FM 3-07 Stability Operations (October 2008) - page 5

 

  Главная      Manuals     FM 3-07 Stability Operations (October 2008)

 

Search            copyright infringement  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Content      ..     3      4      5     

 

 

 

 

FM 3-07 Stability Operations (October 2008) - page 5

 

 

Provincial Reconstruction Teams
National Security Transition Command-Iraq. The officer manages training and assistance for police,
courts, and prisons without reference to a PRT.
F-22. The provincial action officer is a Department of State foreign service representative and primary
reporting officer. This officer meets with local authorities and reports daily to American embassy officials
on PRT activities, weekly summaries, analysis of local political and economic developments, and meetings
with local officials and private citizens. The provincial action officer assists others in the PRT with
promoting local governance. Political and economic reporting by the PRT Department of State officers
provides firsthand information on conditions outside of forward operating base.
F-23. The public diplomacy officer is a Department of State foreign service officer. This officer is
responsible for press relations, public affairs programming, and public outreach through meetings between
the PRT and local officials. The public diplomacy officer also escorts visitors to the PRT and its
operational area.
F-24. The agricultural advisor is a representative of the Department of Agriculture. The agricultural
advisor works with provincial authorities to develop agricultural assistance programs and promote
agriculture-related industries. Agricultural advisors are volunteer representatives recruited from each
agency of the Department of Agriculture to serve one-year tours. The Department of Agriculture tries to
match its personnel specialties to the specific needs of each PRT.
F-25. The engineer is a representative of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The engineer trains and
advises host-nation engineers working on provincial development projects. The engineer assists the PRT
with project assessments, designing scope-of-work statements for contracts with local companies, site
supervision, and project management. The engineer advises the team leader on reconstruction projects and
development activities in the province.
F-26. The development officer is a USAID representative. The development officer coordinates USAID
assistance and training programs and works with provincial authorities to promote economic and
infrastructure development. This officer coordinates development-related activities within the PRT and
supervises locally hired USAID staff.
F-27. The governance team is under a USAID contract. A contracted organization provides a three-person
team that offers training and technical advice to members of provincial councils and provincial
administrators. These small teams aim to improve the operation, efficiency, and effectiveness of provincial
governments. The team provides hands-on training in the provision of public services, finance, accounting,
and personnel management. Contracted personnel take guidance from the USAID representative but
function under a national contract administered from the American embassy. The contracted organization
maintains offices (nodes) that can provide additional specialists on request in major cities.
F-28. The civil affairs team represents the largest component of the PRT with Army civil affairs advisors
performing tasks across each area of PRT operations. Civil affairs advisors are mostly military reserve
personnel on temporary duty; they represent a broad range of civilian occupations. The PRT makes special
efforts to use these personnel in areas where their civilian specialties apply. For example, a civil affairs
reservist who is a police officer in civilian life is normally assigned to the PRT rule of law team.
F-29. The bilingual bicultural advisor is typically a host-nation expatriate with U.S. or coalition citizenship
under contract to the Department of Defense. This advisor serves as a primary contact with provincial
government officials and local citizens. The bilingual bicultural advisor advises other PRT members on
local culture, politics, and social issues. Advisors must possess a college degree and speak both English
and the indigenous language of the operational area.
OPERATIONS
F-30. A PRT resides at a forward operating base and operates within a brigade combat team’s operational
area. A PRT relies on the maneuver unit capabilities for security, transport, and sustainment. The brigade
combat team provides available military assets to the PRT under an agreement between the American
embassy and the multination force. The military assets and personnel enable convoy movements for PRT
personnel.
6 October 2008
FM 3-07
F-5
Appendix F
F-31. Security operations are not a Department of State capability. Normally, military forces take the lead
while operating in the current post-conflict environment characterized by continuing violence. For
example, in Iraq, the military directs operations and the PRT is embedded within a brigade combat team’s
operational area. The PRT maintains its primary functions—governance, security, and reconstruction—as a
Department of State competency. In Afghanistan, military officers lead a PRT. The Department of State
and other civilian agencies have an essential role in the operation of the PRT, but military leadership
provides unity of command.
F-32. The PRT must possess a clear concept of operations, objectives, and guidelines following a period of
experimentation. This effort must include a delineation of civil-military command authority within a PRT,
including the supervision of contractors. These measures should also be coordinated with coalition partners
so they are consistent with the operational concepts that govern the PRT.
F-33. Priority assignments and specialized training produce better teams than volunteers and on-the-job
learning. A PRT often operates in stressful, uncertain, and dangerous environments. PRT assignments
require officers with the proper rank and experience. This applies to USAID and other civilian agencies.
Employing retirees, junior officers, or civil affairs advisors as substitutes for civilian experts limits
competence and reduces effectiveness. Contractors are not designed to permanently replace Federal
representatives, despite their training or level of expertise. A PRT requires Federal employees with an
understanding of Federal agency function and knowledge of requirements necessary to influence and
deliver project results. Junior officers bring energy and enthusiasm but may not have the same impact as
veteran government employees, especially in the areas of languages and social and cultural expertise.
SUMMARY
F-34. A PRT is an essential part of a long-term strategy to transition the functions of security, governance,
and economics to provincial governments. It is a potential combat multiplier for maneuver commanders
performing governance and economics functions and providing expertise to programs designed to
strengthen infrastructure and the institutions of local governments. The PRT leverages the principles of
reconstruction and development to build host-nation capacity while speeding the transition of security,
justice, and economic development to the control of the host nation.
F-6
FM 3-07
6 October 2008
Appendix G
Summary of Changes
SUMMARY OF MAJOR CHANGES
G-1. This appendix summarizes the major doctrinal changes made by this field manual.
