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The Role of Doctrine and Summary of Changes
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
D-37. Table D-4 lists changes to terms for which Change 1 of FM 3-0 is the proponent field manual.
*Table D-4. Army terms for change 1
New terms
Modified terms
Rescinded terms
approach
control3
battle command
hybrid threat
direct approach
command and control warfare6
inform and influence activities
indirect approach
command and control warfighting
mission command networks and
mission command
function7
systems1
operational approach4
information engagement
mission command warfighting
operations process3
information protection
function2
information system
relevant information3
operational adaptability
running estimate4
persistent conflict
support area5
Notes:
1 Replaces command and control warfare.
5 FM 3-0 is now proponent instead of FMI 3-0.1.
2 Replaces command and control warfighting function.
6 Replaced by mission command warfare.
3 Modified definition for use in mission command context.
7 Replaced by mission command warfighting function.
4 FM 5-0 is now proponent.
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D-9
Source Notes
These are the sources used, quoted, or paraphrased in this publication. They are listed
by page number. Where material appears in a paragraph, both page and paragraph
number are listed.
xi
“Stability operations are a core…”: DODD 3000.05, Military Support for Stability, Security,
Transition, and Reconstruction (SSTR) Operations (Washington, DC: Department of Defense,
28 Nov 2005), paragraph 4.1 (page 2).
1-15
“War is thus an act…”: Carl von Clausewitz, On War, Michael Howard and Peter Paret, eds.
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), 75 (hereafter cited as Clausewitz).
1-17
“Everything in war…”: Clausewitz, 119, 120.
1-19
para 1-90. AR 350-1, Army Training and Leader Development (Washington DC:
Headquarters, Department of the Army, 3 Aug 2007), 80-81. Paragraph 4-18b establishes the
10 Jan 2008).
7-6
para 7-30. “the hub of all power…”: Clausewitz, 595-596.
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Source Notes-1
Glossary
The glossary lists acronyms and terms with Army, multi-Service, or joint definitions,
and other selected terms. Where Army and joint definitions are different, (Army)
follows the term. Terms for which FM 3-0 is the proponent manual (the authority) are
marked with an asterisk (*). The proponent manual for other terms is listed in
parentheses after the definition.
SECTION I - ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ADCON
administrative control
AR
Army regulation
ARFOR
See ARFOR under terms.
ASCC
Army Service component command
BCT
brigade combat team
CBRNE
chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high-yield explosives
CCIR
commander’s critical information requirement
CJCSI
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff instruction
COCOM
combatant command (command authority)
DA
Department of the Army
DODI
Department of Defense instruction
EEFI
essential element of friendly information
FFIR
friendly force information requirement
FM
field manual
ISR
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance
JP
joint publication
MDMP
military decisonmaking process
METT-TC
See METT-TC under terms.
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
OPCON
operational control
PIR
priority intelligence requirement
PMESII-PT
See PMESII-PT under terms.
TACON
tactical control
U.S.
United States
WMD
weapons of mass destruction
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Glossary-1
Glossary
SECTION II - TERMS
administrative control
(joint) Direction or exercise of authority over subordinate or other organizations in respect to
administration and support, including organization of Service forces, control of resources and
equipment, personnel management, unit logistics, individual and unit training, readiness, mobilization,
demobilization, discipline, and other matters not included in the operational missions of the
subordinate or other organizations. (JP 1)
adversary
(joint) A party acknowledged as potentially hostile to a friendly party and against which the use of
force may be envisaged. (JP 3-0)
alliance
(joint) The relationship that results from a formal agreement (for example, treaty) between two or more
nations for broad, long-term objectives that further the common interests of the members. (JP 3-0)
antiterrorism
(joint) Defensive measures used to reduce the vulnerability of individuals and property to terrorist acts,
to include limited response and containment by local military and civilian forces. (JP 3-07.2)
*approach
The manner in which a commander contends with a center of gravity.
area of influence
(joint) A geographical area wherein a commander is directly capable of influencing operations by
maneuver or fire support systems normally under the commander’s command or control. (JP 3-16)
area of interest
(joint) area of concern to the commander, including the area of influence, areas adjacent thereto, and
extending into enemy territory to the objectives of current or planned operations. This area also
includes areas occupied by enemy forces who could jeopardize the accomplishment of the mission.
(JP 2-03)
*ARFOR
The Army Service component headquarters for a joint task force or a joint and multinational force.
*Army positive control
A technique of regulating forces that involves commanders and leaders actively assessing, deciding,
and directing them.
*Army procedural control
A technique of regulating forces that relies on a combination of orders, regulations, policies, and
doctrine (including tactics, techniques, and procedures).
*assessment
(Army) The continuous monitoring and evaluation of the current situation, particularly the enemy, and
progress of an operation.
base
(joint) A locality from which operations are projected or supported. (JP 4-0)
*battle
A set of related engagements that lasts longer and involves larger forces than an engagement.
campaign
(joint) A series of related major operations aimed at achieving strategic and operational objectives
within a given time and space. (JP 5-0)
Glossary-2
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Glossary
center of gravity
(joint) The source of power that provides moral or physical strength, freedom of action, or will to act.
