FM 3-11.34 MULTISERVICE PROCEDURES FOR NUCLEAR, BIOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL (NBC) DEFENSE OF THEATER FIXED SITES, PORTS, AND AIRFIELDS (SEPTEMBER 2000) - page 2

 

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FM 3-11.34 MULTISERVICE PROCEDURES FOR NUCLEAR, BIOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL (NBC) DEFENSE OF THEATER FIXED SITES, PORTS, AND AIRFIELDS (SEPTEMBER 2000) - page 2

 

 

Appendix B
NBC DEFENSE ASSETS
The following series of tables provides a guide for identifying service, unit
organization, and/or international resources that may be available to support fixed site
NBC defense. Where joint service assets may be called upon to respond to an NBC
situation, commanders are encouraged to develop base defense OPLANs supported by
necessary Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) to facilitate NBC defense training,
assembling of resources, and execution. Where applicable, these tables address specific
items of NBC defense equipment, as well as the corresponding unit’s capabilities.
This appendix does not provide an all-inclusive NBC defense listing, but intends to
cue planners to additional resources and capabilities. As a resource cue, referenced
international data is a compilation of both commercially produced and military equipment
found in the countries listed.
NOTE: This UNOFFICIAL, international equipment listing is from open
literature sources.
1.
Department of Defense
Throughout the DOD, different items of NBC defense equipment are routinely used
by one or more service components. These items consist of individual as well as collective
protective systems and various detection and decontamination devices. Table B-1 depicts
potential fixed site NBC defense resources. Items with asterisks are under near-term
development and fielding.
Table B-1. NBC Defense Equipment
Individual Protection
Description
Equipment
Nerve Agent Antidote Kits (NAAK)
Auto injector set consisting of atropine and pralidoxime chloride.
Convulsant Antidote, Nerve Agent (CANA)
Diazepam auto injector.
Automatic Injector
Pyridostigmine Bromide (PB) Tablets
Nerve Agent Pyridostigmine Pretreatment (NAPP); an Investigation New
(NAPP)
Drug.
Chemical protective (CP) cover, Helmet
CP helmet cover.
Suit, CP: Battle Dress Overgarment (BDO)
Military Standard CB protective overgarment.
Joint Service Lightweight Integrated Suit
Will replace current BDO. Washable up to 6 times. Reduces heat stress.
Technology (JSLIST)
Suit Contamination Avoidance Liquid
Inexpensive, lightweight, disposable. Worn over BDO or Combat Vehicle
Protective (SCALP)
Crewman uniform if Chemical Protective Undergarment (CPU) is worn.
Toxicological Agent Protective (TAP) Apron
Impermeable butyl rubber apron.
Two-piece undergarment. CPU and uniform constitute MOPP1.
CPU
Washable one time.
Gloves, CP Rubber
CB protective gloves.
Overboot, Black Vinyl
CP overboot.
Overboot, Green Vinyl
CP overboot.
Cover, Footwear, CP, Rubber
CP footwear covers.
B-1
Table B-1. NBC Defense Equipment
(Continued)
Individual Protection
Description
Equipment
All M40, M42, M45, M48 Series Mask, CB
Protects wearer against all known CB agents.
Protective: Field
Protects wearer against all known CB agents. NBC protective mask with
MCU-2A/P, CB Protective Mask
single clear urethane lens facepiece and two voicemitter assemblies.
M17A2, Mask, CB Protective Field
Protects wearer against all known CB agents.
Tactical, gamma total dose instrument. Read by AN/PDR-75 RADIAC
DT-236 Dosimeter, Wristwatch
Set.
Collective Protection
Description
Equipment
M20 Simplified NBC Collective Protection
Room liner for preexisting structures with integral filtration and blower
Equipment (SCPE)
system.
Field deployable, inflatable collective protective liner system for use inside
M28 SCPE
tent extendable modular personnel (TEMPER) Tents.
Provides CB protection for selected sections of the CP DEPMEDS-
Chemically Protected Deployable Medical
equipped hospitals. Room liner for preexisting structures with integral
Systems (CP DEPMEDS)
filtration and blower system.
A soft shelter system that attaches to the rear of an enhanced capabilities
Chemically-Biologically Protective Shelter
vehicle. Provides CB protection for Battalion Aid stations and medical
(CBPS)
company treatment facilities.
Modular concrete collective protective shelter with integral overpressure
Survivable Collective Protection System II
and filtration systems.
KMU-450F, Building Modification Kit
Overpressure/filtration system for pre-existing structures/buildings.
Provide protection against NBC materials in the contained air inside
Fixed Installation Filters
buildings. Can be used continuously or intermittently to complement the
ventilation system.
Detection Equipment
Description
M8A1, Alarm, Chemical Agent, Automatic
Point detector for nerve agent vapors.
Portable
Advanced point detector. Detects nerve and blister agents. Will replace
M22, Automatic Chemical Agent Alarm
or complement current M8A1.
Chemical Agent Monitor (CAM)
Point detector for nerve and blister agent vapors.
M8 Chemical Agent Detection Paper
Detects nerve agents G and V and blister agent H
M9 Chemical Agent Detection Paper
Provides nonspecific detection for nerve and blister
AN/PSR-2, Automatic Liquid Agent
Portable point detector for fixed installations (e.g., airfields). Detects
Detector
liquid concentrations of soman (GD), VX, HD, and L.
All-purpose chemical agent vapor detector. Detects vapor concentrations
M90, Chemical Warfare Agent Detector
of blood, blister, and nerve agents. Can also be used to monitor
contaminated surfaces using intake tubes.
Auto-ranging radiation detection identification and computation (RADIAC)
ADM 300, Multifunctional Radiation
instrument designed to detect alpha, beta, gamma, x-ray, and neutron
Detection Instrument w/Probes
radiation
Portable chemical agent detection kit. Detects nerve, blister, blood, and
M18A2, Chemical Agent Detector Kit
choking agents in vapor or liquid form. Primarily used by explosive
ordnance disposal (EOD) units.
Portable, disposable chemical agent detection kit used to detect nerve,
M256A1, Chemical Agent Detector
blood, or blister agent vapors.
Portable kit used to test for nerve, blood, and blister agent concentrations
M272, Water Testing Kit
in raw or treated water.
Tactical, self-indicating gamma total dose instrument. Range 0-600
IM-93, Dosimeter
radiation absorbed dose (rad).
Lightweight, auto-ranging, portable RADIAC instrument. Used for area
AN/VDR-2, RADIAC Set
surveys and personnel monitoring. Dose Rate Range .01 mrad/hour-
10000 rad/hour. Dose Range 1-1000 rad.
B-2
Table B-1. NBC Defense Equipment
(Continued)
Decontamination Equipment
Description
AN/PDR-56, RADIAC Set
Portable scintillation instrument used to detect alpha radiation.
AN/PDR-75 RADIAC SetAN/PDR-77
Reader for DT236 Low Level RADIAC instrument.
RADIAC Set
Remote Sensing Chemical Agent Alarm
Standoff, automatic scanning, passive infrared sensor that detects nerve
M21, (RSCAAL)
and blister vapor clouds up to 5 km range.
M291 Skin Decontamination Kit, Individual
Individual decontamination kit for skin and personal equipment.
Replaces M258A1M280. Decontamination kit for larger items of personal
M295 Decontamination Kit, Equipment
equipment that the M291 cannot accommodate.
Patient Decontamination, Medical
Non-toxic. Provides supplies and equipment for decontamination and
Equipment Set and Chemical Patient,
medical treatment of NBC patients at medical treatment facilities.
Medical Treatment Set
Decontaminating Apparatus 1 1/3 quart,
Refillable decon solution number 2 (DS2) decontaminant dispenser.
M11
M12A1 Power-Driven Decontaminating
Vehicle-mounted, gasoline engine-driven decontaminating device.
Apparatus (PDDA)
M13 Decontaminating Apparatus, Portable
Non-refillable, DS2 decontaminant application system.
(DAP)
Decontaminating Apparatus, Power-Driven,
Portable lightweight power-driven decontaminating device.
Lightweight (M17)
Portable lightweight decontaminating device. Comprised of the M21 DS2
Modular Decontamination System (MDS),
Pumper/Scrubber unit and the M22 High-Pressure Washer unit.
M21/M22
Replaces M12A1 and M17 lightweight decontamination system (LDS) in
chemical units.
Decontamination Material
Description
Detergent, General Purpose Liquid
Liquid soap used for decon.
Dry substance mixed with calcium hypochlorite when liquid detergent is
Detergent, Wetting Agent (Powder)
unavailable to ensure complete wetting of surfaces.
Decontaminating Agent, Super Tropical
Standard military bleach based CB decontaminant.
Bleach (STB)
Decontaminating Agent, Calcium
Non-standard bleach decontaminant with higher chlorine content used in
Hypochlorite, High Test Hypochlorite (HTH)
lieu of STB.
Standard military liquid CB decontaminant. Highly corrosive to metal and
DS2
may soften paint. DS2 will not soften Chemical Agent Resistant Coating
paint.
Fuller’s Earth
Absorbent powder decontaminant.
Miscellaneous Items
Description
Charger, Dosimeter, AN/PP-1578PD
Used to ZERO (charge) the IM-93 dosimeter.
Portable on-the-face seal verification device for M17A2, M40/M40A1,
M41 Protection Assessment Test System
MCU-2A/P series protective masks or any mask with a US standard
(PATS)
external/ internal drinking tube installed.
Multipurpose Integrated Chemical Agent
Networking system for NBC detectors, sensors, and alarms. Automates
Alarm (MICAD)
NBCWRS. Formats and transmits NBC 1 and NBC 4 reports.
Portable kit consisting of flags, stakes, crayons, and tape used to mark
NBC Marking Set
contaminated areas.
Software system which integrates data from NBC detectors,
Joint Warning And Reporting Network
meteorological sensors, Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, etc.
(JWARN).
System will analyze information, compile and disseminate appropriate
reports.
Used on the MCU-2A/P series mask to amplify an individual’s voice while
Voice Enhancers
wearing the mask.
2.
Army
All Army units are capable of conducting limited NBC defense operations. These
operations consist of, but are not limited to, detection of nuclear and chemical
contamination; performing basic decontamination procedures on individuals and
equipment; deployment of nuclear and chemical detection devices; and conduct of nuclear
and chemical monitoring, survey, and reconnaissance mission operations.
B-3
The Army Chemical Corps force structure includes specialized units providing
additional capabilities for NBC detection, identification, survey, reconnaissance, and
thorough decontamination. Chemical Corps units also provide large area smoke and
obscurant support to operations. See Tables B-2 through B-9 for itemized equipment and
capabilities.
a.
Chemical Company (Heavy Division). The Chemical Company (Heavy
Division) is capable of providing the following support:
(1)
Four detailed equipment decontamination (DED) sites (52 major
items/day/site); operational decontamination; special decontamination.
(2)
Large area smoke (0.2 to 1.1 kilometers (km) wide x several km long,
weather dependent).
(3)
Radiation monitoring for the nuclear accident and incident control plan.
(4)
Chemical detection/monitoring for chemical accident and incident control
plan.
(5)
NBC reconnaissance (route, area, zone, point, and bypass), surveys,
surveillance, and sampling.
(6)
NBC staff to division headquarters; operates on 24-hour basis.
The Chemical Company (Heavy Division) is comprised of a division chemical section, NBC
center (NBCC), headquarters section, decontamination platoons (4), mechanized smoke
platoon, and NBC reconnaissance platoon.
NOTE: Upon the implementation of Corps/Division XXI organization, the
capabilities of this unit will be provided by other Chemical Corps force structure.
Table B-2. Chemical Company (Heavy Division) Organic NBC Equipment
Decontamination Equipment
Description
Modular Decontamination System (MDS),
Portable lightweight decontaminating device. Comprised of the M21
M21/M22
DS2 Pumper/Scrubber unit and the M22 High-Pressure Washer unit.
Detection Equipment
Description
Standoff nerve and blister agent detector. Range is line of sight to 5
M21, Alarm, Chemical Agent, Remote Sensing
km.
AN/PDR-56F, RADIAC Set
Portable scintillation instrument used to detect alpha radiation.
Vehicle-mounted system designed to detect, identify, and mark
M93A1 (FOX), NBC Reconnaissance System
nuclear and chemical contamination.
Smoke/Obscurant Systems
Description
M58, Generator
Smoke, Mechanical,
M113A3 tracked vehicle mounted smoke system. Replaces M1059.
Mechanized Smoke Obscurant System
M1059, Carrier, Smoke Generator
M113A3 tracked vehicle mounted smoke system.
b.
Chemical Company (Smoke/Decontamination) Airborne/Air Assault.
The Chemical Company (Smoke/Decontamination) Airborne/Air Assault can provide the
following:
B-4
(1)
Three DED sites (thorough decontamination sites [eight tactical
vehicles/hour]) or six operational decontamination sites.
(2)
Three large area smoke screens (each 0.6 - 1.4 km wide x several km long).
Smoke haze up to six km in width and several km long, weather dependent.
(3)
NBC staff support and 24-hour NBCWRS support to each Airborne/Air
Assault Division.
(4)
Platoon tailoring can respond to needs for both smoke and decontamination
support.
The company consists of a division chemical section, NBCC, headquarters section, and
smoke/decontamination platoons (3).
NOTE: Each platoon can support either equipment decontamination or large
area smoke. However, a platoon cannot perform smoke and decontamination
simultaneously or immediately switch between missions without transition time.
