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FM 2-0 ____________________________________________________________________________________
Liaison Officer:
• Should speak the required foreign language. If not, he requires a trans-
lator or interpreter for all aspects of his duties.
• Request interpreters to assist when representing the multinational
operations.
• Translate orders, maps, traces, overlays, and documents into multi-
national foreign languages.
Civilian Personnel Officer:
•
Recruit, interview for suitability, and hire civilian local labor force if
required.
•
Negotiate host country on labor agreements.
Dental Surgeon:
•
Administer dental care to support humanitarian mission requirements.
•
Rehabilitate, construct, and gain usage of existing dental facilities as
required.
Finance Officer:
•
Support the procurement process of local goods and services not readily
available through normal logistical channels.
•
Ensure limited non-US and US pay functions to foreign national, HN,
civilian internees, and EPWs are provided.
•
Ensure all necessary banking functions are performed in theater.
Surgeon:
•
Support medical humanitarian assistance and disaster relief oper-
ations.
•
Provide medical care of EPWs and civilians within the command’s AO.
•
Coordinate medical laboratory access in AO.
•
Determine the nature of local health threats to the force through popu-
lace interviews.
•
Determine the identity of local or captured medical supplies.
Veterinary Officer:
•
Determine source and suitability of local foods.
•
Assist the local population with veterinary service needs.
Chemical Officer:
•
Identify enemy force chemical weapons and equipment.
•
Communicate NBC risks to supported populations.
Engineer Coordinator:
•
Procure proper local materials to support engineering missions.
•
Communicate engineering project requirements to contracted local
work force.
B-6
___________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-0
• Communicate engineering project impact on local landowners and
other affected parties.
• Determine, in coordination with G2/S2, suitability of local topographic
maps and terrain products.
• Assess environmental concerns of HN and local populations in com-
bined operations.
Provost Marshal:
• Support dislocated and civilian straggler control activities.
• Support internment and resettlement operations, to include displaced
civilians.
• Support weapons buy-back programs, as required, and work closely
with civil-military liaisons for payments to local officials.
• Support counter-drug and customs activities.
• When authorized, help foreign civil authorities maintain control.
• Conduct liaison with local LEAs.
PSYOP Officer:
• Produce approved PSYOP propaganda and counter-propaganda media.
• Evaluate PSYOP impact on target audience.
Air Defense Coordinator:
• Identify enemy air defense artillery (ADA) weapons and radars.
• Communicate air defense warnings to supported populations.
• Communicate air defense project requirements to contracted local work
force.
Safety Officer:
• Provide safety training to local labor force.
• Communicate warnings of dangerous military operations and other
hazards to local populace.
Transportation Officer:
• Coordinate commercial and local transportation needs.
• Coordinate movement scheduling and routes with multinational forces
and/or HN.
PERSONAL STAFF OFFICER RESPONSIBILITIES
B-11. Personal staff officers are under immediate control of the commander
and have direct access to the commander. Most personal staff officers also
perform special staff officer duties, working with a coordinating staff officer.
These assignments are on a case-by-case basis, depending on the com-
mander’s guidance and the nature of the mission; they are very common in
stability operations and support operations. Linguist requirements for special
staff officers include but are not limited to the following staff officers.
B-7
FM 2-0 ____________________________________________________________________________________
Chaplain:
•
Coordinate religious support with multinational partners.
•
Determine the impact of local population religious group faiths and
practices on military operations.
•
Provide religious support to the community to include hospital
patients, EPWs, refugees, and civilian detainees.
•
Conduct liaison with local population religious leaders in close coor-
dination with the G5.
Public Affairs Officer:
•
Act as the commander’s spokesman for all communication with exter-
nal media.
•
Assess the accuracy of foreign media interpretation of Public Affairs
Office (PAO) releases.
•
Assess and recommend news, entertainment, and other information
(assisting G5) for contracted services foreign nationals.
Staff Judge Advocate:
•
Translate and interpret foreign legal codes, SOFAs, and international
laws.
•
Determine local environmental laws and treaties through translation
services.
•
Assess the treatment of EPWs and civilian internees.
•
Translate documents to support G4 in local contracts.
SOURCES OF LINGUISTS
B-12. There are various sources that a commander can use to obtain the
linguists necessary to support operations. It is vital to know the advantages
and disadvantages of each type of linguist and to carefully match the
available linguists to the various aspects of the operation.
ARMY LANGUAGE-QUALIFIED MOSs
B-13. The AC MI language-dependent military occupational specialities
(MOSs) are 98G with a skill qualification identifier
(SQI) of L/352G
(Cryptologic Communications Interceptor/ Locator), and their related WO
fields. Some soldiers in MOS 96B (All-Source Intelligence Analyst), MOS 97B
(CI Agent), MOS 97E/351E (HUMINT Collector) and MOS 98C (SIGINT
Analyst), and their related WO fields are trained in foreign languages. Using
soldiers in the MOSs mentioned above has many advantages. They are
already trained in the military system, are not subject to deployment
restrictions
(a limiting factor with civilian linguists), have a security
clearance and, as US personnel, support the command’s interests. The major
disadvantage to utilizing these individuals for general foreign language
support is that in doing so, they are removed from their primary MI
functions. They should be used only in linguistic duties that include
intelligence potential. For example, a HUMINT collector
(97E) provides
linguist support to a medical assistance team as a method to provide access to
the local population to determine their attitudes toward US Forces.
B-8
___________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-0
B-14. Non-MI Army language qualified MOSs include some enlisted and WOs
in career management fields 18 (Special Forces), 37 (PSYOP), 180A (Special
Forces); and commissioned officers with a branch code 18 (Special Forces);
and functional areas 39 (PSYOP and CA) and 48 (Foreign Area Officer).
Particular attention must be paid to the recorded language proficiency and
test date of these individuals since the standards vary by field. The same
advantages and disadvantages apply as with the AC MI linguists.
