC) at 613-992-4624 or e-mail canutec@tc.gc.ca for
information. In Mexico, call SCT at 52-5-684-1275.
b.
NIOSH Pocket Guide (NPG) to Chemical Hazards
(1)
The NPG is intended as a source of general industrial hygiene information
for workers, employers, and occupational health professionals. The NPG presents key
information and data in abbreviated tabular form for 677 chemicals or substance groupings
(e.g., manganese compounds, tellurium compounds, inorganic tin compounds, etc.) that are
found in the work environment. The industrial hygiene information found in the pocket
guide should help users recognize and control occupational chemical hazards. The
chemicals or substances contained in this revision include all substances for which the
NIOSH has recommended exposure limits (RELs) and those with permissible exposure
limits (PELs) as found in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
General Industry Air Contaminants Standard (29 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR]
1910.1000).
(2)
The information in the NPG includes chemical structures and formulas,
identification codes, synonyms, exposure limits, chemical and physical properties,
incompatibilities and reactivities, measurement methods, respirator selections, signs and
symptoms of exposure, and procedures for emergency treatment.
c.
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS)
(1)
The RTECS provides toxicological information with citations on over
140,000 chemical substances. These detailed profiles include toxicological data and
reviews, international workplace exposure limits, references to US standards and
regulations, analytical methods, and exposure and hazard survey data.
(2)
The data are compiled into substance records for ease of use, and updated
data are fully integrated.
d.
International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs) (http://
(1)
The International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is a joint activity of
three cooperating International Organizations: the United Nations Environment Program
(UNEP), the International Labor Office (ILO), and the WHO. The main objective of the
IPCS is to carry out and disseminate evaluations of the hazards posed by chemicals to
human health and the environment.
(2)
An ICSC summarizes essential health and safety information on TIC. The
ICSCs are not legally binding documents, but consist of a series of standard phrases,
mainly summarizing health and safety information collected, verified, and peer-reviewed by
V-3
internationally recognized experts, taking into account advice from manufacturers and
poison control centers.
e.
Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS) (http://
(1)
The CHRIS database is a comprehensive source of emergency response
information for those involved in the transport of hazardous materials (HAZMAT). The
database is based upon the text of the United States Coast Guard (USCG) CHRIS manual.
At printing, this site does not yet have an electronic version of CHRIS available.
(2)
Records for more than 1,300 HAZMAT are provided in English. Each
record for a HAZMAT contains key identification data, such as synonyms, Chemical
Abstracts Service (CAS) numbers, hazard labels, and observable characteristics. In
addition, information useful for emergency response situations—such as health, fire and
reactivity hazards, first aid, water pollution, shipping and hazard classifications, and
physical and chemical properties—is included in each record.
f.
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) (http:
(1)
The HSDB is a nonbibliographic data bank created and maintained by the
National Library of Medicine (NLM) in the US.
(2)
The data bank provides extensive information on identification,
manufacturing, use, chemical and physical properties, safety and handling, human and
nonhuman toxicity, pharmacology, environmental fate and exposure, regulations, and
analytical determinations of chemical substances.
(3)
HSDB information is organized into chemical records, with records for over
4,500 chemical substances.
g.
Extremely Hazardous Substance (EHS) Chemical Profiles and Emergency First
(1)
This guide contains information on over 300 EHSs currently listed as part
of Section 302 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act.
(2)
Each chemical profile includes physical/chemical properties, health
hazards, fire and explosion hazards, reactivity data, precautions for safe handling and use,
and protective equipment of emergency situations.
(3)
The first aid guide provides signs and symptoms of poisoning and
emergency treatment for first responders. The chemical profiles and first aid guides may
be accessed from either the CAS number or alphabetical list of EHSs.
3.
Reach-Back Capability2
a.
General. Technical reach-back is the ability to contact technical subject matter
experts (SMEs) when a technical issue exceeds the on-scene SME’s capability. Reach-back
should be conducted using established unit protocols. Many of the reach-back resources
have other primary missions and are not specifically resourced for reach-back. See FM 3-
11.21 for additional resources.
b.
National Response Center (NRC). The NRC mans the hotline service and serves
as an emergency resource for first responders to request technical assistance during an
V-4
incident. The intended users include trained emergency personnel (such as emergency
operators) and first responders (such as firefighters, police, and emergency medical
technicians [EMTs]) who arrive at the scene of a CB terrorist incident. Other potential
users may include the state emergency operations centers (EOCs) and hospitals that may
treat victims of agent exposure.
(1)
The USCG operates the NRC, and trained operators staff the hotline 7 days
a week, 24 hours a day. NRC duty officers take reports of actual or potential domestic
terrorism and link emergency calls with applicable SMEs (such as United States Army
Soldier and Biological Chemical Command [SBCCOM] and United States Army Medical
Research Institute of Chemical Defense [USAMRICD]) for technical assistance and with the
FBI for federal response actions. The NRC also provides reports and notifications to other
federal agencies as necessary. Specialty areas include the following:
(a) Detection equipment.
(b) Personal protective equipment (PPE).
(c)
Decontamination systems and methods.
(d) Physical properties of CB agents.
(e) Toxicology information.
(f)
Medical symptoms from exposure to CB agents.
(g) Treatment of exposure to CB agents.
(h) Hazard prediction models.
(i)
Federal response assets.
(j)
Applicable laws and regulations.
(2)
The CB hotline is a joint effort of the USCG, Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI), Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), EPA, Department of
Health and Human Services (DHHS), and the DOD. The NRC is the entry point for the CB
hotline. The NRC receives basic incident information and links the caller to the DOD and
FBI CB and terrorism experts. These and other federal agencies can be accessed within a
few minutes to provide technical assistance during a potential CB incident. If the situation
warrants, a federal response action may be initiated.
(3)
Use the local established policies and procedures for requesting federal
assistance before contacting the CB hot line. State and local officials can access the hotline
in emergency circumstances by calling 1-800-424-8802.
V-5
NOTES
1A.K. Steumpfle, et al., Final Report of International Task Force-25: Hazard From Toxic
Industrial Chemicals, March 18, 1996.
2FM 3-11.22, Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Team Tactics, Techniques, and
Procedures, 6 June 2003.
V-6
Appendix A
TABLE OF EQUIVALENTS
Table A-1. Table of Equivalents1
Distance
1 inch
=
2.540 centimeters
1 foot
=
0.3048 meter
1 yard
=
0.9144 meter
1 mile
=
5,280 feet = 1,609 meter
1 millimeter
=
0.03937 inch
1 centimeter
=
0.3937 inch
1 meter
=
3.281 feet
1 kilometer
=
0.6214 miles
Volume
1 gallon (US)
=
4 quarts (liquid)
1 gallon (US)
=
3.785 liters
1 gallon (UK)
=
4.546 liters
1 liter
=
1.057 quart (liquid)
1 milliliter
=
1.0 cm3
Weight
1 ounce (avdp*)
=
28.349527 grams
1 pound (avdp*)
=
16 ounces (avdp*)
1 pound (avdp*)
=
0.4536 kilogram
1 kilogram
=
2.205 pounds (avdp*)
Pressure
1 torr
=
1 millimeter of mercury (mm Hg)
1 atmosphere (atm)
=
760 mm Hg
Wind Speed
1 meter per second (m/s)
=
2.237 miles per hour
Latent Heat of Vaporization
1 kcal/mol
=
(1000 / MW) cal/gram
*avdp = avoirdupois (Avoirdupois weight is the US system of weights and is based on a pound
containing 16 ounces or 7,000 grains.)
Table A-2. Table of Commonly Used Prefixes1
Prefix
Symbol
Factor
mega
M
106 = 1,000,000
kilo
k
103 = 1,000
hecto
h
102 = 100
deca
da
101 = 10
deci
d
10-1 = 0.1
centi
c
10-2 = 0.01
milli
m
10-3 = 0.001
micro
µ
10-6 = 0.000001
nano
n
10-9 = 0.000000001
pico
p
10-12 = 0.000000000001
A-1
NOTES
1The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, 12th ed., Merck
Research Laboratories, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996.
A-2
Appendix B
TEMPERATURE CONVERSIONS
To convert degrees C to degrees F or degrees F to degrees C, use the following
formulas; or use Table B-1 as a quick reference.
To convert C to F, use this formula:
°F = 1.8 (°C) + 32
To convert F to C, use this formula:
°C = (°F - 32)/1.8
Table B-1. Temperature Conversions
°C
°F
°C
°F
°C
°F
-60
-76
26
79
130
266
-55
-67
28
82
135
275
-50
-58
30
86
140
284
-45
-49
32
90
145
293
-40
-40
34
93
150
302
-35
-31
36
97
155
311
-30
-22
38
100
160
320
-25
-13
40
104
165
329
-20
-4
45
113
170
338
-15
5
50
122
175
347
-10
14
55
131
180
356
-5
23
60
140
185
365
0
32
65
149
190
374
2
36
70
158
195
383
4
39
75
167
200
392
6
43
80
176
205
401
8
46
85
185
210
410
10
50
90
194
215
419
12
54
95
203
220
428
14
57
100
212
225
437
16
61
105
221
230
446
18
64
110
230
235
455
20
68
115
239
240
464
22
72
120
248
245
473
24
75
125
257
250
482
B-1
NOTES
1The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, 12th ed., Merck
Research Laboratories, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996.