Table B-3. Chemical Company (Smoke/Decontamination) Airborne/Air Assault Organic NBC
Equipment
Decontamination Equipment
Description
Portable lightweight decontaminating device. Comprised of the M21
MDS, M21/M22
DS2 Pumper/Scrubber unit and the M22 High-Pressure Washer unit.
M17 SANATOR, Lightweight Decontaminating
Portable lightweight power-driven decontaminating device.
System
Smoke/Obscurant Systems
Description
M56, Generator Smoke System: Mechanical
Large area smoke generation system mounted on Heavy Variant High
Motorized
Mobility Multipurpose Wheel Vehicle (HMMWV).
M1059, Generator Smoke System
Large area smoke generation system Mounted on a HMMWV.
c.
Chemical Company (Recon/Decon) Armored Cavalry Regiment (ACR).
The Chemical Company ACR is capable of providing the following support:
(1)
NBC reconnaissance (route, zone, area, point, and bypass to locate,
identify, mark, and report NBC contamination), NBC surveys, surveillance, and sampling
(3 reconnaissance squads/2 reconnaissance teams each).
(2)
One DED site (thorough decontamination site 8-10 vehicles/hour).
(3)
Three operational decontamination sites.
(4)
Special decontamination.
(5)
NBC staff support and 24-hour NBCWRS support.
B-5
The company consists of a regimental chemical section, headquarters section, NBC
reconnaissance platoons (2), and decontamination platoon.
Table B-4. Chemical Company (Recon/Decon) ACR Organic NBC Equipment
Detection Equipment
Description
Standoff nerve and blister agent detector. Range is line of sight to 5
M21, Alarm, Chemical Agent, Remote Sensing
km.
Vehicle-mounted system designed to detect, identify, and mark
FOX NBC Reconnaissance System
nuclear and chemical contamination.
Decontamination Equipment
Description
Modular Decontamination System (MDS),
Portable lightweight decontaminating device. Comprised of the M21
M21/M22
DS2 Pumper/Scrubber unit and the M22 High-Pressure Washer unit.
M17 SANATOR, Lightweight Decontaminating
Portable lightweight power-driven decontaminating device.
System
d.
Chemical Company (Smoke/Decontamination/Reconnaissance) ACR.
The Chemical Company ACR is capable of providing the following support:
(1)
NBC reconnaissance (route, zone, area, point, and bypass) to locate,
identify, mark, and report NBC contamination; NBC surveys; surveillance; and sampling
(3 reconnaissance squads/2 reconnaissance teams each).
(2)
One DED site (thorough decontamination site 8-10 vehicles/hour).
(3)
Three operational decontamination sites.
(4)
Special decontamination.
(5)
Large area smoke (0.6—1.4 km wide x several km long). Smoke haze: 2
km wide x several km long - weather dependent.
(6)
NBC staff support.
The company consists of a regimental chemical section, headquarters section, NBC
reconnaissance platoon, smoke/decontamination platoon.
NOTE: As before, the dual-purpose platoon can only support a smoke or
decontamination mission at any one time.
Table B-5. Chemical Company (Smoke/Decontamination/Reconnaissance) ACR Organic NBC
Equipment
Detection Equipment
Description
Standoff nerve and blister agent detector. Range is line of sight to 5
M21, Alarm, Chemical Agent, Remote Sensing
km.
Vehicle mounted system designed to detect, identify, and mark
FOX NBC Reconnaissance System
nuclear and chemical contamination.
Decontamination Equipment
Description
Portable lightweight decontaminating device. Comprised of the M21
MDS, M21/M22
DS2 Pumper/Scrubber unit and the M22 High-Pressure Washer unit.
B-6
Table B-5. Chemical Company (Smoke/Decontamination/Reconnaissance) ACR
Organic NBC Equipment
(Continued)
Decontamination Equipment
Description
M17, Lightweight Decontaminating System
Portable lightweight power-driven decontaminating device.
Smoke/Obscurant Systems
Description
M56, Generator Smoke System: Mechanical
Large area smoke generation system (Mounted on Heavy variant
Motorized
HMMWV).
M1059, Generator Smoke System
Large area smoke generation system (Mounted on HMMWV).
e.
Chemical Company (Smoke/Decon) Corps/Army Service Component
Command (ASCC). The Chemical Company (Smoke/Decon) Corps/ASCC is capable of
providing the following smoke/decontamination support to units in a corps’ rear area, the
communication zone (COMMZ), or a division’s AO:
(1)
Four DED sites (thorough decontamination sites [eight tactical vehicles/
hour]) or eight operational decontamination sites.
(2)
Large area smoke. Smoke haze up to four kilometers in width and several
kilometers in depth, weather dependent.
(3)
Platoon tailoring can respond to needs for both smoke and decontamination
support.
The company consists of a headquarters section, maintenance section, and four
smoke/ decon platoons.
Table B-6. Chemical Company (Smoke/Decon) Corps/ASCC Organic NBC Equipment
Decontamination Equipment
Description
Portable lightweight decontaminating device. Comprised of the M21
M21/M22, MDS
DS2 Pumper/Scrubber unit and the M22 High-Pressure Washer unit.
M56, Generator Smoke System: Mechanical
Large area smoke generation system (Mounted on HMMWV).
Motorized
f.
Chemical Company (NBC Reconnaissance) Corps/ASCC. The Chemical
Company (Recon) Corps/ASCC is capable of providing the following support:
(1)
NBC reconnaissance (route, zone, area, point, and bypass) to locate,
identify, mark, and report NBC contamination.
(2)
Conventional reconnaissance (route, area, and zone). Capability is reduced
after NBC weapons use.
(3)
NBC reconnaissance, surveys, surveillance, sampling, and locating
potential decontamination sites.
(4)
Radiation monitoring for nuclear accident incident response assistance.
B-7
(5)
Chemical detection for chemical accident incident response assistance.
The company consists of a headquarters section and three NBC reconnaissance
platoons with four reconnaissance squads each/two reconnaissance teams each.
Table B-7. Chemical Company (NBC Reconnaissance) Corps/ASCC Organic NBC Defense
Equipment
Detection Equipment
Description
Standoff nerve and blister agent detector. Range is line of sight to 5
M21, Alarm, Chemical Agent, Remote Sensing
km.
Vehicle mounted system designed to detect, identify, and mark
FOX NBC Reconnaissance System
nuclear and chemical contamination.
g.
Chemical Company (Biological Detection) Corps. The Corps Chemical
Company (Biological Detection) is capable of providing the following support:
(1)
Detection of large area biological aerosols.
(2)
Presumptive identification of biological warfare (BW) agents.
(3)
Collection of aerosol samples for laboratory analysis.
(4)
Biological Integrated Detection System (BIDS). The BIDS is an
operational level biological detection asset designed to primarily detect long line source
releases. It operates as a static array to provide generic detection and identification of BW
attacks. The BIDS is a collectively protected shelter, and there are two versions of BIDS in
the inventory. The NDI BIDS is a manual system that can identify up to four agents
simultaneously. The preplanned product improvement (P3I) BIDS is a semiautomatic
system that can identify up to eight agents simultaneously. Although they have different
components, both principally operate in similar fashion. Generally, the system triggers
when a rapid and meaningful change occurs in the ambient background. Upon a trigger, it
collects a liquid sample for analysis and evacuation. The operator conducts analysis of the
sample using multiple components to provide generic detection and identification. This
information is then communicated to the controlling headquarters. The controlling
headquarters merges these reports with other operational information to determine if an
attack occurred.
(5)
Long Range-Biological Detection System (LR-BSDS). The LR-BSDS is an
operational level detection system that detects, tracks, maps, and classifies (man-made
versus naturally occurring) aerosols. It operates on a UH-60 platform and uses its
communication assets to send periodic reports. Information on the system can be used to
provide early warning, cue point detectors, and track a suspect aerosol. The system is
normally operated in conjunction with other operational level detectors.
The company consists of a headquarters section, five biological detection
platoons/biological detection company (seven BIDS teams/platoon), and an LR-BSDS
detachment.
B-8
Table B-8 depicts the specialized NBC defense equipment organic to this unit.
Table B-8. Chemical Company (Biological Detection) Corps Organic NBC Defense
Equipment
Detection Equipment
Description
Operational level asset. May be assigned to protect a critical fixed
M31A1, Alarm, Biological Agent, Automatic:
site. Detects biological agents. Presumptively identifies agents within
Integrated Detection System, BIDS
30 minutes. Collects samples.
Standoff detection system detects, tracks, maps, and classifies
M94, Long Range Biological Standoff Detection
aerosols as man-made or natural.
30 km range. Mounted on UH-60.
System (LR-BSDS)
Laser is operationally eye safe.
h.
Chemical Team LB (Reconnaissance) (Special Forces). The Chemical
Team LB (Reconnaissance) (Special Forces) is capable of providing—
(1)
NBC reconnaissance support to special forces (SF) units. Uniquely suited
for rapid worldwide deployment.
(2)
Collection/identification/documentation of NBC contamination.
(3)
Expertise in enemy NBC systems and employment TTP.
(4)
Specialized NBC protective equipment.
(5)
Expertise in friendly, coalition, and allied forces’ NBC systems and
employment TTP.
i.
Chemical Team JA (NBC Element). The Chemical Team JA (NBC Element)
is capable of providing—
(1)
NBC staff support to augment separate brigades, corps, theater defense
brigades, theater armies, and unified commands. The team is organized to provide staffing
for one 12-hour shift (5 personnel).
(2)
NBCWRS monitoring.
(3)
Monitoring of NBC assets.
j.
Chemical Team JB (NBC Element). Capabilities are identical to the JA
team, but the unit is organized to provide two 12-hour shifts (10 personnel).
k.
Civil Support Detachment (CSD). The CSD is capable of—
(1)
Assessing a suspected NBC or radiological event in support of local
incident commanders.
B-9
(2)
Advising civil responders regarding appropriate actions.
(3)
Facilitating requests for assistance from state and federal assets.
(4)
Detecting and collecting samples of chemical, biological, and radiological
agents.
(5)
Providing mobile lab analysis of collected samples.
The detachment consists of a command section, operations team, administrative
team, logistics team, communications team, medical team, and two survey teams.
l.
Other Army Units. In addition to units that specialize in NBC defense, there
are other types of units depicted in Table B-9 that are capable of making significant
contributions to fixed site NBC defense operations.
Table B-9. Additional NBC Defense Equipment from Other Army Units
UNIT TYPE
EQUIPMENT
CAPABILITIES
Capable of providing assistance with terrain
decontamination operations (water storage and
Water purification, water storage tanks,
Quartermaster
delivery).
Trucks, Large Volume Water Tankers
Water hauling and pumping capabilities.
Treat, store, and deliver safe drinking water.
Capable of planning and performing emergency
neutralization and subsequent disposal of chemical
agents.
TAP Suits, M18A2 Chemical Agent
Technical Escort
Response and neutralization of hazards resulting
Detection Kits
from chemical accident/incident situations and
nuclear accident/ incident situations.
Escorting hazardous cargo/material.
Capable of conducting surveillance on water
sources and supplies for potential NBC
Water Testing Kit, M272, Preventive
contamination and providing recommendations to
Preventive Medicine
Medicine Water Quality Control set,
commanders on techniques for providing safe
Detachments/Staffs
Preventive Medicine Industrial Hygiene
drinking water under NBC conditions. Conducts
Surveillance Equipment
surveillance for TIM and potential operational
facilities/areas that may produce toxic industrial
chemicals hazards.
NBC agent identification equipment,
Provides in theater initial identification of NBC
Endemic/Epidemic disease surveillance
Area Medical
agents. Provides industrial hygiene and
and analysis equipment,
Laboratory
occupational health laboratory support on
Preventive medicine laboratory
verification of TIM.
equipment
Food quality assurance testing medical
Provides food surveillance and quality assurance to
Veterinary Services
set
include potential NBC contamination surveillance.
Veterinary laboratory equipment
UH-60
Capable of providing assistance in the detection of
Aviation
OH-58A/C
NBC agents/radiation. Additionally, UH60 provides
UH-1
platform for LR-BSDS.
Capable of detecting, identifying, rendering safe,
Explosive Ordnance
TAP Suits
evacuating, and disposing of conventional, as well
Disposal
M18A2 Chemical Agent Detection Kits
as improvised NBC weapons.
3.
Air Force
Readiness personnel are responsible for the NBC defense mission in the Air Force.
Personnel are trained NBC defense specialists who also have air base operability, disaster
preparedness, and Prime Base Emergency Engineer Force duties. There are no primary
B-10
duty NBC defense officers within the Air Force. Because of their relatively small force
structure, these personnel deploy from several locations and form a larger team at each
employment location (typically 22 at each site). As a complement to this force structure,
readiness personnel are augmented by Bio-Environmental Engineers in the areas of
reconnaissance and NBC Control Center (NBCCC) operations. Additionally, air wings
designate personnel within their units to serve on specialized teams that support
installation NBC defense. These teams, known as SMTs, CCTs, and disaster preparedness
support teams provide the base with support in the areas of NBC decontamination,
detection, and survey operations. When dictated by the threat, readiness personnel also
execute smoke missions using single or networked smoke generators. Refer to AFMAN 32-
4017, Civil Engineer Readiness Technician’s Manual for Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical
Defense for detailed information. Table B-10 provides a description of Air Force NBC
defense equipment and special teams.
Table B-10. Air Force NBC Defense Equipment and Special Teams
Individual Protection
Description
Equipment
NAAK
Auto injector set consisting of atropine and pralidoxime chloride.
CANA Automatic Injector
Diazepam auto injector.
PB Tablets (NAPP)
NAPP, an Investigation New Drug.
