Главная Manuals FM 3-9 Potential Military Chemical / Biological Agents and Compounds (December 1990)
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FM 3-9
Glossary
antigen — any foreign substance that, when introduced
A
into the body, stimulates the formation of an antibody
AC — hydrogen cyanide.
and that, when mixed with that antibody, reacts with it
AChE — acetylcholinesterase.
in some observable way. Antigens are usually protein
acetylcholine — a chemical neurotransmitter produced by
in nature. They frequently consist of products
nerve cells predominantly outside the central nervous
produced by microorganisms.
system. It is a chemical “messenger,” stimulating the
antiplant — herbicide.
heart, skeletal muscles, and numerous secretory
antiserum; antisera (plural) — a serum containing an an-
glands.
tibody or antibodies. It is obtained from humans or
acetylcholinesterase — an enzyme that normally
animals that have survived exposure to an antigen.
hydrolyzes acetylcholine, thereby stopping its activity.
antitoxin — a substance found in the blood serum or
Acetylcholinesterase is inhibited by organophos-
other body fluids that is specifically antagonistic to a
phates, carbamates, and glycolates.
toxin (antibody developed against a toxin) and that
acid — a chemical compound having a pH less than 7.
acts to neutralize it.
Acids usually have a sour taste and a propensity to
antivenin — a blood serum containing antibodies against
react with bases to form salts.
venom, particularly snake venom.
acute — having a short and relatively severe course; aris-
aqueous — watery; prepared with water.
ing quickly, as acute symptoms.
arrythmia — any variation from the normal rhythm of the
aerosol — a liquid or solid composed of finely divided par-
heartbeat.
ticles suspended in a gaseous medium. Examples of
arsenical — a chemical compound containing arsenic.
common aerosols are mist, fog, and smoke.
atropine — an alkaloid obtained from Atropa belladonna.
algogen — a substance that produces pain.
It is used as an antidote for nerve agent poisoning. It
alkali — a class of bases that neutralize acids and form
inhibits the action of acetylcholine at the muscle junc-
salts. Sodium hydorxide (lye) and ammonium
tion by binding to acetylcholine receptors.
hydroxide are alkalies.
autonomic nervous system — that part of the nervous
alkaline — having the properties of an alkali, for example,
system that governs involuntary functions, such as
sodium hydroxide; opposed to acid. Having hydroxyl
heart rate, reflexes, and breathing. It consists of the
ions (OH); basic.
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
alkaloids — a group of basic organic substances of plant
origin. Many have important physiological actions and
B
are used in medicine, for example, cocaine.
basic — relating to a base; having a pH greater than 7.
amino acids — basic building-block units that can be
binary chemical munition — a munition in which chemical
chemically linked together to form larger molecules,
substances, held in separate containers, react when
such as peptides and proteins.
mixed or combined as a result of being fired,
analgesic — substance used in medicine to relieve pain.
launched, or otherwise initiated to produce a chemi-
analogue — a chemical compound similar in structure to
cal or antimateriel agent.
another chemical compound and having the same
binary components — the component chemicals that
effect on body functions.
combine to produce binary chemical agents. Ex-
antibiotics — substances produced by and obtained from
amples of two common binary chemical agent com-
living cells, frequently those of lower plants, such as
ponents are as follows:
bacteria and molds; they are antagonistic to certain
a. The components for binary GB (GB2) are methyl-
other forms of life, including pathogenic organisms.
phosphonic difluoride (DF) and isopropyl alcohol
Examples are penicillin and streptomycin. Some an-
with an amine added (OPA).
tibiotics may also be produced synthetically.
b. The components for binary VX (VX2) are ethyl
antibody — a specific protein substance produced by the
2-didsopropyl aminoethyl methylphosphonite (QL)
body in reaction to an antigen (a specific foreign
and dimethylpolysulfide (NM).
material), such as a bacterium or a toxin; examples
biological agent — a microorganism that causes disease in
are antitoxins and agglutinins.
people, plants, or animals or causes the deterioration
of materiel.
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biological operation — employment of biological agents
CN — chloroacetophenone.
to produce casualties in man or animal and damage to
CNOH — cyanic acid.
plants or materiel; or defense against such employ-
CNS — central nervous system.
ment.
CO — carbon monoxide.
biological warfare — see biological operation.
compound — In chemical terms, a uniform substance
botulism — poisoning by toxin derived from the
formed by the stable combination of two or more
microorganism Clostridium botulinum.
chemical elements, as distinct from a mixture.