B-2
Appendix C
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
Table C-1. Periodic Table of the Elements1
Inert
C-1
Table C-2. Chemical Elements and Symbols
Chemical Element
Symbol
Chemical Element
Symbol
Actinium
Ac
Molybdenum
Mo
Aluminum
Al
Neodymium
Nd
Americium
Am
Neon
Ne
Antimony
Sb
Neptunium
Np
Argon
Ar
Nickel
Ni
Arsenic
As
Niobium
Nb
Astatine
At
Nitrogen
N
Barium
Ba
Nobelium
No
Berkelium
Bk
Osmium
Os
Beryllium
Be
Oxygen
O
Bismuth
Bi
Palladium
Pd
Bohrium
Bh
Phosphorus
P
Boron
B
Platinum
Pt
Bromine
Br
Plutonium
Pu
Cadmium
Cd
Polonium
Po
Calcium
Ca
Potassium
K
Californium
Cf
Praseodymium
Pr
Carbon
C
Promethium
Pm
Cerium
Ce
Protactinium
Pa
Cesium
Cs
Radium
Ra
Chlorine
Cl
Radon
Rn
Chromium
Cr
Rhenium
Re
Cobalt
Co
Rhodium
Rh
Copper
Cu
Rubidium
Rb
Curium
Cm
Ruthenium
Ru
Darmstadtium
DS
Rutherfordium
Rf
Dubnium
Db
Samarium
Sm
Dysprosium
Dy
Scandium
Sc
Einsteinium
Es
Seaborgium
Sg
Erbium
Er
Selenium
Se
Europium
Eu
Silicon
Si
Fermium
Fm
Silver
Ag
Fluorine
F
Sodium
Na
Francium
Fr
Strontium
Sr
Gadolinium
Gd
Sulfur
S
Gallium
Ga
Tantalum
Ta
Germanium
Ge
Technetium
Tc
Gold
Au
Tellurium
Te
Hafnium
Hf
Terbium
Tb
Hassium
Hs
Thallium
Tl
Helium
He
Thorium
Th
Holmium
Ho
Thulium
Tm
Hydrogen
H
Tin
Sn
Indium
In
Titanium
Ti
Iodine
I
Tungsten
W
Iridium
Ir
Uranium
U
Iron
Fe
Vanadium
V
Krypton
Kr
Xenon
Xe
Lanthanum
La
Ytterbium
Yb
Lawrencium
Lr
Yttrium
Y
Lead
Pb
Zinc
Zn
Lithium
Li
Zirconium
Zr
Lutetium
Lu
Magnesium
Mg
Manganese
Mn
Meitnerium
Mt
Mendelevium
Md
Mercury
Hg
C-2
NOTES
1Chris Heilman, The pictorial Periodic Table, 23 December 2002,
2IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances: Atomic Weights of the Elements 2001,
C-3
Appendix D
CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION SCHEDULE 1, 2 AND 3
CHEMICALS
Table D-1. CWC Schedule 1 Chemicals1
CAS Registry
Substance
Number
Toxic Chemicals
O-Alkyl (< C10, including cycloalkyl) alkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or I-Pr)-phosphonofluoridates
e.g. Sarin: O-Isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate
107-44-8
e.g. Soman: O-Pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate
96-64-0
O-Alkyl (≤ C10, including cycloalkyl) N,N-dialkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr)-
phosphoramidocyanidates
e.g. Tabun: O-Ethyl N, N-dimethyl phosphoramidocyanidate
77-81-6
O-Alkyl (H or ≤ C10, including cycloalkyl) S-2-dialkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr, or i-Pr)-aminoethyl alkyl
(Me, Et, n-Pr, or i-Pr)-phosphonothiolates and corresponding alkylated or protonated salts
e.g. VX: O-ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methyl phosphonothiolate
50782-69-9
Sulphur mustards: 2-Chlorethychloromethylsulfide
2625-76-5
Mustard gas: Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide
505-60-2
Bis(2-chloroethylthio)methane
63869-13-6
Sesquimustard: 1,2-Bis(2-chloroethylthio)ethane
3563-36-8
1,3-Bis(2-chloroethylthio)-n-propane
63905-10-2
1,4-Bis(2-chloroethylthio)-n-butane
142868-93-7
1,5-Bis(2-chloroethylthio)-n-pentane
142868-94-8
Bis(2-chloroethylthiomethyl)ether
63918-90-1
O-Mustard: Bis(2-chloroethylthioethyl)ether
63918-89-8
Lewisites
Lewisite 1:
2-Chlorovinyldichloroarsine
541-25-3
Lewisite 2: Bis(2-chlorovinyl)chloroarsine
40334-69-8
Lewisite 3: Tris(2-chlorovinyl)arsine
40334-70-1
Nitrogen mustards
HN1: Bis(2-chloroethyl)ethylamine
538-07-8
HN2: Bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine
51-75-2
HN3: Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine
555-77-1
Saxitoxin
35523-89-8
Ricin
9009-86-3
D-1
Table D-1. CWC Schedule 1 Chemicals1 (Continued)
Precursors
Alkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr, or i-Pr) phosphonyldifluorides
e.g. DF: Methylphosphonyldifluoride
676-99-3
O-Alkyl (H or <C10, including cycloalkyl) O-2-dialkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr)-aminoethyl alkyl
(Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr) phosphonites and corresponding alkylated or protonated salts
e.g. QL: O-Ethyl O-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonite
57856-11-8
Chlorosarin: O-Isopropyl methylphosphonochloridate
1445-76-7
Chlorosoman: O-Pinacolyl methylphosphonochloridate
7040-57-5
Table D-2. CWC Schedule 2 Chemicals1
CAS Registry
Substance
Number
Toxic Chemicals
Amiton: O, O-Diethyl S-[2-(diethylamino) ethyl] phosphorothiolate and corresponding
78-53-5
alkylated or protonated salts
PFIB: 1,1,3,3,3-Pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene
382-21-8
BZ: 3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate*
6581-06-2
Precursors
Chemicals, except for those listed in Schedule 1, containing a phosphorous atom to which is
bonded one methyl, ethyl, or propyl (normal or iso) group but not further carbon atoms
e.g. Methylphosphonyl dichloride
676-97-1
e.g. Dimethyl methylphosphonate
756-79-6
Exemption: Fonofos: O-Ethyl S-phenyl ethylphosphonothiolothionate
944-22-9
N,N-Dialkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr) phosphoramidic dihalides
Diakyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr) N,N-dialkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr)-phosphoramidates
Arsenic trichloride
7784-34-1
2,2-Diphenyl-2-hydroxyacetic acid
76-93-7
Quinuclidine-3-ol
1619-34-7
N,N-Dialkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr) aminoethyl-2-chlorides and corresponding protonated salts
N,N-Dialkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr) aminoethane-2-ols and corresponding protonated salts
Exemptions: N,N-Dimethylaminoethanol and corresponding protonated salts
108-01-0
N,N-Diethylaminoethanol and corresponding protonated salts
100-37-8
N,N-Dialkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr) aminoethane-2-thiols and corresponding protonated salts
Thiodiglycol: Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)sulfide
111-48-8
Pinacolyl alcohol:
3,3-Dimethylbutane-2-ol
464-07-3
NOTES
*Subject to special thresholds for declaration and verification, as specified in Part VII of the Verification Annex of the
CWC.
D-2
Table D-3. CWC Schedule 3 Chemicals1
CAS Registry
Substance
Number
Toxic Chemicals
Phosgene: Carbonyl dichloride
75-44-5
Cyanogen chloride
506-77-4
Hydrogen cyanide
74-90-8
Chloropicrin: Trichloronitromethane
76-06-2
Precursors
Phosphorus oxychloride
10025-87-3
Phosphorus trichloride
7719-12-2
Phosphorus pentachloride
10026-13-8
Trimethyl phosphite
121-45-9
Triethyl phosphite
122-52-1
Dimethyl phosphite
868-85-9
Diethyl phosphite
762-04-9
Sulfur monochloride
10025-67-9
Sulfur dichloride
10545-99-0
Thionyl chloride
7719-09-7
Ethyldiethanolamine
139-87-7
Methyldiethanolamine
105-59-9
Triethanolamine
102-71-6
D-3
NOTES
1Office of the US President, The Biological and Chemical Warfare Threat, 1999.