CHAPTER 1 - THE STRATEGIC CONTEXT
G-2. Chapter 1 makes the following changes:
z
Introduces the comprehensive approach to stability operations that combines the integration
achieved through unified action and whole of government engagement to forge unity of effort.
Prescribes the term whole of government approach as an approach that integrates the
collaborative efforts of the departments and agencies of the United States Government to
achieve unity of effort toward a shared goal. Prescribes the term comprehensive approach as
an approach that integrates the cooperative efforts of the departments and agencies of the United
States Government, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations, multinational
partners, and private sector entities to achieve unity of effort toward a shared goal.
z
Prescribes the term conflict transformation as the overarching term for unified action to
change the conditions of a fragile state to those of enduring peace and stability.
z
Prescribes the term capacity building as the overarching term for the process that aims to build
host-nation capacity in stability operations.
z
Prescribes the term rule of law as the principle that ensures accountability to laws that are
publically promulgated, equally enforced, and independently adjudicated.
z
Prescribes the term fragile state to encompass broad spectrum of recovering, failing, and failed
states. Describes a fragile state as either a vulnerable state or a crisis state.
z
Prescribes the term reconstruction as the process of rebuilding degraded, damaged or destroyed
political, socioeconomic, or physical infrastructure of a country.
z
Prescribes the term stabilization as the process by which underlying tensions that might lead to
resurgence in violence or a breakdown in law and order are managed and reduced.
CHAPTER 2 - STABILITY IN FULL SPECTRUM OPERATIONS
G-3. Chapter 2 makes the following changes:
z
Prescribes the term governance to account for the rules, processes, and behavior by which
interests are articulated, resources are managed, and power is exercised in a society.
z
Introduces the failed states spectrum to understand engagement and intervention activities in
terms of the progress toward stabilizing the operational environment.
z
Introduces the stability operations framework to link Army stability operations with joint and
interagency approaches. This framework uses the failed states spectrum to describe the
operational environment and the essential stability task matrix phases to delineate intervention
activities.
z
Describes how full spectrum operations support unified action and integrated information
engagement in stability operations.
CHAPTER 3 - ESSENTIAL STABILITY TASKS
G-4. Chapter 3 makes the following changes:
6 October 2008
FM 3-07
G-1
Appendix G
z
Addresses essential stability tasks in terms of those always performed by military forces, those
military forces must be prepared to perform, and those best performed by civilians with the
appropriate level of expertise. This discussion further defines these terms according to their
likely execution horizon according to the Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and
Stabilization essential task matrix.
z
Establishes stability-focused core and directed mission-essential task lists for corps-, division-,
and brigade-level organizations.
CHAPTER 4 - PLANNING FOR STABILITY OPERATIONS
G-5. Chapter 4 makes the following changes:
z
Describes how leader and Soldier engagement helps to developing understanding.
z
Expands on the discussion of stability mechanisms from capstone doctrine and describes how
those mechanisms are combined with defeat mechanisms to produce a decisive effect in the
operational environment.
z
Describes how lines of effort are used at different echelons to focus the constructive capabilities
of the force to achieve the broad objectives and conditions established for a stability operation.
z
Introduces a discussion of transitions that is expanded upon to include the opportunity and risk
associated with transitions among military forces, civilian agencies and organizations, and the
host nation.
CHAPTER 5 - TRANSITIONAL MILITARY AUTHORITY
G-6. Chapter 5 makes the following changes:
z
Describes how transitional military authority provides the basic civil functions of the host-
nation government when the host nation no longer is capable of providing those functions.
z
Introduces doctrine for transitional military authority that provides the principles and
fundamentals necessary for military commanders to provide government capability in the
absence of a host-nation government.
z
Provides guidelines for transitional military authority to ensure such authority is provided
according to The Hague and Geneva Conventions.
CHAPTER 6 - SECURITY SECTOR REFORM
G-7. Chapter 6 makes the following changes:
z
Prescribes the term security sector reform as the overarching definition for efforts to establish
or reform the individuals and institutions that provide for the safety and security of the host
nation and its people.
z
Introduces the security sector reform as a fundamental component of stability operations that
combines subordinate tasks from the primary stability tasks. It includes guiding principles and
foundations for security sector reform that help to coordinate the efforts of the wide array of
actors involved.
z
Prescribes the term security force assistance to encompass efforts to organize, train, equip,
rebuild, and advise host-nation security forces.
z
Introduces disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration as a necessary precursor to
security sector reform.
z
Prescribes the terms disarmament for the collection, documentation, control, and disposal of
small arms, ammunition, explosives, and light and heavy weapons of former combatants,
belligerents, and the local populace; and reintegration as the process through which former
combatants and belligerents acquire civilian status and gain sustainable employment and
income. Uses the joint term demobilization to further describe the formal and controlled
discharge of active combatants from armed forces or other armed groups.
G-2
FM 3-07
6 October 2008
Summary of Changes
APPENDIX A - INTERAGENCY, INTERGOVERNMENTAL, AND NONGOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS IN STABILITY OPERATIONS
G-8. Appendix A describes the roles and responsibilities of the various agencies and organizations
involved in most stability operations. It also addresses the critical role of civil affairs forces in providing
liaison and coordination among these groups.
APPENDIX B - INTERAGENCY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
G-9. Appendix B provides an overview of the Interagency Management System, an interagency initiative
that will ensure other government agencies will possess the expeditionary and campaign capabilities
necessary to provide initial response and sustained support to reconstruction and stabilization operations.
APPENDIX C - USAID PRINCIPLES FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
G-10. Appendix C describes the fundamental principles for reconstruction and development used by the
United States Agency for International Development.