(JP 3-0)
civil considerations
The influence of manmade infrastructure, civilian institutions, and attitudes and activities of the
civilian leaders, populations, and organizations within an area of operations on the conduct of military
operations. (FM 6-0)
civil support
(joint) Department of Defense support to US civil authorities for domestic emergencies, and for
designated law enforcement and other activities. (JP 3-28)
*close combat
Warfare carried out on land in a direct-fire fight, supported by direct, indirect, and air-delivered fires.
coalition
(joint) An ad hoc arrangement between two or more nations for common action. (JP 5-0)
coalition action
(joint) A multinational action outside the bounds of established alliances, usually for single occasions
or longer cooperation in a narrow sector of common interest. (JP 5-0)
combat camera
(joint) The acquisition and utilization of still and motion imagery in support of operational and
planning requirements across the range of military operations and during joint exercises. (JP 3-61)
combating terrorism
(joint ) Actions, including antiterrorism and counterterrorism, taken to oppose terrorism throughout the
entire threat spectrum. (JP 3-26)
*combat power
(Army) The total means of destructive, constructive, and information capabilities that a military
unit/formation can apply at a given time. Army forces generate combat power by converting potential
into effective action.
*combined arms
The synchronized and simultaneous application of the elements of combat power to achieve an effect
greater than if each element of combat power was used separately or sequentially.
command
(joint) The authority that a commander in the armed forces lawfully exercises over subordinates by
virtue of rank or assignment. Command includes the authority and responsibility for effectively using
available resources and for planning the employment of, organizing, directing, coordinating, and
controlling military forces for the accomplishment of assigned missions. It also includes responsibility
for health, welfare, morale, and discipline of assigned personnel. (JP 1)
commander’s critical information requirement
(joint) An information requirement identified by the commander as being critical to facilitating timely
decision-making. The two key elements are friendly force information requirements and priority
intelligence requirements. (JP 3-0)
*commander’s intent
(Army) A clear, concise statement of what the force must do and the conditions the force must
establish with respect to the enemy, terrain, and civil considerations that represent the desired end
state.
*commander’s visualization
The mental process of developing situational understanding, determining a desired end state, and
envisioning the broad sequence of events by which the force will achieve that end state.
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Glossary-3
Glossary
*common operational picture
(Army) A single display of relevant information within a commander’s area of interest tailored to the
user’s requirements and based on common data and information shared by more than one command.
*compel
To use, or threaten to use, lethal force to establish control and dominance, effect behavioral change, or
enforce compliance with mandates, agreements, or civil authority.
*concept of operations
(Army) A statement that directs the manner in which subordinate units cooperate to accomplish the
mission and establishes the sequence of actions the force will use to achieve the end state. It is
normally expressed in terms of decisive, shaping, and sustaining operations.
consequence management
(joint) Actions taken to maintain or restore essential services and manage and mitigate problems
resulting from disasters and catastrophes, including natural, man-made, or terrorist incidents. (JP 3-28)
contractor
A person or business that provides products or services for monetary compensation. A contractor
furnishes supplies and services or performs work at a certain price or rate based on the terms of a
contract. (FM 3-100.21)
*control
(Army)*1. In the context of mission command, control is the regulation of forces and warfighting
functions to accomplish the mission in accordance with the commander’s intent. (FM 3-0) 2. A tactical
mission task that requires the commander to maintain physical influence over a specified area to
prevent its use by an enemy. (FM 3-90) 3. An action taken to eliminate a hazard or reduce its risk. (FM
5-19) *4. In the context of stability mechanisms, to impose civil order. (FM 3-0) [See JP 1-02 for joint
definitions.]
*control measure
A means of regulating forces or warfighting functions.
counterdrug activities
(joint) Those measures taken to detect, interdict, disrupt, or curtail any activity that is reasonably
related to illicit drug trafficking. This includes, but is not limited to, measures taken to detect, interdict,
disrupt, or curtail activities related to substances, materiel, weapons, or resources used to finance,
support, secure, cultivate, process, or transport illegal drugs. (JP 3-07.4)
counterinsurgency
(joint) Comprehensive civilian and military efforts taken to defeat an insurgency and to address any
core grievances. (JP 3-24)
counterterrorism
(joint) Actions taken directly against terrorist networks and indirectly to influence and render global
and regional environments inhospitable to terrorist networks. (JP 3-26)
*culminating point
(Army) That point in time and space at which a force no longer possesses the capability to continue its
current form of operations.
cyberspace
(joint) A global domain within the information environment consisting of the interdependent network
of information technology infrastructures, including the Internet, telecommunications networks,
computer systems, and embedded processors and controllers. (JP 1-02)
*decisive operation
The operation that directly accomplishes the mission. It determines the outcome of a major operation,
battle, or engagement. The decisive operation is the focal point around which commanders design the
entire operation.
Glossary-4
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Glossary
decisive point
(joint) A geographic place, specific key event, critical factor, or function that, when acted upon, allows
commanders to gain a marked advantage over an adversary or contribute materially to achieving
success. (JP 3-0) [Note: In this context, adversary also refers to enemies.]
*defeat mechanism
The method through which friendly forces accomplish their mission against enemy opposition.
*defensive operations
Combat operations conducted to defeat an enemy attack, gain time, economize forces, and develop
conditions favorable for offensive or stability operations.
*depth
(Army) The extension of operations in time, space, and resources.
design
A methodology for applying critical and creative thinking to understand, visualize, and describe
complex, ill-structured problems and develop approaches to solve them. (FM 5-0)
*destroy
In the context of defeat mechanisms, to apply lethal combat power on an enemy capability so that it
can no longer perform any function and cannot be restored to a usable condition without being entirely
rebuilt.