B-15. RC language-dependent MOSs include those listed above in the AC. RC
linguists have the same set of advantages and disadvantages as listed above
for AC language-dependent MOSs. The RC also includes linguists in MOS
97L
(translator/interpreter). The
97Ls are specifically trained to be a
translator and interpreter. They have the same advantages as the AC
linguists. An added advantage is that since their sole job is translation and
interpretation, they do not have to be removed from another job in order to be
used as a linguist. Their major disadvantage is that they have no additional
skill that gives them dual functionality.
Army Linguists Not DOD Trained
B-16. The Army also includes numerous soldiers of all grades who are
proficient in a foreign language and are receiving Foreign Language
Proficiency Pay (FLPP) but whose primary duties do not require foreign
language proficiency. They may have attended a civilian school to learn a
foreign language, or they may have acquired proficiency through their
heritage. They have the advantage of being trained soldiers and are therefore
readily deployable to all areas of the battlefield.
B-17. These soldiers may have the specific vocabulary and military skill
knowledge for certain linguist support missions. For example, a supply
sergeant who speaks the local language would be an invaluable asset to the
G4. There are disadvantages in that they already have another job and units
are reluctant to give up personnel especially if they are in key positions.
Their capabilities are difficult to assess. Since they are not required to take
the Defense Language Proficiency Test (DLPT) if they are not receiving
FLPP, it is often difficult for the G1/S1 to identify them as a linguist or for a
non-linguist to judge the level of their foreign language capability.
Other Service Linguists
B-18. Other service linguists have the advantage of deployability, loyalty, and
clearance, but must often learn the Army system and specific Army voca-
bulary. They are also difficult to obtain since their parent service probably
also lacks a sufficient number of trained linguists. Other service linguists,
however, will be valuable in joint operation centers and joint activities. When
serving the JTF headquarters, Army commanders and staffs must be aware
of the linguists in the other services in order to plan for the participation and
optimize their employment.
US Contract Linguists
B-19. US civilians can be contracted to provide linguist support. They have
an advantage over LN hires in that their loyalty to the US is more readily
evaluated, and it is easier for them to be granted the necessary security
B-9
FM 2-0 ____________________________________________________________________________________
clearance. However, there are usually severe limitations on the deployment
and use of civilians. A careful assessment of their language ability is impor-
tant because, in many cases, they use “old fashioned” terms, or interject US
idioms. If the linguists are recent émigrés, the use of the language in their
country of origin could be dangerous to them, or their loyalty may reside with
their own country when at odds with US interests.
Multinational Linguists
B-20. Multinational linguists have their own set of advantages and disadvan-
tages. These linguists may be unfamiliar with the US military system unless
they have previously participated in a multinational operation with US
forces. They may have a security clearance, but clearances are not necessarily
equal or reciprocal, automatically guaranteeing access to classified or
sensitive information between nations. They support the command’s interest
but may have differing priorities or responsibilities within their assigned
AOs. These linguists also are already fulfilling specific duties for their own
nation, which may also have a shortage of linguists. The major disadvantage
to acquiring and maintaining multinational linguist support is that they are
outside the C2 (via military authority or military contract) of the US forces.
These linguists will be valuable in multinational operations centers and
activities.
Local National Contract Linguists
B-21. LN hires will provide the bulk of your linguist support. They are
usually less expensive to hire than US civilians and will know the local
dialect, idioms, and culture. The expertise of these linguists in particular
areas or subject matters can be an asset. However, there are several potential
problems with using LN hires, to include limited English skills and loyalty
considerations. Therefore, a screening interview or test is necessary to
determine their proficiency in English. These individuals must also be
carefully selected and screened by CI personnel (with US linguist support)
initially and periodically throughout their employment. Their loyalty is
always questionable. Local prejudices may influence them, and they may
place their own interests above those of the US.
EVALUATING LINGUIST PROFICIENCY
B-22. Commanders and staffs must understand the Army linguist proficiency
evaluation system in order to effectively plan for and employ linguists.
Evaluation and reevaluation of linguist proficiency is covered in detail in
AR 611-6, Section III. Language testing is required for all Army personnel in
a language-dependent MOS, who have received foreign language training at
government expense, who are receiving FLPP, or who are in a language-
required position regardless of MOS. Other Army personnel who have
knowledge of a foreign language are encouraged to take the proficiency test
and may work as linguists.
B-23. The Army uses the DLPT to determine foreign language proficiency
levels. DLPTs are listed by foreign language in DA Pam 611-16. In foreign
languages where no printed or recorded test exists, oral interview tests are
arranged. The DLPT is an indication of foreign language capability, but it is
B-10
___________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-0
not the definitive evaluation of an individual’s ability to perform linguist
support.
B-24. AR 611-6, Appendix D, Sections 1 through 4, describes the proficiency
levels for the skills of speaking, listening, reading, and writing a foreign
language based on the interagency roundtable descriptions. The plus-level
designators, shown as a “+” symbol, are used to designate when a linguist is
above a base level, but not yet to the capability of the next level. For example,
2+ would indicate a better than limited working proficiency in the foreign
language. The six “base levels” of proficiency, as established by DLPT and/or
oral exam, are⎯
• Level 0 (No proficiency). The soldier has no functional foreign language
ability. Level 0+. The minimum standard for Special Forces personnel
indicates a memorized proficiency only.
• Level 1 (Elementary proficiency). The soldier has limited control of the
foreign language skill area to meet limited practical needs and
elementary foreign language requirements.
• Level
2 (Limited working proficiency). The linguist is sufficiently
skilled to be able to satisfy routine foreign language demands and
limited work requirements.
• Level 3 (General professional proficiency). The linguist is capable of
performing most general, technical, formal, and informal foreign
language tasks on a practical, social, and professional level.
• Level 4 (Advanced professional proficiency). The linguist is capable of
performing advanced professional foreign language tasks fluently and
accurately on all levels.