BRM — bioregulator/modulator.
concentration — the amount of an agent present in a unit
BW — biological warfare.
volume. Usually expressed in milligrams per cubic
BZ — a central nervous system depressant.
meter (mg/m3) of air.
contaminate — to introduce an impurity; for instance,
C
foreign microorganisms developing accidentally in a
C — average concentration of an agent in the atmos-
pure culture. Clothing containing microorganisms is
phere; Celsius.
said to be contaminated.
CA — bromobenzylcyanide.
coronary — pertaining to the heart.
carbamates — organic chemical compounds that can be
covert — hidden, concealed, insidious.
neurotoxic by competitively inhibiting acetyl-
CR — dibenz-(b,f)-l,4-oxazepine.
cholinesterase binding to acetylcholine.
CS — O-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile, a tear agent.
CAS — Chemical Abstracts Service.
Ct — vapor dosage.
casualty — any person who is lost to the organization by
cutaneous — pertaining to the skin.
reason of having been declared dead, wounded, in-
CX — phosgene oxime.
jured, diseased, interned, captured, retained, missing,
cyanosis — blueness of the skin owing to insufficient
missing in action, beleaguered, besieged, or detained.
oxygen in the blood.
catalyst — a material that increases or decreases the rate
cytotoxin — toxin that directly damages and kills the cell
of a chemical reaction without being changed by the
with which it makes contact.
reaction.
central nervous system — consists of the brain and spinal
D
cord. The CNS controls mental activity and voluntary
DA — diphenylchloroarsine, a vomiting agent.
muscular activity. It also coordinates the body’s in-
DC — diphenylcyanoarsine, a vomiting agent.
voluntary functions indirectly.
decay rate — the predictable rate at which microor-
CG - phosgene.
ganisms die.
chemical agent — a chemical substance that is intended
decontaminating material — any substance used to
for use in military operations to kill, seriously injure,
destroy chemically or by other means, to physically
or incapacitate people through its physiological ef-
remove, seal, or otherwise make the agents harmless.
fects. Excluded from consideration are riot control
decontamination — the process of making any person, ob-
agents, chemical herbicides, and smoke and flame
ject, or area safe by absorbing, destroying, neutraliz-
materials. Included are blood, nerve, choking, blister,
ing, making harmless, or removing chemical or
and incapacitating agents.
biological agents, or by removing radioactive material
chemical agent casualty — a person who has been af-
clinging to or around it.
fected sufficiently by a chemical agent to prevent or
defoliant — an agent that, when applied to plants, kills or
seriously degrade his or her ability to carry out the
damages them or causes them to shed their leaves.
mission.
dehydrate — to remove water from.
chemical agent symbol — the military Army code designa-
depolarize — to remove the polarity, or difference in
tion of any chemical agent. This is a combination of
electrical charge, as on opposite sides of a cell
one to three letters or letter and number combina-
membrane. When a nerve or muscle cell is stimulated
tions. Do not confuse the symbol with the chemical
it becomes depolarized.
formula.
desiccant — a substance that has an affinity (attraction)
chemical contamination — the presence of an agent on a
for water. When used as defoliants, desicants remove
person, object, or area. Contamination density of an
water from plant tissue causing it to dry and shrivel.
agent is usually expressed either in milligrams or
desiccate — to dry completely.
grams per square meter (mg/m², g/m²) or in pounds
detection — the determination of the presence of an
per hectare (lb/ha). A hectare is 10,000 square meters.
agent.
CK — cyanogen chloride.
CMPF — cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate
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detoxification rate — rate at which the body’s own actions
environment — the external surroundings and influences.
overcome or neutralize (detoxify) chemicals or toxins.
enzyme — organic substance capable of causing chemical
Agents that the body cannot easily break down and
changes to take place quickly at body temperature by
neutralize and that accumulate in the body are called
catabolic action as in digestion.
“cumulative.”
eruption — a rash, visible lesion, or injury of the skin char-
DF — methylphosphonic difluoride.
acterized by redness, prominence, or both.
dilate — to make wider or larger.
eutectic mixture — a mixture of two or more substances in
dilute solution — chemical agents that have been reduced
proportions that give the lowest freezing or melting
in strength by dilution.
point. The minimum freezing point attainable is
disease — a deviation from the normal state of function of
termed the eutectic point.
a cell, an organ, or an individual.
exotoxin — a toxin excreted by a microorganism into the
disinfect — to free from pathogenic organisms or to
surrounding medium.
destroy them.