*direct approach
The manner in which a commander attacks the enemy’s center of gravity or principal strength by
applying combat power directly against it.
direct liaison authorized
(joint) That authority granted by a commander (any level) to a subordinate to directly consult or
coordinate an action with a command or agency within or outside of the granting command. Direct
liaison authorized is more applicable to planning than operations and always carries with it the
requirement of keeping the commander granting direct liaison authorized informed. Direct liaison
authorized is a coordination relationship, not an authority through which command may be exercised.
(JP 1)
*disintegrate
To disrupt the enemy’s command and control system, degrading the ability to conduct operations while
leading to a rapid collapse of the enemy’s capabilities or will to fight.
*dislocate
To employ forces to obtain significant positional advantage, rendering the enemy’s dispositions less
valuable, perhaps even irrelevant.
electromagnetic spectrum
(joint) The range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation from zero to infinity. It is divided into 26
alphabetically designated bands. (JP 3-13.1)
electronic attack
(joint) A division of electronic warfare involving the use of electromagnetic energy, directed energy, or
antiradiation weapons to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with the intent of degrading,
neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability and is considered a form of fires. (JP 3-13.1)
electronic protection
(joint) A division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to protect personnel, facilities, and
equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy use of the electromagnetic spectrum that degrade,
neutralize, or destroy friendly combat capability. (JP 3-13.1)
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Glossary-5
Glossary
electronic warfare
(joint) Any military action involving the use of electromagnetic and directed energy to control the
electromagnetic spectrum or to attack the enemy. Electronic warfare consists of three divisions:
electronic attack, electronic protection, and electronic warfare support. (JP 3-13.1)
electronic warfare support
(joint) A division of electronic warfare involving actions tasked by, or under the direct control of, an
operational commander to search for, intercept, identify, and locate or localize sources of intentional
and unintentional radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition,
targeting, planning, and conduct of future operations. (JP 3-13.1)
end state
(joint) The set of required conditions that defines achievement of the commander’s objectives. (JP 3-0)
*enemy
A party identified as hostile against which the use of force is authorized.
engagement
(joint) A tactical conflict, usually between opposing, lower echelon maneuver forces. (JP 1-02)
*essential element of friendly information
(Army) A critical aspect of a friendly operation that, if known by the enemy, would subsequently
compromise, lead to failure, or limit success of the operation and therefore should be protected from
enemy detection.
*execution
Putting a plan into action by applying combat power to accomplish the mission and using situational
understanding to assess progress and make execution and adjustment decisions.
*exterior lines
A force operates on exterior lines when its operations converge on the enemy.
*fires warfighting function
The related tasks and systems that provide collective and coordinated use of Army indirect fires and
joint fires through the targeting process.
*force tailoring
The process of determining the right mix of forces and the sequence of their deployment in support of
a joint force commander.
forcible entry
(joint) The seizing and holding of a military lodgment in the face of armed opposition. (JP 3-18)
foreign humanitarian assistance
(joint) Department of Defense activities, normally in support of the United States Agency for
International Development or Department of State, conducted outside the United States, its territories,
and possessions to relieve or reduce human suffering, disease, hunger, or privation. (JP 3-29)
foreign internal defense
(joint) The participation by civilian and military agencies of a government in any of the action
programs taken by another government or other designated organization to free and protect its society
from subversion, lawlessness, and insurgency. (JP 3-22)
*forward operating base
(Army) An area used to support tactical operations without establishing full support facilities.
friendly force information requirement
(joint) Information the commander and staff need to understand the status of friendly force and
supporting capabilities. (JP 3-0)
Glossary-6
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Glossary
*full spectrum operations
The Army’s operational concept: Army forces combine offensive, defensive, and stability or civil
support operations simultaneously as part of an interdependent joint force to seize, retain, and exploit
the initiative, accepting prudent risk to create opportunities to achieve decisive results. They employ
synchronized action—lethal and nonlethal—proportional to the mission and informed by a thorough
understanding of all variables of the operational environment. Mission command that conveys intent
and an appreciation of all aspects of the situation guides the adaptive use of Army forces.
*graphic control measure
A symbol used on maps and displays to regulate forces and warfighting functions.
*hybrid threat
A hybrid threat is the diverse and dynamic combination of regular forces, irregular forces, and/or
criminal elements all unified to achieve mutually benefitting effects.
*indirect approach
The manner in which a commander attacks the enemy’s center of gravity by applying combat power
against a series of decisive points while avoiding enemy strength.
*individual initiative
The willingness to act in the absence of orders, when existing orders no longer fit the situation, or
when unforeseen opportunities or threats arise.
*influence
In the context of stability mechanisms, to alter the opinions and attitudes of a civilian population
through inform and influence activities, presence, and conduct.
*inform and influence activities
The integrating activities within the mission command warfighting function which ensure themes and
messages designed to inform domestic audiences and influence foreign friendly, neutral, adversary,
and enemy populations are synchronized with actions to support full spectrum operations. Inform and
influence activities incorporate components and enablers expanding the commander’s ability to use
other resources to inform and influence.
information environment
(joint) The aggregate of individuals, organizations, and systems that collect, process, disseminate, or
act on information. (JP 3-13)
*information management
(Army) The science of using procedures and information systems to collect, process, store, display,
disseminate, and protect knowledge products, data, and information.
insurgency
(joint) The organized movement of subversion and violence by a group or movement that seeks to
overthrow or force change of a governing authority. Insurgency can also refer to the group itself.