• Level 5 (Functionally native proficiency). The linguist is functionally
equivalent to an articulate and well-educated native in all foreign
language skills; and reflects the cultural standards of the country
where the foreign language is natively spoken.
B-25. The above proficiency base levels designate proficiency in any of the
four language skills: listening, reading, speaking, and writing. The most
evaluated skills on the DLPT are reading and listening. These tests are not
for use in evaluating linguists above the 3 proficiency level. Most Army
linguist DLPT scores show only two skill levels: listening and reading (for
example, 2+/3, or 3/1+).
SUSTAINING MILITARY LINGUIST PROFICIENCY
B-26. Language proficiency diminishes with lack of use and absence of
exposure to the foreign language. To ensure combat readiness, commanders
should require all military linguists receive periodic language training. In-
country language immersion training, in-garrison contracted language
instructors, on-line foreign newspapers, and foreign radio broadcasts are all
examples of language training resources. Funding for language training is
available through MACOM language training program funds.
B-11
Glossary
The glossary lists acronyms and terms with Army or joint definitions, and other selected terms.
Where Army and joint definitions are different, (Army) follows the term. Terms for which
FM 2-0 is the proponent FM (authority) are marked with an asterisk (*) and followed by the
number of the paragraph (¶) where they are discussed. For other terms, the number of the
proponent FM follows the definition. JP 1-02 and FM 1-02 are posted in the Joint Electronic
Library, which is available online and on CD-ROM.
•
Use this URL to access JP 1-02 online: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/.
•
Use this URL to access FM 1-02 online:
http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/service_pubs/101_5_1.pdf.
•
Follow this path to access JP 1-02 on the Joint Electronic Library CD-ROM:
Mainmenu>Joint Electronic Library>DOD Dictionary.
•
Follow this path to access FM 1-02 on the Joint Electronic Library CD-ROM:
Mainmenu>Joint Electronic Library>Service Publications>Multiservice Pubs>
FM 101-5-1.
A2C2
Army Airspace Command and Control
AA
avenue of approach
AAMDC
Area Air and Missile Defense Command
ABCS
Army Battle Command System
AC
Active Component
ACE
analysis and control element
ACINT
acoustic intelligence (water)
ACOUSTINT
acoustic intelligence (atmosphere)
ACR
armored cavalry regiment
ACT
analysis and control team
ADA
air defense artillery
ADCON
administrative control
ADDO
assistant deputy director for operations
ADO
air defense officer
ADP
automated data processing
AFACSI
Air Force Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence
AFIWC
Air Force Information Warfare Center
AFMIC
Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center
AFOSI
Air Force Office of Special Investigation
AGM
attack guidance matrix
Glossary-1
FM 2-0 ___________________________________________________________________________________
AIA
Air Force Intelligence Agency
AITR
aided target recognition
ALOC
administrative and logistics operations center
AMC
US Army Materiel Command
AMD
Air Missile Defense
AMHS
Automated Message Handling System
AMIB
Allied Military Intelligence Battalion
*analysis
Determination of the significance of the information, relative to
information and intelligence already known, and drawing
deductions about the probable meaning
of
the
evaluated
information. (¶1-58)
AO
area of operations
AOC
area of concentration
AOI
area of interest
AOIR
area of intelligence responsibility
AOR
area of responsibility
AR
Army Regulation
ARAT
Army Reprogramming Analysis Team
ARCENT
US Army Central Command
ARFOR
Army forces
ARISC
Army Reserve Intelligence Support Center
ARL
airborne reconnaissance low
ARNG
US Army National Guard
ARSOF
Army Special Operations Forces
ASCC
Army Service Component Commander
ASPO
Army Space Program Office
AT
antiterrorism
ATCAE
Army Technical Control Analysis Element
ATCCS
Army Tactical Command and Control System
ATR
automatic target recognition
ART
Army tactical task
BDA
battle damage assessment
BDU
battle-dress uniform
BFACS
Battlefield Functional Area Control System
BOS
Battlefield Operating System
Glossary-2
_________________________________________________________________________________ Glossary
C/J2
combined J2
C2
command and control
CA
civil affairs
CASO
Collection Activities and Source Operations
CAT
crisis action team
CBRN
chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear
CBRNE
chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high-yield explo-
sive
CCD
coherent change detection
CCIR
commander’s critical information requirement
CD-ROM
compact disc-read only memory
CE
counterespionage
CECOM
Communications-Electronics Command
CED
captured enemy document
CEE
captured enemy equipment
CEM
captured enemy materiel
CFSO
counterintelligence force protection source operations
CGS
common ground station
CI
counterintelligence
CIA
Central Intelligence Agency
CIAC
counterintelligence analysis cell
CICA
Counterintelligence Coordinating Authority
CITO
Central Imagery Tasking Office
CJCS
Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff
CMEC
Captured Materiel Exploitation Center
CMF
career management field
CMISE
Corps Military Intelligence Support Element
CMO
civil-military operations
CNA
computer network attack
CND
computer network defense
CNE
computer network exploitation
CNN
Cable News Network
CNO
computer network operations
COA
course of action
Glossary-3
FM 2-0 ___________________________________________________________________________________
COCOM
combatant command (command authority)
COG
center of gravity
COMINT
communications intelligence
COMSEC
communications security
CONOPS
contingency operations
CONPLAN
contingency plan
CONUS
continental United States
COP
common operational picture
COSCOM
Corps Support Command
*counterintelligence
1. Information gathered and activities conducted to protect
against espionage, other intelligence activities, sabotage, or
assassinations conducted by or on behalf of foreign governments
or elements thereof, foreign organizations, or foreign persons, or
international terrorist activities. (JP 1-02)
2. (Army) Counter-
intelligence counters or neutralizes intelligence collection efforts
through collection, CI investigations, operations, analysis and
production, and functional and technical services. CI includes all
actions taken to detect, identify, exploit, and neutralize the multi-
discipline intelligence activities of friends, competitors, oppo-
nents, adversaries, and enemies; and is the key intelligence
community contributor to protect US interests and equities.