F
disinfectant — an agent, usually chemical, that destroys in-
fective agents.
fatigue — weariness from labor or exhausting conditions
dissemination — distribution or spreading.
where cells or organs have undergone excess activity
DM — diphenylaminochloroarsine (Adamsite), a vomit-
so that they respond to stimulation with less than nor-
ing agent.
mal activity.
DMSO — dimethylsulfoxide.
FDF — fast death factor.
DNA — deoxyribonucleic acid.
fever — abnormally high body temperature; characterized
dosage — cumulative exposure equivalent to the con-
by marked increase of temperature, acceleration of
centration of chemical agent to which an individual is
the pulse, increased tissue destruction, restlessness,
exposed integrated over the time of exposure.
and sometimes delirium.
dose — quantity of agent having entered the body.
flaccid — soft and limp; flabby.
DP — diphosgene.
flame — burning gas or vapor that causes lethal or in-
DS2 — decontaminating solution No. 2.
capacitating effects by means of direct burn wounds,
dysentery — a disorder marked by inflammation of the
depletion of oxygen, carbon monoxide poisoning,
intestines, particularly the colon, accompanied by
heat, or a combination of these factors. Flame can
pain in the abdomen, straining, and frequent stools
function secondarily as an incendiary.
containing blood and mucus. Dysenteries are caused
flash point — the lowest temperature at which a substance
by bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms or by some
gives off enough combustible vapors to produce
chemical irritant.
momentary ignition when a flame is applied under
dyspnea — difficult or labored breathing.
controlled conditions.
FM — field manual; also symbol for titanium
E
tetrachloride.
ECt — effective dosage of an aerosol.
G
ED — ethyldichloroarsine.
edema — excessive accumulation of fluid in body tissues
GA — tabun.
or body cavities.
ganglia — a knot-like mass of neurons located outside the
EDMP — O, O’-ethyl (2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methyl-
central nervous system.
phosphonite, one of the binary components of VX.
GB — sarin.
endemic — native to, or prevalent in, a particular district
GB2 — a binary nerve agent.
or region. An endemic disease has a low incidence but
GD — soman.
is constantly present in a given community.
gene — a segment of a chromosome definable in opera-
endogenous — produced or originating from within.
tional terms as a unit of genetic (inheritable) informa-
endogeneous biological regulators — naturally occurring,
tion.
biological regulators with potential for chemical and
genetic engineering — a variety of methods by which
biological warfare applications.
genetic material can be altered including recombina-
tion of genetic material to change or improve the
endotoxin — a toxin produced in an organism and
hereditary properties of microorganisms, plants, or
liberated only when the organism disintegrates.
enterotoxins — toxins of bacterial origin that affect the in-
animals.
testines, causing diarrhea. Examples include toxins
from Vibrio cholera, Staphylococcus, Shigella E. coli,
Clostridium perfringens, Pseudomonas.
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FM 3-9
genetic material — the chemical compounds in each cell
class without knowledge of the exact identity of the
that contain the information. The major genetic
compound or organism.
material in all organisms is deoxy- ribonucleic acid
incapacitation — disablement.
(DNA); Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is the genetic
incendiary — primarily an antimateriel compound that
material in certain viruses.
generates sufficient heat to cause destructive thermal
G-series nerve agents - a series of nerve agents
degradation or destructive combustion of materiel.
developed by the Germans, that includes Tabun
industrial chemicals — chemicals developed or manufac-
(GA), Sarin (GB), and Soman (GD).
tured for use in industrial operations or research, by
industry, government, or academia. These chemicals
H
are not primarily manufactured for the specific pur-
H — Levinstein mustard, a blister agent.
pose of producing human casualties or rendering
H-series agents — a series of persistent blister agents,
equipment, facilities, or areas dangerous for use by
that include distilled mustard (HD) and the nitrogen
man. Hydrogen cyanide, cyanogen chloride, phos-
mustards (HN-1, HN-2, and HN-3).
gene, and chloropicrin are industrial chemicals that
half-life — time required for half a material to decompose.
also can be military chemical agents (AC, CK, CG,
harassing concentration — a concentration of an agent
and PS).
that requires masking or other protective measures.
inflammation — reaction of tissues to injury; charac-
Such concentration may be insufficient to kill but suffi-
terized by pain, heat, redness, or swelling of the af-
cient to interfere with normal operations.
fected parts.
HC1 — hydrogen chloride.
intoxication — poisoning.
HCN — hydrogen cyanide.
intracellular — inside, or within, the cell.