APPENDIX D - INTERAGENCY CONFLICT ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW
G-11. Appendix D describes the conflict assessment frameworks in wide use by the other departments and
agencies of the United States Government.
APPENDIX E - HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE PRINCIPLES
G-12. Appendix E outlines the humanitarian response principles adopted and observed by most
nongovernmental organizations. These principles inform military understanding with respect to these
organizations and help to establish a cooperative environment when conducting operations in areas where
such organizations are already present.
APPENDIX F - PROVINCIAL RECONSTRUCTION TEAMS
G-13. Appendix F provides an overview of provincial reconstruction teams and describes how their efforts
can support and complement the broader efforts of the military force.
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
G-14. Table G-1 lists new Army terms for which FM 3-07 is the proponent field manual.
Table G-1. New Army terms
capacity building
disarmament
rule of law
transitional military
authority
comprehensive
fragile state
security force
approach
assistance
vulnerable state
governance
conflict transformation
security sector reform
whole of government
reconstruction
approach
crisis state
stabilization
reintegration
6 October 2008
FM 3-07
G-3
Source Notes
These are the sources used, quoted, or paraphrased in this publication. They are listed
by page number.
vi
“[Stability operations encompass] various…”: JP 3-0, Joint Operations (Washington, DC:
Department of Defense, 17 September 2006, incorporating Change 1, 13 February 2008),
GL-25.
vi
“Stability operations are a core …”: DODD 3000.05, Military Support for Stability, Security,
Transition, and Reconstruction (SSTR) Operations (Washington, DC: Department of
Defense, 28 November 2005), 2 (hereafter cited as DODD 3000.05).
1-1
“It is needless to say that …”: Butler, Colonel Sir William F., Charles George Gordon (New
York: MacMillian and Company, 1889), 84-85.
2-1
“Repeating an Afghanistan or an …”: Gates, Robert M. (Secretary of Defense), “U.S. Global
Leadership Campaign” as speech given on 15 July 2008 at the U.S. Global Leadership
Campaign (Washington, DC),
2008).
3-1
“Many stability operations tasks …”: DODD 3000.05, 2.
4-1
“A plan, like a tree,…”: Hart, Captain Sir Basil Liddell, Thoughts on War (London: Faber
and Faber Limited, 1944), 246.
5-1
“Because of the ideological …”: Coles, Harry L. and Albert K. Weinberg, Civil Affairs:
Soldiers Become Governors (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992), vii.
6-1
“Establishing security involves …”: Stephenson, James, Losing the Golden Hour: An
Insider’s View of Iraq’s Reconstruction (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, Incorporated,
2007), 21.
B-1
“Weak and failed states …”: Herbst, John E., “Stabilization and Reconstruction Operations:
Learning from the Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) Experience,” in a Statement Before
House Armed Services Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations on 30 October 2007
(Washington, DC), http://www.state.gov/s/crs/rls/rm/94379.htm (accessed 4 September
2008).
C-1
“The development community and …”: Natsios, Andrew S., “The Nine Principles of
Reconstruction and Development,” Parameters, Autumn 2005: 19.
F-1
“For the post-September 11 period, …”: Fukuyama, Francis, State-Building: Governance and
World Order in the 21st Century (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2004), 120.
6 October 2008
FM 3-07
Source Notes-1
Glossary
The glossary lists acronyms and terms with Army, multi-Service, or joint definitions,
and other selected terms. Where Army and joint definitions are different, (Army)
follows the term. Terms for which FM 3-07 is the proponent (authority) manual are
marked with an asterisk (*). The proponent manual for other
terms
is
listed
in
parentheses after the definition.
SECTION I - ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
CA
civil affairs
CBRN
chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear
CIA
Central Intelligence Agency
CMETL
core mission-essential task list
CMOC
civil-military operations center
CRC
Civilian Response Corps
CRSG
country reconstruction and stabilization group
DDR
disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration
DMETL
directed mission-essential task list
DOD
Department of Defense
DODD
Department of Defense directive
DOS
Department of State
FM
field manual
ICAF
interagency conflict assessment framework
ICRC
International Committee of the Red Cross
IMS
Interagency Management System
IPC
integration planning cell
JP
joint publication
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NDI
National Democratic Institute
NGHA
nongovernmental humanitarian agency
NGO
nongovernmental organization
NSC
National Security Council
NSPD
national security Presidential directive
OCHA
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
PAO
public affairs officer
PRDC
provincial reconstruction development committee
PRT
provincial reconstruction team
RSO
regional security officer
6 October 2008
FM 3-07
Glossary-1
Glossary
RTI
Research Triangle Institute
SAO
security assistance organization
S/CRS
Department of State, Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and
Stabilization
SFA
security force assistance
SSR
security sector reform
SWEAT-MSO
sewage, water, electricity, academics, trash, medical, safety, and other
considerations
TCAPF
tactical conflict assessment and planning framework
UN
United Nations
UNDPKO
United Nations Department for Peacekeeping Operations
UNSG
United Nations Secretary General
U.S.
United States
USAID
United States Agency for International Development
USG
United States Government
SECTION II - TERMS
adversary
(joint) A party acknowledged as potentially hostile to a friendly party and against which the use of
force may be envisaged. (JP 3-0)
alliance
(joint) The relationship that results from a formal agreement (for example, a treaty) between two or
more nations for broad, long-term objectives that further the common interests of the members.