(FM 2-0) (¶1-111)
CP
command post
CRN
command radio net
CS
combat support
CSG
cryptologic support group
CSS
combat service support
CSSCS
Combat Service Support Control System
CT
Counterterrorism
*cueing
The use of one or more sensor systems to provide data that directs
collection by other systems. (¶2-53)
CWT
combat weather team
DA
Department of the Army
DAC
Department of the Army Civilian
DAPDM
Department of the Army Production and Dissemination Manage-
ment
DCI
Director of Central Intelligence
DCS, G2
Deputy Chief of Staff, Intelligence
Glossary-4
_________________________________________________________________________________ Glossary
*debriefing
The systematic questioning of individuals to procure information
to answer specific collection requirements by direct and indirect
questioning techniques. (¶6-4)
DF
direction finding
DHS
Defense HUMINT Service
DIA
Defense Intelligence Agency
DIAC
Defense Intelligence Analysis Center
DIMHRS
Defense Integrated Management Human Resource System
DIO
Defensive Information Operations
DISCOM
Division Support Command
DISUM
daily intelligence summary
DLPT
Defense Language Proficiency Test
DMS
Director of Military Support
DOCEX
document exploitation
*document exploitation
The systematic extraction of information from all media formats
in response to collection requirements. (¶6-4)
DOD
Department of Defense
DOJ
Department of Justice
DOT
Department of Transportation
DP
decision point
DPM
dissemination program manager
DS
direct support
DSM
decision support matrix
DST
decision support template
EA
electronic attack
EAC
echelons above corps
ECOA
enemy course of action
EEFI
essential elements of friendly information
ELINT
electronic intelligence
EM
electromagnetic
eMILPO
electronic Military Personnel Office System
EMS
electromagnetic spectrum
E-O
electro-optical
EOB
electronic order of battle
EOD
explosive ordinance disposal
Glossary-5
FM 2-0 ___________________________________________________________________________________
EP
electronic protection
EPW
enemy prisoner of war
ES
electronic warfare support (Army)
*evaluating
1. Comparing relevant information (RI) on the situation or oper-
ation against criteria to determine success or progress. (FM 6-0)
2. In intelligence usage, appraisal of an item of information in
terms of credibility, reliability, pertinence, and accuracy. (FM 2-0)
(¶1-26 and 1-98)
EW
electronic warfare
EWS
electronic warfare support (joint)
FBI
Federal Bureau of Investigation
FDA
functional damage assessment
FDU
Force Design Update
FEMA
Federal Emergency Management Agency
FFIR
friendly force information requirement
FISINT
foreign instrumentation signals intelligence
FISS
Foreign Intelligence Security Service
FLPP
Foreign Language Proficiency Pay
FM
Field Manual
FMA
foreign materiel acquisition
FME
foreign materiel exploitation
FMEP
Foreign Materiel Exploitation Program
FMP
Foreign Materiel Program
FMT
Foreign Materiel for Training
FP
force protection
FRAGO
fragmentary order
FS
fire support
FSAC
Fire Support Armaments Center
FSE
fire support element
FSO
fire support officer
G1
Assistant Chief of Staff, Personnel
G2
Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence
G3
Assistant Chief of Staff, Operations
G4
Assistant Chief of Staff, Logistics
G5
Assistant Chief of Staff, Civil/Military Affairs
Glossary-6
_________________________________________________________________________________ Glossary
G6
Assistant Chief of Staff, Command, Control, Communications,
and Computer Operations
G7
Assistant Chief of Staff, Information Operations
GMI
general military intelligence
GPS
Global Positioning System
GS
general support
GS-R
general support-reinforcing
HN
host nation
HOC
HUMINT operations cell
HPT
high-payoff target
HQ
headquarters
HQDA
Headquarters, Department of the Army
HSI
hyperspectral imaging
HUMINT
human intelligence
*human intelligence
Collection by a trained HUMINT collector of foreign information
from people and multimedia to identify elements, intentions,
composition, strength, dispositions, tactics, equipment, personnel,
and capabilities. It uses human sources and a variety of collection
methods, both passively and actively, to gather information to
satisfy the commander’s intelligence requirements and cross-cue
other intelligence disciplines. (¶1-106 and ¶6-1)
HVT
high-value target
I/R
internment and resettlement (operations)
I&W
indications and warnings
ICC
Intelligence Coordination Center (US Coast Guard)
ICF
intelligence contingency fund
ICL
intelligence coordination line
IDC
Information Dominance Center
IIR
intelligence information report
IM
information management
IMA
individual mobilization augmentee
IMEP
International Materiel Evaluation Program
IMETS
Integrated Meteorological System
IMINT
imagery intelligence
*indications and
(joint) Those intelligence activities intended to detect and
warning
report time-sensitive intelligence information on foreign
developments that could involve a threat to the United States or
Glossary-7
FM 2-0 ___________________________________________________________________________________
allied and/or coalition military, political, or economic interests or
to US citizens abroad. It includes forewarning of enemy actions or
intentions; the imminence of hostilities; insurgency; nuclear or
non-nuclear attack on the United States, its overseas forces, or
allied and/or coalition nations; hostile reactions to US
reconnaissance activities; terrorists attacks; and other similar
events. (¶2-19)
*indicator
(Army) Positive or negative evidence of threat activity or any
characteristic of the AO which points toward threat
vulnerabilities or the adoption or rejection by the threat of a
particular capability, or which may influence the commander’s
selection of a COA. Indicators may result from previous actions or
from threat failure to take action. (FM 2-0) (¶5-14)
INFOSEC
information security
*infrastructure
1. (joint) All building and permanent installations necessary for
support, redeployment, and military forces operations
(e.g.,
barracks, headquarters, airfields, communications facilities,
stores, port installations, and maintenance stations). (JP 4-01.8)
2. (Army) In intelligence usage, the basic underlying framework
or feature of a thing; in economics, basic resources,
communications, industries, and so forth, upon which others
depend; in insurgency, the organization
(usually hidden) of
insurgent leadership. (FM 2-0) (¶5-8)
INR
Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State
INS
Immigration and Naturalization Service
INSCOM
US Army Intelligence and Security Command
intelligence
1. (joint) The product resulting from the collection, processing,
integration, analysis, evaluation, and interpretation of available
information concerning foreign countries or areas. 2. Information
and knowledge about an adversary obtained through observation,
investigation, analysis, or understanding. (¶1-3)
*intelligence
A line that designates the boundary between AOIRs. The G2/S2
coordination line
establishes ICLs to facilitate coordination between higher, lateral,
and subordinate units; coordinates with the G3/S3 to direct
subordinates to track enemy units and HPTs in their areas; and
hands over intelligence responsibility for areas of the battlefield.