(JP 3-24)
*intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance
(Army) An activity that synchronizes and integrates the planning and operation of sensors, assets, and
processing, exploitation, and dissemination systems in direct support of current and future operations.
This is an integrated intelligence and operations function. For Army forces, this activity is a combined
arms operation that focuses on priority intelligence requirements while answering the commander’s
critical information requirements.
*intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance integration
The task of assigning and controlling a unit’s intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance assets (in
terms of space, time, and purpose) to collect and report information as a concerted and integrated
portion of operation plans and orders.
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Glossary-7
Glossary
*intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance synchronization
The task that accomplishes the following: analyzes information requirements and intelligence gaps;
evaluates available assets internal and external to the organization; determines gaps in the use of those
assets; recommends intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance assets controlled by the organization
to collect on the commander’s critical information requirements; and submits requests for information
for adjacent and higher collection support.
*intelligence warfighting function
The related tasks and systems that facilitate understanding of the operational environment, enemy,
terrain, and civil considerations.
interagency coordination
(joint) Within the context of Department of Defense involvement, the coordination that occurs between
elements of Department of Defense, and engaged US Government agencies for the purpose of
achieving an objective. (JP 3-0)
intergovernmental organization
(joint) An organization created by a formal agreement (for example, a treaty) between two or more
governments. It may be established on a global, regional, or functional basis for wide-ranging or
narrowly defined purposes. Formed to protect and promote national interests shared by member states.
(JP 3-08)
*interior lines
A force operates on interior lines when its operations diverge from a central point.
intermediate staging base
(joint) A tailorable, temporary location used for staging forces, sustainment and/or extraction into and
out of an operational area. (JP 3-35)
intuitive decisionmaking
The act of reaching a conclusion which emphasizes pattern recognition based on knowledge, judgment,
experience, education, intelligence, boldness, perception, and character. This approach focuses on
assessment of the situation vice comparison of multiple options. (FM 6-0)
*irregular warfare
(Army) A violent struggle among state and nonstate actors for legitimacy and influence over a
population.
*isolate
In the context of defeat mechanisms, to deny an enemy or adversary access to capabilities that enable
the exercise of coercion, influence, potential advantage, and freedom of action.
joint combined exchange training
(joint) A program conducted overseas to fulfill US forces training requirements and at the same time
exchange the sharing of skills between US forces and host nation counterparts. Training activities are
designed to improve US and host nation capabilities. (JP 3-05)
*knowledge management
The art of creating, organizing, applying, and transferring knowledge to facilitate situational
understanding and decisionmaking.
*landpower
The ability—by threat, force, or occupation—to gain, sustain, and exploit control over land, resources,
and people.
law of war
(joint) That part of international law that regulates the conduct of armed hostilities. (JP 1-02)
Glossary-8
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Glossary
leadership
The process of influencing people by providing purpose, direction, and motivation, while operating to
accomplish the mission and improve the organization. (FM 6-22)
*line of effort
A line that links multiple tasks and missions using the logic of purpose—cause and effect—to focus
efforts toward establishing operational and strategic conditions.
*line of operations
(Army) A line that defines the directional orientation of a force in time and space in relation to the
enemy and links the force with its base of operations and objectives.
lodgment
(joint) A designated area in a hostile or potentially hostile territory that, when seized and held, makes
the continuous landing of troops and materiel possible and provides maneuver space for subsequent
operations. (JP 3-18)
logistics
(joint) The planning and executing the movement and support of forces. It includes those aspects of
military operations that deal with: a. design and development, acquisition, storage, movement,
distribution, maintenance, evacuation, and disposition of materiel; b. movement, evacuation, and
hospitalization of personnel; c. acquisition or construction, maintenance, operation, and disposition of
facilities; and d. acquisition or furnishing of services. (JP 4-0)
*main effort
The designated subordinate unit whose mission at a given point in time is most critical to overall
mission success. It is usually weighted with the preponderance of combat power.
major operation
(joint) A series of tactical actions (battles, engagements, strikes) conducted by combat forces of a
single or several Services, coordinated in time and place, to achieve strategic or operational objectives
in an operational area. These actions are conducted simultaneously or sequentially in accordance with
a common plan and are controlled by a single commander. For noncombat operations, a reference to
the relative size and scope of a military operation. (JP 3-0)
maneuver
(joint) The employment of forces in the operational area through movement in combination with fires
to achieve a position of advantage in respect to the enemy in order to accomplish the mission. (JP 3-0)
measure of effectiveness
(joint) A criterion used to assess changes in system behavior, capability, or operational environment
that is tied to measuring the attainment of an end state, achievement of an objective, or creation of an
effect. (JP 3-0)
measure of performance
(joint) A criterion used to assess friendly actions that is tied to measuring task accomplishment.