D-4
Appendix E
CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENT PRECURSOR CHEMICALS: USES
AND EQUIVALENTS
Table E-1. CW Agent Precursor Chemicals: Uses and Equivalents1
Precursor Chemical/CAS
Units of Agent per
Civil Uses
CW Agent Production
Registry Number
Unit of Precursora
1. Thiodiglygol
Organic synthesis
Sulfur mustard (HD)
1.3
111-48-8
Carrier for dyes in textile
industry
Lubricant additives
Sesqui mustard (Q)
1.79
Manufacturing plastics
2. Phosphorus oxychloride
Organic synthesis
Tabun (GA)
1.05
10025-87-3
Plasticizers
Gasoline additives
Hydraulic fluids
Insecticides
Dopant for semiconductors
grade silicon
Flame retardants
3. Dimethyl methylphosphonate
Flame retardant
Sarin (GB)
1.12
(DMMP) 756-79-6
Soman (GD)
Cyclosarin (GF)
1.45
4. Methylphosphonyl difluoride
Organic synthesis
Sarin (GB)
1.40
676-99-3
Specific uses not identified
Soman (GD)
1.82
Cyclosarin (GF)
1.80
5. Methylphosphonyl dichloride
Organic synthesis
Sarin (GB)
1.05
676-97-1
Specific uses not identified
Soman (GD)
1.36
Cyclosarin (GF)
1.35
6. Dimethyl phosphite
Organic synthesis
Sarin (GB)
1.27
868-85-9
Lubricant additive
Soman (GD)
1.65
Cyclosarin (GF)
1.65
7. Phosphorus trichloride
Organic synthesis
Amiton (VG)
1.95
7719-12-2
Insecticides
Tabun (GA)
1.18
Gasoline additives
Sarin (GB)
1.02
Salt process
(0.34) b
b
Plasticizers
Rearrangement process
1.02/(0.68)
Surfactants
Soman (GD)
1.32
Salt process
(0.44) b
Dyestuffs
Rearrangement process
1.32/(0.88) b
Cyclosarin (GF)
1.31
Salt process
(0.44) b
Rearrangement process
1.31/(0.87) b
E-1
Table E-1. CW Agent Precursor Chemicals: Uses and Equivalents (Continued)
Precursor Chemical/CAS
Units of Agent per
Civil Uses
CW Agent Production
Registry Number
Unit of Precursora
8. Trimethyl phosphite
Organic synthesis
Used to make dimethyl
See dimethyl
121-45-9
methylphosphonate
methylphosphonate
(DMMP)—molecular
rearrangement
9. Thionyl chlorideb
Organic synthesis
Sarin (GB)
1.18
7719-09-7
Soman (GD)
1.53
Could serve as chlorinating agent
Cyclosarin (GF)
1.51
in all of these processes—other
Sulfur mustard (HD)
1.34
chlorinating agents could be
substituted
Chlorinating agent
Sesqui mustard (Q)
1.84
Catalyst
Nitrogen mustard (HN-1)
0.714
Pesticides
Nitrogen mustard (HN-2)
0.655
Engineering plastics
Nitrogen mustard (HN-3)
1.145
10. 3-Hydroxy-1-methylpiperidine
Specific uses not identified;
Nonidentified; could be
3554-74-3
probably used in pharmaceutical
used in the synthesis of
industry
psychoactive compounds
such as BZ
11. N,N-diisopropyl-(beta)-
Organic Synthesis
VX
1.64
aminoethyl chloride
VS
1.72
96-79-7
12. N,N-diisopropyl-
Organic Synthesis
VX
1.66
aminoethanethiol
VS
1.75
5842-07-9
13. 3-Quinuclidinol
Hypotensive agent
BZ
2.65
1619-34-7
Probably used in synthesis of
pharmaceuticals
14. Potassium fluoride
Fluorination of organic
Sarin (GB)
2.41
7789-23-3
compounds
Cleaning and disinfecting
Soman (GD)
3.14
brewery, dairy, and other food
processing equipment
Glass and porcelain
Cyclosarin (GF)
3.10
manufacturing
15. 2-Chloroethanol
Organic synthesis
Sulfur mustard (HD)
0.99
107-07-3
Manufacturing of ethylene oxide
Sesqui mustard (Q)
0.99
and ethylene-glycol
Nitrogen mustard (HN-1)
1.06
Insecticides
Solvent
16. Dimethylamine
Organic synthesis
Tabun (GA)
3.61
124-40-3
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Pesticides
Gasoline additive
Missile fuels
Vulcanization of rubber
17. Diethyl ethylphosphonate
Heavy metal extraction
Ethyl sarin (GE)
0.93
78-38-6
Gasoline additive
Antifoam agent
Plasticizer
E-2
Table E-1. CW Agent Precursor Chemicals: Uses and Equivalents (Continued)
Precursor Chemical/CAS
Units of Agent per
Civil Uses
CW Agent Production
Registry Number
Unit of Precursora
18. Diethyl N,N-dimethyl
Organic synthesis
Tabun (GA)
0.90
phosphoramidate
Specific uses not identified.
2404-03-7
19. Diethyl phosphite
Organic synthesis
Amiton (VG)
Catalyst
762-04-9
Paint solvent
Sarin (GB)
1.02
Lubricant additive
Soman (GD)
1.32
Cyclosarin (GF)
1.30
20. Dimethylamine HCl
Organic synthesis
Tabun (GA)
1.99
506-59-2
Pharmaceuticals
Surfactants
Pesticides
Gasoline additives
21. Ethylphosphonous dichloride
Organic synthesis
VE
1.93
1498-40-4
Specific uses not identified but
VS
2.14
could be used in manufacturing
Ethyl sarin (GE)
1.18
of flame retardants, gas
additives, pesticides,
surfactants, etc.
22. Ethylphosphonyl dichloride
Organic synthesis
Ethyl sarin (GE)
2.10
1066-50-8
Specific uses not identified; see
ethylphosphonous dichloride
23. Ethylphosphonyl difluoride
Organic synthesis
Ethyl sarin (GE)
2.70
753-98-0
Specific uses not identified; see
ethylphosphonous dichloride
24. Hydrogen fluoride
Fluorinating agent in chemical
Sarin (GB)
7.0
7664-39-3
reactions
Catalyst in alkylation and
Soman (GD)
9.11
polymerization reactions
Additives to liquid rocket fuels
Ethyl sarin (GE)
7.7
Uranium refining
Cyclosarin (GF)
9.01
25. Methyl benzilate
Organic synthesis
BZ
1.39
76-89-1
Tranquilizers
26. Methylphosphonous dichloride
Organic synthesis
VX
2.28
676-83-5
27. N,N-diisopropyl-(beta)-
Organic synthesis
VX
1.84
aminoethanol
Specific uses not identified
96-80-0
28. Pinacolyl alcohol
Specific uses not identified
Soman (GD)
1.79
464-07-3
29. O-ethyl,2-diisopropyl
Specific uses not identified
VX
1.14
aminoethyl methyl-phosphonate
(QL),
57856-11-8
30. Triethyl phosphite
Organic synthesis
Amiton (VG)
1.62
122-52-1
Plasticizers
Lubricant additives
E-3
Table E-1. CW Agent Precursor Chemicals: Uses and Equivalents (Continued)
Precursor Chemical/CAS
Units of Agent per
Civil Uses
CW Agent Production
Registry Number
Unit of Precursora
31. Arsenic trichloride
Organic synthesis
Arsine (SA)
0.43
7784-34-1
Pharmaceuticals
Lewisite (L)
1.14
Insecticides
Ceramics
Adamsite (DM)
1.53
Diphenylchloroarsine (DA)
1.45
32. Benzilic acid
Organic synthesis
BZ
1.48
76-93-7
33. Diethyl methylphosphonite
Organic synthesis
VX
1.97
15715-41-0
34. Dimethyl ethylphosphonate
Organic synthesis
Ethyl sarin (GE)
1.12
6163-75-3
35. Ethylphosphonous difluoride
Organic synthesis
VE
2.58
430-78-4
Ethyl sarin (GE)
1.57
36. Methylphosphonous difluoride
Organic synthesis
VX
3.18
753-59-3
VM
2.84
Sarin (GB)
1.67
Soman (GD)
2.17
Cyclosarin (GF)
2.15
37. 3-Quinuclidone
Same as 3-Quinuclidinol3-
BZ
2.65
1619-34-7
quinuclidinol
38. Phosphorous pentachloride
Organic synthesis
Tabun (GA)
0.78
10026-13-8
Pesticides
Plastics
39. Pinacolone
Specific uses not identified
Soman (GD)
1.82
75-97-8
40. Potassium cyanide
Extraction of gold and silver from
Tabun (GA)
1.25
151-50-8
ores
Pesticide
Fumigant
Hydrogen cyanide (AC)
0.41
Electroplating
41. Potassium bifluoride
Fluorine production
Sarin (GB)
1.79
7789-29-9
Catalyst in alkylation
Soman (GD)
2.33
Treatment of coal to reduce slag
Cyclosarin (GF)
2.31
formation
Fluid in silver solder
42. Ammonium bifluoride
Ceramics
Sarin (GB)
2.46
1341-49-7
Disinfectant for food equipment
Soman (GD)
3.20
Electroplating
Cyclosarin (GF)
3.16
Etching glass
43. Sodium fluoride
Pesticide
Sarin (GB)
3.33
7681-49-4
Disinfectant
Soman (GD)
4.34
Dental prophylaxis
Cyclosarin (GF)
4.29
Glass and steel manufacturing
E-4
Table E-1. CW Agent Precursor Chemicals: Uses and Equivalents (Continued)
Precursor Chemical/CAS
Units of Agent per
Civil Uses
CW Agent Production
Registry Number
Unit of Precursora
44. Sodium bifluoride
Antiseptic
Sarin (GB)
2.26
1333-83-1
Neutralizer in laundry operations
Soman (GD)
2.94
Tin plate production
Cyclosarin (GF)
2.91
45. Sodium cyanide
Extraction from gold and silver
Tabun (GA)
1.65
143-33-9
ores
Fumigant
Hydrogen cyanide (AC)
0.55
Manufacturing dyes and
Cyanogen chloride (CK)
1.25
pigments
Core hardening of metals
Nylon production
46. Triethanolamine
Organic synthesis
Nitrogen mustard (HN-3)
1.37
102-71-6
Detergents
Cosmetics
Corrosion inhibitor
Plasticizer
Rubber accelerator
47. Phosphorus pentasulfide
Organic synthesis
Amiton (VG)
1.21
1314-80-3
Insecticide
VX
1.20
Mitocides
Lubricant oil additives
Pyrotechnics
48. Diisopropylamine
Organic synthesis
VX
3.65
108-18-9
Specific uses not identified
49. Diethylaminoethanol
Organic synthesis
Amiton (VG)
2.30
100-37-8
Anticorrosion compositions
VM
2.05
Pharmaceuticals
Textile softeners
50. Sodium sulfide
Paper manufacturing
Sulfur mustard (HD)
2.04
1313-82-2
Rubber manufacturing
Metal refining
Dye manufacturing
51. Sulfur monochloride sulfur
Organic synthesis
Sulfur mustard (HD)
1.18
chloride
Pharmaceuticals
10025-67-9
Sulfur dyes
Insecticides
Rubber vulcanization
Polymerization catalyst
Hardening of soft woods
Extraction of gold from ores
52. Sulfur dichloride
Organic synthesis
Sulfur mustard (HD)
1.54
10545-99-0
Rubber vulcanizing
Insecticides
Vulcanizing oils
Chlorinating agents
E-5
Table E-1. CW Agent Precursor Chemicals: Uses and Equivalents (Continued)
Precursor Chemical/CAS
Units of Agent per
Civil Uses
CW Agent Production
Registry Number
Unit of Precursora
53. Triethanolamine hydrochloride
Organic synthesis
Nitrogen mustard (HN)
1.10
637-39-8
Insecticides
Surface active agents
Waxes and polishes
Textile specialties
Lubricants
Toiletries
Cement additive
Petroleum demulsifier
Synthetic resin
54. N,N-diisopropyl-2-aminoethyl
Organic synthesis
VX
1.34
chloride hydrochloride
4261-68-1
Notes:
aAssumes quantitative reaction yields
bFigures in parentheses are based on the use of PCl3 as a chlorine donator in the reaction.