The establishment of ICLs ensures that there are no gaps in the
collection effort; that all echelons are aware of the location, mis-
sion, and capabilities of other assets; facilitates asset cueing, and
provides timely exchange of information between assets. The
G2/S2 keeps abreast of collection activities in progress
(all
echelons) and battlefield developments through the ICLs.
(¶3-13)
intelligence discipline
(joint) A well-defined area of intelligence collection, processing,
exploitation, and reporting using a specific category of technical
or human resources. There are seven major disciplines: human
Glossary-8
_________________________________________________________________________________ Glossary
intelligence, imagery intelligence, measurement and signature
intelligence, signals intelligence
(communications intelligence,
electronic intelligence, and foreign instrumentation signals intel-
ligence), all-source intelligence, technical intelligence, and
counterintelligence. (¶1-104)
*intelligence process
A theoretical model used to describe intelligence operations. The
intelligence process is not a framework for actual operations
because the functions and common tasks occur in parallel as
opposed to sequentially. (¶1-91)
*intelligence products
Intelligence products are generally placed in one of six categories:
I&W, current, general military, target, S&T, and CI. The
categories are distinguished from each other primarily by the
purpose for which the intelligence was produced. The categories
often overlap, and the same intelligence data can be used in each
of the categories. (¶1-5)
INTREP
intelligence report
INTSUM
intelligence summary
*intelligence
(Army) Those requirements generated from the staff’s IRs
requirements
regarding the enemy and environment that are not a part of the
CCIR
(PIR and FFIR). Intelligence requirements require
collection and can pro-vide answers in order to identify indicators
of enemy actions or intent, which reduce the uncertainties
associated with an operation. Significant changes (i.e., branches
and sequels) with an operation usually lead to changes in
intelligence requirements. (¶2-7)
*intelligence running
The intelligence running estimate is a continuous flow and pre-
estimate
sentation of relevant information and predictive intelligence that,
when combined with the other staff running estimates, enable the
decisionmaker’s visualization and situational understanding of
the AOI in order to achieve information superiority. The
intelligence running estimate requires constant verification to
support situational understanding of the current situation as well
as predictive assessments for future operations. (¶5-30)
*intelligence
The task that ensures ISR operations are linked to the comman-
synchronization
der’s requirements and respond in time to influence decisions and
operations. The intelligence officer, with staff participation,
synchronizes the entire collection effort to include all assets the
commander controls, assets of lateral units and higher echelons
units and organizations, and intelligence reach to answer the
commander’s CCIR (PIR and FFIR). (¶1-24)
*intelligence
The plan the intelligence officer uses, with staff input, to synchro-
synchronization plan
nize the entire collection effort to include all assets the
commander controls, assets of lateral units, and higher echelon
units and organizations, and intelligence reach to answer the
commander’s CCIR (PIR and FFIR). (¶1-38)
IO
information operations
Glossary-9
FM 2-0 ___________________________________________________________________________________
IPB
intelligence preparation of the battlefield
IPIR
Initial Phase Imagery Report
IPTF
international police task force
IR
information requirement
IRINT
infrared intelligence
IRR
Individual Ready Reserve
ISM
intelligence synchronization matrix
ISR
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance
J2
Joint Staff Directorate, Intelligence
J2A
Joint Staff Directorate, Intelligence (Administrative)
J2J
Joint Staff Directorate, Intelligence (Joint)
J2M
Joint Staff Directorate, Intelligence (Management)
J2O
Joint Staff Directorate, Intelligence (Operations)
J2P
Joint Staff Directorate, Intelligence (Assessments, Doctrine)
J2T
Joint Staff Directorate, Intelligence (Targeting)
J2X
Joint Staff Directorate, Intelligence (CI & HUMINT)
J3
Joint Staff Directorate, Operations
J5
Joint Staff Directorate, Civil Affairs
JAC
Joint Analysis Center
JCMEC
Joint Captured Materiel Exploitation Center
JCO
Joint Commission Observers
JCS
Joint Chiefs of Staff
JDEC
Joint Document Exploitation Center
JDISS
Joint Deployable Intelligence Support System
JFC
joint force commander
JIAWG
joint interagency working group
JIC
Joint Intelligence Center
JIF
Joint Interrogation Facility
JISE
joint intelligence support element
JOA
joint operations area
JP
Joint Publication
JSTARS
Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System
JTF
joint task force
JTMD
joint table of mobilization and distribution
Glossary-10
_________________________________________________________________________________ Glossary
JWICS
Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System
LAN
local area network
LASINT
laser intelligence
LCC
land component commander
LEA
law enforcement agency
LIDAR
laser radar
LN
local national
LNO
liaison officer
LOC
line of communication
LOS
line of sight
LPT
logistics preparation of the theater
LTIOV
latest time information is of value
MACOM
major Army command
MASINT
measurement and signature intelligence
*materiel
(Army) In intelligence usage, the all-encompassing term for the
weapons systems, equipment, apparatus, documents, and
supplies of a foreign military force or nonmilitary organization.