Suit, CP: BDO
Military Standard CB protective overgarment.
JSLIST
Will replace current BDO. Washable up to 6 times. Reduces heat stress.
TAP Apron
Impermeable butyl rubber apron.
Gloves, CP Rubber
CB protective gloves.
Overboot, Black Vinyl
Chemical Protective (CP) overboot.
Overboot, Green Vinyl
CP overboot.
Cover, Footwear, CP, Rubber
CP footwear covers.
Protects wearer against all known CB agents. NBC protective mask with
MCU-2A/P, CB Protective Mask
single clear urethane lens facepiece and two voicemitter assemblies.
M17A2, Mask, CB Protective Field
Protects wearer against all known CB agents.
Collective Protection
Description
Equipment
Modified M28 Interim Transportable
Field deployable, inflatable collective protective liner system for use inside
Collective Protection System
TEMPER Tents.
Modular concrete collective protective shelter with integral overpressure
Survivable Collective Protection System II
and filtration systems.
KMU-450F, Building Modification Kit
Overpressure/filtration system for preexisting structures/buildings.
Detection Equipment
Description
M8A1, Alarm, Chemical Agent, Automatic
Point detector for nerve agent vapors.
Portable
Advanced point detector. Detects nerve and blister agents. Will replace
M22, Automatic Chemical Agent Alarm
or complement current M8A1.
CAM
Point detector for nerve and blister agent vapors.
M8 Chemical Agent Detection Paper
Detects nerve agents G and V and blister agents H & L.
M9 Chemical Agent Detection Paper
Provides nonspecific detection for nerve and blister agents.
AN/PSR-2, Automatic Liquid Agent
Portable point detector for fixed installations (e.g., airfields). Detects
Detector
liquid concentrations of nerve and blister agents.
All-purpose chemical agent vapor detector. Detects vapor concentrations
M90, Chemical Warfare Agent Detector
of blood, blister, and nerve agents. Can also be used to monitor
contaminated surfaces using intake tubes.
ADM 300, Multifunctional Radiation
Auto-ranging RADIAC instrument designed to detect alpha, beta, gamma,
Detection Instrument w/ Probes
x-ray, and neutron radiation
Portable chemical agent detection kit. Detects nerve, blister, blood, and
M18A2, Chemical Agent Detector Kit
choking agents in vapor or liquid form. Primarily used by EOD units.
B-11
Table B-10. Air Force NBC Defense Equipment and Special Teams
(Continued)
Detection Equipment
Description
Portable, disposable chemical agent detection kit used to detect nerve,
M256A1, Chemical Agent Detector
blood, or blister agent vapors.
Detects surface concentrations of 5 to 8 biological agents (depending on
Biological Agent Hand Held Assays
the model).
Uses PCR technology to detect biological agents in any physical medium
RAPID Biological Detection System
(soil, water, blood, etc.). Used by Biological Augmentation Team.
Portable kit used to test for nerve, blood, and blister agent concentrations
M272, Water Testing Kit
in raw or treated water.
IM-143, Dosimeter
Tactical, self-indicating gamma total dose instrument. Range 0-600 rad.
Decontamination Equipment
Description
M291 Skin Decontamination Kit, Individual
Individual decontamination kit for skin and personal equipment.
Decontamination kit for larger items of personal equipment that the M291
M295 Decontamination Kit, Equipment
cannot accommodate.
Decontaminating Apparatus, Power-Driven,
Portable lightweight power driven decontaminating device.
Lightweight (M17 Series)
Decontamination Material
Description
Detergent, General Purpose Liquid
Liquid soap used for decon.
Dry substance mixed with calcium hypochlorite when liquid detergent is
Detergent, Wetting Agent (Powder)
unavailable to ensure complete wetting of surfaces.
Decontaminating Agent, STB
Standard military bleach based CB decontaminant.
Decontaminating Agent, Calcium
Nonstandard bleach decontaminant with higher chlorine content used in
Hypochlorite, HTH
lieu of STB.
Fuller’s Earth
Absorbent powder decontaminant.
Miscellaneous Items
Description
Charger, Dosimeter, CDV 750 and AN/PP-
Used to ZERO (charge) the IM-93 dosimeter.
1578PD
Portable on-the-face seal verification device for M17A2, M40/M40A1,
M41 Protection Assessment Test System
MCU-2A/P series protective masks or any mask with a US standard
external/ internal drinking tube installed.
Portable kit consisting of flags, stakes, crayons, and tape used to mark
NBC Marking Set
contaminated areas.
Software system which integrates data from NBC detectors,
JWARN
meteorological sensors, GPS receivers, etc. System will analyze
information, compile and disseminate appropriate reports.
Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Units
Water purification system capable of treating water from any available
(ROWPU)
source. Will remove NBC contaminants.
Used on the MCU-2A/P series mask to amplify an individual’s voice while
Voice Enhancers
wearing the mask.
Teams
Capability Description
Provides medical treatment in a TFA. While in an active CB environment,
Chemically Hardened Air Transportable
self-sustaining for 72 hours. Modular design to meet field medical
Hospital
missions - 10, 25, and 50 bed configuration.
Provides theater medical and environmental threat assessments, theater
disease surveillance, and disease outbreak investigation, establishment
Theater Epidemiology Team FFHA1
of baseline environmental monitoring of air, water, soil, and background
radiation and associated surveillance/monitoring requirements, and
evaluation of medical force protection and preparedness programs.
Personnel that augment the capability to identify, control, report, and
provide treatment for infectious diseases and BW agents in the deployed
Infectious Diseases Augmentation Team
theater. Team is designed to be deployed to facilities with greater than
FFHA5
100 beds where a significant threat for BW casualties or infectious
disease exists.
B-12
Table B-10. Air Force NBC Defense Equipment and Special Teams
(Continued)
Teams
Capability Description
The WMDT provides capability to remove or neutralize NBC agents on
wartime casualties immediately prior to being admitted to the MTF.
Standardized WMDTs and equipment assemblages can be deployed,
Wartime Medical Decontamination Team
assigned, or pre-positioned to support and enable USAF MTFs to safely
(WMDT) FFGLA and FFGLB
and effectively treat contaminated casualties without contaminating
medical personnel, equipment, or facilities. WMDTs have a secondary
mission to provide technical guidance on food decontamination.
The mission of the Bio-environmental Engineering NBC Team is to
provide increased force protection and wing survivability through NBC
agent surveillance, detection, and abatement. Function as technical
Bio-environmental Engineering NBC Team
advisors with Civil Engineer NBC Reconnaissance Teams for NBC agent
FFGL1
detection and as technical OPR for biological agent detection. Augment
Base Civil Engineer NBC Detection Teams to provide field detection,
sample collection, and analysis.
Identifies, monitors and takes measures to prevent disease and nonbattle
Preventative Aerospace Medicine Team
injury (DNBI). Implementing programs to perform health threat/risk
FFGL2
assessment, health hazard surveillance, health hazard control and
mitigation of effects can prevent DNBI.
A team of specialists from the Armstrong Laboratory who advice on health
Air Force Radiological Assessment Team
physics and analyze field measurements of radioactive materials.
A two-man team of laboratory office and laboratory technologist who
Biological Augmentation Team and
identify pathological diseases using state-of-the-art DNA based
Chemical Augmentation Team FFBAT
technology using the instrument called the RAPID Biological Identification
System.
4.
Navy
The Navy does not operate specialized chemical, biological, and radiological defense
(CBRD) units. CBRD team personnel are drawn from existing job specialties. Naval base
CBRD actions are coordinated by the DPO. Shore-based units have disaster preparedness
teams. Naval base CBRD equipment is outfitted by the Naval Facilities Engineering
Command in coordination with the USN and the Joint NBC Program.
The Naval Forward Deployable Laboratory is a portable, rapidly deployable
diagnostic laboratory designed to provide support within the JTF. In the future, this
capability will be incorporated in the Forward Deployable Preventive Medicine Unit. It is
capable of conducting disease risk assessment, disease diagnosis, disease surveillance,
disease outbreak investigation, and identification of biological threat agents. Selected
naval bases may be equipped as shown in Table B-11.
Table B-11. Navy NBC Defense Equipment
Individual Protection
Description
Equipment
Suit, Chemical Protective: Overgarment
Military CB protective overgarment.
ACPG/JSLIST - Will replace current BDO. Washable up to 6 times.
ACPG/JSLIST
Reduces heat stress.
Protects wearer against all known CB agents. NBC protective mask with
MCU-2A/P, CB Protective Mask
single clear urethane lens facepiece and two voicemitter assemblies.
M40, Mask, CB Protective Field
Protects wearer against all known CB agents.
B-13
Table B-11. Navy NBC Defense Equipment
(Continued)
Collective Protection
Description
Equipment
Room liner for preexisting structures with integral filtration and blower
M20 SCPE
system.
Field deployable, inflatable collective protective liner system for use inside
M28 SCPE
TEMPER Tents.
Detection Equipment
Description
M8A1, Alarm, Chemical Agent, Automatic
Point detector for nerve agent vapors.
Portable
M22 Automatic Chemical Agent Detector
Advanced point detector. Detects nerve and blister agents. Will replace
Alarm (ACADA)
or complement current M8A1.
Portable kit used to test for nerve, blood, and blister agent concentrations
M272, Water Testing Kit
in raw or treated water.
Standoff, automatic scanning, passive infrared sensor that detect nerve
RSCAAL
and blister vapor clouds up to 5 km range.
Portal Shield Advanced Concept
Interim capability to detect, alarm/warn/dewarn, and presumptively identify
Technology Demonstration
BW attack
A shipboard or ground point BW detection system employing a suite of
Interim Biological Agent Detection System
detectors, identification modules, and sample collectors. Results are
(IBADS)
displayed on a computer screen. Provides presumptive identification.
AN/KAS-1, Chemical Warfare Direction
Manual standoff chemical agent detector for use aboard ships and at
Detector
selected shore sites.
CAM
Point detector for nerve and blister agent vapors.
M8 Chemical Agent Detection Paper
Detects nerve agents G and V and blister agent H & L
M9 Chemical Agent Detection Paper
Provides nonspecific detection for nerve and blister
Decontamination Equipment
Description
M291 Skin Decontamination Kit, Individual
Individual decontamination kit for skin and personal equipment.
Decontamination kit for larger items of personal equipment that the M291
M295 Decontamination Kit, Equipment
cannot accommodate.
Decontaminating Apparatus, Power-Driven,
Portable lightweight power-driven decontaminating device.
Lightweight (M17 Series)
5.
Marine Corps
With the exception of the Chemical/Biological Incident Response Force (CBIRF), the
Marine Corps does not use structured NBC defense units. USMC capabilities in this
appendix are based on unit equipment and individual/collective training. Marines receive
individual and unit training in NBC detection, protection, and decontamination operations.
USMC NBC defense personnel include warrant officers (MOS 5702) and NBC specialists
(MOS 5711) who are responsible for manning NBCCC, training units, and maintaining
NBC equipment. Personnel intensive tasks such as unit decontamination and NBC
reconnaissance operations are performed as an additional duty by Marines from within the
unit.
The CBIRF was established to combat the growing chemical, biological, and
radiological—nuclear (CBR-N) threat. The force is a mission-ready national asset under
Commander In Chief, United States Joint Forces Command which is manned, trained, and
equipped to respond to CBR-N incidents worldwide, when directed by the National
Command Authority. Self-sufficient and capable of sustained operations, the force can
assist local and military agencies in dealing with CBR-N terrorist acts by providing initial
postincident consequence management. CBIRF is unique as it integrates all the elements
needed for CBR-N consequence management in a single command. CBIRF also provides
B-14
training to local, state, and federal agencies as well as to other DOD forces and assists with
the development of new equipment, techniques, and procedures for responding to the use of
CBR-N weapons.
CBIRF is designed to deploy as a complete unit (375 Marines and sailors) and is able
to provide the best support if predeployed in the operational area. CBIRF’s initial
response force (IRF) is kept on a 6-hour alert status and is capable of deploying in two C-5s
with all of its vehicles, personnel, and equipment. If required, the IRF can be rapidly
configured to deploy in all types of military and commercial aircraft. The limited assets of
the IRF are only intended to provide initial response capability; the IRF should be
reinforced by the entire force within 24 hours.
The threat will dictate the force size requirement. This self-contained response force
will have the following five elements: headquarters, force protection, medical, security
search and rescue, and service support. The mission focus of CBIRF is to quickly evacuate
casualties of an incident involving weapons of mass destruction and provide time-critical
medical intervention in a contaminated environment. A unique feature of CBIRF is its
electronic linkage to an advisory group of experts through the Defense Threat Reduction
Agency (DTRA). The advisory group composed of military and civilian experts in CB
matters, effects modeling, and disaster response will advise CBIRF during training and
incident response. Additionally, a deployable laboratory from the Naval Medical Research
Institute will support CBIRF. This laboratory is capable of identifying biological agents.
Table B-12 depicts the specialized NBC defense equipment organic to this unit.
Table B-12. CBIRF NBC Defense Equipment
Detection Equipment
Description
Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer; Field
Detects, identifies, and analyzes low-level concentrations of chemical agents.
and Portable.
Detection Tubes; Chemical Agents.
Monitors a broad range of hazardous and toxic gases and vapors.
Detects and monitors various levels of nerve and blister agents on equipment
CAM.
surfaces and personnel.
Kit, Detector, Chemical Agent M256A1.
Portable kit used to detect chemical contamination.
Hand-held device that detects, monitors, and provides instant values on
Detector, Gas.
hazardous and toxic gases or vapors.
Portable device used primarily by NBC and medical personnel to detect
Detector, Radiac DT236/PDR75.
radiological exposure levels.