(JP 3-0)
area of operations
(joint) An operational area defined by the joint force commander for land and maritime forces. Areas
of operation do not typically encompass the entire operational area of the joint force commander, but
should be large enough for component commanders to accomplish their missions and protect their
forces. (JP 3-0)
assessment
(joint) 1. A continuous process that measures the overall effectiveness of employing joint force
capabilities during military operations. 2. Determination of the progress toward accomplishing a task,
creating an effect, or achieving an objective. 3. Analysis of the security, effectiveness, and potential of
an existing or planned intelligence activity. 4. Judgment of the motives, qualifications, and
characteristics of present or prospective employees or “agents. (JP 3-0) (Army) The continuous
monitoring and evaluation of the current situation and progress of an operation. (FM 3-0)
branch
(joint) 1. A subdivision of any organization. 2. A geographically separate unit of an activity, which
performs all or part of the primary functions of the parent activity on a smaller scale. Unlike an annex,
a branch is not merely an overflow addition. 3. An arm or service of the Army. 4. The contingency
options built into the base plan. A branch is used for changing the mission, orientation, or direction of
movement of a force to aid success of the operation based on anticipated events, opportunities, or
disruptions caused by enemy actions and reactions. (JP 5-0)
campaign
(joint) A series of related major operations aimed at achieving strategic and operational objectives
within a given time and space. (JP 5-0)
Glossary-2
FM 3-07
6 October 2008
Glossary
*capacity building
The process of creating an environment that fosters host-nation institutional development, community
participation, human resources development, and strengthening managerial systems.
civil affairs operations
(joint) Those military operations conducted by civil affairs forces that (1) enhance the relationship
between military forces and civil authorities in localities where military forces are present; (2) require
coordination with other interagency organizations, intergovernmental organizations, nongovernmental
organizations, indigenous populations and institutions, and the private sector; and (3) involve
application of functional specialty skills that normally are the responsibility of civil government to
enhance the conduct of civil-military operations. (JP 3-57)
coalition
(joint) An ad hoc arrangement between two or more nations for common action. (JP 5-0)
combat power
(joint) The total means of destructive and/or disruptive force which a military unit/formation can apply
against the opponent at a given time. (JP 4-0) (Army) The total means of destructive and/or disruptive
force which a military unit/formation can apply against the opponent at a given time. Army forces
generate combat power by converting fighting potential into effective action. Combat power includes a
unit’s constructive and information capabilities as well as its disruptive and destructive force. (FM 3-
0)
command
(joint) The authority that a commander in the armed forces lawfully exercises over subordinates by
virtue of rank or assignment. Command includes the authority and responsibility for effectively using
available resources and for planning the employment of, organizing, directing, coordinating, and
controlling military forces for the accomplishment of assigned missions. It also includes responsibility
for health, welfare, morale, and discipline of assigned personnel. 2. An order given by a commander;
that is, the will of the commander expressed for the purpose of bringing about a particular action. 3. A
unit or units, an organization, or an area under the command of one individual. (JP 1)
command and control
(joint) The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and
attached forces in the accomplishment of a mission. Command and control functions are performed
through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures
employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations
in the accomplishment of the mission. (JP 1) (Army) The exercise of authority and direction by a
properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of a mission.
Commanders perform command and control functions through a command and control system.
(FM 6-0)
commander’s intent
(joint) A concise expression of the purpose of the operation and the desired end state. It may also
include the commander’s assessment of the adversary commander’s intent and an assessment of where
and how much risk is acceptable during the operation. (JP 3-0) (Army) A clear, concise statement of
what the force must do and the conditions the force must establish with respect to the enemy, terrain,
and civil considerations that represent the desired end state. (FM 3-0)
commander’s visualization
The mental process of developing situational understanding, determining a desired end state, and
envisioning the broad sequence of events by which the force will achieve that end state. (FM 3-0)
compel
To use, or threaten to use, lethal force to establish control and dominance, effect behavioral change, or
enforce compliance with mandates, agreements, or civil authority. (FM 3-0)
6 October 2008
FM 3-07
Glossary-3
Glossary
*comprehensive approach
An approach that integrates the cooperative efforts of the departments and agencies of the United
States Government, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations, multinational partners,
and private sector entities to achieve unity of effort toward a shared goal.
concept of operations
(joint) A verbal or graphic statement that clearly and concisely expresses what the joint force
commander intends to accomplish and how it will be done using available resources. The concept is
designed to give an overall picture of the operation. (JP 5-0) (Army) A statement that directs the
manner in which subordinate units cooperate to accomplish the mission and establishes the sequence
of actions the force will use to achieve the end state. It is normally expressed in terms of decisive,
shaping, and sustaining operations. (FM 3-0)
conduct
To perform the activities of the operations process: planning, preparing, executing, and continuously
assessing. (FM 6-0)
*conflict transformation
The process of reducing the means and motivations for violent conflict while developing more viable,
peaceful alternatives for the competitive pursuit of political and socioeconomic aspirations.
control
(joint) 1. Authority that may be less than full command exercised by a commander over part of the
activities of subordinate or other organizations. 2. In mapping, charting, and photogrammetry, a
collective term for a system of marks or objects on the Earth or on a map or a photograph, whose
positions or elevations (or both) have been or will be determined. 3. Physical or psychological
pressures exerted with the intent to assure that an agent or group will respond as directed. 4. An
indicator governing the distribution and use of documents, information, or material. Such indicators
are the subject of intelligence community agreement and are specifically defined in appropriate
regulations. (JP 1-02) (Army) 1. In the context of command and control, the regulation of forces and
warfighting functions to accomplish the mission in accordance with the commander’s intent. (FM 3-0)
2. A tactical mission task that requires the commander to maintain physical influence over a specified
area to prevent its use by an enemy. (FM 3-90) 3. An action taken to eliminate a hazard or reduce its
risk. (FM 5-19) 4. In the context of stability mechanisms, to impose civil order. (FM 3-0)
country team
The senior, in-country, U.S. coordinating and supervising body, headed by the chief of the U.S.