(¶2-24)
MCIA
Marine Corps Intelligence Agency
MCOO
modified combined obstacle overlay
MCS
Maneuver Control System
MDMP
military decisionmaking process
MEA
munitions effects assessment
METL
mission-essential task list
METT-TC
mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops
and
support
available, time available, civil considerations
MI
military intelligence
MLT
machine language translation
MNFC
multinational force commander
MO
method of operation
MOPP
mission-oriented protective posture
MOS
military occupational specialty
MP
military police
MSC
major subordinate command
MSE
mobile subscriber equipment
Glossary-11
FM 2-0 ___________________________________________________________________________________
MSI
multi-spectral imagery
MSIC
Missile and Space Intelligence Center
MTI
moving target indicator
MTOE
modified table of organization and equipment
MTW
major theater war
NAI
named area of interest
NAIC
National Air Intelligence Center
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NBC
nuclear, biological, and chemical
NCA
National Command Authorities
NCO
noncommissioned officer
NCR
national cryptologic representative
NCTI
non-cooperative target identification
NEO
noncombatant evacuation operation
NFH
National Defense Headquarters, Canada
NGA
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
NGO
non-governmental organization
NIC
National Intelligence Center
NIIRS
National Imagery Interpretability Rating Scale
NIMA
National Imagery and Mapping Agency
NIST
National Intelligence Support Team
NLT
not later than
NMCC
National Military Command
NMIC
National Maritime Intelligence Center
NMJIC
National Military Joint Intelligence Center
NRO
National Reconnaissance Office
NRT
near-real time
NSA
National Security Agency
NSC
National Security Council
NUCINT
Nuclear Intelligence
NVD
night vision device
OB
order of battle
OE
operational environment
OMA
Office of Military Affairs
Glossary-12
_________________________________________________________________________________ Glossary
OMB
Office of Management and Budget
OMT
operational management team
ONDCP
Office of National Drug Control Policy
ONI
Office of Naval Intelligence
ONIR
overhead non-imaging infrared
OPCON
operational control
OPLAN
operation plan
OPORD
operation order
OPSEC
operations security
OSC
operations support cell
OSCE
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
OSD
Office of the Secretary of Defense
OSINT
open-source intelligence
PAO
Public Affairs Office
PDA
physical damage assessment
PIAP
Police Information Assessment Program
PIO
police intelligence operations
PIR
priority intelligence requirement
PME
peacetime military engagement
POC
point of contact
POD
port of debarkation
POE
port of embarkation
*predictive intelligence
Intelligence analysis conclusions, assessments or products that
attempt to define, describe, present, or portray the future
situation or condition of the enemy or battlespace. (¶1-3)
*priority intelligence
(joint) Those intelligence requirements for which a commander
requirements has an anticipated and stated priority in his task of planning and
decision-making. (FM 2-0) (¶1-32)
*process/
A function of the intelligence process that involves converting
processing
collected data, which is not already in a comprehensible form
when it is reported, into a form that is understandable and
suitable for analysis and production of intelligence. Examples of
processing include developing film, enhancing imagery,
translating a document from a foreign language, converting
electronic data into a standardized report that can be analyzed by
a system operator, and correlating dissimilar or jumbled
information by assembling like elements before the information is
forwarded for analysis. (FM 2-0) (¶1-96)
Glossary-13
FM 2-0 ___________________________________________________________________________________
*production
In intelligence usage, conversion of information into intelligence
through the integration, analysis, evaluation, and interpretation
of all source data and the preparation of intelligence products in
support of known or anticipated user requirements. (¶4-20)
PSYOP
psychological operations
QRC
quick reaction capability
QRF
quick reaction force
R&D
research and development
RADINT
radar intelligence
RC
reserve component
RDEC
Research, Development, and Engineering Center
REMBASS
Remotely Monitored Battlefield Sensor System
*requirements
The intelligence task that develops a prioritized list of what infor-
management
mation needs to be collected and produced into intelligence,
dynamically updates and adjusts those requirements in response
to mission adjustments/changes, and places a latest time intelli-
gence is of value to ensure intelligence and information is
reported to meet operational requirements. (¶2-83)
RF
radio frequency
RFI
request for information
RFW
radio frequency weapon
RI
relevant information
RM
requirements management
ROE
rules of engagement
ROK
Republic of Korea
ROZ
restricted operating zone
RSO&I
reception, staging, onward movement, and integration
RSOC
Regional Security Operations Center
RSP
render safe procedure
RTCAE
Regional Technical Control and Analysis Element
running estimate
A staff estimate, continuously updated, based on new information
as the operation proceeds. (FM 6-0) (¶5-28)
S&T
scientific and technical
S&TI
scientific and technical intelligence
S1
Staff Officer, Personnel
S2
Staff Officer, Intelligence
S2X
Staff Officer, Intelligence (CI & HUMINT)
Glossary-14
_________________________________________________________________________________ Glossary
S3
Staff Officer, Operations
S4
Staff Officer, Logistics
S5
Staff Officer, Civil Affairs
S6
Staff Officer, Command, Control, Communications, and Computer
Operations
SAP
special access program
SAR
synthetic aperture radar
SATCOM
satellite communications
SBCCOM
Chemical and Biological Defense Command
SCI
sensitive compartmented information
SCIF
sensitive compartmented information facility
SIDPERS
Standard Installation Division Personnel System
SIGINT
signals intelligence
SIGO
signal officer
SII
statement of intelligence interest
SIO
senior intelligence officer
SIPRNET
Secret Internet Protocol Router Network
SIR
specific information requirement
SITMAP
situation map
*situation template
(Army) A depiction of a potential adversary course of action as
part of a particular adversary operation. Situation templates are
developed on the adversary’s current situation
(for example,
training and experience levels, logistic status, losses, and
disposition), the environment, and adversary doctrine or patterns
of operations. The commander dictates the level to depict the
adversary based on the factors of METT-TC (at minimum two
levels of command below the friendly force) as a part of his
guidance for mission analysis. (FM 2-0) (¶1-58)
SJA
staff judge advocate
SMU
special mission unit
SOCOM
satellite communications on-the-move
SOF
special operations forces
SOFA
status of forces agreement
SOP
standing operating procedure
SOTA
SIGINT operational tasking authority
SR
special reconnaissance
SRTD
signals research and target development
Glossary-15
FM 2-0 ___________________________________________________________________________________
SSO
special security office
STANAG
standardization agreement (NATO)
STICEUR
Scientific and Technology Intelligence Center Europe
SUPR
supplemental imagery report
SWO
staff weather officer
TA
target acquisition
TACON
tactical control
*tactical questioning
The expedient initial questioning for information of immediate
tactical value. (FM 2-0) (¶6-6)
TAI
target area of interest
TCAE
technical control and analysis element
TCN
third-country national
*technical control
The technical function to ensure adherence to existing policies or
regulations and provide technical guidance for MI activities,
particularly HUMINT, SIGINT, and CI operations.