Portable, hand-held device used to monitor and detect radiological
Radiac Set, AN/VDR-2.
contamination.
An advanced point sampling, detection, and alarm system capable of detecting
ACADA, M22.
nerve and blister agents.
Personal device used to detect chemical agent contamination on equipment
Detector, Chemical Agent, M9 Paper.
and personnel.
Hand-held device used in detecting liquid chemical agents and determining the
Meter, PH.
decontamination solution concentration.
Kit, Testing, Water, M272.
Portable device used to detect CB agents in water.
Armored vehicle mounted system designed to detect, identify, monitor,
NBC Reconnaissance System (FOX) M93.
quantify, and mark chemical and radiological contamination.
RSCAAL M21.
Detects nerve and blister agent clouds at a distance up to 5km.
Individual Protection Equipment
Description
Lightweight, disposable overgarment which provides protection against CB
Coveralls, Level B.
contamination.
Suit, Protective, Chemical, Overgarment.
Provides protection against chemical agents.
B-15
Table B-12. CBIRF NBC Defense Equipment
(Continued)
Individual Protection Equipment
Description
Provides protection from organic and inorganic chemical agents originating
Suit, Protective, Level A.
from a variety of sources and biological hazards.
A front entry, encapsulating, positive pressure, vapor and liquid protective, one-
Suit, Level A Durable.
piece overgarment.
Level A training.
Provides Level A training.
Suit, Level B Durable.
An encapsulating suit which protects against commercial liquid chemicals.
Gloves; Chemical Agent with insert, leather and
Provides hand protection against chemical agents.
improved.
Cover, Footwear, Protector.
Provides protection against known chemical agents.
The improved mask provides improved facial and respiratory protection with
Mask, C/B Protective (M40).
cup, ballistic protective eyelense, redesigned drinking tube coupling.
A compressed air breathing apparatus used to provide clean air respiratory
Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA).
support in contaminated areas.
A positive pressure, closed circuit breathing apparatus used for respiratory and
Rebreathers.
eye protection in dangerously contaminated environments.
Impermeable butyl rubber apron used to provide additional contamination
Apron, Toxicological Agents.
protection.
Decontamination Equipment
Description
Portable, lightweight, power-driven decontaminating system.
Decon System, M17A1.
Shelter, Decon.
Provides facility to decontaminate personnel.
Decon Kit, M291.
Provides personnel, immediate decontamination capability.
Trailer, Decon.
Supports decontamination operations.
Medical Equipment
Description
Includes aspirators, ventilators, pacemaker/defibrillators, breathsaver bags,
Medical Support Equipment.
heat stress monitors, surgical sets, and an armored, 4 litter ambulance.
Authorized Medical Allowance List.
Includes laboratory, shock surgical, and aid station sets.
Manikins; Adult, Child, and Trauma.
Provides cardio/respiratory training support for all personnel.
Collective Protection Equipment
Description
Portable Collective Protection System.
Provides protective shelters for C2, medical, and rest and relief operations.
General Support
Description
Generator Set, 50kw, 3kw, 10kw, 30kw, and
Provides electrical power for required support.
8kw.
Pump Module; Fuel and Water.
Provides support for required operations.
Storage Tanks; Fuel and Water.
Provides support for required operations.
Shower, Unit.
Portable system which provides personnel decontamination.
Water Purification Units, Reverse Osmosis.
Water purification system capable of treating water from any source.
Water Storage Tanks; vehicles, modules, and
Used to support operations.
collapsible.
Includes C2, transport, cargo and utility, logistics, mobile operations, and troop
Vehicle Fleet.
carrier types of vehicles.
B-16
6.
Coast Guard
The USCG has NBC defense capabilities consisting of, but not limited to, detection of
nuclear and chemical contamination, basic individual equipment decontamination, and
coordinating and supervising chemical clean-up activities.
a.
Port Security Units (PSU). Coast Guard PSU capabilities are based on unit
equipment, and individual/collective training is in line with other military services. Coast
Guard personnel assigned to worldwide deployable PSUs receive training in NBC
detection, protection, and decontamination operations. Table B-13 lists the NBC response
equipment held by PSUs.
Table B-13. PSU NBC Defense Equipment
Individual Protection
Description
Equipment
NAAK
Auto injector set consisting of atropine and pralidoxime chloride.
CANA Automatic Injector
Diazepam auto injector.
Chemical Protection Suit, OG-84
Military CB protective overgarment.
Helmet Cover, Chemical Protection
CP helmet cover.
Mask Field, Protective MK-40A1
Military protective mask. Protects wearer from all known CB agents.
Mask Field, Protective MCU-2P
Military protective mask. Protects wearer from all known CB agents.
Overshoes, CP, Olive Green
CP overboot.
Detection Equipment
Description
Detector Radiac DT 60E/PD
High range personal dosimeter.
Chemical Agent Detection Paper, M8/M9
M8 identifies G,V,H; M9 provides nonspecific detection.
Decontamination Equipment
Description
MK 17A3 SANATOR
Portable, lightweight power-driven decontaminating device.
Individual decontamination kit for skin and personal equipment.
Skin Decontamination Kit M291
Replaces M258A1.
Tank Assembly, Fabric 3000 gallon
Collapsible water bladder.
Decontamination Material
Description
STB
Standard military bleach based CB decontaminant.
Detergent, General Purpose
Liquid soap for decontamination.
Miscellaneous Items
Description
CP-95A/PD Computer Indicator
Reader unit for DT-60E/PD.
b.
National Strike Force (NSF). The Coast Guard NSF has a dedicated
capability to respond to intentional or accidental chemical discharges. The NSF consists of
three deployable strike teams. Each strike team can respond to most chemical incidents
and has the potential capability to respond to certain biological incidents. The strike
teams are staffed by active duty and reserve military personnel. They deploy on short
notice by aircraft. Coast Guard NSF personnel respond to incidents in the US under the
direction of the Coast Guard On Scene Coordinators, the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), or Federal Emergency Management Agency per Emergency Support Function #10 of
the Federal Response Plan, and the National Contingency Plan. NSF response to
international incidents is coordinated through USCG Headquarters. The strike teams are
trained to operate in Level A gear and to supervise hazardous material response
operations. Table B-14 lists the NBC response equipment held by NSF Teams.
B-17
Table B-14. NSF NBC Defense Equipment
Equipment
Remarks
Decontamination Shower System and Trailer
Hazardous Material Category (HAZCAT) Kit
Thermal Imaging Devices
These teams also possess a full spectrum of protective clothing
Magnomometer
including SCBA, portable computers with current response
Chemical Test Kits
software/databases, and hazardous material (HAZMAT) library.
Chemical Sampling Kits
Communication Equipment
7.
Other Developments: Air Base/Port Biological Detection System (Portal
Shield)
New capabilities are constantly pursued and a recently approved and fielded
capability includes the Air Base/Port Biological Detection system (Portal Shield) (see Table
B-15). The system provides a biological agent sampling and identification capability and
under ideal conditions is capable of identifying threat agents in less than 20 minutes.
Portal Shield has the capability to detect, alert/warn/dewarn, and presumptively identify a
BW agent. This capability reduces casualties and sustains air base or port facility OPTEMPO.
Portal Shield performs biological surveillance functions and the system also uses the
M22 ACADA to support chemical defense.
a.
Description. Portal Shield provides point detection and alarm of a BW attack
through the use of multiple networked sensors. Unlike other biological detection systems,
it uses networking and smart logic to reduce false alarms. Alarm information is
transmitted to a command post and a sample for confirmatory analysis is automatically
stored in the system but must be manually retrieved and delivered to the supporting
medical unit.
Table B-15. Portal Shield Elements
Elements
Description
Automated Identification
An optical/scanner detector capable of providing BW agent initial identification.
Multiple detector site layout for the perimeter area. Automation protection and
Fixed Site Automation
tailored algorithms to mitigate individual detector false alarm potential and to provide
increased overall detection and reporting accuracy.
Chemical detection/reporting systems integrated with the biological detection
C4I Connectivity
component to demonstrate integrated NBC detection and reporting capability using
shared real estate, communications, data processing, and C4I resources.
Contamination Detection
Hand-held assays and premixed buffer solution.
Sampling Kit
b.
Manning. Portal Shield requires additional duty operators. The team
generally consists of a supervisor, command post computer (CPC) operator, and a recon
team. The size of the team is dependent upon the size of the base and other mission,
enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, and time available (METT-T)
considerations. The supervisor is responsible for the network, the Portal Shield team, and
coordinating contractor logistics support (CLS) . The CPC controller is responsible for
determining the network configuration. The recon team visually confirms detector
readings and periodically checks the detectors.
B-18
c.
Operations. The Portal Shield is primarily operated through the CPC. The
CPC operates the network and receives information on detector status (operational state)
and displays data on any network alarms. When a network activation occurs, a sample
will undergo testing. Incoming data is evaluated by the supervisor and CPC operator and,
as required, the recon team will visually inspect detection results. When a "Network
Alarm" occurs, protection and contamination control measures should be taken. The Portal
Shield network information also contributes data to support unmasking decisions (i.e., no
positive test results).
8.
Allied/Coalition Assets
The fixed site commander must demonstrate the ability to use all available resources
to support potential contingencies. Apart from DOD, the armed forces of most potential
allied/coalition partners currently possess significant quantities of specialized
decontamination, detection, and protection equipment as well as various types of
decontaminants. Tables B-16 through B-22 have been extracted from Jane’s NBC
Protection Equipment 1997-98. They depict items of equipment that may be available
either within the specified country’s armed services or commercially. The tables provide a
categorized list of equipment by selected country.
NOTE: The USACMLS and US Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command
(SBCCOM), Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD have not validated equipment
capabilities.
a.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
Table B-16. NBC Defense Equipment: CANADA
Individual Protection
Description
Equipment
Protective Coverall
One-piece garment with attached hood worn in place of combat uniform.
ACTON NBC lightweight overboots
Used in Australia, UK. Lightweight CP overboots.
NBC overboots, Mark 5
Used in Australia, UK. CP overboots.
Collective Protection
Description
Equipment
ARO Aircrew Respirator System
In production.
ARO Ventilated Respirator System
Vehicle-mounted, variable-speed filtration system.
Detection Equipment
Description
CAM network (up to eight) with central control station and monitoring
DRES Chemical Agent Detection System
stations remote to 4 km.
Detects/Identifies G and V series nerve agents, blood agents, and
Detector Kit, Chemical Agent (C-2)
choking agents. Kit contains M8 detector paper. Similar to US M256A1.
Chemical Agent Liquid Detector Paper - 3-
Detects/Identifies G and V series nerve, and H series blister agents.
way M-8 and M-9
Detector, Chemical Agent, Nerve Vapor
Nerve agent vapor detector.
Detector Kit, Chemical Agent, M256A1
Same as US M256A1.
RADIAC Set, Remote Monitoring, and
Sensor networked gamma detector for fixed or semi-fixed installations.
Alarm, AN/FDR-502(V)
Detects gamma at 1-5000 rad/hour.
B-19
Table B-16. NBC Defense Equipment: CANADA
(Continued)
Detection Equipment
Description
In service with Canadian Armed Forces. Detects and measures gamma
Radiacmeter, IM-5016/PD
radiation. Displays readings in rad/hour on analog dial from
1-10
rad/hour.
Radiacmeter, IM-108S/PD
Gamma radiation detector measuring gamma at 0-500 rad/hour.
Radiation Monitor and Automatic Alarm,
Gamma radiation detector network for fixed or semi-fixed sites. Measures
AN/GDQ-3
gamma at 1-5000 rad/hour.
Gamma Survey Meter, Model 189
Measures x-ray and gamma radiation.
Decontamination Equipment
Description
NBC-DEWDECON-2L Decontamination
2-liter DS2 application device. Similar to US M11.
Device
NBC-DEWDECON-3L Decontamination
In service with Australia, Canada, Saudi Arabia, and other nations.
Device
3-liter DS2 application device pressurized by hand or air compressor.
NBC-DEWDECON-20L Decontamination
Australia, Saudi Arabia, and other nations.
20-liter pressurized device for
Device
C8-C decontaminant or optional DS2 decontaminant application.
NBC-DEWDECON-M Decontaminant
Decontaminant mixer/dispenser with high-pressure water system.
Mixer/ Dispenser
NBC-DEWDECON-PERS Emergency
Civilian police, fire fighters, ambulance crews, and civil defense teams.
Response Personnel Decontamination Kit
For general decontamination of nerve and blister agents.
Skin Decontaminant Lotion
Neutralizes mustard, nerve agents, and lewisite on contact.
Miscellaneous Items
Description
Carleton NBC belt-mounted respiratory
Battery-powered positive-pressure system designed for use with the C4
system
protective mask.
Self-contained large volume water purification unit capable of processing
Zenon Advanced Double Pass Reverse
NBC contaminated water. Relies on integral
40 kW diesel power
Osmosis Water Purification Unit
generator.
NBC-DEWPRO-TEK Protective Material
NBC protective material for covering supplies and equipment.
Table B-17. NBC Defense Equipment: FRANCE
Individual Protection
Description
Equipment
Giat NBC Hood for Civilians
Protects face and respiratory tract from chemical agent vapors.
NBC Protective Suit, Model S3P
Used in Swiss Army also. Two-piece CP overgarment system.
French Air Force air and ground crews. One-piece CP coverall system
Protective Coverall, Model T3P
with integral hood.
NBC/F Protective Coverall
Tank and helicopter crews. Similar to T3P w/o hood.