(JP 3-0)
METT-TC
A memory aid used in two contexts: 1. In the context of information management, the major subject
categories into which relevant information is grouped for military operations: mission, enemy, terrain
and weather, troops and support available, time available, civil considerations. (FM 6-0) 2. In the
context of tactics, major variables considered during mission analysis (mission variables). (FM 3-90)
military deception
(joint)Those actions executed to deliberately mislead adversary decision makers as to friendly military
capabilities, intentions, and operations, thereby causing the adversary to take specific actions (or
inactions) that will contribute to the accomplishment of the friendly mission. (JP 3-13.4)
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Glossary-9
Glossary
mission
(joint) task, together with the purpose, that clearly indicates the action to be taken and the reason
therefore. (JP 3-0)
*mission command
(Army) The exercise of authority and direction by the commander using mission orders to enable
disciplined initiative within the commander’s intent to empower agile and adaptive leaders in the
conduct of full spectrum operations. It is commander-led and blends the art of command and the
science of control to integrate the warfighting functions to accomplish the mission.
*mission command networks and systems
The coordinated application of personnel, networks, procedures, equipment and facilities, knowledge
management, and information management systems essential for the commander to conduct
operations.
*mission command warfighting function
Develops and integrates those activities enabling a commander to balance the art of command and the
science of control.
*mission orders
A technique for developing orders that emphasizes to subordinates the results to be attained, not how
they are to achieve them. It provides maximum freedom of action in determining how to best
accomplish assigned missions.
*movement and maneuver warfighing function
The related tasks and systems that move forces to achieve a position of advantage in relation to the
enemy.
multinational operations
(joint) A collective term to describe military actions conducted by forces of two or more nations,
usually undertaken within the structure of a coalition or alliance. (JP 3-16)
mutual support
(joint) That support which units render each other against an enemy, because of their assigned tasks,
their position relative to each other and to the enemy, and their inherent capabilities. (JP 3-31)
*neutral
(Army) A party identified as neither supporting nor opposing friendly or enemy forces.
noncombatant evacuation operations
(joint) Operations directed by the Department of State or other appropriate authority, in conjunction
with the Department of Defense, whereby noncombatants are evacuated from foreign countries when
their lives are endangered by war, civil unrest, or natural disaster to safe havens or to the United States.
(JP 3-0)
nongovernmental organization
(joint) A private, self-governing, not-for-profit organization dedicated to alleviating human suffering;
and/or promoting education, health care, economic development, environmental protection, human
rights, and conflict resolution; and/or encouraging the establishment of democratic institutions and
civil society. (JP 3-08)
*offensive operations
Combat operations conducted to defeat and destroy enemy forces and seize terrain, resources, and
population centers. They impose the commander’s will on the enemy.
operating forces
(joint) Those forces whose primary missions are to participate in combat and the integral supporting
elements thereof. (JP 1-02)
Glossary-10
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Glossary
*operational adaptability
The ability to shape conditions and respond effectively to changing threats and situations with
appropriate, flexible, and timely actions.
operational approach
A broad conceptualization of the general actions that will produce the conditions that define the
desired end state. (FM 5-0)
operational art
(joint) The application of creative imagination by commanders and staffs—supported by their skill,
knowledge, and experience—to design strategies, campaigns, and major operations and organize and
employ military forces. Operational art integrates ends, ways, and means across the levels of war.
(JP 3-0)
operational concept
See full spectrum operations.
operational environment
(joint) A composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect the employment of
capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander. (JP 3-0)
*operational initiative
The setting or dictating the terms of action throughout an operation.
*operational pause
(Army) A deliberate halt taken to extend operational reach or prevent culmination.
operational reach
(joint) The distance and duration across which a unit can successfully employ military capabilities.
(JP 3-0)
*operational theme
The character of the dominant major operation being conducted at any time within a land force
commander’s area of operations. The operational theme helps convey the nature of the major operation
to the force to facilitate common understanding of how the commander broadly intends to operate.
*operations process
The major mission command activities performed during operations: planning, preparing, executing,
and continuously assessing the operation. The commander drives the operations process through
leadership.
organic
(joint) Those assigned to and forming an essential part of a military organization. Organic parts of a
unit are those listed in its table of organization for the Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps, and are
assigned to the administrative organizations of the operating forces for the Navy. (JP 1-02)
other government agency
(joint) Within the context of interagency coordination, a non Department of Defense agency of the
United States Government. (JP 1)
peace building
(joint) Stability actions, predominately diplomatic and economic, that strengthen and rebuild
governmental infrastructure and institutions in order to avoid a relapse into conflict. (JP 3-07.3)
peace enforcement
(joint) The application of military force, or the threat of its use, normally pursuant to international
authorization, to compel compliance with resolutions or sanctions designed to maintain or restore
peace and order. (JP 3-07.3)
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Glossary-11
Glossary
peacekeeping
(joint) Military operations undertaken with the consent of all major parties to a dispute, designed to
monitor and facilitate implementation of an agreement (cease fire, truce, or other such agreement) and
support diplomatic efforts to reach a long-term political settlement. (JP 3-07.3)
peacemaking
(joint) The process of diplomacy, mediation, negotiation, or other forms of peaceful settlements that
arranges an end to a dispute and resolves issues that led to it. (JP 3-0)
peace operations
(joint) A broad term that encompasses multiagency and multinational crisis response and limited
contingency operations involving all instruments of national power with military missions to contain
conflict, redress the peace, and shape the environment to support reconciliation and rebuilding and
facilitate the transition to legitimate governance. Peace operations include peacekeeping, peace
enforcement, peacemaking, peace building, and conflict prevention efforts. (JP 3-07.3)
*peacetime military engagement
All military activities that involve other nations and are intended to shape the security environment in
peacetime. It includes programs and exercises that the United States military conducts with other
nations to shape the international environment, improve mutual understanding, and improve
interoperability with treaty partners or potential coalition partners. Peacetime military engagement
activities are designed to support a combatant commander’s objectives within the theater security
cooperation plan.