diplomatic mission, and composed of the senior member of each represented U.S. department or
agency, as desired by the chief of the U.S. diplomatic mission. (JP 3-07.4)
*crisis state
A nation in which the central government does not exert effective control over its own territory.
decisive operation
The operation that directly accomplishes the mission. It determines the outcome of a major operation,
battle, or engagement. The decisive operation is the focal point around which commanders design the
entire operation. (FM 3-0)
decisive point
(joint) A geographic place, specific key event, critical factor, or function that, when acted upon, allows
commanders to gain a marked advantage over an adversary or contribute materially to achieving
success. (JP 3-0) [Note: In this context, adversary also refers to enemies.]
defeat mechanism
The method through which friendly forces accomplish their mission against enemy opposition.
(FM 3-0)
Glossary-4
FM 3-07
6 October 2008
Glossary
defensive operations
Combat operations conducted to defeat an enemy attack, gain time, economize forces, and develop
conditions favorable for offensive or stability operations. (FM 3-0)
demobilization
(joint) The process of transitioning a conflict or wartime military establishment and defense-based
civilian economy to a peacetime configuration while maintaining national security and economic
vitality. (JP 4-05)
depth
(Army) The extension of operations in time, space, and resources. (FM 3-0)
destroy
1. In the context of defeat mechaisms, to apply lethal combat power on an enemy capability so that it
can no longer perform any function and cannot be restored to a usable condition without being entirely
rebuilt. (FM 3-0) 2. A tactical mission task that physically renders an enemy force combat-ineffective
until it is reconstituted. (FM 3-90)
*disarmament
(Army) The collection, documentation, control, and disposal of small arms, ammunition, explosives,
and light and heavy weapons of former combatants, belligerents, and the local populace.
disintegrate
To disrupt the enemy’s command and control system, degrading the ability to conduct operations
while leading to a rapid collapse of enemy capabilities or the will to fight. (FM 3-0)
dislocate
To employ forces to obtain significant positional advantage, rendering the enemy’s dispositions less
valuable, perhaps even irrelevant. (FM 3-0)
end state
(joint) The set of required conditions that defines achievement of the commander’s objectives. (JP 3-0)
enemy
A party identified as hostile against which the use of force is authorized. (FM 3-0)
engagement
(joint) 1. In air defense, an attack with guns or air-to-air missiles by an interceptor aircraft, or the
launch of an air defense missile by air defense artillery and the missile’s subsequent travel to intercept.
2. A tactical conflict, usually between opposing, lower echelon maneuver forces. (JP 1-02)
execution
Putting a plan into action by applying combat power to accomplish the mission and using situational
understanding to assess progress and make execution and adjustment decisions. (FM 3-0)
force tailoring
The process of determining the right mix of forces and the sequence of their deployment in support of
a joint force commander. (FM 3-0)
*fragile state
A country that suffers from institutional weaknesses serious enough to threaten the stability of the
central government.
*governance
The state’s ability to serve the citizens through the rules, processes, and behavior by which interests
are articulated, resources are managed, and power is exercised in a society, including the
representative participatory decisionmaking processes typically guaranteed under inclusive,
constitutional authority.
6 October 2008
FM 3-07
Glossary-5
Glossary
influence
In the context of stability mechanisms, to alter the opinions and attitudes of a civilian population
through information engagement, presence, and conduct. (FM 3-0)
information engagement
The integrated employment of public affairs to inform U.S. and friendly audiences; psychological
operations, combat camera, U.S. Government strategic communication and defense support to public
diplomacy, and other means necessary to influence foreign audiences; and, leader and Soldier
engagements to support both efforts. (FM 3-0)
infrastructure reconnaissance
A multidiscipline variant of reconnaissance to collect technical information on various categories of
the public systems, services, and facilities of a country or region. This task may take the form of either
an assessment or a survey and develops the situational understanding of the local capability to support
the infrastructure requirements of the local populace and/or military operations within a specific area.
(FM 3-34.170)
insurgency
An organized movement aimed at the overthrow of a constituted government through use of
subversion and armed conflict. (JP 3-05)
intelligence
(joint) The product resulting from the collection, processing, integration, evaluation, analysis, and
interpretation of available information concerning foreign nations, hostile or potentially hostile forces
or elements, or areas of actual or potential operations. The term is also applied to the activity which
results in the product and to the organizations engaged in such activity. (JP 2-0)
interagency
(joint) United States Government agencies and departments, including the Department of Defense.
(JP 3-08)
interagency coordination
(joint) Within the context of Department of Defense involvement, the coordination that occurs
between elements of Department of Defense and engaged U.S. Government agencies for the purpose
of achieving an objective. (JP 3-0)
intergovernmental organization
(joint) An organization created by a formal agreement (e.g., a treaty) between two or more
governments. It may be established on a global, regional, or functional basis for wide-ranging or
narrowly defined purposes. Formed to protect and promote national interests shared by member states.
Examples include the United Nations, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and the African Union.
(JP 3-08)
isolate
In the context of defeat mechanisms, to deny an enemy or adversary access to capabilities that enable
the exercise of coercion, influence, potential advantage, and freedom of action. (FM 3-0)
knowledge management
The art of creating, organizing, applying, and transferring knowledge to facilitate situational
understanding and decision-making. Knowledge management supports improving organizational
learning, innovation, and performance. Knowledge management processes ensure that knowledge
products and services are relevant, accurate, timely, and useable to commanders and decision makers.