In production for the French Army. Two-piece lightweight CP
Paul Boy’e Tropical NBC Combat Suit
overgarment system with integral hood.
Paul Boy’e Lightweight Decontamination
Lightweight one- or two-piece suit. Reusable after 4 to 5 decons.
Suit
Full-length outer garment, gloves, head cowl, overboots, and spare
Bachmann, Model 63, Disposable NBC Suit
gloves. Designed for short-term emergency use.
Bachmann, Heavy Duty NBC
Heavy-duty butyl-based fabric.
Decontamination Suit
Collective Protection
Description
Equipment
Prefabricated shelter capable of housing up to 60 occupants. Comprised
of
2 and 2.5 meter diameter modules connected by neoprene joints.
AMF 80 Modular NBC Shelters
Usually constructed in a trench and covered by a layer of earth. Self-
supporting for 7 days.
AP 60 Modular Semi-hardened Shelter
Similar to AMF 80 but self-supporting for 48 hours.
NBC shelters typically for field repair facilities.
Capable of
Bachmann NBC Shelters
accommodating vehicles or aircraft.
Personnel shelter, impermeable for up to 24 hours, positive overpressure
Collective NBC Protection Tent
and filtration system.
B-20
Table B-17. NBC Defense Equipment: FRANCE
(Continued)
Collective Protection
Description
Equipment
FMGC High Capacity, Composite Filter
Filtration unit for collective protective shelters.
Sofiltra-Poelman NBC Filters
NBC filter unit.
Giat NBC Filtering and Pressurization Unit
Filtration/Pressurization unit for soft skin structures and mobile shelters.
for Soft-Skin Structures
Kit designed for evacuation of the public from an area with a known toxic
Giat NBC EVATOX emergency evacuation
atmosphere. Contains I,000 protective respiratory hoods for adults and
kit
children as well as 7 infant protection systems.
Detection Equipment
Description
PROENGIN Portable Contamination
Similar to US CAM.
Monitor, AP2C
Chemical Detection Unit for Fixed
Point detector for G, V and H series agents.
Installations
Giat NBC Chemical Detection Control Kit
Can detect most nerve, blood, and choking agents.
Giat NBC Toxic Agent Detection and
In production. Detects toxic agents in atmosphere or on materials.
Identification Kit
Giat NBC Detalac mle F1 and mle F2
mle-Model. Point nerve agent detection system. Similar to US M8A1.
Giat NBC DET INDIV mle F1 Individual
Individual nerve agent detection system for G series agents.
Nerve Agent Detector
Gait NBC Adhesive Detector Paper, PDF1
Similar to M8 paper with adhesive backing.
Decontamination Equipment
Description
Chemical Decontamination Glove mle F1
Personal decontamination device for skin, clothing, and equipment.
Giat NBC Decontamination Appliance,
Similar to US M11.
Emergency, 2.5-liters
Vehicle-mounted decontamination system with equipment platform, fixed
ACMAT UMTH 1000 Vehicle-Mounted
hydraulic equipment, motorized pump,
3000-liter water tank, and a
Decontamination System
removable hot water/steam generator. Air-transportable by C-130 aircraft.
Miscellaneous Items
Description
NBC protective bag with air filter generator. Provides casualty protection
NBC Casualty Bag
for up to 8.hours.
Giat NBC ventilated casualty hood.
Transparent NBC protective hood for casualties.
Fabric wallet containing various detector papers, nerve agent vapor
Giat NBC individual survival kit.
detectors, decontamination gloves, pyridostigmine pretreatment tablets,
and 2-3 MultiPen or ComboPen, autoinjectors.
Table B-18. NBC Defense Equipment: GERMANY
Individual Protection
Description
Equipment
Helsa-Werke NBC Facelet
Used during rest or standby periods when full protection is not necessary.
Used by Norway, Sweden, Germany and some Middle East Forces.
Helsa-Werke NBC Protective Clothing
Integral hood, jacket, overtrouser, overboots, and gloves.
Karcher Combat Suit with Integrated NBC
Used by Saudi Arabia and several other Middle East countries. Integral
Protection System, Safeguard 3002
hood, jacket, and trousers. Worn in place of combat uniform.
Karcher Flying Suit with Integrated NBC
Fire resistant NBC protective garment.
Protection System, Safeguard 3002/A
Karcher Impermeable NBC Suit, Safeguard
One-piece, gas-tight, full protective suit with integrated boots and mask.
6004
Collective Protection
Description
Equipment
Used in Saudi Arabia. Dual tent storage system consisting of an inner
Karcher SPS 2000 long-term conservation
and outer tent and a dehumidifier. Designed for storing equipment in a
system
humidity-controlled environment.
B-21
Table B-18. NBC Defense Equipment: GERMANY
(Continued)
Detection Equipment
Description
Honeywell-ELAC Chemical Agent Detection
Personal and point detection/alarm unit for nerve, blood, blister, and
System, A2
choking agents. Adaptable for fixed site networks.
Used by Austrian Armed forces. Used with US M43A1 detector to detect
Honeywell-ELAC Mustard Module
blister, blood, and choking agents.
Used by Israel, Thailand, Turkey, and the US. Detects chemical agent
MM-1, Mobile Mass Spectrometer
vapors and liquids. Incorporated in US Army and Marine Corps FOX
systems.
Transportpanzer-1 'Fuchs' NBC
US, British, and Israeli forces. See US FOX.
Reconnaissance Vehicle
Decontamination Equipment
Description
Mobile decontamination facility for equipment and clothing. Items are
processed on conveyor belt through a series of heat, steam,
Mobile NBC Decontamination Semi-trailer
decontaminant application, and rinsing processes. All contaminated
runoff is contained in integral tanks. Water is supplied by internal 800-liter
tank and for long-term operations, by a water tanker vehicle via hoses.
Used by Austrian forces. Two truck system. One for decontamination of
Karcher Material, Terrain, Personnel
material and terrain. One for decontamination of personnel and personal
Decontamination System (2 Trucks)
equipment. Each vehicle has its own integral 2000-liter water tank.
Used by French, Middle East, and Portuguese forces. Mobile, self-
contained, vehicle-carried, frame-mounted decontamination system with
Karcher Decojet Decontamination System
integral
200- and 435-liter water tanks. Capable of decontaminating
personal, equipment, material, and clothing.
Used by Australia, Austria, Portugal, Middle East, and some countries in
Karcher Decojet-trailer Decontamination
North Africa. Mobile decontamination system mounted on a 4-ton trailer.
System
Provides personal, equipment, material, clothing, terrain, and building
decontamination capability.
Used by Portuguese Air Force.
Self-contained, complete
Karcher DECONTAIN Decontamination
decontamination system for vehicles, aircraft, personnel, terrain, clothing
System
and equipment. Also capable of processing water contaminated by NBC
agents into drinking quality water.
Double-walled tent comprised of inflatable tubular frame with integral air
Karcher DT60 Decontamination Tent
compressor.
Karcher Decontamination Tent
Decontamination tent with inflatable frame.
Used by Australia, Austria, Egypt, France, Taiwan, Thailand, NATO
Karcher C8 - Direct Application
Headquarters. Capable of mixing and applying decontaminant solution.
Decontamination System
Used in terrain, vehicle, and aircraft decontamination operations. Similar
to US M17 LDS.
Used by Austria, Australia, NATO Headquarters, Portugal, and countries
Karcher MPDS Multipurpose
in the Middle East and North Africa. High-pressure steam cleaning
Decontamination System
system in a light metal frame. Similar to US M17 LDS.
Used by Austria, Belgium, Norway, Sweden and countries in the Middle
Karcher Portable Lightweight
East. Ten-liter pressurized decontaminant mixer/applicator. Similar to
Decontamination System DS 10
US M13 DAP.
Karcher HDS 1200 EK Pressure Steam Jet
In use by 40 Armed Forces worldwide. Steam cleaner.
Cleaner Unit
Used in Africa, Europe, and US. Frame-mounted steam cleaner modified
Karcher SCS 1200 DE Lightweight
for military use. Used to decontaminate vehicles, equipment, aircraft, and
Decontamination System
personnel. Similar to US M17 LDS.
Karcher SCS 1800 DE Decontamination
Used in Europe. High performance, self-contained, decontamination
System
module. Used for mixing and applying decontaminant solutions.
MPS 3200 - NATO Headquarters, Australia, Austria, Portugal, and some
North Africa and Middle East countries.
Field Shower Unit and Collapsible Water Tank
- several countries.
Karcher Decontamination Accessories:
Showerjet 15 - UK and New Zealand. MPS 3200 - Motor Pump Set.
MPS 3200 Motor Pump Set; Field Shower
Used for water application, seawater resistant. Field Shower Unit - Two-
Unit; Showerjet 15
stage shower unit for personnel decontamination. Showerjet 15 - Capable
Collapsible Water Tank 2500-Liters
of decontaminating up 15 personnel simultaneously when attached to
Karcher MPDS, HDS 1500D or HDS 1200 hot water high-pressure
modules. Collapsible Water Tank - 2500-liter capacity.
B-22
Table B-18. NBC Defense Equipment: GERMANY
(Continued)
Decontamination Equipment
Description
Karcher Decontamination and Cleaning
In use worldwide.
Agents:
RM 21- Liquid personnel decontamination solution.
RM 21
RM 31- Liquid alkaline agent for cleaning unpainted surfaces. RM 32 -
RM 31
Liquid alkaline cleaner for industrial applications. RM 35 - Disinfecting
RM 32
cleaner for industrial applications. RM 54 - Foam cleaner for sensitive
RM 35
weapon systems. Calcium Hypochlorite - C8 - Decontaminant powder
RM 54
with 64% available chlorine. C8 emulsion component - A mixture of
Calcium Hypochlorite-C8
tetrachloroethylene and emulsifier PTC 2000. A component of Munster
C8 emulsion component
emulsion. TDE 202 - Decontaminant emulsion that is effective on all
TDE 202
known chemical warfare agents and mixtures of agents.
Karcher Hot Air Generator FB 60 E
Used by Australian and US forces. Hot air decontamination device.
Mobile decontamination system consisting of the following five basic
components:
DETECT 1000 - Air-conditioned, over-pressurized, compartmentalized
shelter containing NBC detection, communications, and decontamination
equipment.
DEKON 2000 - Decontamination disaster protection vehicle capable of
OWR DEKON Decontamination System
operating independently.
Used for personal and equipment
decontamination as well as providing contamination-free drinking water.
SHOWER 3000 - Capable of providing personnel showers for up to 3,500
individuals in 24-hours. Associated equipment is a collapsible 5,000-liter
water tank. WASH 4000 - Field laundry unit. MOBILE WORKSHOP
5000 - Van with spare parts for maintenance of the complete system.
Trailer-mounted decontamination device for personnel, equipment, and
OWR DEKON Trailer 6000
terrain decontamination. Integral
1,000-liter water tank and portable
1,000-liter water tanks. Can mix and apply decontaminant solutions.
Portable decontamination system, which dispenses decontaminant
OWR DECOFOG III Decontamination
solutions in a fine mist. Normally used with GD 5 decontaminant. GD 5
System
has same decontamination efficiency as DS2 but not as corrosive.
OWR CLEAN 6000 G Decontamination
High-pressure cleaner/steam jet device.
Unit
OWR CLEAN 7000 G Decontamination
High-pressure cleaner/steam jet device with decontamination module.
Unit
DEDAS - Decontaminating Emulsion Direct Application System. Device
OWR DEDAS 100 Decontamination Unit
used for the continuous production of decontaminate solutions and
emulsions.
OWR DRESS DEKONT 8000
Mobile disinfectant and drying unit for NBC protective suits.
Used for decontamination of personnel, equipment, vehicles, aircraft, and
OWR Multipurpose Decontamination
terrain.
Incorporates a shower unit, steam jet cleaner,
1,400-liter
System, MPD 12 and PD 12
aluminum water tank, and 1,000-liter flexible tanks. Normally carried as a
container on a vehicle but can be transported by helicopter.
INDECON Integrated Decontamination
An integrated, containerized decontamination system.
Used for
System
decontamination of vehicles, equipment, personnel, and structures.
Standard NBC decontamination truck. Used for terrain and equipment
NBC Decontamination Truck
decon. Comprised of a pump, heater, and decontaminant mixer units as
well as two 1,500-liter water tanks. Similar to US M12A1 PDDA.
Miscellaneous Items
Description
Marking Set, Contamination, NBC
Used by the US Army. Same as US NBC Marking Set.
CB protective bag for casualties with integral air blower and filter
Helsa-Werke casualty bags
canisters.
Device designed to pre-clean wounds or areas of body contaminated with
Karcher Mediclean units
NBC agents.
Alternative to atropine injection. Allows user to administer via nose or
Atropine Aerosol Spray
mouth.
B-23
Table B-19. NBC Defense Equipment: ITALY
Decontamination Equipment
Description
Also used by French, Spanish, US, and Korea. Self-contained
Cristanini SANIJET C 921 Decontamination
decontamination device powered by air-cooled diesel engine. Similar to
System
US M17 LDS.
Compartmentalized container designed to provide personnel and garment
Cristanini SANIJET 3000/3 Containerized
decontamination within the structure and vehicle decontamination outside
Decontamination System
via external hose reels.
Cristanini Trailer C 90-120/2 MIL
Used by some NATO forces. Trailer-mounted decontamination system
Decontamination System
for vehicle, equipment, personnel, and terrain decontamination.
Cristanini Decontamination and Shower
Tubular frame, PVC, fabric decontamination tent.
Tent
Specialized gun assembly that allows descaling, decontaminant
Cristanini SANIJET Gun
application, and rinsing to be accomplished from a single hose.