*persistent conflict
The protracted confrontation among state, nonstate, and individual actors that are increasingly willing
to use violence to achieve their political and ideological ends.
*phase
(Army/Marine Corps) A planning and execution tool used to divide an operation in duration or
activity. A change in phase usually involves a change of mission, task organization, or rules of
engagement. Phasing helps in planning and controlling and may be indicated by time, distance, terrain,
or an event.
*planning
The process by which commanders (and the staff, if available) translate the commander’s visualization
into a specific course of action for preparation and execution, focusing on the expected results.
*PMESII-PT
A memory aid for the varibles used to describe the operational environment: political, military,
economic, social, information, infrastructure, physical environment, time (operational variables).
*preparation
Activities performed by units to improve their ability to execute an operation. Preparation includes, but
is not limited to, plan refinement; rehearsals; intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance;
coordination; inspections; and movement.
priority intelligence requirement
(joint) An intelligence requirement, stated as a priority for intelligence support, that the commander
and staff need to understand the adversary or the operational environment. (JP 2-0) [Note: In this con-
text, adversary also refers to enemies.]
procedures
(joint) Standard, detailed steps that describe how to perform specific tasks. (CJCSI 5120.02)
*protection warfighting function
The related tasks and systems that preserve the force so the commander can apply maximum combat
power.
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Glossary
raid
(joint) An operation to temporarily seize an area in order to secure information, confuse an adversary,
capture personnel or equipment, or to destroy a capability. It ends with a planned withdrawal upon
completion of the assigned mission. (JP 3-0) [Note: In this context, adversary also refers to enemies.]
reconnaissance
(joint) A mission undertaken to obtain, by visual observation or other detection methods, information
about the activities and resources of an enemy or adversary, or to secure data concerning the
meteorological, hydrographic, or geographic characteristics of a particular area. (JP 2-0)
recovery operations
(joint) Operations conducted to search for, locate, identify, recover, and return isolated personnel,
human remains, sensitive equipment, or items critical to national security. (JP 3-50)
*relevant information
All information of importance to commanders and staffs in the exercise of mission command.
rules of engagement
(joint) Directives issued by competent military authority that delineate the circumstances and
limitations under which United States forces will initiate and/or continue combat engagement with
other forces encountered. (JP 1-04)
running estimate
The continuous assessment of the current situation used to determine if the current operation is
proceeding according to the commander’s intent and if planned future operations are supportable.
(FM 5-0)
sanction enforcement
(joint) Operations that employ coercive measures to interdict the movement of certain types of
designated items into or out of a nation or specified area. (JP 3-0)
*shaping operation
An operation at any echelon that creates and preserves conditions for the success of the decisive
operation.
security force assistance
(Army) The unified action to generate, employ, and sustain local, host-nation, or regional security
forces in support of a legitimate authority. (FM 3-07)
show of force
(joint) An operation designed to demonstrate US resolve that involves increased visibility of US
deployed forces in an attempt to defuse a specific situation that, if allowed to continue, may be
detrimental to US interests or national objectives. (JP 3-0)
*situational awareness
Immediate knowledge of the conditions of the operation, constrained geographically and in time.
*situational understanding
The product of applying analysis and judgment to relevant information to determine the relationships
among the mission variables to facilitate decisionmaking.
*stability mechanism
The primary method through which friendly forces affect civilians in order to attain conditions that
support establishing a lasting, stable peace.
stability operations
(joint) An overarching term encompassing various military missions, tasks, and activities conducted
outside the United States in coordination with other instruments of national power to maintain or
reestablish a safe and secure environment, provide essential governmental services, emergency
infrastructure reconstruction, and humanitarian relief. (JP 3-0)
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Glossary-13
Glossary
strategic level of war
(joint) The level of war at which a nation, often as a member of a group of nations, determines national
or multinational (alliance or coalition) strategic security objectives and guidance, and develops and
uses national resources to achieve these objectives. Activities at this level establish national and
multinational military objectives; sequence initiatives; define limits and assess risks for the use of
military and other instruments of national power; develop global plans or theater war plans to achieve
those objectives; and provide military forces and other capabilities in accordance with strategic plans.
(JP 3-0)
strategy
(joint) A prudent idea or set of ideas for employing the instruments of national power in a
synchronized and integrated fashion to achieve theater, national, and/or multinational objectives.
(JP 3-0)
strike
(joint) An attack to damage or destroy an objective or a capability. (JP 3-0)
*support
(joint) The action of a force that aids, protects, complements, or sustains another force in accordance
with a directive requiring such action. (JP 1) *(Army) In the context of stability mechanisms, to
establish, reinforce, or set the conditions necessary for the other instruments of national power to
function effectively.
*support area
A specific surface area designated by the echelon commander to facilitate the positioning,
employment, and protection of resources required to sustain, enable, and control tactical operations.
*supporter
A party who sympathizes with friendly forces and who may or may not provide material assistance to
them.
