FM 6-02.90 UHF TACSAT /DAMA MULTI-SERVICE TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES FOR ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY TACTICAL SATELLITE AND DEMAND ASSIGNED MULTIPLE ACCESS OPERATIONS (AUGUST 2004) - page 5

 

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FM 6-02.90 UHF TACSAT /DAMA MULTI-SERVICE TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES FOR ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY TACTICAL SATELLITE AND DEMAND ASSIGNED MULTIPLE ACCESS OPERATIONS (AUGUST 2004) - page 5

 

 

Glossary
PART 1 -- ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
µs
microsecond
A
A
signal amplitude
AC
automatic control
ADF
audio/data/fill connector for the LST-5D
AFDC
Air Force Doctrine Center
AFI
Air Force instruction
AFTTP(I)
Air Force technical training publication (inter-Service)
ALSA
Air Land Sea Application
AM
amplitude modulation
ANDVT
advanced narrowband digital voice terminal
ARSPACE
Army Space Command
ASCEN
ascension
ASYNC
asynchronous
ATM
asynchronous transfer mode
ATTN
attention
B
bps
bits per second
BPSK
binary phase-shift keying
C
C
total received carrier power
CC
channel controller
CCOW
channel control orderwire
CHAN
channel
CHLS
channels
CI
control indicator
CINC
commander-in-chief
CJCS
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
CJCSI
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff instruction
CJCSM
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff manual
C/kT
carrier-to-noise power density
CLR
clear
CMP
communications message processor
C/N
carrier to noise ration
Glossary-1
COCOM
combatant command
COMM
commercial
COMSEC
communications security
CONPLAN
concept plan
CONUS
continental United States
CPM
continuous phase modulation
CRC
cyclic redundancy check
CT
cipher text
CTF
combined task force
CTIC
communications security/transmission security integrated
circuit
D
DAMA
demand assigned multiple access
DAMACFG
demand assigned multiple access configuration
DAMANET
demand assigned multiple access network
DAMA SAC
demand assigned multiple access semi-automatic controller
DASA
demand assigned single access
dB
decibel
dBm
decibel (referenced to milliwatts)
DC
distributed control
deg
degree
DEQPSK
differentially encoded quadrature phase-shift keying
DISA
Defense Information Systems Agency
DMR
digital modular radio
DOD
Department of Defense
DSCS
Defense Satellite Communications System
DSN
defense switched network
D/V
data/voice
E
E
east
Eb
energy per bit
EHF
extremely high frequency
eirp
effective isotropic radiated power
EMCON
emission control
EMI
electromagnetic interference
EMOP
emerging operations
EN
encrypted
ENT
enter
EOW
engineering orderwire
Glossary-2
EPHEM
ephemeris
ESC
escape
EST
Eastern
EURCENT
Europe Central
EXPLAN
exercise plan
F
FASC
fascinator
FAX
facsimile
FIG
figure
FLTSAT
fleet satellite communications
FM
field manual, frequency modulation
FORSCOM
Forces Command
FOW
forward orderwire
FREQ
frequency
FSCS
Fleet Satellite Communications System
FSK
frequency-shift keying
G
GBS
global broadcast service
GHz
gigahertz
GPS
global positioning
GSM
global system for mobile communications
GSSC
Global SATCOM Support Center
H
HD SET
handset
HF
high frequency
HI
high
HPW
high performance waveform
HQ
HAVE QUICK, headquarters
HR
hour
Hz
hertz
I
I
in phase
IAW
in accordance with
ICP
inter-theater COMSEC package
ID
identification
IDN
initial distribution number
ind
indefinite
INMARSAT
international maritime satellite
I/O
input/output
Glossary-3
IO
Indian Ocean
IP
internet protocol
J
J-6
command, control, communications, and computer systems
directorate of a joint staff
JCS
Joint Chiefs of Staff
JFCOM
Joint Forces Command
JFMO
Joint Frequency Management Office
JITC
Joint Interoperability Test Command
JMINI
Joint UHF Military Satellite Communications Network
Integrated
JSC
Joint Spectrum Center
JSIR
joint spectrum interference resolution
JTF
joint task force
K
kbps
kilobits per second
KDU
keyboard display unit
KG
key generator
KGMT
key management
kHz
kilohertz
km
kilometer
L
LAN
local area network
LANT
Atlantic
LAT
latitude
LDR
low data rate
LIO
limited input/output
LON
longitude
LOS
line of sight
LQ
link quality
LST
lightweight satellite terminal
M
MAJCOM
major command
MARFOREUR
United States Marine Corps Forces, Europe
MARFORLANT
United States Marine Corps Forces, Atlantic
MARFORNORT
United States Marine Corps Forces, North
H
MARFORPAC
United States Marine Corps Forces, Pacific
MARFORRES
Marine Forces Reserve
MARFORSOUTH
United States Marine Corps Forces, South
Glossary-4
MB
megabyte
Mbps
megabytes per second
MCCDC
United States Marine Corps Combat Development Command
MCRP
Marine Corps reference publication
MELP
mixed excitation linear prediction
MHOP
multiple-hop
MHz
megahertz
MILSATCOM
military satellite communications
MIL-STD
military standard
MILSTRIP
military standard requisition and procedure
MIN
minute
ms
milliseconds
MSG
message
MTTP
multi-Service tactics, techniques, and procedures
N
N
integer number; north
N/A
not applicable
NAVSUP P
Navy supplement publication
NB
narrowband
NCO
noncommissioned officer
NCS
network control station
NCTAMS
Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station
NCTAMS
Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station
EURCENT
Europe Central
NCTAMS PAC
Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station
Pacific
NCTAMS SMC
Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station
Satellite Management Center
NCTS
Naval Computing and Telecommunications Station
NCTS GUAM
Naval Computing and Telecommunications Station, Guam
NII
national information infrastructure
nmi
nautical miles
No=kT
noise power spectral density
NSA
National Security Agency
NTTP
Navy tactics, techniques, and procedures
NWDC
Navy Warfare Development Command
O
OP
operate
OPLAN
operations plan
OW
orderwire
Glossary-5
P
PAC
Pacific
PCC
primary channel controller
PGM
program
PLGR
precise lightweight global positioning receiver
PMCS
preventive maintenance checks and services
POC
point of contact
PSK
phase-shift keying
PT
plain text
PWR
power
Q
QPSK
quadrature phase shift keying
R
RCCOW
return channel control orderwire
RDT&E
research, development, test and evaluation
rf
radio frequency
ROW
return orderwire
RSSC
Regional SATCOM Support Center