Cristanini BX 24 SPECIAL Decontamination
Decontaminant packaged in cartridges for use with the SANIJET Gun.
Product
Tirrena Small Decontamination Set, SDS T
Small fire extinguisher-type device used to dispense DS2 decontaminant.
155
Similar to US M11.
Table B-20. NBC Defense Equipment: UNITED KINGDOM
Individual Protection
Description
Equipment
NBC Poncho
CP protective poncho with charcoal kilt and integral hood.
Civilian CP suit available in five sizes. Designed to be worn over clothing
Defender CB Mark 1 Civilian Suit
and footwear. Configured as a one-piece coverall with integral hood.
Civilian version of British NBC suit. Supplied as a two-piece ensemble
Bondina Civilian NBC Protective Suit
comprised of hood, smock, and trousers or one-piece coverall.
Wescare Lightweight NBC Survival Suit,
Lightweight three-piece CP suit with integral respirator.
Model No 100
Wescare Lightweight NBC Survival Suit,
Lightweight two-piece CP suit without integral respirator.
Model No 101
Civilian lightweight CP kit consisting of garments and equipment in a
suitcase. Comprised of oversuit, inner two-piece protective garment, full-
Complete NBC Kit, Civilian, Lightweight
face respirator with filter canister, industrial rubber boots, inner cotton and
outer rubber garments, mask demisting pack, decontamination powder,
and an instruction handbook.
Civilian heavy duty CP kit consisting of garments and equipment in a
suitcase. Comprised of oversuit, inner two-piece protective garment, full-
Complete NBC Kit, Civilian, Heavy Duty
face respirator with filter canister, industrial rubber boots, inner cotton and
outer rubber garments, mask demisting pack, decontamination powder,
and an instruction handbook.
One-piece heavyweight chemical resistant and flame retardant oversuit
Heavy Duty Outer Suit
designed primarily for civilian use.
Collective Protection
Description
Equipment
Chemical resistant tent liners constructed of butyl coated nylon fabric.
NBC Liners Models GP120/GP240
Portable NBC filtration unit provides pressurized filtered air.
Decontamination Equipment
Description
CAM
Same as US CAM.
GID-2 Fixed Chemical Agent Detection
Some NATO navies. Fixed detection system for vehicles, ships and
System
buildings. Capable of detecting nerve and blister simultaneously.
Designed to detect nerve and blister agents as well as monitor the
GID-3 Graseby Ionic Detector
effectiveness of vehicle collective protection systems. Detectors can be
networked to form a perimeter defense.
B-24
Table B-20. NBC Defense Equipment: UNITED KINGDOM
(Continued)
Decontamination Equipment
Description
Used by Portugal and Spain. Automatic alarm system comprised of a
Nerve Agent Immobilized Alarm and
detector and alarm unit. Responds to nerve and blood agents. Similar to
Detector
US M8A1.
Detector Kit Chemical Agent Residual
Squad level detection kit for nerve and blister agents. Similar to US
Vapor No 1, Mark 1
M256A1.
Personal decontamination kit comprised of pads containing Fullers earth.
Decontamination Kit, Personal No 1, Mark 1
Similar to US M13 individual decontamination kit.
Personal decontamination kit consisting of a
113-gram dispenser of
Decontamination Kit, Personal No 2, Mark 1
Fullers earth.
Decontamination, NBC, Apparatus,
Designed for decontamination of vehicles and equipment. Consists of
Portable, No 2 (DAP 2)
pump, hoses, and brushing wand. Similar to US M13 DAP.
Issued in a kit that contains specific reagents for persistent chemical
Decontaminant Chemical Agent XL1E1
agents.
Dual-purpose decontaminant application and smoke screening system.
WDL Dual-Purpose Decontamination and
Capable of dispensing hot air and water as well as mixing
Large Area Screening System
decontaminates.
Portaflex 300 Decontamination Shower Unit
Designed for personnel decontamination.
Miscellaneous Items
Description
In service with the British Army. Automatically marks boundaries of areas
Pearson Pathfinder Marking Device
such as minefields, and NBC contaminated terrain. Can be attached to
any vehicle. Fires aluminum rods via compressed air.
A two-layer chemically resistant polyethylene material used to protect
Chemical Agent Resistant Material
personnel, supplies, and equipment from liquid agent contamination.
b.
Other Treaties/Alliances or Neutralities.
Table B-21. NBC Defense Equipment: ISRAEL
Individual Protection
Description
Equipment
NBC Mask No 10A1 (Children 8-12 years)
Protective mask for children. Has drinking system and voicemitter.
NBC Mask No 30 (General Use)
General use protective mask with voicemitter.
General use protective mask with drinking system, voicemitter, and right-
NBC Mask No 33 (General Use)
handed canister option.
Hood with transparent face panel and battery-powered forced ventilation
Civil Defense Hood
system.
Clear disposable three-layer transparent protective clothing. Consists of
NBC Disposable Protective Clothing
trousers and jacket with hood.
Emergency protective clothing for military and civilian applications.
SUPERGUM NBC Protective Clothing
Available in sizes for adults and children. Comprised of jacket, trousers,
gloves, footwear covers.
NBC Protective Garments, Lightweight,
CP overgarment system with nylon outer shell.
Type EC-UF-222
NBC Protective Garments, Standard, Type
CP overgarment system with cotton outer shell.
EC-GF-231
Collective Protection
Description
Equipment
NBC filtration systems built to Israeli civil defense specifications. Each
unit is comprised of a washable synthetic foam pre-filter, NBC gas
SHALON collective NBC filtration systems
particulate filter, fan unit, flowmeter, and overpressure valve. Units are
available for 12-, 25-, 50-, and 100-person shelters.
B-25
Table B-21. NBC Defense Equipment: ISRAEL
(Continued)
Detection Equipment
Description
Continuous air quality monitoring system capable of analyzing air from up
Elbit Multipoint Gas Monitor
to
24 remote sampling points. Can be upgraded to incorporate
meteorological and hazard assessment software.
In service with the Israeli Defense Forces. Chemical agent detection
CHASE Chemical Agents Sensor
device capable of detecting G and V nerve and H series blister agents.
Can be configured for either vehicle or manpack operation.
Hand-held detector unit capable of detecting nerve, blood, and blister
RAFAEL CHAMP Chemical Agent Detector
agents.
Simplified reliable chemical detection kit designed for use by non-
CDK chemical detection kit
specifically trained personnel. Detects nerve and blister agents displaying
positive results as a color change.
Elbit Alarm and Power Remote - Control
Device that interfaces the M43A1 alarm with communication systems
Unit for M43A1.
providing audible and visible alarms.
Decontamination Equipment
Description
Homogeneous, finely ground powder decontaminant for skin and personal
DP-2 decontamination powder
equipment.
Table B-22. NBC Defense Equipment: SWEDEN
Individual Protection
Description
Equipment
Used in Austria, Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. Lightweight CP
New Pac Lightweight Disposable C - Cover
ensemble consisting of jacket with integral hood, trousers with integral
Dress S/91
footwear covers, and gloves.
Used in Sweden. Transparent, disposable full-body CP cover with
New Pac Disposable C - Cover Dress S/89
footwear covers.
New Pac C - Cover Poncho, N/60
Used in Norway. CP poncho.
New Pac C - Cover Poncho, N/90
Used in Norway. CP poncho.
Used in Sweden. CP suit consisting of jacket with integral hood, trousers,
Combat Suit 90
and overboots. Worn in place of combat uniform.
Collective Protection
Description
Equipment
Trellsystem chemically hardened hospital
Inflatable, chemically hardened hospital tent with over-pressurization,
tent system
filtration, and air conditioning.
Detection Equipment
Description
Small enzyme based detection device produced in two variations. One
CW Detection Device
for nerve agents and one for mustard.
Decontamination Equipment
Description
Decontamination device that generates super heated air for
Hot Air Unit, VA-8
uniform/equipment decontamination.
Mobile decontamination station built on a trailer chassis. Comprised of an
extending tent with three sections, 500-liter water tank, pump unit, heating
Cargo mobile decontamination station
unit, and waste water collection system. Used for personnel
decontamination.
9.
Covers
The use of buildings and covers to protect supplies and equipment provides
significant benefits to the fixed site commander. Limiting the exposure of these items to
NBC agents reduces the hazard and the need for decontamination. As a general rule,
anything that provides a barrier between the items of concern and the environment will
provide some degree of protection. Currently there are NBC protective covers (NBC-PC)
B-26
available as common table of allowances (CTA) items. These covers are specifically
designed to provide a 24-hour barrier from liquid agent contamination.
Covering can also be accomplished with items as basic as canvas tarpaulins and
plastic sheeting, or as elaborate as large area maintenance and tactical aircraft shelters.
Table B-23 depicts some examples of material and equipment that may be available to the
fixed site commander for this purpose. These items generally provide protection from
liquid agent hazards; however, those with integral overpressure/filtration systems also
provide vapor hazard protection. In all cases, a significant degree of protection will be
afforded to the personnel, equipment, or material either covered or inside. Any building
provides partial cover that can be maximized by placing supplies and equipment inside
rooms without external walls. All ventilation ducts, doors, windows, and electrical outlets
should be covered with plastic sheeting.
NOTE: Caution should be exercised when using commercially available
protective covers/material in place of military-issued covers. These items may
not possess the multispectral camouflage qualities of their military counterpart
and would subsequently be easier to detect by enemy acquisition systems.
Table B-23. NBC Defense Covers
Cover Options
Remarks
ROWPU Cover
Lightweight flexible fabric for covering ROWPU. Puncture-, crack-, and tear-resistant.
Large Area Maintenance
Aluminum framed PVC coated fabric shelter, 192 feet x 75 feet x 31 feet.
Shelter (Clamshell)
Aluminum box frame PVC coated fabric shelter with clamshell opening at each end, 100
Tactical Aircraft Shelter
feet x 64 feet x 27 feet. Has air conditioning and heating ductwork.
TEMPER tent
Modular aluminum framed fabric tent system, (8 feet x 20 feet x 10 feet.
Modular Command Post
Aluminum framed PVC coated fabric tent, 11 feet x 11 feet x 9 feet. Effort is underway
System (MCPS)
to develop a chemically hardened version as part of a P3I.
Replacement for current general purpose tents; pole or frame support system fabric
Modular General Purpose
tent. Extendable to any length required by adding modules, 54 feet x 18 feet x 14
Tent System
inches.
Protective shelter system constructed of flouro-polymer/aramid laminate fabric that
provides liquid and vapor protection and can be readily decontaminated. Integrated
CBPS
with a Field Litter Ambulance, M1097 HMMWV, 300 square feet fully integrated. Also
contains a 10 kW tactical quient generator on a high mobility trailer.
Multipurpose frame supported collective protection tent.
Tent fabric is
MCHT
flouropolymer/aramid laminate. Features four interchangeable removable walls.
Individual tent covers 121 square feet.
10. Government/Nongovernment Organization Assets
Government agencies or nongovernment organizations may be capable of providing
assets to the fixed site commander in either materials or assistance. Consult the Staff
Judge Advocate for advice concerning the legal requirements for obtaining support from
government and nongovernment agencies. Examples of these agencies or organizations
include but are not limited to—
a.
United Nations Peacekeeping Forces (source of trained personnel, equipment,
and materials).
B-27
b.
World Health Organization (source of medical assistance teams).
c.
International Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies (source of materials, manpower,
and equipment).
11. HN Assets
In addition to the resources available through military supply channels, assets may
be available from the HN. Consult the Staff Judge Advocate for advice concerning the legal
requirements for obtaining HN support. Use of these capabilities will not only reduce turn
around time, but will also alleviate some of the burden placed on military logistics
channels. Examples of these include, but are not limited to—
a.
Local police departments (source of trained personnel for refugee handling,
maintenance of civil order, security operations, and traffic control).
b.
Local retail centers and industries (source of covers, expendable supplies, and
decontaminants).
c.
Local fire departments (source of high-pressure water dispensing equipment and
hoses).
NOTE: In some countries, local fire departments are outfitted with equipment
packages to support evacuation of the public from toxic areas (e.g., French Fire
Brigades).
d.
Local water department (source of large quantities of water).
e.
Local sanitation department (source of trained personnel to handle disposal of
nonpersistent materials and hazardous waste).
f.
Environmental control office or similar agency (source of trained personnel to
assist in monitoring, reduction, and disposal of hazardous material and waste).
g.
Civil defense agencies (source of trained personnel, detection equipment, and
materials).
h.
Water treatment plants (source of decontaminants).
i.
Local construction companies (source of earth moving equipment, materiel-
handling equipment, and construction materials).
j.
Multinational corporations (potential source of assets previously mentioned).
B-28
Appendix C
VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION
Vulnerability analysis is the continuous, systematic estimating of consequences to
friendly forces from NBC attacks. The overall methodology includes IPB, risk assessment,
and vulnerability analysis with associated mitigation measures. This appendix provides a
“how to” approach for risk assessment and a discussion on vulnerability analysis, allowing
the commander to determine unit vulnerability and how to reduce that vulnerability. TIM
hazards are addressed separately in Appendix G. Additionally, because exposure may
result from both hostile or accidental release, the normal steps in the risk assessment
process may not apply within the normal context of risk assessment.
1.
Risk Assessment
The charts (Figures C-1 to C-3) on the following pages describe the risk assessment
process. They aid the commander and staff in determining force risk levels and the
minimum recommended steps to reduce the NBC risk. Follow these basic steps when
using the risk assessment charts:
a.
Enter the chart at “Start Here”.
b.