(FM 3-0)
leadership
The process of influencing people by providing purpose, direction, and motivation, while operating to
accomplish the mission and improving the organization. (FM 6-22)
Glossary-6
FM 3-07
6 October 2008
Glossary
maneuver
(joint) 1. A movement to place ships, aircraft, or land forces in a position of advantage over the
enemy. 2. A tactical exercise carried out at sea, in the air, on the ground, or on a map in imitation of
war. 3. The operation of a ship, aircraft, or vehicle, to cause it to perform desired movements. 4.
Employment of forces in the operational area through movement in combination with fires to achieve a
position of advantage in respect to the enemy in order to accomplish the mission. (JP 3-0)
measure of effectiveness
(joint) A criterion used to assess changes in system behavior, capability, or operational environment
that is tied to measuring the attainment of an end state, achievement of an objective, or creation of an
effect. (JP 3-0)
measure of performance
(joint) A criterion used to assess friendly actions that is tied to measuring task accomplishment.
(JP 3-0)
military engagement
(joint) Routine contact and interaction between individuals or elements of the Armed Forces of the
United States and those of another nation’s armed forces, or foreign and domestic civilian authorities
or agencies to build trust and confidence, share information, coordinate mutual activities, and maintain
influence. (JP 3-0)
mission
(joint) The task, together with the purpose, that clearly indicates the action to be taken and the reason
therefore. 2. In common usage, especially when applied to lower military units, a duty assigned to an
individual or unit; a task. 3. The dispatching of one or more aircraft to accomplish one particular task.
(JP 1-02)
multinational operations
(joint) A collective term to describe military actions conducted by forces of two or more nations,
usually undertaken within the structure of a coalition or alliance. (JP 3-16)
neutral
(joint) In combat and combat support operations, an identity applied to a track whose characteristics,
behavior, origin, or nationality indicate that it is neither supporting nor opposing friendly forces.
(JP 1-02) (Army) A party identified as neither supporting nor opposing friendly or enemy forces.
(FM 3-0)
noncombatant evacuation operations
(joint) Operations directed by the Department of State or other appropriate authority, in conjunction
with the Department of Defense, whereby noncombatants are evacuated from foreign countries when
their lives are endangered by war, civil unrest, or natural disaster to safe havens or to the United
States. (JP 3-0)
nongovernmental organization
(joint) A private, self-governing, not-for-profit organization dedicated to alleviating human suffering;
and/or promoting education, health care, economic development, environmental protection, human
rights, and conflict resolution; and/or encouraging the establishment of democratic institutions and
civil society. (JP 3-08)
offensive operations
Combat operations conducted to defeat and destroy enemy forces and seize terrain, resources, and
population centers. They impose the commander’s will on the enemy. (FM 3-0)
operational approach
The manner in which a commander contends with a center of gravity. (FM 3-0)
6 October 2008
FM 3-07
Glossary-7
Glossary
operational area
(joint) An overarching term encompassing more descriptive terms for geographic areas in which
military operations are conducted. Operational areas include, but are not limited to, such descriptors as
area of responsibility, theater of war, theater of operations, joint operations area, amphibious objective
area, joint special operations area, and area of operations. (JP 3-0)
operational environment
(joint) A composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect the employment of
capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander. (JP 3-0)
operational theme
The character of the dominant major operation being conducted at any time within a land force
commander’s area of operations. (FM 3-0)
operations process
The major command and control activities performed during operations: planning, preparing,
executing, and continuously assessing the operation. The commander drives the operations process.
(FM 3-0)
peacekeeping
(joint) Military operations undertaken with the consent of all major parties to a dispute, designed to
monitor and facilitate implementation of an agreement (cease fire, truce, or other such agreement) and
support diplomatic efforts to reach a long-term political settlement. (JP 3-07.3)
peace operations
(joint) A broad term that encompasses multiagency and multinational crisis response and limited
contingency operations invilving all instruments of national power with military missions to contain
conflict, redress the peace, and shape the environment to support reconciliation and rebuilding and
facilitate the transition to legitimate governance. Peace operations include peacekeeping, peace
enforcement, peacemaking, peace building, and conflict prevention efforts. (JP 3-07.3)
peacetime military engagement
All military activities that involve other nations and are intended to shape the security environment in
peacetime. It includes programs and exercises that the United States military conducts with other
nations to shape the international environment, improve mutual understanding, and improve
interoperability with treaty partners or potential coalition partners. Peacetime military engagement
activities are designed to support a combatant commander’s objectives within the theater security
cooperation plan. (FM 3-0)
phase
(joint) In joint operation planning, a definitive stage of an operation or campaign during which a large
portion of the forces and capabilities are involved in similar or mutually supporting activities for a
common purpose. (JP 5-0) (Army) A planning and execution tool used to divide an operation in
duration or activity. A change in phase usually involves a change of mission, task organization, or
rules of engagement. Phasing helps in planning and controlling and may be indicated by time,
distance, terrain, or an event. (FM 3-0)
plan
A design for a future or anticipated operation. (FM 5-0)
planning
The process by which commanders (and the staff, if available) translate the commander’s visualization
into a specific course of action for preparation and execution, focusing on the expected results.
(FM 3-0)
preparation
Activities performed by units to improve their ability to execute an operation. Preparation includes, but
is not limited to, plan refinement; rehearsals; intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance;
coordination; inspections; and movement. (FM 3-0)
Glossary-8
FM 3-07
6 October 2008
Glossary
protection
(joint) 1. Preservation of the effectiveness and survivability of mission-related military and nonmilitary
personnel, equipment, facilities, information, and infrastructure deployed or located within or outside
the boundaries of a given operational area. 2. Measures that are taken to keep nuclear, biological, and
chemical hazards from having an adverse effect on personnel, equipment, or critical assets and
facilities. Protection consists of five groups of activities: hardening of positions; protecting personnel;
assuming mission-oriented protective posture; using physical defense measures; and reacting to attack.