RSSC EUR
Regional Space Support Center Europe
RSSC PAC
Regional Space Support Center Pacific
RSSI
receive signal strength indicator
RX
receiver
S
S
south
SAA
satellite access assignment
SAC
semi-automatic controller
SAR
satellite access request
SARK
Saville advanced remote keying
SATCOM
satellite communications
SBPSK
shaped binary phase-shift keying
SCAMP
single channel anti-jam man portable terminal
SCCF
spectrum management
SDB
satellite database
SEC
second
SHF
super high frequency
SIGINT
signal intelligence
SIOP
single integrated operational plan
SIPRNET
secret internet protocol router network
Glossary-6
SMC
Satellite Management Center
S/N
signal to noise
SOCCENT
Special Operations Command, Central
SOCEUR
Special Operations Command, Europe
SOCKOR
Special Operations Command, Korea
SOCPAC
Special Operations Command, Pacific
SOCSOUTH
Special Operations Command, South
SPAWAR
Space and Naval Warfare
SPAWARSYSC
Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center
EN
SPOC
space command operations center
SRK
steady receive key
SSC
space support center
STE
secure telephone equipment
STU
secure telephone unit
SVC
service
SYNC
synchronous
T
TACSAT
tactical satellite
TBA
terminal base address
TD
TDMA
time division multiple access
TEK
traffic encryption key
TLE
telemetry
TRADOC
Training and Doctrine Command
TRANSEC
transmission security
TSK
task
TTP
tactics, techniques, and procedures
TX
transmitter
U
UCC
unified combatant command
UFO
ultra high frequency follow-on
UHF
ultra high frequency
UHF SATCOM
ultra high frequency satellite communications cell Regional
CELL RSSC PAC
Space Support Center Pacific
UK
United Kingdom
UN
unencrypted
USA
United States of America
USAF
United States Air Force
Glossary-7
USARPAC
United States Army, Pacific
USASFC
United States Army Special Forces Command
USASOC
United States Army Special Operations Command
USEUCOM
United States European Command
USMC
United States Marine Corps
USN
United States Navy
USSOCOM
United States Special Operations Command
USSOUTHCOM
United States Southern Command
USSTRATCOM
United States Strategic Command
V
VHF
very high frequency
VINSON
encrypted ultrahigh frequency communications system
VIP
very important person
W
W
watts; west; with
WAN
wide area network
WB
wideband
Z
Z
Zulu
PART II -- TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
access
The ability, permission, or liberty to communicate with, or
make use of, any system resource.
acknowledgment
A message from the addressee indicating that information
has been received without error.
acquisition
A necessary preliminary condition of a receiver, by which
frequency and phase ambiguities of an incoming radio
frequency (rf) carrier are sufficiently resolved to allow
information modulated onto the carrier to be properly
demodulated.
acquisition back-
A number used by the terminal in the algorithm to reduce
off number
the possibility of conflicting transmissions during the initial
ranging of terminals.
active ranging
The transmission and subsequent reception of a burst signal
used for estimating the range to a satellite.
active service
A service that has been assigned communications resources
and has not been torn down. Active services are either
assigned or preempted.
address
A 16- or 14-bit code that uniquely identifies a terminal I/O
port or network.
Glossary-8
algorithm
A procedure or formula for solving a mathematical problem.
Extremely complex algorithms or sets of algorithms are used
to simplify, modify or predict data in the digital
manipulation of information. Often, algorithms developed
for digital applications are proprietary and are an important
aspect of defining significant differences among the various
digital compression and codec (coding/decoding) standards.
allocation
TDMA frame time apportioned by the PCC for a particular
function.
alternate channel
The control station function that monitors the channel and
controller
can assume control, either manually by operator action or
automatically when it detects that the PCC has failed.
angle of inclination
The angle at which a satellite’s orbit is tilted in relation to
the Earth’s equator. A 90-degree angle of inclination is a
polar orbit. A zero degree angle of inclination is an
equatorial orbit.
antenna
A device for transmitting and receiving radio waves.
Depending on their use and operating frequency, antennas
can take the form of a single piece of wire, a dipole, a grid
such as a yagi array, a horn, a helix, a sophisticated
parabolic-shaped dish, or a phased array of active electronic
elements of virtually any flat or convoluted surface.
apogee
The point in orbit where an object, such as a satellite, is
farthest from Earth.
assigned service
A service being assigned communications resources.
assigned-return
A ROW segment time-slot that a PCC assigns to a specific
orderwire time-slot
terminal for the terminal's sole use. The assignment is made
by the PCC when the terminal is required to respond to a
FOW, such as when the PCC transmits a FOW requesting a
network status message be transmitted by the terminal.
asymmetric
Unanticipated or non-traditional approaches to circumvent
warfare
or undermine an adversary’s strengths while exploiting his
vulnerabilities through unexpected technologies or
innovative means. Simply put, dirty fighting that gives the
weak the best chance to defeat the strong.
asynchronous
A switching architecture that uses cell relay technology to
transfer node
carry vast quantities of data at extremely high speeds.
atmosphere
The layer of gas surrounding the earth or other planets. The
upper atmosphere is the region of Earth’s atmosphere above
the troposphere (which extends to about 20-km). Regions of
the upper atmosphere are the stratosphere, mesosphere and
thermosphere.
attenuation
The loss of power of electromagnetic signals between the
transmission and reception point. It can be caused by
distance or weather.
attitude
The position in space of a spacecraft or aircraft. A satellite’s
Glossary-9
attitude can be measured by the angle the satellite makes
with the object it is orbiting, usually the Earth. Attitude
determines the direction a satellite’s instruments face. The
attitude of a satellite must be constantly maintained; this is
known as attitude control.