Answer the main question in the shaded box by considering subordinate
questions/answers underneath it.
c.
Answer “yes” if the answer to any question below the shaded box is a “yes.”
d.
Go to the next lower box and repeat the process.
e.
Read the risk assessment to the right if the answer to a shaded box question is
“no.”
f.
Read to the right to determine the minimum recommended procedures to reduce
risk.
g.
Complete the assessment by writing the assessed risk level in the risk
assessment box at the bottom of the page.
NOTE: Commanders and staffs should modify these charts as they identify
additional questions and mitigation measures based on mission-specific
situations.
C-1
NUCLEAR RISK ASSESSMENT
Select YES if one or more boxes are checked
START HERE
Minimum Acceptable Response
Operational Risk
By Category
Assessment
Is the enemy nuclear capable?
1. Continue the IPB process.
YES
NO
2. Conduct psychological operations
__ Is there a production capability?
convincing the enemy of the
__ Are there known nuclear stockpiles?
futility of nuclear weapons use.
3. Know the threat/protective
Is there a national policy
measures.
(other than nonuse) governing
LOW
4. Ensure all defensive plans
the use of nuclear weapons?
include NBC defense measures.
YES
NO
5. Maintain NBC training.
__ Does the enemy reserve the right of
first use?
RISK
__ Does the enemy reserve the right to
retaliate in kind?
Is the fixed site/unit within range
of likely delivery systems?
YES
NO
6. Continue steps above.
__ Aerial bomb
__ Artillery
7. Increase NBC defense training.
__ Missiles
__ Mines
8. Be aware of Nuclear Weapons
__ Rockets
__ Other
Risk Indicators - see service
references.
9. Continue to harden storage
Would the enemy target the unit
locations.
MED
doctrinally or as a possible COA?
10. Implement dispersion plan for
YES
NO
personnel/supplies.
11. Be aware of radiation effects
RISK
to exposed personnel.
12. Create templates depicting
Is the enemy trained and equipped
radii of vulnerability (RV).
to conduct nuclear operations?
NOTE: Use the appropriate
YES
NO
classified manuals.
13. Reduce susceptibility to
EMP effects.
Have nuclear munitions been
delivered to nuclear capable units?
Has probable use message
HIGH
traffic been intercepted?
14. Continue all steps above.
Has the enemy used
15. Be prepared to transfer mission
nuclear weapons?
functions to secondary locations.
RISKi
16. Use EMP susceptible equipment
as little as possible.
Assessment = _______Risk
Figure C-1. Nuclear Risk Assessment
C-2
BW RISK ASSESSMENT
Select YES if one or more boxes are checked
START HERE
Operational Risk
Minimum Acceptable Response By Category
Assessment
Is the enemy BW capable?
YES
NO
1.
Ensure immunizations are
__ Is there a production capability?
current.
__ Are there medical/pharmaceutical
2.
Maintain intelligence and passive
plants in country/theater?
data collection efforts.
LOW
__ Are there known agent stockages?
3.
Maintain good personal hygiene.
__ Does the enemy have BW munitions
4.
Maintain good area sanitation.
plants?
5.
Ensure MOPP gear is readily
available.
RISK
6.
Maintain physical conditioning.
Is the fixed site/unit within range
7.
Cover all supplies and equipment.
of likely delivery systems?
8.
Know the threat/protective
measures.
YES
NO
9.
Use approved food/water sources.
__ Aerial spray
__ Aerial Bomb
10. Ensure all defensive plans include
__ Artillery
__ Missiles
NBC defense measures.
__ Rockets
__ Mines
__ Other
Would the enemy target the unit
doctrinally or as a possible COA?
YES
NO
11. Continue steps above.
MED
12. Actively employ biodetection
Are weather and terrain favorable
capabilities.
for employment?
13. Be alert to medical reports of an
YES
NO
unusual nature.
RISK
14. Be aware of enemy activity
Is the enemy trained and equipped
regarding biological weapons.
to conduct BW operations?
15. Ensure prophylaxis, pretreatments,
YES
NO
and immunizations are available
__ Are protective masks and clothing
for the known/suspected threat.
readily available?
16. Implement dispersal plans for
__ Are immunizations, prophylaxis,
personnel/supplies.
and pretreatments available?
17. Continually monitor weather
conditions.
Have BW munitions been
18. Assume designated MOPP level.
delivered to units?
HIGH
Has probable use message traffic
been intercepted?
Has the enemy used BW weapons?
RISK
19. Continue all steps above.
20. Be prepared to transfer mission
functions to secondary locations.
21. Increase MOPP level for exposed
Assessment = ________Risk
personnel.
Figure C-2. Biological Risk Assessment
C-3
CHEMICAL RISK ASSESSMENT
Select YES if one or more boxes are checked
START HERE
Operational Risk
Minimum Acceptable Response By Category
Assessment
Is the enemy CW capable?
YES
NO
1.
Maintain intelligence and passive
__ Are there industrial chemical
data collection efforts.
production facilities in
2.
Ensure MOPP gear is readily
country/theater?
LOW
available.
__ Are there known agent stockpiles?
3.
Cover all supplies and equipment.
__ Does the enemy have weaponization
4.
Know the threat/protective
capabilities?
measures.
5.
Use approved food/water sources.
RISK
6.
Ensure all defensive plans include
Is the fixed site/unit within range
NBC defense measures.
of likely delivery systems?
7.
Maintain NBC defense training.
YES
NO
__ Aerial spray
__ Aerial Bomb
__ Artillery
__ Missiles
__ Rockets
__ Mines
__ Other
8.
Continue steps above.
Would the enemy target the unit
9.
Increase NBC defense training.
doctrinally or as a possible COA?
10. Actively employ chemical detection
YES
NO
capabilities.
11. Be alert to medical reports of
MED
Are weather and terrain favorable
exposure to chemical agents.
for employment?
12. Be aware of enemy activity
YES
NO
regarding chemical weapons.
RISK
13. Ensure antidotes are available
Is the enemy trained and equipped
for the known/suspected threat.
14. Implement dispersal plans for
to conduct CW operations?
YES
NO
personnel/supplies.
Are the following items readily available?
15. Continually monitor weather
conditions.
__ Protective masks?
16. Assume designated MOPP level.
__ Chemical protective garments?
__ Chemical defense equipment?
Have CW munitions been
17. Continue all steps above.
delivered to units?
HIGH
18. Be prepared to transfer mission
Has probable use message
functions to secondary locations.
traffic been intercepted?
19. Implement pretreatment
Has the enemy used CW weapons?
RISK
directives.
20. Be prepared to increase MOPP.
Assessment = ________Risk
Figure C-3. Chemical Risk Assessment
C-4
2.
Nuclear Vulnerability
a.
To assess a unit's vulnerability to a nuclear attack, a commander determines the
unit's NBC defense protection level and the type and size of the weapon likely to be
employed by the enemy. The commander then weighs various COAs to determine which
COA allows for mission accomplishment at an acceptable risk.
When addressing unit vulnerability to nuclear weapons employment, consider blast,
shock wave, thermal radiation, heat, initial radiation, residual radiation (fallout), and
EMP effects. The potential exists for an enemy to employ a weapon that produces only one
of these effects (e.g., radioactive dust particles, EMP). Therefore, assess vulnerability to
each effect, not just the greatest effect.
A nuclear explosion's biological effects are measured according to the amount of
radiation (centigrays) to which personnel are exposed. For the biological effects of
radiation in man, refer to FM 8-9/NAVMED P-5059/AFJMAN 44-151, standardization
agreement (STANAG) 2500, NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defensive
Operations.
b.
There are two techniques to evaluate unit vulnerability to nuclear detonations.
The first is a technical approach in which unit dispositions are compared with the effects of
an expected yield. The second is an operational approach in which unit dispositions are
compared with targeting criteria used by the threat target analyst.
In a nuclear environment, the more concentrated a unit is, the more lucrative a target
it becomes. If the unit itself is not the target, but falls within the fallout pattern, unit
monitors will be capable of providing the commander with essential information regarding
the hazard. Nuclear hazard prediction is addressed in Allied Tactical Publication (ATP)
STANAG 2103, Reporting Nuclear Detonations, Radioactive Fallout, and Biological and
Chemical Attacks and Predicting Associated Hazards—ATP-45 or appropriate service
publications.
c.
The primary tool for analyzing friendly dispositions is the radius of vulnerability
(RV). RV is the radius of a circle within which friendly troops will be exposed to a risk
equal to, or greater than, the emergency risk criterion (5 percent combat ineffectiveness)
and/or within which material will be subjected to a 5 percent probability of the specified
degree of damage (see the RV tables in JP 3-12.2 secret restricted data (SRD), Nuclear
Weapons Employment and Effects Data, or JP 3-12.3, Nuclear Weapons Employment and
Effects Data (Notional) (unclassified for training purposes). The ground zero for the RV is
always assumed to be the point where detonation will do the greatest damage to the unit or
installation. Delivery errors are not considered. For RV of unspecified categories, see
comparable table charts in JP 3-12.2 or JP 3-12.3. Based on vulnerability radii and unit
size, commanders may determine risk from a nuclear attack and whether or not to adjust
unit dispersion. However, personnel may not be the targets. Often equipment, due to
sensitivity and vulnerability, becomes the target. For actual vulnerability radii, refer to JP
3-12.2 (SRD).
C-5
d.
Analyzing the vulnerability of friendly dispositions and installations consists of:
(1)
Determining the appropriate threat yields based on current intelligence
and determining the disposition of unit personnel.
(2)
Obtaining the appropriate vulnerability radii from the RV table (JP 3-12.2
(SRD), JP 3-12.3, FM 3-3-1 for training purposes).
(3)
Estimating fractional coverage for each target category using the visual,
numerical, or index technique. For information concerning these techniques, refer to JP 3-
12.2 (SRD).
(4)
Recommending ways to decrease vulnerability and increase protection.
3.
Biological Vulnerability
a.
Prior to conducting vulnerability analysis, use Figure C-2 (Biological Risk
Assessment) to determine the risk of a biological agent attack or the enemy's capability
and probability of use. Once it is determined that the enemy has the capability and the
willingness to employ biological weapons, the next step is to determine the unit's
vulnerability to an attack (Table C-1).
NOTE: Remember, even if an enemy lacks the capability to employ biological
weapons, the unit is still vulnerable to endemic diseases. Possible sources
include contaminated water sources and local food. Commanders need to
maintain good hygiene practices. Ensure personnel wash hands frequently,
particularly prior to eating, to prevent ingestion of harmful biological material
(either indigenous or BW agents found on various surfaces).
b.
To determine vulnerability to biological agents, conduct the following actions
and analyses:
(1)
Determine immunization levels in relationship to threat/theater endemic
agents and availability of prophylaxis.
(2)
Determine unit's protective posture.
(3)
Determine unit’s biological detection posture - do you have early warning
systems? Do you have BIDS, Portal Shield, IBADS, LR-BSDS, or Joint Biological Point
Detection System (JBPDS)?
C-6
Table C-1. Biological Vulnerability Matrix
IMMUNIZATION
(AGAINST
PROTECTIVE
DETECTION
HYGIENE
DISPOSITION
PREDICTED AGENTS)
POSTURE
POSTURE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VALUE
VALUE
VALUE
VALUE
VALUE
BIDS
COMPLETE 90%
2
Shore
2
Portal Shield
2
GOOD
1
MOBILE
1
MOPP3/4
IBADS
LR-BSDS
JBPDS
Shore
LESS THAN
MOPP1/2
TWO OF
SEMI-
INCOMPLETE < 90%
4
4
4
2
2
MASK ONLY
THESE
AVG
MOBILE
SYSTEMS
MOPP
NONE
6
READY/MOPP
6
NONE
6
POOR
3
STATIC
3
ZERO
RELATIVE VALUES = SUBJECTIVE RATING
8 - 9
LOW
Minimum actions resulting
from
10 - 16
MEDIUM
these ratings are described
below.
17 - 24
HIGH
LOW:
••
Maintain current efforts. Attempt to improve on those areas that are weak.
MEDIUM:
••
Analyze current actions and increase efforts to reduce rating. Concentrate on those areas
that you have immediate control over (e.g., MOPP levels & hygiene and possibly detection
assets).
HIGH:
••
Analyze current actions and immediately increase efforts to reduce rating. Concentrate on
those areas that you have immediate control over (e.g., MOPP levels and hygiene).
••
Determine whether you have operational control (OPCON) of detection assets. If not,
determine where these assets are and if you are inside the detection “umbrella” or if these
assets can be repositioned to cover your operation.
••
Determine if immunization rates are satisfactory for the total force. Typically, contract
workers from whatever source will require more immunizations than US military personnel.
Provide immunizations as soon as medical and political situations allow. Remember that
immunizations require time to work effectively.
If “mask only” protective posture provides required protection for predicted agent, use a value of 2.
EXAMPLE BIOLOGICAL VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS
1.
Begin at the left column and add the relative values from each column.
Approximately 30% of unit has been immunized.
Unit is currently in MOPP ZERO.
Unit has a BIDS attached.
Unit practices good hygienic measures.
Unit is in a static fixed site.
NOTE:
Read the vulnerability rating
2.
Adding the values shows a -
at the bottom of the chart.
4 for Immunization
Using techniques with lower
6 for MOPP level
values reduces the overall
4 for Detection posture
vulnerability.