(FM
2-0)
(¶3-23)
TECHINT
technical intelligence
TECOM
Test and Evaluation Command
TENCAP
Tactical Exploitation of National Capabilities
TEU
Technical Escort Unit
THREATCON
threat condition
TIB
Theater Intelligence Brigade
TIG
Theater Intelligence Group
TIM
toxic industrial material
TLP
troop-leading procedure
TOC
tactical operations center
TPFDD
Time Phased Force Deployment Data
TRADOC
US Army Training and Doctrine Command
TSA
target system assessment
TSCM
Technical Surveillance Countermeasures
TSE
theater support element
TTP
tactics, techniques, and procedures
TVA
threat vulnerability assessment
UAV
unmanned aerial vehicle
UN
United Nations
Glossary-16
_________________________________________________________________________________ Glossary
US
United States
USAF
United States Air Force
USAR
United States Army Reserve
USC
United States Code
USCENTCOM
United States Central Command
USCG
United States Coast Guard
USCS
United States Cryptologic System
USEUCOM
United States European Command
USJFCOM
United States Joint Forces Command
USMC
United States Marine Corps
USNORTHCOM
United States Northern Command
USPACECOM
United States Space Command
USPACOM
United States Pacific Command
USSID
United States Signal Intelligence Directive
USSOCOM
United States Special Operations Command
USSOUTHCOM
United States Southern Command
USSPACECOM
United States Space Command
USSTRATCOM
United States Strategic Command
USTRANSCOM
United States Transportation Command
VJ2
Vice J2
VTC
video teleconference
WAN
wide area network
WARNO
warning order
WMD
weapons of mass destruction
WO
warrant officer
Glossary-17
Bibliography
The bibliography lists field manuals published with new numbers
followed by old number.
DOCUMENTS NEEDED
These documents must be available to the intended users of this publication.
JP 1-02. Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms.
June 1999. [Online] Available http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/
FM 1-02/MCRP 5-2A. Operational Terms and Symbols (Drag Draft). 21 February
2003.
READINGS RECOMMENDED
These sources contain relevant supplemental information.
ARMY PUBLICATIONS
Most Army doctrinal publications are available online:
AR 381-10. US Army Intelligence Activities. 1 July 1984.
AR 381-12. Subversion and Espionage Directed Against the U.S. Army (SAEDA).
15 January 1993.
AR 381-20. The Army Counterintelligence Program. 15 November 1993.
AR 611-6. Army Linguist Management. 16 February 1996.
AR 715-9. Contractors Accompanying the Force. 29 October 1999.
FM 1 (100-1). The Army. 14 June 2001.
FM 2-19.402. STRYKER Brigade Combat Team Intelligence Operations.
1 March 2003.
FM 2-19.602. Surveillance Troop. 1 March 2003.
FM 2-33.5/ST. Intelligence Reach Operations. 1 June 2001.
FM 3-0. Operations. 14 June 2001.
FM 3-05.102. Army Special Operations
Forces Intelligence. 31 August 2001
(formerly FM 34-36).
FM 3-05.30. Psychological Operations. 19 June 2000.
FM 3-06.11. Combined Arms
Operations in Urban Terrain. 28 February 2002.
FM 3-13. Information Operations. 28 November 2003 (formerly FM 100-6).
FM 3-19. NBC Reconnaissance. 19 November 1993.
FM 3-19.1. Military Police Operations. 22 March 2001.
Bibliography-1
FM 2-0 ____________________________________________________________________________________
FM 3-19.4. Military Police Leaders’ Handbook. 4 March 2002.
FM 3-19.40. Military Police Internment/Resettlement Operations.
30 September 1987.
FM 3-20.98. Reconnaissance Platoon. May 2001.
FM 34-2. Collection Management and Synchronization Planning. 8 March 1994.
FM 34-52. (FM 2-22-3) Human Intelligence. 28 September 1992.
FM 3-90. Tactics. 4 July 2001.
FM 3-90.3. The Mounted Brigade Combat Team. 1 November 2001.
FM 3-100.4. Environmental Considerations in Military Operations. 15 June 2000,
Change 1, 11 May 2001.
FM 3-100.21. Contractors on the Battlefield. 26 March 2000.
FM 5-170. Engineer Reconnaissance. 5 May 1998.
FM 6-0. Mission Command: Command and Control of Army Forces.
11 August 2003.
FM 6-20-10. Tactics. Techniques, and Procedures for the Targeting Process.
8 May 1996.
FM 6-121. Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Field Artillery Target
Acquisition. 25 September 1990.
FM 7-0. Training the Force. 22 October 2002.
FM 7-10. The Infantry Rifle Company. 14 December 1990.
FM 7-15. Army Universal Task List. 31 August 2003.
FM 7-92. The Infantry Reconnaissance Platoon and Squad (Airborne, Air
Assault, Light Infantry). 23 December 1992.
FM 7-100. Opposing Force Doctrinal Framework and Strategy. 1 May 2003.