3. In space usage, active and passive defensive measures to ensure that United States and friendly
space systems perform as designed by seeking to overcome an adversary’s attempts to negate them and
to minimize damage if negation is attempted. (JP 3-0)
*reconstruction
The process of rebuilding degraded, damaged, or destroyed political, socioeconomic, and physical
infrastructure of a country or territory to create the foundation for long-term development.
refugee
(joint) A person who, by reason of real or imagined danger, has left their home country or country of
their nationality and is unwilling or unable to return. (JP 3-07.6)
*reintegration
The process through which former combatants, belligerents, and dislocated civilians receive amnesty,
reenter civil society, gain sustainable employment, and become contributing members of the local
populace.
*rule of law
A principle under which all persons, institutions, and entities, public and private, including the state
itself, are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced, and independently
adjudicated, and that are consistent with international human rights principles.
rules of engagement
(joint) Directives issued by competent military authority that delineate the circumstances and
limitations under which United States forces will initiate and/or continue combat engagement with
other forces encountered. (JP 1-02)
*security force assistance
The unified action to generate, employ, and sustain local, host-nation, or regional security forces in
support of a legitimate authority.
*security sector reform
The set of policies, plans, programs, and activities that a government undertakes to improve the way it
provides safety, security, and justice.
sequel
(joint) In a campaign, a major operation that follows the current major operation. In a single major
operation, a sequel is the next phase. Plans for a sequel are based on the possible outcomes (success,
stalemate, or defeat) associated with the current operation. (JP 5-0)
stability mechanism
The primary method through which friendly forces affect civilians in order to attain conditions that
support establishing a lasting, stable peace. (FM 3-0)
stability operations
(joint) An overarching term encompassing various military missions, tasks, and activities conducted
outside the United States in coordination with other instruments of national power to maintain or
reestablish a safe and secure environment, provide essential governmental services, emergency
infrastructure reconstruction, and humanitarian relief. (JP 3-0)
6 October 2008
FM 3-07
Glossary-9
Glossary
*stabilization
The process by which underlying tensions that might lead to resurgence in violence and a breakdown
in law and order are managed and reduced, while efforts are made to support preconditions for
successful long-term development.
support
(joint) The action of a force that aids, protects, complements, or sustains another force in accordance
with a directive requiring such action. 2. A unit that helps another unit in battle. 3. An element of a
command that assists, protects, or supplies other forces in combat. (JP 1) (Army) In the context of
stability mechanisms, to establish, reinforce, or set the conditions necessary for the other instruments
of national power to function effectively. (FM 3-0)
synchronization
(joint) 1. The arrangement of military actions in time, space, and purpose to produce maximum
relative combat power at a decisive place and time. 2. In the intelligence context, application of
intelligence sources and methods in concert with the operation plan to ensure intelligence requirements
are answered in time to influence the decisions they support. (JP 2-0)
system
(joint) A functionally, physically, and/or behaviorally related group of regularly interacting or
interdependent elements; that group of elements forming a unified whole. (JP 3-0)
task-organizing
(Army) The act of designing an operating force, support staff, or logistic package of specific size and
composition to meet a unique task or mission. Characteristics to examine when task-organizing the
force include, but are not limited to: training, experience, equipage, sustainability, operating
environment, enemy threat, and mobility. For Army forces, it includes allocating available assets to
subordinate commanders and establishing their command and support relationships. (FM 3-0)
*transitional military authority
A temporary military government exercising the functions of civil administration in the absence of a
legitimate civil authority.
unified action
(joint) The synchronization, coordination, and/or integration of the activities of governmental and
nongovernmental entities with military operations to achieve unity of effort. (JP 1)
unity of effort
(joint) The coordination and cooperation toward common objectives, even if the participants are not
necessarily part of the same command or organization—the product of successful unified action. (JP 1)
*vulnerable state
A nation either unable or unwilling to provide adequate security and essential services to significant
portions of the population.
*whole of government approach
An approach that integrates the collaborative efforts of the departments and agencies of the United
States Government to achieve unity of effort toward a shared goal.
Glossary-10
FM 3-07
6 October 2008
References
Field manuals and selected joint publications are listed by new number followed by
old number.
REQUIRED PUBLICATIONS
These documents must be available to intended users of this publication.
FM 1-02 (101-5-1). Operational Terms and Graphics. 21 September 2004.
JP 1-02. Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. 12 April 2001. (As
amended through 30 May 2008.)
RELATED PUBLICATIONS
These documents contain relevant supplemental information.
JOINT AND DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PUBLICATIONS
Most joint publications are available online at http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jpcapstonepubs.htm.
Department of State publication. Post-Conflict Reconstruction Essential Tasks. April 2005.
DODD 3000.05. Military Support for Stability, Security, Transition, and Reconstruction (SSTR)
Operations. 28 November 2005.
DODD 5105.65. Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA). 31 October 2000. (Incorporating
Change 1, 23 September 2003.).
DODD 5132.3. DOD Policy and Responsibilities Relating to Security Assistance. 10 March 1981.
(Incorporating Change 1, 16 November 1994).
JP 1. Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States. 14 May 2007.
JP 2-0. Joint Intelligence. 22 June 2007.
JP 3-0. Joint Operations. 17 September 2006. (Incorporating Change 1, 13 February 2008.)
JP 3-05. Doctrine for Joint Special Operations. 17 December 2003.