NOTES
1Office of the US President, The Biological and Chemical Warfare Threat, 1999.
E-6
Appendix F
CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS AND OTHER MILITARY CHEMICAL
COMPOUNDS
Table F-1. Symbols for CW Agents and Military Chemical Compounds
Agent Class
Agent
Symbol
Choking Agents
Phosgene
CG
Diphosgene
DP
Chloropicrin
PS
Nerve Agents
Tabun
GA
Sarin
GB
Soman
GD
Cyclosarin
GF
Ethyl Sarin
GE
VX
VX
Vx
Vx
VE
VE
Amiton
VG
VM
VM
VS
VS
Blood Agents
Hydrogen Cyanide
AC
Cyanogen Chloride
CK
Arsine
SA
Blister Agents
Distilled Mustard
H/HD
Nitrogen Mustard
HN-1, HN-2, HN-3
Mustard-T Mixture
HT
Sesqui Mustard
Q
Lewisite
L
Mustard-Lewisite Mixture
HL
Phenyldichloroarsine
PD
Ethyldichloroarsine
ED
Methyldichloroarsine
MD
Phosgene Oxime
CX
Incapacitating Agent
3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate
BZ
Riot Control Agents
O-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile
CS
Dibenz(b,f)-1:4-oxazepine
CR
Capsaicin
OC
Respiratory Irritants
Diphenylchloroarsine
DA
Diphenylcyanoarsine
DC
Adamsite
DM
Chlorine
Cl2
F-1
Appendix G
PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS AND MILITARY
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
Tables G-1 through G-6 (pages G-2 through G-18) and Figures G-1 through G-7 (pages
G-19 through G-25) provide a ready source of data for key CW agents and military chemical
compounds. The data were compiled from the detailed data presented for each agent
described in Chapters II and III.
G-1
Table G-1. Physical Properties of Choking, Nerve, and Blood Agents
Chemical Agent;
Agents
Molecular
Odor
Boiling
FP/MP
Liquid Density
Vapor Density
Vapor Pressure
Formula;
State at 20°C
Weight
Point (°C)
(°C)
(g/mL)
(Air=1)
(torr)
Symbol
Phosgene;
98.92
Colorless gas that
Musty hay or
7.8
-128 (MP)
1.360 (25°C);
3.4
1400 (25°C);
COCl2;
is readily liquefied
rotting fruit
1.402 (7.8°C);
760 (7.8°C);
CG
1.420 (0°C)
560 (0°C)
Diphosgene;
197.83
Colorless oily liquid
Musty hay
127
-57 (MP)
Munitions grade:
6.8
4.41 (20°C);
C2Cl4O2 ;
1.656 (20°C);
0.914 (0°C)
DP
1.687 (0°C)
Tabun;
162.13
Colorless to brown
Faintly fruity;
248
-50 (FP)
1.0756 (25°C);
5.6
0.0570 (25°C);
C5H11N2O2P;
liquid
none when pure
1.0999 (0°C)
0.00475 (0°C)
GA
Sarin;
140.09
Colorless liquid
None when pure
150
-56 (FP)
Pure:
4.8
248 (25°C);
C4H10FO2P;
1.0887 (25°C);
0.410 (0°C)
GB
1.1182 (0°C)
Soman;
182.17
Colorless liquid
Fruity; camphor
198
-42 (MP)
1.0222 (25°C);
6.3
0.401 (25°C);
when impure
C7H16FO2P;
when pure
1.0456 (0°C)
0.0496 (0°C)
GD
Cyclosarin;
180.16
Colorless liquid
None when pure
228
-30 to -50 (FP); -
1.1276 (25°C);
6.2
0.0927 (25°C);
C7H14FO2P;
12 (MP)
1.1525 (0°C)
0.00978 (0°C)
GF
VX;
267.37
Colorless liquid
Odorless when
292
Below -51 (FP); -
1.0083 (25°C);
9.2
0.000878 (25°C);
C11H26NO2PS
when pure
pure
39 to -60 (FP)
1.0209 (0°C)
0.0000422 (0°C)
Odorless
Data not available
“V-Sub X”;
211.26
Liquid
256
1.060 (25°C);
7.3
0.00673 (25°C);
C7H18NO2PS;
1.0820 (0°C)
0.00057 (0°C)
Vx
Hydrogen cyanide;
27.03
Colorless liquid
Bitter almonds;
25.5
-13.3 (MP)
0.6797 (25°C);
0.93
760 (25.5°C);
HCN;
peach kernels
0.7162 (0°C)
746 (25.0°C);
AC
265 (0°C)
Cyanogen chloride;
61.47
Colorless gas
Lacrimatory and
12.8
-6.9 (FP)
1.202 (10°C);
2.1
760 (12.8°C);
CNCl;
irritating
1.222 (0°C)
680 (10°C);
CK
48 (0°C)
Arsine;
77.95
Colorless gas
Disagreeable,
-62.2
-116 (MP)
1.667 (-75°C); 1.734 (-
2.7
400 (-75°C);
AsH3;
garlic-like
100°C)
86.9 (-100°C)
SA
Table G-1. Physical Properties of Choking, Nerve, and Blood Agents (Continued)
Latent Heat of
Agents
Volatility
Viscosity of Vapor
Surface Tension
Vaporization
Viscosity (cP)
Flash Point
(mg/m3)
(cP)
(dynes/cm)
(kcal/mol)
CG
7,460,000 (25°C);
5.92 (25°C);
Data Not Available in
Data Not Available in
Data Not Available in
Nonflammable
4,290,000 (7.8°C);
5.95 (7.8°C);
Samuel, et al. reference
Samuel, et al. reference
Samuel, et al. reference
3,530,000 (0°C)
5.96 (0°C)
DP
47,700 (20°C);
12.2 (20°C);
Data Not Available in
Data Not Available in
Data Not Available in
None
10,600 (0°C)
12.8 (0°C)
Samuel, et al. reference
Samuel, et al. reference
Samuel, et al. reference
GA
497 (25°C);
15.5 (25°C);
2.277 (25.0°C),
0.00620 (25.0°C),
32.5 (25.0°C),
78°C
45.2 (0°C)
16.7 (0°C)
4.320 (0°C)
0.00560 (0°C)
35.0 (0°C)
GB
18,700 (25°C);
11.6 (25°C);
1.397 (25.0°C),
0.00719 (25.0°C),
25.9 (25.0°C),
Nonflammable
3,370 (0°C)
11.7 (0°C)
2.583 (0°C)
0.00651 (0°C)
28.8 (0°C)
GD
3,930 (25°C);
13.2 (25°C);
3.167(25.0°C),
0.00590 (25.0°C),
24.5 (26.5°C)
121°C
531 (0°C)
13.8 (0°C)
6.789 (0°C)
0.00533 (0°C)
GF
898 (25°C);
14.3 (25°C);
5.431 (25.0°C),
0.00615 (25.0°C),
32.3 (25.5°C)
94°C
103 (0°C)
14.8 (0°C)
14.762 (0°C)
0.00555 (0°C)
VX
12.6 (25°C);
19.2 (25°C);
10.041 (25.0°C),
0.00513 (25.0°C),
31.3 (25.0°C),
127°C
0.662 (0°C)
20.1 (0°C)
37.532 (0°C)
0.00463 (0°C)
34.7 (0°C)
Vx
76.4 (25°C);
16.0 (25°C);
5.628 (25.0°C),
0.00556 (25.0°C),
31.4 (25.0°C),
Data not available
7.02 (0°C)
16.1 (0°C)
15.335 (0°C)
0.00502 (0°C)
33.7 (0°C)
AC
1,100,000 (25.5°C);
6.72 (25.5°C);
Data Not Available in
Data Not Available in
Data Not Available in
-18°C; can ignite
1,080,000 (25.0°C);
6.72 (25.0°C);
Samuel, et al. reference
Samuel, et al. reference
Samuel, et al. reference
when explosively
420,000 (0°C)
6.71 (0°C)
disseminated
CK
2,620,000 (12.8°C);
6.40 (12.8°C);
Data Not Available in
Data Not Available in
Data Not Available in
Nonflammable
2,370,000 (10°C);
6.41 (10°C);
Samuel, et al. reference
Samuel, et al. reference
Samuel, et al. reference
1,620,000 (0°C)
6.44 (0°C)
SA
2,550,000 (-75°C);
4.17
Data Not Available in
Data Not Available in
Data Not Available in
Flammable, forms
627,000 (-100°C)
Samuel, et al. reference
Samuel, et al. reference
Samuel, et al. reference
explosive mixtures
with air
Table G-1. Physical Properties of Choking, Nerve, and Blood Agents (Continued)
Agents
Decomposition Temperature
Solubility
Rate of Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis Products
CG
Complete @ 800°C
Limited in water; miscible with common organic
t½ = 0.25 sec (13°C); does not react quickly
HCl(aq)1, CO2
solvents, petroleum, and lubricating oil
with water vapor but does with liquid water
DP
300 to 350°C
In water, 44.6 g DP/L (20°C); soluble in common
Slow at ambient temperature and fairly rapid
HCl, CO2
organic solvents
at 100°C
GA
150°C (3 to 3¼ hrs)
In water, 7.2 g GA/100 g (20°C); 9.8 g GA/100 g
t1/2 = 8.5 hrs (20°C, pH 7); slow in water,
HCN and other products
(0°C); readily soluble in common organic solvents
fairly rapid with strong acids and alkalis with
self-buffering (pH 4 to 5)
GB
150°C (2½ hrs)