*supporting distance
The distance between two units that can be traveled in time for one to come to the aid of the other and
prevent its defeat by an enemy or ensure it regains control of a civil situation.
*supporting range
The distance one unit may be geographically separated from a second unit yet remain within the
maximum range of the second unit’s weapons systems.
surveillance
(joint) The systematic observation of aerospace, surface, or subsurface areas, places, persons, or things,
by visual, aural, electronic, photographic, or other means. (JP 3-0)
*sustaining operation
An operation at any echelon that enables the decisive operation or shaping operations by generating
and maintaining combat power.
*sustainment warfighting function
The related tasks and systems that provide support and services to ensure freedom of action, extend
operational reach, and prolong endurance.
synchronization
(joint) The arrangement of military actions in time, space, and purpose to produce maximum relative
combat power at a decisive place and time. (JP 2-0)
tactics
(joint) The employment and ordered arrangement of forces in relation to each other. (CJCSI 5120.02)
*task organization
(Army) A temporary grouping of forces designed to accomplish a particular mission.
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FM 3-0, C1
22 February 2011
Glossary
*task-organizing
(Army) The act of designing an operating force, support staff, or logistic package of specific size and
composition to meet a unique task or mission. Characteristics to examine when task-organizing the
force include, but are not limited to: training, experience, equipage, sustainability, operating
environment, enemy threat, and mobility. For Army forces, it includes allocating available assets to
subordinate commanders and establishing their command and support relationships.
techniques
(joint) Nonprescriptive ways or methods used to perform missions, functions, or tasks.
(CJCSI 5120.02)
*tempo
The relative speed and rhythm of military operations over time with respect to the enemy.
terrorism
(joint) The calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; [these
acts are] intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are
generally political, religious, or ideological. (JP 3-07.2)
training and readiness oversight
(joint) The authority that combatant commanders may exercise over assigned Reserve Component
forces when not on active duty or when on active duty for training. As a matter of Department of
Defense policy, this authority includes: a. Providing guidance to Service component commanders on
operational requirements and priorities to be addressed in Military Department training and readiness
programs; b. Commenting on Service component program recommendations and budget requests; c.
Coordinating and approving participation by assigned Reserve Component forces in joint exercises and
other joint training when on active duty for training or performing inactive duty for training; d.
Obtaining and reviewing readiness and inspection reports on assigned Reserve Component forces; and
e. Coordinating and reviewing mobilization plans (including post-mobilization training activities and
deployability validation procedures) developed for assigned Reserve Component forces. (JP 1)
*unassigned area
The area between noncontiguous areas of operations or beyond contiguous areas of operations. The
higher headquarters is responsible for controlling unassigned areas within its area of operations.
unconventional warfare
(joint) A broad spectrum of military and paramilitary operations, normally of long duration,
predominantly conducted through, with, or by indigenous or surrogate forces who are organized,
trained, equipped, supported, and directed in varying degrees by an external source. It includes, but is
not limited to, guerrilla warfare, subversion, sabotage, intelligence activities, and unconventional
assisted recovery. (JP 3-05)
unified action
(joint) The synchronization, coordination, and/or integration of the activities of governmental and
nongovernmental entities with military operations to achieve unity of effort. (JP 1)
*urban operation
A military operation conducted where manmade construction and high population density are the
dominant features.
*warfighting function
A group of tasks and systems (people, organizations, information, and processes) united by a common
purpose that commanders use to accomplish missions and training objectives.
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Glossary-15
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References
Field manuals and selected joint publications are listed by new number followed by
old number.
REQUIRED PUBLICATIONS
These documents must be available to intended users of this publication.
FM 1-02 (101-5-1). Operational Terms and Graphics. 21 September 2004.
JP 1-02. Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. 8 November 2010.
RELATED PUBLICATIONS
These documents contain relevant supplemental information.
JOINT AND DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PUBLICATIONS
Most joint publications are available online: <http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jointpub.htm >.
CJCSI 5120.02. Joint Doctrine Development System. 4 December 2009.
DODI 3000.05. Stability Operations. 16 September 2009.
JP 1. Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States. 14 May 2007.
JP 1-04. Legal Support to Military Operations. 1 March 2007.
JP 2-0. Joint Intelligence. 22 June 2007.
JP 2-01. Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations. 7 October 2004.
JP 2-03. Geospatial Intelligence Support to Joint Operations. 22 March 2007.
JP 3-0. Joint Operations. 17 September 2006.
JP 3-05. Doctrine for Joint Special Operations. 17 December 2003.
JP 3-06. Joint Urban Operations. 8 November 2009.
JP 3-07.2. Antiterrorism. 24 November 2010.
JP 3-07.3. Peace Operations. 17 October 2007.
JP 3-07.4. Joint Counterdrug Operations. 13 June 2007.
JP 3-08. Interagency, Intergovernmental Organization, and Nongovernmental Organization
Coordination During Joint Operations (2 volumes). 17 March 2006.
JP 3-09.3. Close Air Support. 8 July 2009.
JP 3-10. Joint Security Operations in Theater. 3 February 2010.
JP 3-13. Information Operations. 13 February 2006.
JP 3-13.1. Electronic Warfare. 25 January 2007.
JP 3-13.4. Military Deception. 13 July 2006.
JP 3-16. Multinational Operations. 7 March 2007.