aurora
Light radiated by ions and atoms in the Earth’s upper
atmosphere, mostly in polar regions.
automatic control
An operating mode that allows communications slots within
the waveform to be dynamically assigned to terminals
requiring access to the slots.
automatic
A terminal capability to automatically switch to and operate
frequency change
on another 5- or 25-kHz DASA or DAMA channel upon
receipt of a FOW directing such a change. This capability
requires the change to be accomplished within 8.96...seconds
for switching to a DASA channel, 90 seconds for switching to
another DAMA channel (5- or 25-kHz), and 90 seconds for
switching from a DASA channel to a DAMA channel. The
90-second switching time from a DASA to a DAMA channel
applies when assigned time on DASA channel expires.
bandwidth
A measure of spectrum (frequency) use or capacity. For
instance, a voice transmission by telephone requires a
bandwidth of about 3000 cycles per second (3-kHz). A TV
channel occupies a bandwidth of 6 million cycles per second
(6-MHz) in terrestrial systems. In satellite-based systems, a
larger bandwidth of 17.5- to 72-MHz is used to spread or
“dither” the television signal in order to prevent
interference.
baseband
The original band of frequencies produced by a signal-
initiating device such as a microphone or data key prior to
the initial modulation of the carrier.
binary phase-shift
A form of PSK in which the instantaneous phase of the
keying
carrier can be either unchanged or shifted 180 degrees. The
information content of an uncoded BPSK signal is 1 binary
digit (bit) per symbol; therefore, the symbol rate and the
information rate are identical.
bit
A single digital unit of information The smallest increment
of digital information. Often referred to as a 1 or 0 in the
binary system. Also referred to as an ‘on’ or ‘off’ when
referring to the mechanical operation of bits in the
computer.
bit error rate
The fraction of a sequence of message bits that are in error.
A bit error rate of 10Î6 means that there is an average of
one error per million bits.
bit rate
The amount of data being transported, measured relative to
quantity over time in bps; the speed of a digital
transmission, measured in bps.
Glossary-10
bit
The condition achieved when significant transitions of the
synchronization
recovered data rate clock are phase-stable to within 25
(clock lock)
percent of the bit period.
blocked service
A queued service held from scheduling, awaiting (1) the
availability of participating terminals busy with other
services, or (2) the completion of setting up the path for a
multiple-hop service.
building block
A fundamental unit of channel time used in determining
time within a frame. Used in the assignment of channel
resources.
burst
A time-limited transmission composed of a synchronization
preamble and a finite-length data stream that are formatted
into interleaver block pairs.
burst code
A combination of modulation rate, coding rate, and (for
message services) maximum burst size.
burst rate
The over-the-air transmission rate (modulation rate) in
symbols per second.
bus
The body of a satellite. The bus holds all of the scientific
equipment and other necessary components of the satellite.
The bus of a satellite is made of a variety of materials that
are selected to protect the satellite from things like
collisions, a build-up of electric charge, extreme
temperatures, and radiation.
carrier
The basic radio, television, or telephony center of frequency
transmit signal. The carrier in an analog signal is
modulated by manipulating its amplitude (making it louder
or softer) or its frequency (shifting it up or down) in relation
to the incoming signal. Satellite carriers operating in the
analog mode are usually frequency modulated.
carrier acquisition
The condition achieved when a receiver carrier reference is
coherent in frequency and phase with the receive signal.
carrier frequency
The main frequency on which a voice, data, or video signal is
sent. Microwave and SATCOM transmitters operate in the
band from 1- to 14-gigahertz (GHz) (a GHz is one billion
cycles per second).
carrier to noise
The ratio of the received carrier power and the noise power
ratio
in a given bandwidth, expressed in dB. This figure is
directly related to G/T (antenna gain-to-noise temperature
in dB/K) and signal/noise (S/N); and in a video signal the
higher the C/N, the better the received picture.
cassegrain
The antenna principle that utilizes a sub-reflector at the
focal point that reflects energy to or from a feed located at
the apex of the main reflector.
channel
A frequency band in which a specific broadcast signal is
transmitted. The Federal Communications Commission
specifies channel frequencies in the United States.
Glossary-11
channel control
The transmissions from a controller that control the
orderwire
waveform and its usage, such as frame number, encryption
synchronization counts, user time-slot assignments, and
frame format in current use.
channel control
The terminal’s status when it has successfully achieved
orderwire
error free reception of a CCOW: Master Frame (checked by
acquisition
CRC).
channel control
The time-slot through which a terminal receives CCOW
orderwire time-slot
transmissions.
channel controller
A generic term that relates to either a primary or alternate
controller.
channel resources
The available time, bandwidth, and power of a channel.
circuit burst kind
A field that identifies the type of burst being transmitted
during a circuit service.
circuit number
A 5-digit decimal number that identifies a time-slot when
operating in the DC mode.
circuit service
Channel resource assignments in each frame that are
dedicated for use by participating members for duration of
the assignment.
C/kT
The ratio of the rf carrier power (C) relative to noise power
density. Carrier power is measured into the receiving
system. k = Boltzman's constant and T = the effective noise
temperature at the terminal antenna in kelvins.
coherent
A demodulation process characterized by a synchronized,
demodulation
phase-matched condition between a receiver's reference and
the received signal.
connected
The configuration of a channel controller in which
connectivity to adjacent satellite footprints by relay is
available.
connectivity
The physical infrastructure required to allow access and
exchange of electronic information.
contention-return
A ROW segment time-slot available for use by any terminal
orderwire time-slot
that has achieved downlink acquisition. The possibility
exists that transmissions from multiple terminals occurs in
the same time-slot.
continuous phase
A phase-only modulation technique in which the signal
modulation
phase changes are continuous. Phase changes for each
symbol are odd integer multiples of the modulation indices
hi. For multi-h CPM, the indices cyclically change from
symbol to symbol in order to provide coding gain to the
waveform.
control channel
A 25-kHz DAMA channel on which a channel controller (CC)
transmits CCOW messages and the frame is segmented for
terminals to transmit RCCOW, link test, ranging, and user
communications signals.