JP 3-07.3. Peace Operations. 17 October 2007.
JP 3-07.4. Joint Counterdrug Operations. 13 June 2007.
JP 3-08. Interagency, Intergovernmental Organization, and Nongovernmental Organization
Coordination During Joint Operations (2 volumes). 17 March 2006.
JP 3-16. Multinational Operations. 7 March 2007.
JP 3-57. Civil-Military Operations. 8 July 2008.
JP 4-05. Joint Mobilization Planning. 11 January 2006.
JP 5-0. Joint Operation Planning. 26 December 2006.
ARMY PUBLICATIONS
Most Army doctrinal publications are available online at
http://www.army.mil/usapa/doctrine/Active_FM.html. Army regulations are produced only in
electronic media. Most are available online at: http://www.army.mil/usapa/epubs/index.html.
AR 27-20. Claims. 8 February 2008.
6 October 2008
FM 3-07
References-1
References
FM 3-0. Operations. 27 February 2008.
FM 3-05.40 (41-10). Civil Affairs Operations. 29 September 2006.
FM 3-13 (100-6). Information Operations: Doctrine, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures.
28 November 2003.
FM 3-24. Counterinsurgency. 15 December 2006.
FM 3-34.170 (5-170). Engineer Reconnaissance. 25 March 2008.
FM 3-34.210 (20-32). Explosive Hazards Operations. 27 March 2007.
FM 5-0 (101-5). Army Planning and Orders Production. 20 January 2005.
FM 6-0. Mission Command: Command and Control of Army Forces. 11 August 2003.
FM 6-01.1. Knowledge Management Section. 29 August 2008.
FM 7-0 (25-100). Training the Force. 22 October 2002.
FM 27-10. The Law of Land Warfare. 18 July 1956. (Incorporating Change 1, 15 July 1976.)
FM 46-1. Public Affairs Operations. 30 May 1997.
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954. Title 7. United States Code, Section
1691.
Arms Export Control Act of 1976. Title 22. United States Code, Section 2751.
order/10206.html (accessed 4 September 2008).
4 September 2008).
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. Title 22. United States Code, Section 2151.
John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007. Title 10. United States Code,
Section 598.
Lessons-Learned: Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) in Reconstruction and
Stabilization Operations—A Guide for United States Government Planners. April 2006.
8fc4-6b95a68c89e2 (accessed 4 September 2008).
Manual for Military Commissions.
4 September 2008).
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006. Title 10. United States Code, Section, 1207.
National Defense Strategy. June 2008.
2008).
The National Military Strategy of the United States of America. 2004.
National Security Act of 1947. Title 50. United States Code .
National Security Action Memorandum 182. Counterinsurgency Doctrine.
National Security Decision Memorandum 3. The Direction, Coordination, and Supervision of
Interdepartmental Activities Overseas.
National Security Presidential Directive 1. Organization of the National Security Council System
National Security Presidential Directive 44 (NSPD-44). Management of Interagency Efforts
Concerning Reconstruction and Stabilization.
The National Security Strategy of the United States of America. March 2006.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss/2006/ (accessed 4 September 2008).
References-2
FM 3-07
6 October 2008
References
National Strategy for Combating Terrorism. September 2006.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nsct/2006/ (accessed 4 September 2008).
National Strategy for Homeland Security. October 2007.
4 September 2008).
National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction, December 2002.
2008).
Presidential Decision Directive 56. Managing Complex Contingency Operations.
The Principles and Guidelines on Children Associated with Armed Forces or Armed Groups.
2008).
(accessed 4 September 2008).
Rogers Act. Title 22. United States Code, Section 3901.
Royal Proclamation of 1763. http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/related/proc63.htm (accessed
4 September 2008).
Treaty of Paris. 3 September 1783.
4 September 2008).
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/182. Strengthening of the Coordination of
Humanitarian Emergency Assistance of the United Nations.
United Nations Participation Act of 1945. Title 22. United States Code, Section 287.
War Powers Resolution. Title 50. United States Code, Section 1541.
WEB SITES
Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization Web site. http://www.state.gov/s/crs/
(accessed 4 September 2008).
United Nations Department of Public Information Nongovernmental Organization Web site.
SOURCES USED
These sources are quoted or paraphrased in this publication.
Butler, William F. Charles George Gordon. New York: MacMillan and Company, 1889.
Coles, Harry L. and Albert K. Weinberg. Civil Affairs: Soldiers Become Governors. Washington, DC:
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992.
Fukuyama, Francis. State-Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century. Ithaca, NY:
Cornell University Press, 2004.
Gates, Robert M. Remarks by Secretary Gates at United States Global Leadership Campaign Tribute
(accessed 4 September 2008).
Hart, Liddell. Thoughts on War. London: Faber and Faber Ltd., 1944.
Herbst, John E. “Stabilization and Reconstruction Operations: Learning from the Provincial
Reconstruction Team (PRT) Experience.” A Statement Before House Armed Services
Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. 30 October 2007.
http://www.state.gov/s/crs/rls/rm/94379.htm (accessed 4 September 2008).
6 October 2008
FM 3-07
References-3
References
Natsios, Andrew S. “The Nine Principles of Reconstruction and Development.” Parameters. Autumn
2005: 4-20.
The Ordinance for the Regulation of Indian Affairs. 1786.
The [Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Development Assistance Committee]
Handbook on Security System Reform (SSR): Supporting Security and Justice. Paris: OECD,
2007.
Stephenson, James. Losing the Golden Hour: An Insider’s View of Iraq’s Reconstruction. Washington,
DC: Potomac Books, Incorporated, 2007.
References-4
FM 3-07
6 October 2008

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Content      ..     3      4      5