Completely miscible with water and common
At 20°C, t1/2 = 27 min (pH 1); t1/2 = 3½ hrs
HF, IMPA, MFPA, MPA, IPA
organic solvents
(pH 2); t1/2 = 80 hrs (pH 7); t1/2 = 5.4 min (pH
10); t1/2 = 0.6 min (pH 11)
0.003M2 GD at 25°C,
GD
> 150°C;
In water, 2.1 g GD/100 g solution (20°C); 3.4 g
t1/2 = 3 hrs (pH 2); t1/2 = 45 hrs (pH 6.65);
PMPA, HF
stabilized: 130°C (200 hrs);
GD/100 g (0°C); very soluble in organic solvents
t1/2 = 60 hrs (pH 10);
unstabilized: 130°C (4 hrs)
< 5 min in 5% NaOH3 solution
GF
150°C (2 hrs)
In water, 3.7 g GF/100 g (20°C); 5.1 g GF/100 g
0.003M GF (distilled water),
HF and another product
(0°C)
t1/2 = 42 hrs (25°C)
t1/2 = 502 days (71°C);
At 22°C; t½ = 1.8 min (1.25M NaOH);
VX
t1/2 = 41 days (100°C);
Water solubility = 5% (21.5°C); miscible with water
t½ = 10.8 min (0.25M NaOH);
EMPA, EA 2192, and other
t1/2 = 34.5 hrs (150°C);
below 9.4°C; soluble in common organic solvents
t½ = 31 min (0.10M NaOH);
products
t1/2 = 36 sec (295°C)
t1/2 = 60 hrs (pure water)
Vx
Data not available
Soluble in organic solvents; slightly soluble in water
Rate coefficient is 0.0078 hrs-1
Ethanol and other toxic products
AC
Stabilized: >65.5°C; forms explosive
Miscible with water and common organic solvents
Slow under acidic conditions; rapid with
NH3 and other products
polymer on standing
including alcohol and ether
traces of base or basic salts
CK
≈ 149°C
Liquefied CK in water, 71.4 g/L (20°C); soluble in
With tap water, t½ = 180 hrs (ambient
HCl, CNOH
common organic solvents, sulfur mustard, and HCN
temperature, pH 7)
SA
300°C
In water, 0.028 g/100 g (20°C); soluble in alkalis,
Rapid in light; slow in absence of light and
Arsenic (toxic)
halogen alkanes, hydrocarbons, and benzene
air (15.5°C, pH 7); 32% hydrolyzed in 5 hrs,
66% in 24 hrs
Table G-1. Physical Properties of Choking, Nerve, and Blood Agents (Continued)
Agents
Stability In Storage
Action on Metals
Skin and Eye Toxicity
Inhalation Toxicity
CG
If dry, stable in steel for 1 year at ambient
None when dry; acidic and corrosive when
Initial effects resemble those of tear gas
Causes pulmonary edema
temperatures; stability decreases as temperature
moist
increases
DP
Unstable; converts to CG
Metals act as catalyzers in conversion to
Lacrimator
Causes pulmonary edema
CG; attacks rubber, cork, and cement
Stabilized GA: stable in steel for several years
GA
(ambient temperatures); stability decreases as
Corrosion rate of steel on crude GA (5-
Very high toxicity; greater through eyes
Primarily inhalation hazard
temperature increases, 6 months (50°C); 3
20% chlorobenene) is 0.000034 in/month
than through skin; liquid penetrates skin
months (65°C)
(65°C)
Stabilized GB: Stable in steel for 5-10 years
GB
(ambient temperatures); At elevated
At 71°C; slightly corrosive on steel, brass,
Very high toxicity; greater through eyes
Most toxic route of exposure
temperatures up to 71°C storage life decreases
copper, inconel, K-monel, and lead; slight
than through skin; liquid penetrates skin
slightly
to severe corrosion on aluminum
GD
Relatively stable in glass 5½ months (ambient
Corrosion rate on steel is 0.00001
Very high toxicity; greater through eyes
Most toxic route of exposure
temperature); stabilized GD: 6 months (71°C) in
in/month (65°C)
than through skin; liquid penetrates skin
glass, steel, and aluminum containers
GF
Stabilized GF (71°C): 6 months in glass, and 1
Corrosion rate on steel is 0.000053
Very high toxicity; greater through eyes
Most toxic route of exposure
year in steel and aluminum containers
in/month (65°C)
than through skin; liquid penetrates skin
VX
Stable at ambient temperature; unstabilized VX
Negligible on brass, steel, and aluminum,
Extremely toxic by skin and eye
Extremely potent
(95% purity) decomposes 5% a month (71°C);
slight corrosion with copper
absorption
purified VX is stable in glass and steel.
Vx
Data not available
Data not available
Extremely toxic by skin and eye
Extremely potent
absorption
AC
Pure: unstable on storage; stabilized AC: may be
Corrodes iron, cast iron, chromium steel,
None
Can cause death within minutes
stored in metal containers for long periods (65°C)
and lead
Stable in glass for long periods and elevated
CK
temperatures; stable in steel for 1 year at
None if dry; unstabilized CK slowly
Irritation to eyes similar to RCAs
Can cause death within minutes
ambient temperatures, only 9 weeks (60°C);
polymerizes in steel and other common
stabilized CK: long periods (up to 100°C)
metals (elevated temperatures)
SA
Unstable in most metal containers; metals
Corrosive to most metals
Exposure to liquid causes frostbite
Acute toxicity is high
catalyze decomposition on exposure to light,
moist arsine decomposes quickly
Table G-1. Physical Properties of Choking, Nerve, and Blood Agents (Continued)
Agents
Rate of Action
Means of Detection
Protection Required
Decontamination
Use
CG
Immediate to 3 hours
M18A2, MM1
Protective mask
Not required in field except in very cold
Delayed-action casualty
depending on concentration
climates
agent
DP
Immediate to 3 hours
MM1
Protective mask
Not required in field except in very cold
Quick-acting casualty
climates
agent
GA
Rapid
M256A1, M8A1, M18A2, M21, M9, M22,
MOPP4
SDK, IEDK, STB
Quick-acting casualty
CAPDS, CAM/ICAM, M272, IPDS, MM1, M90,
agent
AN/KAS-1, M8, M18A3
GB
Rapid
M256A1, M8A1, M18A2, M21, M9, M22,
MOPP4
SDK, IEDK, STB
Quick-acting casualty
CAPDS, CAM/ICAM, M272, IPDS, MM1, M90,
agent
AN/KAS-1, M8, M18A3
GD
Rapid
M256A1, M8A1, M18A2, M21, M9, M22,
MOPP4
SDK, IEDK, STB
Quick-acting casualty
CAPDS, CAM/ICAM, M272, IPDS, MM1, M90,
agent
AN/KAS-1, M8, M18A3
GF
Rapid
M256A1, M8A1, M18A2, M21, M9, M22,
MOPP4
SDK, IEDK, STB
Quick-acting casualty
CAPDS, CAM/ICAM, M272, IPDS, MM1, M90,
agent
AN/KAS-1, M8, M18A3
VX
Rapid
M256A1, M8A1, M18A2, M21, M9, M22,
MOPP4
SDK, IEDK, STB, HTH, household
Quick-acting casualty
CAPDS, CAM/ICAM, M272, IPDS, MM1, M90,
bleach
agent
AN/KAS-1, M8, M18A3
Vx
Rapid
M8, M9, M18A2, MM1, IPDS, M8A1, CAM/ICAM
MOPP4
SDK, IEDK, STB, HTH, household
Quick-acting casualty
bleach
agent
AC
Rapid
M256A1, M272, M18A2, M18A3, MM1
Protective mask
Not required under field conditions
Quick-acting casualty
agent
CK
Rapid
M256A1, M272, M18A2, M18A3, MM1
Protective mask
Not required under field conditions
Quick-acting casualty
agent
1-24 hours (dependent on
SA
concentration and exposure
MM1
Protective mask
Not required under field conditions
Delayed-action casualty
duration)
agent
NOTES:
1Hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq)
2M = molarity; molarity is a term for concentration and means moles per liter.