Glossary-12
control station
The equipment and software that performs resource
management, channel control, and external interface
functions in two adjacent satellite coverage areas.
controller
An entity that establishes frame format and system timing.
In the AC mode a controller also assigns waveform access to
users.
coronal mass
A vast region of hot, dense, and high speed solar wind
ejection
propagating away from the Sun.
cyclic redundancy
A type of error detection scheme that uses parity bits
check
generated by polynomial encoding and decoding algorithms
to detect transit-generated errors.
data block
A quantity of user data (224 bits) used in integer multiples
within message-service packets.
delay
The time it takes for a signal to go from the sending station
through the satellite to the receiving station. This
transmission delay for a single hop satellite connection is
very close to one-quarter of a second.
Demand assigned
A highly efficient means of instantaneously assigning a
multiple access
channel in a transponder according to immediate traffic
demands.
demand assigned
An access scheme in which a SATCOM channel is assigned
single access
for single access through the DAMA control system in
accordance with demand.
destination
The terminal addressee of a communication.
terminal
differential
A process by which baseband digital data before modulation
encoding
is used to resolve the phase ambiguity of digital data
recovered from demodulation. It is not used for error
detection or correction. A process such that if the prior code
bit and the message bit are the same, the encoder output is
zero. If they are different, the encoder output is a one.
differentially
Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) that has been
encoded
differentially encoded. DEQPSK is used to resolve the
quadrature phase-
phase ambiguity of digital data recovered from
shift keying
demodulation. It is not used for error detection or
correction.
digital
Conversion of information into bits of data for transmission
through wire, fiber optic cable, satellite, or over the-air
techniques. Method allows simultaneous transmission of
voice, data or video.
digitization
Digitization comprises the nuts and bolts solution for
synchronizing the vast amount of communications and
sensor equipment on the battlefield. Digitization allows a
plane to talk to a ship to talk to a soldier, etc.
distance learning
Using video technology to allow students in one location to
Glossary-13
participate in a class broadcast from another location.
distributed control
An operating mode in which a terminal's access to a
communications slot is preassigned (both time-slot and
frame format).
Doppler shift
An apparent shift in the frequency of a wave. For example,
when someone is listening to the sound of an ambulance
siren, and that person is staying still but the ambulance is
driving by, the person hears a change in pitch of the
ambulance siren. That change in pitch is caused by the
“Doppler effect”. The frequency of a sound wave determines
the pitch, so the distance of the source of the sound from the
observer of that sound determines the amount that the
frequency seems to have shifted, known as the Doppler shift.
downlink
The satellite-to-earth half of a 2-way telecommunications
satellite link. Often used to describe the receive dish end of
the link.
downlink
Condition during initial acquisition of the waveform, when
acquisition
the terminal or a non-controlling CC receives a correct FOW
burst.
dual spin
Spacecraft design whereby the main body of the satellite is
spun to provide altitude stabilization, and the antenna
assembly is despun by means of a motor and bearing system
in order to continually direct the antenna earthward. This
dual-spin configuration thus serves to create a spin-
stabilized satellite.
eccentricity
The measure of how circular a satellite’s orbit is. For a
perfectly circular orbit the eccentricity is zero; elliptical
orbits have eccentricities between zero and one. The higher
the eccentricity, the more “squashed” the orbit is.
effective isotropic
This term describes the strength of the signal leaving the
radiated power
satellite antenna or the transmitting earth station antenna,
and is used in determining the carrier/noise (C/N) and
signal/noise (S/N). The transmit power value in units of
decibels relative to 1 watt is expressed by the product of the
transponder output power and the gain of the satellite
transmit antenna.
encryption
To encode data so as to render a document unreadable by all
except those who are authorized to have access to it.
Encryption is accomplished by scrambling the bits,
characters, words, or phrases in the original message.
energy per bit
The average signal energy contained in a binary digit.
even link test time-
A link test time-slot used to perform dedicated ranging
slot
measurements when the receive frame count is even.
field
A specific portion of a burst or message.
fill bits
Fill bits are used to complete the last interleaver block and
must be zero.
Glossary-14
flush bits
All-zero bits added to a data field prior to encoding to
provide proper convolutional encoder operation.
footprint
The area with which a satellite in geostationary orbit can
communicate. A footprint can be as large as an entire
country; for example, many Canadian satellites have
footprints almost the entire size of Canada, from coast to
coast.
format
The structuring of a frame into time-slots for the
transmission and reception of CCOW, RCCOW, ranging,
link test, and user communications bursts.
format number 1
The frame structure in effect when subformat B-1 is
selected. Used to reduce contention for half-duplex
terminals [at radio frequency (rf)] that require
communications on two 2400-bps circuits.
format number 2
The frame structure in effect when subformats B-00 or B-2
through B-F are selected.
forward error
Adds unique codes to the digital signal at the source so
correction
errors can be detected and corrected at the receiver.
forward orderwire
The OW used for transmitting control and status
information from a PCC to terminals or alternate channel
controller.
frame
A unit of time on the channel. (5-kHz DAMA) A frame is
8.96 seconds long and consists of 1024 building blocks,
which are grouped into segments for waveform overhead
and user-to-user communications. (25-kHz DAMA). A unit
of time on a channel. A frame is 1.3866 seconds long and is
subdivided into waveform overhead slots and user time
segments.
frame count
The sequence in which a particular frame occurs. The frame
count is defined by a 21-bit field transmitted by the
controller in each master frame.
frame format
The frame time-slot configuration defined by the
combination of frame subformats in use for user segments A,
B, and C. Also refers to the 3-digit hexadecimal code used to
specify this configuration.
frame lock
The status a terminal achieves when it has received and
detected the precise location of two consecutive CCOWs. A
terminal that achieves this status is considered to have
properly established receive frame timing.
frame lock loss
The condition of a terminal that has not decoded any CCOW
for 5 minutes for DC mode and 2 minutes for AC mode.