1 for Hygiene
3 for Disposition
TOTAL = 18 = High Vulnerability
C-7
(a) Point detectors such as the BIDS or IBADS will determine if a
biological attack has occurred, provide information on the BW agent, and provide a sample
for confirmatory purposes. A biological detector generally consists of a trigger, collector,
detector, and identifier. The trigger will monitor the background, determine if significant
changes occur in the ambient background, and initiate the collection and detection/
identification process. It is important to note that due to the state of technology and the
nature of the background, triggers may react to the background changes that are not due to
a BW attack. This is normal and generally protection actions should not be taken upon
trigger events alone. The detector, if present, will determine if the aerosol is biological or
nonbiological (i.e. smoke, dust). The identifier specifically identifies the BW agent and
allows the commander to initiate force protection and contamination avoidance measures.
(b) Other point detectors such as Portal Shield also provide point
detection and alarm of a BW attack through the use of multiple networked sensors. Unlike
other biological detection systems, it uses networking and smart logic to reduce false
alarms due to man-made events and certain natural aerosols. Generally, the system
triggers when a predetermined threshold concentration is reached. This activity is
communicated to the command post. Agent identification occurs within 15 minutes, and
alarms are transmitted to the command post. A sample for confirmatory analysis is also
automatically stored in the system and can be delivered to the supporting medical unit for
analysis.
(4)
Determine unit's hygienic practices. For example, are troops provided a
means to bathe/cleanse regularly?
(5)
Determine current or projected maneuver (or mobility) disposition.
(6)
Consider time of day and weather conditions. The time most conducive for
a BW attack is during a clear night or during early morning hours with light winds (less
than 10 knots or 12 miles per hour).
c.
Vulnerability ratings are subjective. Apply rating measures in relationship to
probable agent of choice. Also, ratings do not consider troop motivation/morale factors.
The final rating provides a general vulnerability analysis and should be used as a basis for
a thought process leading to sound recommendations on vulnerability reduction measures.
This analysis provides a basis to advise on vulnerability and the reasoning used and, more
importantly, provide vulnerability reduction measures.
4.
Chemical Vulnerability
a.
Prior to conducting a vulnerability analysis, first determine the risk of a
chemical attack or the threat’s capability and probability of use (see Figure C-3). If the
possibility exists for the threat to employ chemical agents, conduct a vulnerability analysis
in two parts: first, make an estimate of the threat’s capability to employ chemical
munitions in the unit’s AO/area of interest (see Figure C-3) within a specific time period;
second, use this information to generate simplified effects information.
C-8
b.
Estimate Delivery Capability.
(1)
Step 1. Determine time periods of interest. Time periods of interest
are based on the commander's operational concept and situation variables, such as METT-
TC. The time period is coordinated with the intelligence and operations officers. They will
normally conform to phases or the expected duration of an operation; however, it may be
desirable to use other criteria. For example, a maintenance unit may want to use the
expected time lag between an anticipated threat chemical attack and the time required to
retrieve and don their protective gear (as in "MOPP READY" protective posture) as the
time period of interest. A time period may also be based on factors relating to enemy
tactics, such as the expected arrival time of a second echelon force. Further, significant
weather changes could also influence the selection of time periods. The time period of
interest can range from 6 hours to 48 hours.
Vulnerability analysis is generally conducted in support of the planning process,
not in support of current operations. Some planning factors are based on a 12-hour to 48-
hour cycle. Fixed site operations may be based on a significantly higher time frame (i.e., 12
hours to 96 hours) with time periods of 24 hours or greater used when IPB allows. Time
periods of less than 6 hours are generally not used. For short-term actions, shorter time
periods could be used to estimate the effects of initial enemy preparation fires or to
estimate the effect of a single chemical agent attack.
(2)
Step 2. Associate weather data with each time period. Associate
each time period with a temperature (ambient or ground), wind speed, and stability
category. The M93 NBC reconnaissance system (NBCRS) can also report ground
temperature. The temperature will impact primarily on agent persistency. For each time
period, temperature should be expressed as one of the following (in degrees Celsius): 55o,
50o, 40o, 30o, 20o, 10o, 0o, -10o, -20o, or -30o. Determine temperature by taking the average of
the temperatures from each chemical downwind message (CDM) line applicable to the time
period of interest. Use this average temperature for all calculations.
NOTE: All required information can be obtained from the CDM.
NOTE: When estimating persistency for agents expected to last beyond the time
period of interest, use the average daily temperature of the day in which the
attack may occur.
Wind speed will impact on casualty production, persistency, and downwind
agent travel. It should be expressed as one of the following: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, or 18
kilometers per hour (kmph). As a rule of thumb, for any wind speed above 18 kmph, use 18
kmph. Calculate wind speed in the same manner used above for temperature. In some
situations, it may be necessary to modify this number for casualty estimate purposes. For
example, if a 24-hour period contains 6 hours of expected high wind speeds (unstable
conditions), you will probably elect to disregard those figures and develop a separate
(lower) average for casualty estimation. The staff estimates an enemy would not employ
chemicals for casualty effects during that 6-hour period of high winds. Base this decision
on the magnitude and duration of the wind change and the expected enemy COA.
C-9
Stability categories (stable, neutral, or unstable) also affect casualty production
and downwind agent travel. Stability has a major impact on casualty production
downwind since it affects the vertical dispersion of the agent. During inversion (stable
atmosphere), the agent is trapped in a shallow layer near the ground and the concentration
remains high. When the atmosphere stability category is either neutral or unstable, the
agent’s concentration near the ground is lower. Inversions occur at night with clear skies
and light winds. Determine the stability category in the same way as temperature and
wind speed.
Other environmental factors exist that could impact the analysis. Terrain and
vegetation could affect the estimate. These factors can affect the dispersion of the agent,
its concentration downwind, and the estimated casualties. However, these factors have
been incorporated in the persistency estimate process.
(3)
Step 3. Estimate delivery capability. Estimate the number of chemical
munitions likely to be employed in your AO for each required time period. Coordinate with
the intelligence officer to produce this estimate. The intelligence officer will need the time
periods of interest to produce information concerning the threat's capability to deliver
chemical munitions in your AO.
The estimate should indicate the number of delivery units by type, and the number of
rounds by agent, if available. The intelligence officer also provides estimates on when,
where, and what type of agent the enemy might use in the AO. If the situation or event
template does not yield the needed information, assume the enemy can optimize the agent
mix. For example, to determine the threat's capability to create a contamination obstacle,
assume they will fire only persistent agents. Likewise, to predict casualty effects, assume
the enemy will fire agents that have the greatest casualty-producing effects.
When the primary threat is covert or unconventional, express enemy delivery
capability in terms of agent weight or as agent weight times some expected delivery means.
For example, 10 kilograms of nerve agent delivered by an agricultural sprayer. If
estimates indicate limited agent supply, it will be difficult to estimate how much of that
supply will be used each day. As an option for this situation, conduct the analysis for a
single enemy attack based on the threat's maximum employment capability during the
selected time period.
The intelligence officer considers a number of factors in making his estimate:
Number of employment assets within range of the AO.
Other AOs the enemy force must service. Do not assume every delivery
system within range will be firing into the AO being considered.
Enemy locations of chemical munitions.
Weather effects on probable agents.
C-10
Threat forces' capability to transport chemical munitions to delivery
systems.
Impact of threat attacks on civilians.
The intelligence estimate should provide a range of numbers based on estimated COA
for each time period. The estimate should provide the enemy's maximum weapons
capability and most likely delivery capability. Alternatively, different estimates can
support various enemy COAs. Estimates should not be based on a friendly COA unless
they would significantly impact on the enemy’s delivery capability.
It is not necessary to assess every possible situation and enemy option. To do so
would result in inefficient use of available time. The goal is to provide estimates to the
commander/staff, which can be later refined. Continuously assess the situation and look
for events and options with the potential of changing the outcome of the battle.
c.
Generate Effects Information. For each estimated time period and
munitions estimate combination, develop a set of effects information: casualty estimates,
contamination obstacles, persistence, and times and locations of downwind agent effects.
Effect information will provide casualty effects and downwind agent effects.
(1)
Determine Casualty Estimate.
(a) Step 1. Determine probable friendly target size. Based on the
chemical staff’s and S2/G2 IPB, select an area/activity the enemy would probably target
then determine the target size. For example, determine the area occupied by a fixed site
activity, in this case 400 meters (m) x 600 m. Calculate the number of hectares (ha) in the
selected target area. One ha is 10,000 square meters; therefore, an area that is 400 m x
600 m = 240,000 square meters or 24 ha.
(b) Step 2. Determine probable agent. Unless it is known which agents
the threat will employ, assume the most effective casualty-producing agent available.
(c)
Step 3. Estimate casualties based on—
Intelligence preparation of the battle space.
The number of rounds the threat may use to engage the specific
target.
Predicted temperatures (from CDM or other sources).
Tables C-2, C-3, and C-4 for corresponding casualty percentages.
NOTE: For Tables C-2, C-3, and C-4, if the number of rounds falls between given
numbers, assume worst case by rounding up to the next higher number.
C-11
The casualty estimates are valid for wind speeds less than 20 kmph. Other factors
such as air stability category, humidity, variation in wind speeds under 20 kmph, and
delivery error have minimal effect on casualty estimates for a given time period as opposed
to a specific point in time. For example, the templated target area is 24 ha, the predicted
agent is GB, the temperature is 10 degrees C, and the weapon is 152 mm gun/howitzer.
Intelligence analysis estimates the enemy will fire 240 rounds at the target (240 rounds
divided by 24 ha is 10 rounds per ha). Go to Table C-2 and extract approximate casualty
percentage (50 percent). To determine blister agent casualties, use the same procedures
and Table C-4; however, use MOPP level rather than temperature.
Table C-2. GB Casualties.
Munitions in Rounds per ha
Temperature (degrees Celsius)
(100 m2)
MLRS
150-155 mm
120-122 mm
-12oC
0oC
10oC
20oC
Casualty Percentage
1
2
4
10
16
24
33
2
4
7
14
22
30
40
3
6
10
19
27
37
47
4
8
14
25
34
45
54
4
10
17
31
40
50
60
Based on 15 liter/minute breathing rate (rest or light work) and 9-second masking time.
Table C-3. Thickened Soman (TGD) or VX Casualties.
Munitions in Rounds
Temperature (degrees Celsius)
Missiles per
Missiles per
Bombs per
Bombs per
-12oC
0oC
10oC
20oC
1000 ha
150 ha
1000 ha
150 ha
Casualty Percentage
6
1
26
4
5
14
20
21
9
2
40
6
8
18
25
25
12
2
54
8
12
24
31
31
15
2
68
10
16
28
36
36
18
3
80
12
19
32
40
41
21
3
94
14
21
35
42
43
24
3
106
16
23
37
44
45
Based on MOPP ZERO. At higher levels, agents are not as effective due to the increased skin
protection.
Table C-4. Blister Agent Casualties.
Protective Posture
Munitions in Rounds per ha (100 m2)
MOPP ZER0
MOPP1
150-155 mm
120-122 mm
Casualty Percentage
4
7
17
13
7
14
24
18
11
20
34
23
14
27
43
28
18
33
51
32
21
40
57
36
C-12
(2)
Determine Downwind Hazard. Associated risks from downwind
hazards (see STANAG 2103 [ATP-45 (A)/FM 3-3/Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-17] or
appropriate service publication for downwind prediction models) can be broken into three
categories.
(a) High casualty risk occurs at winds speeds of 10 kmph or less during
slightly stable, stable, or extremely stable atmospheric conditions. Agent clouds will
produce very narrow and very long hazard clouds. Dosages of 100 times the lethal levels
are possible in the hazard area.
(b) High degradation risk occurs during stability categories of neutral to
very unstable and wind speeds less than 10 kmph. Agent clouds will produce wide hazard
areas with lethal effects rarely extending as far as 10 km. The casualty risk to warned,
unmasked personnel is low. However, due to the large cloud width, it is possible for every
unit in the downwind hazard area to be forced to mask for several hours.
(c)
Low casualty risk occurs at wind speeds of 10 kmph or greater at
stability categories of neutral to very unstable. The casualty risk is very low outside the
area of immediate effects. Although a significant number of units will be forced to mask,
agent duration will be short and will not extend as far as in previous categories.
5.
Vulnerability Assessment Tool (VAT) Example
a.
The VAT is designed to help commanders determine the best mix of defensive
capabilities and strategies to employ against a predetermined CB threat. The VAT will
help predict likely sortie and casualty levels in a variety of scenarios, thereby assisting in
the development of plans to limit mission degradation. The VAT is part of AFMAN 32-
4017, Civil Engineer Readiness Technician’ Manual for NBC Defense, and AFMAN 32-
4019, Chemical-Biological Commanders Guide.
b.
The operability estimates given in the VAT are based on a detailed simulation
and analysis of air base operations in a CB environment, addressing two theaters of
operation, two types of air bases (large and small), and two times of year (summer and
winter). The measures of effectiveness apply to a 1-week period of time and express the
number of sorties generated (as a percentage of the tasking) and the number of CB-induced
casualties (as a percentage of the base population).
c.
The analysis considers a host of relevant variables. These variables can be
divided into three main categories: the representation of air base operations, the
representation of the CB environment, and the representation of the CB defensive
capability. In Table C-5, the baseline depicts small base operations. There are several
threat profiles (chemical only, biological only, and combination). The basic defensive
components describe the population’s use of collective protection, BDO versus JSLIST,
cooling systems, and operational decontamination. The “dewarn” variable represents the
expected time period the population will be in MOPP 4, mask only, etc. Consequently, on
line 39 the VAT shows an expected sortie production rate of 79 percent and a chemical
casualty rate of 7 percent if chemical missile attacks occurred over the course of the week;
the population had collective protection; the BDO was used; cooling systems were not
C-13

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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