Table G-2. Physical Properties of Blister Agents and Incapacitating Agents
Chemical Agent;
Boiling
Vapor
Molecular
FP/MP
Liquid Density
Vapor Pressure
Agents
Formula;
State at 20°C
Odor
Point
Density
Weight
(°C)
(g/mL)
(torr)
Symbol
(°C)
(Air=1)
Distilled mustard;
159.07
Pale yellow to dark
Garlic-like or horseradish
218
14.45 (FP)
1.2685 (25°C);
5.5
0.106 (25°C)
C4H8Cl2S;
brown oily liquid;
Solid Density: 1.372
HD
colorless when pure
(0°C), 1.333 (10°C)
Nitrogen mustard;
170.08
Dark oily liquid;
Faint, fishy or soapy
192
-34.2 (MP)
1.086 (25°C);
5.9
0.244 (25°C);
C6H13Cl2N;
colorless when pure
1.110 (0°C)
.0332 (0°C)
HN-1
Nitrogen mustard;
156.05
Colorless liquid when
Fishy or soapy
177
-70 (FP)
1.118 (25°C);
5.4
0.416 (25°C);
C5H11Cl2N;
pure
1.1425 (0°C)
0.0570 (°C)
HN-2
Nitrogen mustard;
204.53
Oily dark liquid,
Geranium-like; none if
257
-3.74 (MP)
1.2352 (25°C);
7.1
0.011 (25°C)
C6H12Cl3N;
colorless when pure
pure
1.2596 (0°C)
0.00092 (0°C)
HN-3
Mustard-T Mixture;
188.96
Pale yellow to brown
Garlic-like; less
None
1.3 (MP)
1.263 (20°C)
6.5
0.077 (25°C)
60% HD, 40% T;
(average)
liquid
pronounced than mustard
Constant
HT
Lewisite;
207.32
Brown liquid; colorless
Geranium-like; none if
196
-44.7 to -1.8 (FP)
1.8793 (25°C);
7.1
34.6 (25°C);
C2H2AsCl3;
when pure
pure
1.9210 (0°C)
0.0271 (0°C)
L
Mustard-lewisite;
186.39
Liquid
Garlic-like (HD)
200
Pure: -25.4 (FP)
1.6383 (20°C)
6.4
0.363 (25°C);
37% HD, 63% L;
(average)
Munitions: -42
0.0493 (0°C)
HL
(FP)
Phenyldichloroarsine
222.93
Colorless to yellow
None
233
-22.5 (FP)
1.645 (25°C);
7.7
0.022 (250C);
C6H5AsCl2;
liquid
1.677 (0°C)
0.0021 (00C)
PD
Ethyldichloroarsine;
174.89
Colorless liquid
Fruity, biting, and irritating
156
< -65 (MP)
1.742 (14°C)
6.0
2.29 (21.50C)
C2H5AsCl2;
ED
Methyldichloroarsine
160.86
Colorless liquid
Extremely irritating; none
132.6
-54.8 (FP)
1.839 (20°C);
5.5
7.593 (20°C);
CH3AsCl2;
when pure
1.875 (0°C)
2.063 (0°C)
MD
Phosgene Oxime
113.93
Colorless, crystalline,
Unpleasant and irritating;
129;
39 (MP)
Data not available
3.9
24.3 (50°C)
CHCl2NO;
deliquescent solid
low concentrations
CX
when pure
resembles new-mown hay
Solid Density:
BZ;
337.42
White crystalline solid
None
412
167.5 (MP)
(g/cm3)
11.6
1.4 x 10-10 (25°C);
C12H23NO3
Bulk: 0.51 Crystal:
4.74 x 10-13 (0°C)
1.33
Table G-2. Physical Properties of Blister Agents and Incapacitating Agents (Continued)
Agents
Volatility
Latent Heat of
Viscosity of Vapor
Surface Tension
Viscosity (cP)
Flash Point
(mg/m3)
Vaporization (kcal/mol)
(cP)
(dynes/cm)
HD
906 (25°C)
15.0 (25°C)
3.951 (25.0°C),
0.00597 (25.0°C),
42.5 (25.0°C),
105°C
7.746 (0°C)
0.00600 (0°C)
45.9 (0°C)
HN-1
2,230 (25°C);
13.0 (25°C);
Data Not Available in Samuel,
Data Not Available in Samuel,
Data Not Available in Samuel,
Data not available;
331 (0°C)
12.9 (0°C)
et al. reference
et al. reference
et al. reference
flashing on static
detonation
HN-2
3,490 (25°C);
12.9 (25°C);
Data Not Available in Samuel,
Data Not Available in Samuel,
Data Not Available in Samuel,
Data not available
522 (0°C)
12.8 (0°C)
et al. reference
et al. reference
et al. reference
HN-3
120 (25°C);
15.8 (25°C);
0.073 (25.0°C),
0.00597 (25.0°C),
40.9 (25.0°C),
Data not available
11 (0°C)
16.0 (0°C)
0.177 (0°C)
0.00538 (0°C)
44.1 (0°C)
HT
783 (25°C)
Data not available
Data Not Available in Samuel,
Data Not Available in Samuel,
Data Not Available in Samuel,
109 to 115°C
et al. reference
et al. reference
et al. reference
L
3,860 (25C);
15.5 (25°C)
2.053 (25.0°C),
0.00853 (25.0°C),
41.1 (25.0°C),
Nonflammable
330 (0°C)
17.5 (°C)
3.521 (0°C)
0.00770 (0°C)
44.2 (0°C)
HL
3,640 (25°C);
12.8 (25°C);
Data Not Available in Samuel,
Data Not Available in Samuel,
Data Not Available in Samuel,
Data not available;
539 (0°C)
13.1 (0°C)
et al. reference
et al. reference
et al. reference
See HD
PD
264 (25°C);
15.1
Data Not Available in Samuel,
Data Not Available in Samuel,
Data Not Available in Samuel,
Data not available
23 (0°C)
et al. reference
et al. reference
et al. reference
ED
21,900 (20°C)
9.18
Data Not Available in Samuel,
Data Not Available in Samuel,
Data Not Available in Samuel,
Data not available
et al. reference
et al. reference
et al. reference
MD
66,800 (20°C);
10.5 (20°C);
Data Not Available in Samuel,
Data Not Available in Samuel,
Data Not Available in Samuel,
Data not available
19,500 (0°C)
10.2 (0°C)
et al. reference
et al. reference
et al. reference
CX
137,000 (50°C)
11.2 (50°C)
Data Not Available in Samuel,
Data Not Available in Samuel,
Data Not Available in Samuel,
Data not available
et al. reference
et al. reference
et al. reference
BZ
0.00000260 (25°)
21.2
Data Not Available in Samuel,
Data Not Available in Samuel,
Data Not Available in Samuel,
Munitions: 220°C
0.0000000090 (0°C)
et al. reference
et al. reference
et al. reference
Pure: 246°C
Table G-2. Physical Properties of Blister Agents and Incapacitating Agents (Continued)
Agents
Hydrolysis
Decomposition Temperature
Solubility
Rate of Hydrolysis
Products
HD
180°C
In distilled water, 0.92 g HD/100 g (22°C); freely
t1/2 = 5 min (25°C); t1/2 = 60 min (25°C) (salt water); on or
HCl, thiodiglycol,
soluble in fats and oils, gasoline, kerosene, most
under water only if dissolved.