frame subformat
The time-slot configuration of user communications
segments A, B, or C. Also refers to the 1-digit hexadecimal
code used to specify this configuration.
frame time delay
Time delays introduced due to conversion of a continuous
Glossary-15
data stream into burst-formatted data blocks.
frequency code
An 8-bit code that defines the uplink and downlink
frequency pair of a satellite transponder.
frequency-shift
A form of frequency modulation. In FSK modulation, the
keying
frequency of the carrier is discretely controlled by the
transmitted information bits. In binary FSK, the
instantaneous frequency of a signal is shifted between two
discrete values called the mark and space frequencies.
frequency
A time-slot connection on a channel other than the one
switched
where the terminal receives CCOW.
connection
frequency
The ability of a terminal to transmit and receive in multiple
switching
channels within the same frame.
frequency
The difference between a received signal's expected
uncertainty
frequency and its actual frequency. Frequency uncertainty
results when (1) a difference in frequency between reference
oscillators exists, (2) Doppler effects cause frequency shifts,
or (3) frequency-setting inaccuracies occur.
full-duplex
(1) Communications that occur in both directions (transmit
and receive) within one frame. (2) A terminal characteristic
that signifies the capability to simultaneously receive and
transmit rf signals.
gain
A measure of amplification. It is the ratio of output,
current, voltage or power to input current, voltage or power,
respectively. Gain is usually expressed in decibels. If the
ratio is less than unity, the gain expressed in dB, is
negative, in which case there is a loss between input and
output.
geosynchronous
Refers to an orbit with a period equal to one day. A satellite
in geosynchronous orbit above Earth’s equator stays over
the same point on Earth at all times. Communications
satellites are often put in geosynchronous orbits so that
satellite dishes on earth can remain pointed at the same
point in the sky at all times.
global
A network configuration in which relays are present and
data may be routed to a network on another satellite
channel.
ground segment
A term that describes that portion of the total
communications satellite system that is situated on the
Earth such as the transmitting and receiving antennas,
signal generating facilities, repeaters, RF receivers and
digital encoding equipment and decoders.
guard group
A group of terminals that have a common guard address.
guard list
A set of addresses for which a terminal receives services.
guard time
Unused time interval within a frame that prevents overlap
of transmissions that could occur due to timing differences
Glossary-16
between transmitting terminals.
half-duplex
A terminal characteristic that allows receipt and
transmission of signals, but not both at the same time.
high power
A satellite with greater than 100 watts of transponder radio
satellite
frequency transmitting power.
home channel
The control channel that a terminal uses to receive its
CCOW messages and transmit its RCCOW and other system
support messages.
hyperspectral
An instrument capability using many very narrow spectral
frequency bands (300 or more), enabling a satellite-based
passive sensor to discriminate specific features or
phenomena on the body being observed (e.g., Earth).
inclination angle
The angle between a satellite's orbital plane and the earth's
equatorial plane.
indicator
A symbol, flag, or signal that serves to identify a specific
state or item.
input/output data
The rate, in units of bps, at which bits are sent to or received
rate
from an I/O device.
Internet
Interconnection of thousands of networks linked by a
common set of technical protocols which make it possible for
users to communicate and use services.
interoperability
The ability to have applications and computers from
different vendors work together on a network.
key generator
A unique 16-bit ID number associated with the OW
identification
encryption/decryption device. The KG ID number is the
number
same as the terminal base address.
key generator
A 3-bit code that defines one of eight memory locations in
memory
which the KG keys used for OW encryption and decryption
are stored.
key generator net
A 5-bit code used to prepare the KG, which encrypts the
number
CCOW and RCCOW.
local area network
A group of computers and related equipment connected
locally, usually within a single building, by a
communications channel capable of sharing information
among several users.
link test time-slot
A shared time-slot used by a terminal to evaluate its link
conditions or measure two-way range to the satellite. A link
test is performed only in odd-numbered frames; range
measurements are performed only in even-numbered
frames.
local
(1) Operations within a channel or group of channels in a
single footprint controlled by one PCC. (2) Initiations by an
equipment operator.
local footprint
The satellite coverage area of a PCC and the terminals
operating under its control.
Glossary-17
low power satellite
A satellite with less than 30 watts of transponder radio
frequency transmitting power.
master frame
A frame occurring once in every eight frames that identifies
the current waveform format and other configuration
parameters.
master frame
A set of eight contiguous frames, beginning with a master
epoch
frame.
medium power
A satellite with greater than 30 watts but less than 100
satellite
watts of transponder radio frequency transmitting power.
message service
A service that provides resources for transmitting messages,
using a packet-oriented protocol.
modem
A telecommunications device that converts between analog
and digital signals, allowing communication over voice
circuits.
modernization
The replacement of equipment, weapons systems, and
facilities in order to maintain or improve combat capability,
upgrade facilities, or reduce operating costs.
modulation rate
The rate at which information is transferred across a
satellite channel, in units of symbols per second.
modulo
A mathematical function that yields the remainder of a
division.
multicast
Multicast is a subset of broadcast that extends the broadcast
concept of one to many by allowing “the sending of one
transmission to many users in a defined group, but not
necessarily to all users in that group.”
multi-h
A scheme that employs multiple modulation indices, or h
values, that are cyclically changed for successive symbol
intervals.
multiple-channel
The network capability of automatically switching from
channel to channel within a single satellite footprint for
transmit and receive services when commanded by the PCC.
multiple-hop
Operations that relay information between two or more
satellite channels.
multiplexing
Techniques that allow a number of simultaneous
transmissions over a single circuit.
narrowband
A communications mode whose essential spectral content is
operation
limited to a channel of nominal 5-kHz bandwidth.
net guard address
Address above the demarcation number that allows multiple
terminals to communicate. Also called network address,
guard address, subnet address, or guard list address.
node
A terminal or channel controller in a network.
noise power
The noise power per hertz (Hz) of bandwidth (No = kT)
spectral density
noncoherent
A demodulation process in which there is no synchronized
Glossary-18
demodulation
phase-matched condition between a receiver's reference and
the desired signal.
nonprocessed
A channel capable only of receiving, amplifying, filtering,
channel
limiting, frequency translating, and retransmitting a
received signal. (There is no signal processing.)
nonregenerative
A transponder (e.g., a satellite repeater) in which digital
transponder
signals are not reconstituted.