FM 17-97. Cavalry Troop. 3 October 1995.
FM 17-98. Scout Platoon. 10 April 1999.
FM 19-1. Military Police Support for the Airland Battle. 23 May 1988.
FM 27-10. The Law of Land Warfare. 18 July 1956.
FM 31-20-5. Special Reconnaissance Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for
Special Forces. 23 March 1993.
FM 34-2-1. Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Reconnaissance and
Surveillance and Intelligence to Counterreconnaissance. 19 June 1991.
FM 34-3. Intelligence Analysis. 15 March 1990.
FM 34-8-2.
Intelligence Officer’s Handbook. 1 May 1998.
FM 34-10. Division Intelligence and Electronic War
fare Operations.
25 November 1986.
Bibliography-2
______________________________________________________________________________ Bibliography
FM 34-25. Corps Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Operations.
30 September 1987.
FM 34-37. Echelons Above Corps (EAC) Intelligence and Electronic
Warfare
(IEW) Operations. 15 January 1991.
FM 34-54. Technical Intelligence. 30 January 1998.
FM 34-80. Brigade and Battalion Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Operations.
15 April 1986.
FM 34-130.
Intelligenc P
eparation of the Battlefield. 8 July 1994.
FM 4-0. Combat Service Support. 29 August 2003.
FM 41-10. Civil Affairs Operations. 14 February 2000.
FM 100-25. Doctrine for Army Special Operations Forces. August 1999.
FM 101-5. Staff Organization and Operations. 31 May 1997.
FM 101-5-1. Operational Terms and Graphics. 30 September 1997.
FM 101-5-2. US Army Report and Message Formats. 29 June 1999.
ST 2-22.7. Tactical Human Intelligence and Counterintelligence Operations.
April 2002.
ST 2-33.5. Intelligence Reach Operations. 1 June 2001.
ST 2-50. Intelligence
and Electronic Warfare Assets. June 2002.
ST 2-50.4. Combat Commanders’ Handbook on Intelligence. September 2001
(formerly FM 34-81, 28 September 1992).
JOINT PUBLICATIONS
Most joint publications are available online: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/
JP 0-2. Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF). 10 July 2001.
JP 1. Joint Warfare for the US Armed Forces. 14 November 2000.
JP 1-06. Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Financial Management
During Joint Operations. 22 December 1999.
JP 2-0. Joint Doctrine for Intelligence to Operations. January 2000.
JP 2-01. Joint Intelligence Support to Military Operations. 20 November 1996.
JP 2-01.1. Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Intelligence Support to
Targeting. 9 January 2003.
JP 2-01.3. Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Joint Intelligence
Preparation of the Battlespace, 24 May 2000.
JP 2-02. National Intelligence to
Joint Operations. 28 September 1998.
JP 2-03. Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Geospatial Information
and Services Support to Joint Operations. 31 March 1999.
JP 3-0. Doctr
ine and Joint Operations. 1 February 1995.
JP 3-07. Joint Doctrine for Military Operations Other Than War. 16 June 1995.
Bibliography-3
FM 2-0 ____________________________________________________________________________________
JP 3-07.2. JTTP for Antiterrorism. 17 March 1998.
JP 3-08. Interagency Coordination During Joint Operations, Volume II.
9 October 1996.
JP 3-09. Doctrine for Joint Fire Support. 12 May 1998.
JP 3-09.1. Joint Tactics, Techniques
and Procedures for Laser Designation
Operations. 28 May 1999.
JP 3-11. Joint Doctrine for Operations in Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical
(NBC) Environments. 11 July 2000.
JP 3-13. Joint Doctrine for Information Operations. 9 October 1998.
JP 3-18. Joint Doctrine for Forcible Entry Operations. 16 July 2001.
e
JP 3-35. Joint Deployment and Red
ployment Operations. 7 September 1999.
JP 3-51. Joint Doctrine for Electronic Warfare. 7 April 2000.
JP 3-55. Doctrine for Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition
Support for Joint Operations (RSTA). 14 April 1993.
JP 3-57. Joint Doctrine for Civil-Military Operations. 8 February 2001.
JP 3-60. Joint Doctrine for Targeting. 17 January 2002.
JP 4-0. Doctrine for Logistic Support of Joint Operations. 6 April 2000.
JP 5-0. Doctrine for Planning Joint Operations. 13 April 1995.
JP 5-00.2. Joint Task Force Planning Guidance and Procedures.
13 January 1999.
PUBLIC LAWS AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS
The United States Code is available online: http://uscode.house.gov/usc.htm
EO 12333. United States Intelligence Activities. 4 December 1981.
CJCS Instruction 1301.01, Policy and Procedures to Assign Individuals to Meet
Combatant Command Mission-Related Temporary Duty Requirements.
1 July 2001.
CJCSM 3500.04C. Universal Joint Task List. 1 July 2002.
Military Standard 2525B, DOD Interface Standard, Common Warfighting
Symbology. 30 January 1999.
PUBLICATIONS UNDER DEVELOPMENT
FM 2-01. Intelligence Synchronization. When published tentatively in July 2004,
FM 2-01 will supersede FM 34-2, 8 March 1994, and FM 34-2-1,
19 June 1991.
FM 2-01.2. Counter
intelligence Analys
is. When published tentatively in
April 2005, FM 2-01.2 will supersede FM 34-60, 3 October 1995.
FM 2-01.3. Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield. When published
tentatively December 2004, FM 2-01.3 will supersede FM 34-130, 8 July
1994.
Bibliography-4
______________________________________________________________________________ Bibliography
FM 3-07.2. Force Protection. To be published tentatively in August 2005.
FM 5-0. Army Planning and Orders Production. When published tentatively in
November 2004, FM 5-0 will supersede that portion of FM 101-5 not
superseded by FM 6-0.
ST 2-91.6. Small Unit Support to Intelligence. To be published tentatively in
April 2004.
Bibliography-5
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