sulfonium ion
organic solvents and CW agents
HN-1
For HN-1٠HCl: 12.7% at 149°C and >99%
In water, 4g HN-1/L (ambient temperature); miscible
t1/2 = 1.3 min (25°C) in aqueous solution
HCl(aq), EtDEA, and
at 426°C
with common organic solvents
other products
HN-2
Below boiling point; polymerizes with heat
In water, 13 g HN-2/L (ambient temperature,
t1/2 = 4 min (25°C); slow except where alkali is present;
HCl and other
(can cause explosion)
aqueous solution); miscible with common organic
dimerizes fairly rapidly in water
products
solvents
HN-3
>150°C; remains stable when explosively
In water, 0.08 g HN-3/L (ambient temperature);
Very slow, not complete after several days unless alkali is
HCl, TEA, and other
disseminated
miscible with common organic solvents
present
products
HT
165 to 180°C
Slightly soluble in water; soluble in most organic
By prolonged boiling with water or treatment with caustic
HCl(aq), thiodiglycol,
solvents
alkalis
sulfonium
L
5% at 149°C
Immediately with water to form Lewisite oxide, which
Rapid
CVAA, lewisite oxide,
> 99.99% at 493°C
dissolves very slowly; soluble in common organic
HCl(aq)
solvents, oils and CW agents
HL
> 100°C
Probably soluble in most organic solvents, slightly
t1/2 = 5 min (25°C); see HD and L
See HD and L
soluble in water
HCl(aq), phenylarsine
PD
Stable to normal boiling point
Immediately with water; miscible with alcohol,
Very rapid
oxide (toxic)
benzene, ether, acetone, kerosene, petroleum, and
olive oil
ED
Stable to boiling point
Immediately with water; soluble in ethyl chloride,
Very rapid
HCl(aq), ethylarsine
alcohol, ether, benzene, acetone, kerosene, and
oxide (toxic)
cyclohexane
MD
Stable to boiling point
Immediately with water; soluble in common organic
Very rapid; < 2 min (25°C) in dilute solution
HCl, methylarsenic
solvents (ambient temperatures)
oxide
CX
< 129°C
Very soluble in both water and common organic
Slow in water; 5% within 6 days (ambient temperature); acids
CO2, HCl,
solvents
slow down hydrolysis; basic solutions react violently
hydroxylmine
Stable to melting point; prolonged heating
BZ
at ≈170°C (purity and temperature
In water, 1.18 g/mL; slightly soluble in water; soluble
t1/2 = 6.7 hrs (25°C, pH 9.8); t1/2 = 1.8 min (25°C, pH 13); t1/2 =
3-Quinuclidinol and
dependent)
in dilute acids and common organic solvents such as
3-4 wks (25°C, pH 7 and moist air); t1/2 = 12 min (37°C, pH
benzylic acid
alcohol and chloroform; insoluble in aqueous alkali
12); t1/2 = 1.4 hrs (50°C, pH 8.5); t1/2 = 9.5 hrs (100°C, pH 0);
Table G-2. Physical Properties of Blister Agents and Incapacitating Agents (Continued)
Agents
Stability In Storage
Action on Metals
Skin and Eye Toxicity
Inhalation
Toxicity
HD
Stable in steel for over 50 years (slight degradation)
Very little when pure; for munitions grade, the corrosion
Eyes very susceptible to low concentrations;
Most toxic route of
rate on steel is 0.0001 in/month (65°C)
skin absorption requires higher concentrations
exposure
HN-1
Polymerizes in steel; slight at ambient temperatures
Corrosion on steel is 1x10-5 to 5x10-5 in/month (65°C)
Eyes very susceptible to low concentrations;
Most toxic route of
but increases at temperatures > 50°C
skin absorption requires higher concentrations
exposure
HN-2
Unstable
None on steel and brass
Eyes very susceptible to low concentrations;
Most toxic route of
skin absorption requires higher concentrations
exposure
HN-3
Relatively stable in steel, if dry
If dry, no attack on iron; corrodes steel at a rate of 1x10-5
Eyes very susceptible to low concentrations;
Most toxic route of
to 5x10-5 in/month (65°C)
skin absorption requires higher concentrations
exposure
HT
Pressure develops in steel
Very little when pure; Canadian HT corrodes steel at a
Eyes very susceptible to low concentrations;
Most toxic route of
rate of 0.00007 in/month (65°C)
skin absorption requires higher concentrations
exposure
L
Fairly stable in steel and glass; decomposes
None if dry; corrosive penetration on steel is 1x10-5 to
Extremely irritating to the eyes and produces
Most toxic route of
considerably upon detonation; alkalis decompose L
5x10-5 in/month (65°C); extremely corrosive towards
copious tearing; immediate burning sensation
exposure
at ambient temperatures
aluminum and aluminum alloys
on skin
Stable in lacquered steel for 3 months (65°C); 6
HL
months (50°C); >1 yr (ambient temperatures);
If dry, little or none
Equal to L in vesication action; both H and L are
Most toxic route of
uncoated: less stable (>50°C); stable in glass @
irritating to the eyes.
exposure
65°C
PD
Data not available
No serious affects on mild steel and cast iron
Fairly potent vesicant
Toxic lung irritant
ED
Stable
None on steel when pure; noncorrosive toward iron
Fairly potent vesicant and lacrimator
Primarily a lung
(<50°C) when ED is dry; attacks brass (50°C) and is
irritant
destructive to rubber and plastics.
Toxic lung injurant
MD
Stable in steel for 15 weeks (60°C); 1 year (ambient
Satisfactory with steel for 1 yr (ambient temperature);
Blistering action less than that of HD and L; eye
and respiratory
temperatures)
crude pitting within 15 weeks (60°C)
and skin irritant
irritant
CX
Pure unstabilized CX decomposes at ambient
Metals especially iron causes rapid decomposition of CX;
Causes pain, irritation and severe tissue
Can cause
temperatures; indefinitely (-20°C); unstable in
iron chloride may cause explosive decomposition; attacks
damage on skin. Causes pain, conjunctivitis
pulmonary edema
presence of impurities such as metals
rubber, especially upon heating
and inflammation of the cornea of the eye.
BZ
Stable in aluminum and stainless steel for at least 2
Slight pitting of aluminum and stainless steel occurs after
Can cause blurred vision and dilation of pupils
Primary route of
years (71°C)
2 yrs (71°C)
exposure
Table G-2. Physical Properties of Blister Agents and Incapacitating Agents (Continued)
Agents
Rate of Action
Means of Detection
Protection
Decontamination
Use
HD
Delayed - hrs to days
M8, M9, M256A1, M90, M21, M22, CAM/ICAM,
MOPP4
SDK, IEDK, HTH, household bleach,
Delayed-action casualty agent
M272, M18A2, M18A3, MM1
HN-1
Delayed - 12 hrs or longer
M8, M9, M256A1, CAM/ICAM, MM1
MOPP4
HTH, household bleach
Delayed-action casualty agent
HN-2
Delayed - 12 hrs or longer
M8, M9, M256A1, CAM/ICAM, MM1
MOPP4
HTH, household bleach
Delayed-action casualty agent
HN-3
Delayed - 12 hrs or longer
M8, M9, M256A1, CAM/ICAM, MM1
MOPP4
HTH, household bleach
Delayed-action casualty agent
HT
No data available
M8, M9, M256A1, M18A2, M18A3, CAM/ICAM,
MOPP4
HTH, household bleach
Delayed-action casualty agent
MM1
L
Rapid
M9, M256A1, M21, M22, M272, MM1
MOPP4
STB, HTH, household bleach
Quick-acting casualty agent
HL
Prompt stinging; blistering delayed
CAM/ICAM, M256A1, M18A3, MM1
MOPP4
HTH, household bleach
Delayed-action casualty agent
about 12 hrs
PD
Immediate eye effect; skin effects
M18A2, M18A3, MM1
MOPP4
Household bleach
Delayed-action casualty agent
delayed @ 1 hr
ED
Immediate irritation; delayed blistering
M18A2, M18A3, MM1
MOPP4
Household bleach
Delayed-action casualty agent
MD
Immediate irritation; delayed blistering
M18A1, M18A3, MM1
MOPP4
Household bleach
Delayed-action casualty agent
CX
Almost instantaneous
M256A1, M18A2, M18A3, MM1
MOPP4
SDK or large amounts of water; household
Quick-acting casualty agent
bleach
BZ
Delayed action - 1 to 4 hrs, depending
MM1
MOPP4
Soap and water; SDK if soap and water are
Delayed-action incapacitating
on exposure
not available
agent
Table G-3. Physical Properties of RCAs and Respiratory Irritants
Chemical Agent;
Molecular
Boiling Point
FP/MP
Liquid Density
Vapor Density
Agents
Formula;
State at 20°C
Odor
Weight
(°C)
(°C)
(g/mL)
(Air=1)
Symbol
O-Chlorobenylidene malononitrile;
188.6
White crystalline solid
Pepper-like
310 to 315
95 to 96 (MP)
Solid Density
6.5
C10H5ClN2;
Bulk: 0.24-0.26;
CS
Crystal: 1.04
Dibenz-(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine;
195.22
Pale yellow crystalline solid
Pepper-like
Data not
73 (MP)
Data not available
6.7
C13H9NO;
available
CR
Capsaicin
305.42
Colorless
Pungent,
340.4
65 (FP)
Data not available
10.5
C18H27N03
irritating
OC
Adamsite;
277.58
Light yellow to green
None; irritating
410
195 (MP);
Solid Density
9.6
C12H9AsClN;
crystals
1.648 (20°C);
DM
1.672 (0°C)
Diphenylchloroarsine
264.59
Colorless crystalline solid
None
383
37.3;
1.3875 (50°C)
9.1
C12H10AsCl
when pure
39 to 44 (MP)
DA
Diphenylcyanoarsine
255.15
Colorless crystalline solid
Garlic and bitter
341
31.2 (FP)
1.3338 (35°C)
8.8
C13H10AsN;
almonds
DC
Chlorine;
70.91
Greenish-yellow diatomic
Disagreeable
-34.7
-101.6 (FP)
Liquefied:
2.4
Cl2
gas
and suffocating
1.393 (25°C);
1.468 (0°C)
Table G-3. Physical Properties of RCAs and Respiratory Irritants (Continued)
Agents
Vapor Pressure
Volatility
Latent Heat of Vaporization
Flash Point
(torr)
(mg/m3)
(kcal/mol)
CS
0.00034 (20°C)
0.71 (25°C)
Data not available
Data not available
CR
Data not available
Data not available
Data not available
Data not available
OC
0.00000015 (65°C)
0.0022 (65°C)
33.4
Depends on delivery system
DM
Negligible @ ambient temperatures
Negligible @ ambient temperatures
14.2 (410°C)
Nonflammable
DA
0.0179 (50°C)
236 (50°C)
15.1
350°C
DC
0.00072 (35°C)
9.56 (35°C)
17.1
Low
Cl2
5,750 (25°C);
21,900,000 (25°C);
4.86 (25°C);
Nonflammable
2,730 (0°C)
11,400,000 (0°C)
4.80 (0°C)
Table G-3. Physical Properties of RCAs and Respiratory Irritants (Continued)
Agents
Decomposition Temperature
Solubility
Rate of Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis Products
CS
Data not available
Insoluble in water, moderate in alcohol, and good in acetone,
Data not available
Data not available
chloroform, methylene dichloride, ethylacetate and benzene
CR
Data not available
Sparingly soluble in water
Not hydrolyzed in aqueous solutions
Data not available
OC
> 150
in water, 0.090 g/L @ 37°C; soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform,
Data not available
Alkaline hydrolysis yields
carbon disulfide, conc. HCl, aromatic solvents, hydrocarbons,
vanilylamine and isomeric
ketones and aqueous alkali.