Northern Lights
A name for the aurora occurring over the North Pole.
offset quadrature
A form of offset quadrature phase-shift keying in which the
phase-shift keying
in-phase (I) and quadrature bit streams are offset in time by
one-half a symbol period, equal to the reciprocal of the data
rate.
operator
The person who controls and operates a communications
terminal or controller.
orbit
The path of an object that is moving around a second object
or point.
orderwire
The portion of the DAMA (or TDMA) frame used for
transmission of management, control, and status
information among the channel controllers and terminal
users.
originator
A person or terminal that initiates a communication.
packet
For message service, the information transmitted in one
burst.
pad bits
Pad bits are used both before and following user data when
insufficient user data is present to fill the data portion of a
burst.
passive ranging
A process by which a terminal determines signal
propagation time to a satellite by means other than
transmitting a ranging signal.
pending service
A queued service that is not blocked but is awaiting
availability of communications resources on the channel.
perigee
Low point of an orbit.
polarization
The property that describes the orientation of an
electromagnetic wave.
polar orbit
A satellite orbit passing over both poles of the Earth.
During a 12-hour day, a satellite in such an orbit can
observe all points on Earth.
Glossary-19
preamble
Consists of a carrier segment modulated by a predetermined
signal used for acquisition. The preamble may also include
an unmodulated segment, immediately preceding the
modulated carrier segment, which is used by the receiver
during carrier acquisition. The carrier segment modulated
by a predetermined bit pattern is used by the demodulator
for bit synchronization. The preamble bit pattern
immediately precedes, and is phase-locked to, transmitted
baseband data
preassigned
A type of service whose channel or time-slot allocation is
service
scheduled and set up well in advance of being used.
preempted service
A service that has been interrupted to allow for higher-
precedence network activities.
primary channel
The control station function that actively controls the DAMA
controller
channel.
quadrature phase-
A form of PSK in which the instantaneous phase of the
shift keying
carrier can be either unchanged, shifted ±90 degrees, or
shifted 180 degrees. QPSK may be represented as two
independent binary bit streams modulated onto the in phase
(I) and quadrature phase components of the carrier. The
information content of a QPSK signal is 2 binary digits (bits)
per symbol; therefore, the symbol rate is one-half the
information rate.
queued service
A service in the request queue at the PCC waiting to be
assigned communications resources. Queued services are
either blocked or pending.
range
The round-trip distance between a satellite and a terminal
within the satellite footprint. (Because signal propagation
velocity is constant, terminals measure range in units of
time.)
range lock
The status a terminal achieves when it has determined its
range time delay with an uncertainty of less than or equal to
875-microseconds (Fs). [Terminal transmissions are
inhibited (except for active ranging transmissions) until the
terminal achieves this status.]
range time-slot
A shared slot used to measure two-way range to the
satellite.
ranging
A process by which a terminal determines signal
propagation time to a satellite to establish uplink timing.
ranging epoch
The interval between scheduled dedicated ranging attempts
interval
by a terminal.
relay
A method of communications in which data is passed from
one DAMA channel to another to achieve greater
connectivity than that which is provided by the one channel.
requested party
The address to which a call is placed.
Glossary-20
requesting party
The address of the I/O port initiating a call.
return channel
A TDMA slot used by the terminals to (1) request, from the
control orderwire
channel controller, access to the waveform; (2) respond to
channel controller requests with information such as status
and configuration; and (3) transfer computer data to other
terminals.
return orderwire
The OW used to transmit control and status information
from network terminals to the channel controller and
perform system support functions, including ranging.
satellite
A body that revolves around a larger body.
satellite footprint
The area of the earth's surface from which terminals are
able to access a particular satellite.
segment
A portion of a frame allocated to users for communicating.
The segment is further divided into time periods called time-
slots.
service
A specified set of information-transfer capabilities provided
to a group of users by the DAMA system.
shaped binary
A form of BPSK modified to produce the phase-shift over a
phase-shift keying
period of time. For example, in 50 percent shaped binary
phase-shift keying, the phase-shift occurs over a period of
time equal to one-half a bit period.
shaped offset
A form of offset quadrature phase-shift keying modified to
quadrature phase-
produce phase-shift over a period of time. For example, in
shift keying
50-percent shaped offset quadrature phase-shift keying, the
phase-shift occurs over a period of time equal to one-half a
bit period.
slant range
The one-way distance between a satellite and a terminal
within the satellite's footprint. (Because signal propagation
velocity is constant, terminals measure range in units of
time.)
slave channel
A DAMA channel (5- or 25-kHz) used only for user
communications and not for reception or transmission of OW
or system support messages. Channel timing is derived
from synchronization with the CCOW on the control
channel.
slot connect
A connection between a terminal's I/O port(s) and a
communications slot in a TDMA frame.
slot number
A 5-bit code that identifies a time-slot when operating in the
AC mode.
solar flare
An explosive release, marked by a sudden brightening near
a sunspot or prominence, of electromagnetic radiation and
huge quantities of charged particles from a small area of the
solar surface.
solar wind
A stream of particles accelerated by the heat of the solar
corona (outer region of the sun) to velocities great enough to
Glossary-21
permit them to escape from the Sun’s gravitational field.
source terminal
The terminal from which information is considered to
originate.
space weather
The conditions and processes occurring in space that have
the potential to affect the near Earth environment. Space
Weather processes can include changes in the
interplanetary magnetic field, coronal mass ejections from
the sun, and disturbances in the Earth’s magnetic field. The
effects can range from damage to satellites to disruption of
power grids on Earth.
special frame
A frame format in which one or more of a terminal's
format
subformats may differ from the frame format indicated in
the master frame.
spectrum
The range of electromagnetic radio frequencies used in
transmission of voice, data and television.
spot beam
A focused antenna pattern sent to a limited geographical
area. Spot beams are used by domestic satellites to deliver
certain transponder signals to geographically well-defined
areas such as Hawaii, Alaska, and Puerto Rico.
spread spectrum
The transmission of a signal using a much wider bandwidth
and power than would normally be required. Spread
spectrum also involves the use of narrower signals that are
frequency-hopped through various parts of the transponder.