JP 3-18. Joint Forcible Entry Operations. 16 June 2008.
JP 3-22. Foreign Internal Defense. 12 July 2010.
JP 3-24. Counterinsurgency Operations. 5 October 2009.
JP 3-26. Counterterrorism. 13 November 2009.
JP 3-28. Civil Support. 14 September 2007.
22 February 2011
FM 3-0, C1
References-1
References
JP 3-29. Foreign Humanitarian Assistance. 17 March 2009.
JP 3-31. Command and Control for Joint Land Operations. 29 June 2010.
JP 3-35. Deployment and Redeployment Operations. 7 May 2007.
JP 3-40. Combating Weapons of Mass Destruction. 10 June 2009.
JP 3-41. Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and High-Yield Explosives Consequence
Management. 2 October 2006.
JP 3-50. Personnel Recovery. 5 January 2007.
JP 3-57. Civil-Military Operations. 8 July 2008.
JP 3-61. Public Affairs. 25 August 2010.
JP 3-68. Noncombatant Evacuation Operations. 22 January 2007.
JP 4-0. Joint Logistics. 18 July 2008.
JP 4-05. Joint Mobilization Planning. 22 March 2010.
JP 5-0. Joint Operation Planning. 26 December 2006.
JP 6-0. Joint Communications System. 10 June 2010.
ARMY PUBLICATIONS
Most Army doctrinal publications are available online: <http://www.apd.army.mil/ >. Army regulations
are produced only in electronic media and available at the same link.
AR 10-87. Army Commands, Army Service Component Commands, and Direct Reporting Units.
4 September 2007.
AR 12-1. Security Assistance, Training, and Export Policy. 23 July 2010.
AR 34-1. Multinational Force Compatibility. 6 January 2004.
AR 350-1. Army Training and Leader Development. 18 December 2009.
FM 2-0 (34-1). Intelligence. 23 March 2010.
FM 3-05.30/MCRP 3-40.6. Psychological Operations. 15 April 2005.
FM 3-05.40 (41-10). Civil Affairs Operations. 29 September 2006.
FM 3-05.202 (31-20-3). Special Forces Foreign Internal Defense Operations. 2 February 2007.
FM 3-05.401. Civil Affairs Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures. 5 July 2007.
FM 3-06. Urban Operations. 26 October 2006.
FM 3-07. Stability Operations. 6 October 2008.
FM 3-07.1. Security Force Operations. 1 May 2009.
FM 3-13 (100-6). Information Operations: Doctrine, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures.
28 November 2003.
FM 3-16. The Army in Multinational Operations. 20 May 2010.
FM 3-24. Counterinsurgency. 15 December 2006.
FM 3-28. Civil Support Operations. 20 August 2010.
FM 3-35. Army Deployment and Redeployment. 21 April 2010.
FM 3-35.1. Army Pre-Positioned Operations. 1 July 2008.
FM 3-36. Electronic Warfare in Operations. 25 February 2009.
FM 3-50.1. Army Personnel Recovery. 10 August 2005.
FM 3-60. The Targeting Process. 26 November 2010.
FM 3-61.1. Public Affairs, Tactics, Techniques and Procedures. 1 October 2000.
FM 3-90. Tactics. 4 July 2001.
FM 3-100.21 (100-21). Contractors on the Battlefield. 3 January 2003.
FM 4-0. Sustainment. 30 April 2009.
References-2
FM 3-0, C1
22 February 2011
References
FM 4-02. Force Health Protection in a Global Environment. 13 February 2003.
FM 5-0. The Operations Process. 26 March 2010.
FM 5-19 (100-14). Composite Risk Management. 21 August 2006.
FM 6-0. Mission Command: Command and Control of Army Forces. 11 August 2003.
FM 6-01.1. Knowledge Management Section. 29 August 2008.
FM 6-02.40. Visual Information Operations. 10 March 2009.
FM 6-02.70. Army Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations. 20 May 2010.
FM 6-02.71. Network Operations. 14 July 2009.
FM 6-22 (22-100). Army Leadership. 12 October 2006.
FM 7-0. Training for Full Spectrum Operations. 23 February 2011.
FM 27-10. The Law of Land Warfare. 18 July 1956.
FM 46-1. Public Affairs Operations. 30 May 1997.
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
National Military Strategy of the United States of America. Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Printing Office, 2004.
Title 10, United States Code, Armed Forces.
Section 162, Combatant Commands: Assigned Forces; Chain of Command.
Section 164, Commanders of Combatant Commands: Assignment; Powers and Duties.
Title 32, United States Code, National Guard.
von Steuben, Baron Friedrich Wilhelm. Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the
United States. Philadelphia: Styner and Cist, 1779.
WEB SITES
United Nations Department of Public Information Nongovernmental Organization Web site.
SOURCES USED
These sources are quoted or paraphrased in this publication.
Clausewitz, Carl von. On War. Edited by Michael Howard and Peter Paret. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1984.
Gates, Robert M. (Secretary of Defense). “Landon Lecture.” Speech given at Kansas State University,
Manhattan, Kansas, 26 November 2007.
28 December 2010).
Tsouras, Peter G., ed. The Greenhill Dictionary of Military Quotations. London: Greenhill, 2000.
PRESCRIBED FORMS
None
REFERENCED FORMS
DA Form 2028. Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms.
22 February 2011
FM 3-0, C1
References-3
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