decenoic acid
DM
Slight at 195°C; 0.02% per min @
In water, 0.044 g/L @ 37°C; slightly soluble in benzene exylene,
Solid DM - slowly when covered with
Diphenylaminearsenious oxide,
200°C; 0.15% per min @ 250°C
carbon tetrachloride, acetone, alcohols, tetrachoethane
water; finely divided - rapidly; acidic
HCl (aq)
solutions prevent hydrolysis
DA
300 to 350
In water, 0.078 g/L @ 37°C; soluble in acetone, ether, ethanol,
Slow in bulk but rapid when finely divided
Diphenylarsenious oxide and HCl
benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene chloride, chloroform, and
dichloroethylene
DC
> 240
In water, 0.021 g/L @ 37°C; soluble in chloroform and other
Very slow
HCN and Diphenylarsenious oxide
organic solvents
Cl2
> 600°C
In water, 0.63 g/100 g water @25°C, solubility in carbon
Slow
HCl and HOCl
tetrachloride is 3.5% @ ambient temperatures
Table G-3. Physical Properties of RCAs and Respiratory Irritants (Continued)
Agents
Stability In Storage
Action on Metals
Skin and Eye Toxicity
Inhalation Toxicity
CS
Combustible material; may burn but does not ignite
Contact with metals may evolve flammable
Burning and irritation to eyes; primary skin
Causes sensation of choking
readily. Containers may explode when heater;
hydrogen gas.
irritant
incompatible with strong oxiders.
CR
Stable in organic solutions
Data not available
Irritant; however, CR does not induce
Causes almost no effects in the lower
inflammatory cell infiltration, vesication, or
airways and lungs
contact sensitization
OC
Data not available
Data not available
Powerful irritant and lacrimator
Causes bronchoconstriction and
edema
DM
f pure, stable for at least 1 year @ room temperature
After 3 months causes extensive corrosion
Causes eye irritation and burning
Primary action on upper respiratory
and in aluminum and stainless steel 2 yrs @ 71°C;
on aluminum and stainless steel @ 71°C;
tract
munitions grade, stable for 6 months
corrodes iron, bronze, and brass
DA
Stable when pure; stable in steel shells for almost 4
None when dry
Irritant
Irritant
months at 60°C and for 1 year at room temperature
DC
Stable at all ordinary temperatures
None on metals
Irritant
Irritant
Cl2
Stable when dry
None if dry; vigorous action with metals if
Irritant
Can cause pulmonary edema
moist
Table G-3. Physical Properties of RCAs and Respiratory Irritants (Continued)
Agents
Rate of Action
Protection Required
Decontamination
Use
CS
Instantaneous
Protective mask and dry field clothing; personnel
Move to fresh air, do not use any form of
Training and RCA
handling/loading bulk CS should wear protective
bleach
clothing, masks, and gloves
CR
Instantaneous
Protective mask and clothing secured at neck, wrists,
Move to fresh air; do not use any form of
RCA
and ankles
bleach
OC
Almost immediate
Protective mask and field clothing secured at neck,
Move to fresh air; do not use any form of
Incapacitating violent or
wrists, and ankles
bleach
threatening subjects, SF stability
and support operations
DM
Rapid
Protective mask
Move to fresh air
Former RCA and mask breaker
DA
Rapid
Protective mask
Move to fresh air
Previously used as mask breaker
DC
Rapid
Protective mask
Move to fresh air
Previously used as mask breaker
Cl2
Delayed (pulmonary edema)
Protective mask
Move to fresh air
Not authorized for military use
Table G-4. Toxicity Estimates for CW Agents
ROE
Liquid
Inhalation/Ocular
Inhalation
Ocular
Percutaneous Vapor
(mg/70 kg man)
(mg-min/m3)
(mg/m3)
(mg-min/m3)
(mg-min/m3)
Lethal
Severe
Lethal
Severe
Mild
Odor Detection
Severe
Mild (ECt50)
Lethal (LCt50)
Severe (ECt50)
Threshold (ECt50)
Endpoints
(LD50)
(ED50)
(LCt50)
(ECt50)
(ECt50)
(EC50)
(ECt50)
Moderate
Hot
Moderate
Hot
Moderate
Hot
1,500
CG
6 S
-
-
(2-60)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1,500P
4 S
DP
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
(10-60)
70
50
0.4
-
-
-
15,000
7,500P
12,000
6,000P
2,000
1,000P
GA
1,500
900
(2)
(2)
(2)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
35
25
0.4
-
-
-
12,000
6,000P
8,000
4,000P
1,200
600P
GB
1,700
1,000
(2)
(2)
(2)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
35
25
0.2
-
-
-
3,000
1,500P
2,000
1,000P
300
150P
GD
350
200
(2)
(2)
(2)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
35
25
0.2
-
-
-
3,000
1,500P
2,000
1,000P
300
150P
GF
350
200
(2)
(2)
(2)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
15
10
0.1
-
-
-
150
75P
25
12P
10
5
VX
5
2
(2-360)
(2-360)
(2-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
Vx
NR
AC
-
-
2860P (2)
NR
34 S
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
CK
-
-
NR
NR
12 S
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
SA
-
-
7,500P
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
(2)
1,000
-
-
0.6 - 1 S
75
25
10,000
5,000P
500
200
50
25
HD
1400
600
(2)
(2-360)
(2-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30)
(30)
HN-1
1400P
600P
1,000P (2)
-
-
-
75P (2)
25P (2)
10,000P (30)
5,000P (30)
500P (30)
200P (30)
50P (30)
25P (30)
1,000P
-
-
-
75P
25P
10,000P
5,000P
500P
200P
50P
25P
HN-2
1400P
600P
(2)
(2)
(2)
(30)
(30)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
1,000P
-
-
-
75P
25P
10,000P
5,000P
500P
200P
50P
25P
HN-3
1400P
600P
(2-360)
(2-360)
(2-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
1,000P
-
-
-
75P
25P
10,000P
5,000P
500P
200P
50P
25P
HT
1400P
600P
(2-360)
(2-360)
(2-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
1,000P
-
-
8 S
75P
25P
5,000 - 10,000P
2,500 - 5,000P
500P
200P
50P
25P
L
1400P
600P
(2-360)
(2-360)
(2-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
1,000P
-
-
2 S
75P
25P
10,000P
5,000P
500P
200P
50P
25P
HL
1400P
600P
(2-360)
(2-360)
(2-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
(30-360)
2600P
-
16
1
-
-
N/R
-
200-500P
-
-
-
PD
NR
NR
(2-360)
(1-2)
(1)
(30-50)
ED
-
-
NR
5-10 (1)
-
1 (1)
-
-
NR
-
-
-
-
-
MD
-
-
NR
25P (1)
-
< 1 (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
CX
-
-
3200P
-
3P (1)
1P (10)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
(10)
BZ
-
-
NR
100P (<5)
-
NR
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
NOTES: P = Provisional; NR = None Recommended; S = Seconds. The existing estimates are not supported by the available data
Toxicity estimates are followed by exposure duration in parentheses. Exposure duration given in minutes except when specified.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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