Both techniques produce low levels of interference between
the users. They also provide security in that the signals
appear as though they were random noise to unauthorized
earth stations.
subformat
See frame subformat.
subnet
A group of terminals with a need for common
communications that share a common address.
symbols per second
The unit of measure of the modulation rate. The modulation
rate in symbols per second is calculated by dividing the bit
rate, after forward error correction, by the number of bits
per symbol.
synchronization
A deliberate attempt to determine what aspects of unit
processes are hindering the flow of information and order;
figuring out the bottlenecks and then coming up with better
ways.
system support
Those portions of a control channel allocated for terminals to
slots
perform link test and ranging operations.
teardown
Termination of an established communication.
telemetry
Radio signals from a spacecraft used to encode and transmit
data to a ground station.
telemetry,
Telemetry, Tracking, and Control refers to the brain of a
tracking, and
satellite and its operating system. Telemetry, Tracking, and
Glossary-22
control
Control is the satellite’s method for storing and analyzing
the data it collects, and controlling its various systems. It
also logs every activity of the satellite, receives information
from the ground station, and takes care of any general
upkeep, or “housekeeping”, the satellite needs to do.
terminal
Equipment designed to receive and transmit voice or data
information using the frequencies, modulations, data rates,
access protocols, eirp, and sensitivity needed to establish
and sustain voice or data communications over a satellite
channel. A terminal may include internal or external voice
or data encryption devices, or both.
terminal base
The address of the lowest numbered I/O port attached to a
address
terminal.
time chip
One cycle of a 19,200-Hz oscillator (approximately
52-microseconds).
time-slot
A fraction of a TDMA frame allocated for a specific control
function (FOW and ROW) (CCOW, RCCOW, Range, and
Link Test) or user communications.
transformation
(Regarding Army future change) The evolution and
deployment of combat capabilities that provide
revolutionary or asymmetric advantages to our forces.
transmission mode
A terminal configuration (such as modulation rate or I/O
rate) specified by the channel controller for a specific
transmission.
transmitter turn-
The time interval between baseband equipment key down
on time
and the time at which the transmitter has stabilized to
within 90 percent of steady-state transmit power and 20-Hz
of the steady-state transmit center frequency
transponder
An instrument used on communications satellites that
receives a signal from a station on Earth at one frequency,
amplifies it, and shifts it to a new frequency.
uplink
The earth station used to transmit signals to a satellite
uplink acquisition
The status attained by a terminal or an alternate channel
control (1) after downlink acquisition is successful, and (2)
upon correct reception of a ranging burst or determination of
round-trip propagation time to the satellite by some other
means. Uplink acquisition is lost if round-trip propagation
time to the satellite is not known to within 12.604-
millisecond.
user time-slot
A fraction of the waveform frame that carries user-to-user
communications (such as encryption preambles,
independent network protocols, and encrypted data).
Van Allen
Bands of radiation trapped in Earth’s magnetic field. These
radiation belts
bands absorb ambient deep-space radiation and provide
protection for Earth’s surface. They are hazardous for
satellites and humans operating within them.
Glossary-23
waveform
The combination of baseband signal structure, rf signal
structure, and communications protocols that provides a
framework within which coordinated communications can be
effected.
wide area network A long distance computer network that enables users to
share information across large geographical distances; a
WAN may connect a number of LANs at different sites.
wideband
A communications mode whose essential spectral content is
operation
limited to a nominal 25-kHz channel bandwidth.
x-band
A portion of the RF spectrum located between 7.25-GHz and
8.4-GHz that is dedicated to the United States Military for
SATCOM.
zulu
Time zone indicator for Universal Time.
Glossary-24
Index
A
advanced narrowband digital voice terminal (ANDVT), II-2, III-15, C-1, C-6, E-6, F-1
AN/PRC-117F, C-28, C-33
Annex-K, II-1, II-5
antenna
SATCOM, C-5
azimuth, III-10, C-5, G-1, G-2
B
bandwidth, I-1, I-13, II-3
25-kHz, II-2
5-kHz, II-2
narrowband, I-13
UHF TACSAT, I-7
wideband, I-13
burst rate, I-23, I-24, I-26, II-4, C-27
C
channel
25-kHz, I-13, I-15, I-25
25-kHz DAMA, I-16, I-17, I-20, I-26, II-3, II-4
5-kHz, I-13, I-15, I-25
5-kHz DAMA, I-15, I-17, II-4, III-12, C-34
ad hoc DAMA, II-3
DAMA, I-23, II-3, C-14, C-21, C-22
DAMA multiplexing, I-15
DASA, I-26
narrowband, I-13, C-29
SATCOM, I-1
single, I-17
TACSAT, I-6, I-15
tactical, I-15
UHF TACSAT, I-15, I-16
wideband, I-13, C-29
channel allocation, III-10
channel control orderwire (CCOW), I-20, I-26
combatant commands (COCOM), I-4, I-5
combatant commands (COCOM), I-3, I-5, I-6, I-7, II-2
communication
baseband, I-19, I-25, I-27
data, I-13, I-15
voice, I-13, I-15, I-17, F-1
communications message processor (CMP), I-4, I-5, I-6
communications planner, I-1, I-3, I-7, I-10, II-1
communications security (COMSEC), I-7, I-20, F-2
Index-1
COMSEC custodians, III-7
connection
point-to-point, I-16
private, I-16
TBA-to-private (guard) network, I-16
TBA-to-TBA, I-16
D
DAMA
25-kHz, I-19, III-12, C-20
data rate, I-19, I-23, I-24, II-2, E-3
data rate, II-1
demand assigned multiple access (DAMA), III-7
Joint UHF MILSATCOM, III-6
Dedicated TACSAT, I-15
Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA), I-5, I-6
demand assigned multiple access (DAMA), I-1, I-2, I-7, I-15, I-25, I-26, II-2, III-6, III-7,
III-10, III-11, III-15, C-8, C-12, C-19, C-22, C-27, C-28, C-29, C-35, G-1
25-kHz, I-16, II-3, II-4, III-11, III-12, C-8, C-19, C-21, C-27
25-kHz AC, C-20, C-21, C-22, C-25, C-26, C-27
25-kHz DC, C-27
25-kHz UHF AC, C-25
5-kHz, I-15, I-18, I-19, II-3, II-4, III-10, III-11, III-12, C-25, C-28, C-29, C-32, C-34
challenges, III-12
defaults, C-16
EMCON, II-3
home channel, I-26
MHOP, II-3
mini, III-6
presets, C-19
SAC, I-26, III-7
demand assigned single access (DASA), I-26, C-28, C-29, C-30, C-32
E
electromagnetic interference (EMI, I-6, I-7, II-5, III-13
elevation, III-10, C-5, C-19, G-1, G-2
emerging operations (EMOP), I-1, I-7, II-1
exercise plan (EXPLAN), I-1, I-7, II-1
F
fixed frame format, I-19
fleet satellite communications (FLTSATCOM), I-15
flexible frame format, I-18, I-19
footprint, I-15, I-16, II-3
forward orderwire (FOW), I-17, I-18
fragmentary order, II-1
frame
25-kHz DAMA, I-20
frame cycle, I-26
Index-2
frame format, I-17, I-20, I-24, I-25, II-4, C-20, C-28
frequency management, I-1
frequency-shift keying (FSK), E-3
G
Global Information Grid/Defense Information Systems Network, I-5
global SATCOM support center (GSSC), I-3, I-6, I-7
guard list, II-3, II-4, III-12, D-4
H
home channel numbers, I-16
J
Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), I-3, II-2
joint frequency management office (JFMO), I-3, I-6
Joint Staff J-6, I-4
Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan, I-5
joint task force (JTF), I-3, I-6
Joint UHF Military Satellite Communications (MILSATCOM) Network Integrated
(JMINI), I-2, III-7
K
key variable zeroization, E-5
KG-84, III-15
L
link data, I-26
link test, I-25, I-26, C-27
M
Mixed excitation linear predicative (MELP) voice encoder, III-15
multiple-hop (MHOP), I-16
multiplexing, I-17
N
narrowband, I-24
Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station (NCTAMS), I-2, I-3, I-7,
I-15, III-8
Naval computing and telecommunications station (NCTS), I-15
net control station (NCS), I-2, I-15, II-4
net guard address, II-3
network
25-kHz DAMA, I-2
5-kHz DAMA, I-2, C-28, D-7, D-13
common, II-3, II-4
computer, III-6
Index-3
DAMA, I-7, III-6, C-20
point-to-point signal-channel-carrier, I-2
private, II-4
TACSAT, II-2
TMDA DAMA, II-3
UHF SATCOM, I-2
network address, I-25
O
operational access
tactical, I-4
operations
5-kHz DAMA, D-3
line of sight (LOS), D-1, F-7
SATCOM, D-2, F-8
operations
LOS Guard, F-8
operations plan (OPLAN), I-1, I-5, I-7, II-1
orderwire (OW), I-15, I-20, III-11, III-12
communication, I-25
data, I-26
encryption/decryption, III-15
key, III-7, III-10, III-11, III-12
out-of-service, III-12
position, III-10
transmissions, I-17
P
phase-shift keying (PSK), E-3
precedence level, C-20
precedence levels, II-3
primary channel controller (PCC), I-17, I-18, I-19, I-20
procedures
LST-5D 25-kHz DAMA, E-5
LST-5D LOS, E-1
LST-5D SATCOM, E-3
using KYX-15, E-9
R
ranging, I-25, I-26
data, I-26
receive signal strength indicator (RSSI) test, C-6, C-19
regional SATCOM support center (RSSC), I-2, I-3, I-6, I-7
return channel control orderwire (RCCOW), I-20, I-26, C-22, C-25, E-9
return orderwire (ROW), I-17, I-19
S
SATCOM, I-5
satellite access assignment (SAA), I-2, I-6, II-5
Index-4
satellite access request (SAR), I-2, I-6, I-7, II-3, II-4, III-7
satellite channel, I-15, II-3, II-4
25-kHz, III-10
5-kHz, III-10
DAMA, I-2
satellite coverage area, I-15, III-7
satellite database (SDB), I-2, I-4, II-1
Satellite Management Center (SMC), I-2, III-6
Saville advanced remote keying (SARK), E-3
segment
A, I-20
B, I-20
C, I-20
control, I-6
network management, I-6
satellite, I-6
terminal, I-6
user, I-20
user communications, I-19
semi-automatic controller (SAC), I-17
signal bursts, I-15
signals intelligence (SIGINT), I-7
Skyfire, F-1
slave channel, I-17, I-25, I-26, I-27
5-kHz, I-26
DAMA, I-25
start access date, II-2
stop access date, II-2
super high frequency (SHF), I-15
T
TACSAT, I-7, I-8, I-13, II-1
TDMA DAMA, I-16, I-25, II-3, II-4, III-12
teardown, I-16, C-31, C-32, D-16
terminal base address (TBA), I-16, II-3, II-4, III-6
management, II-3
precedence, II-3
terminal operator, I-1, I-3, C-26
time division multiple access (TDMA), I-15
traffic priority, II-3
type of information, I-7
U
UHF satellite communications (SATCOM), I-1, I-3, I-4, II-3
ultra high frequency (UHF) tactical satellite (TACSAT), I-1, I-6
unified combatant command (UCC), I-2, I-3, I-4, I-5, I-6, I-7, II-4
United States Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM), I-3, I-4, I-5, I-15
users, I-4
coalition, II-3
Index-5
data, I-24
data rate, I-24
disadvantaged, I-23, I-24, II-4
non-Department of Defense (DOD), I-4
special, II-3
voice, I-24
V
VINSON, III-15
voice, II-2
W
waveform, I-16, I-17, I-18, I-19
Index-6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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