HD — distilled mustard, a blister agent.
intraperitoneal — within the abdominal cavity.
hemolysis — the destruction of red blood cells followed
intravenous — within the vein.
by release of the hemoglobin they contain.
ion — an atom that has acquired an electrical charge be-
hemorrhage — bleeding.
cause of gain or loss of electrons.
hepatitis — inflammation of the liver.
ion-channel — a passage that allows particular charged
herbicide — a chemical compound that will kill or
particles, such as codium ions, potassium ions, or cal-
damage plants.
cium ions, to pass through a membrane. Ions do not
HF — hydrogen fluoride.
cross cell membranes through simple pores.
Hg — mercury.
ionophore — a substance which creates a passage through
HL — mustard-lewisite mixture.
membranes for ions.
HN — nitrogen mustard (HN-1, HN-2, and HN-3).
ip — intraperitoneal.
HT — mustard-T mixture.
HTH — calcium hypochlorite.
J
hydrolysis — interaction of a chemical agent with water to
jaundice — a disease symptom characterized by yellowing
yield a less toxic product or products.
of the skin and eyes and by a deep yellow color of the
hydrolyze — to subject to hydrolysis; to split a chemical
urine.
bond with water.
K
hygiene — the science of health and the preservation of
K agents — incapacitating agents.
good health.
Kc — safety factor in addition to the theoretical minimum
I
void.
ICt50 — median incapacitating dosage of a chemical agent
Kg — kilogram(s).
vapor or aerosol.
L
ID50 — median incapacitating dosage of a liquid chemical
L — lewisite.
agent.
lacrimator — a compound that causes a large flow of
identification — can be subdivided into the following two
tears and irritates the skin.
levels:
latent period — a period of seeming inactivity.
Definitive identification — the determination of the
LCt50 — median lethal dosage of a chemical agent vapor
exact identity of a compound or organism through
or aerosol.
the establishment of a group of unique charac-
LD50 — median lethal dosage of a liquid chemical agent.
teristics.
lesion — injury, diseaseased area or pathological change
Classification — the determination that a compound
in an organ or tissue.
or organism is a member of a chemical or biological
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FM 3-9
lethal chemical agent — an agent that maybe used
nausea — tendency to vomit; sickness of the stomach.
effectively in field concentrations to kill.
NE — powdered elemental sulfur mixture.
lipid — a fat or fat-like substance.
neat chemical agent — a nondiluted, full-strength (as
lipophilic — fat-soluble.
manufactured) chemical agent. A chemical agent
LSD — d-lysergic acid diethylamide.
manufactured by the binary synthesis route will also
lyophilization — the process of drying substances, includ-
be considered a neat agent regardless of purity.
ing microorganisms, in the frozen state under a
necrosis — death of a cell or group of cells.
vacuum; sometimes referred to as freeze drying.
necrotic — capable of destroying living tissue.
lysis — splitting.
neural — relating or pertaining to nerves.
neuron — a nerve cell. Neurons are characterized by their
M
ability to become excited and to transmit their excita-
malaise — a feeling of bodily discomfort.
tion onto other cells.
malignant — tending to go from bad to worse; capable of
neurotoxic — poisonous to nerve tissue.
spreading from one site within the tissues to another.
neuropeptide — a peptide produced by certain nerve
MD — methyldichloroarsine.
cells, particularly in the CNS. Some may act as
membrane — a thin layer of tissue that covers a surface or
neurotransmitters or neurohormones. Acetylcholine,
divides a space or organ.
norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine are
meningitis — inflammation of the meninges or certain
neuropeptides.
membranes that envelop the brain and the spinal cord.
neurotransmitters — chemical substances released by
MF — methylphosphono-fluoridic acid.
neurons into the synapse and causing an effect on the
mg — milligram(s).
postsynaptic cell. More than 50 compounds have been
mg/kg — milligram(s) per kilogram (of body weight).
identified as neurotransmitters, including acetyl-
mg-min/m³ — milligram-minute(s) per cubic meter.
choline.
microencapsulate — to make, form, or place in an ex-
neutralize — to render neutral.
tremely small or microscopic capsule.
ng — nanogram(s).
micron — a unit of measurement: 1/1000 mm. Usually
NIOSH — National Institute of Occupational Safety and
designated by the Greek letter u.
Health.
military chemical compound — chemical substance that
NM — dimethyl-polysulfide mixture.
has become accepted generally by the public for use
normality — in chemistry, a solution concentration desig-
in conventional war. Included are riot control agents,
nated by the number of gram-equivalents of solute per
smoke and flame materials, and military herbicides.
liter of solution.
Excluded are chemical agents.
miosis — excessive contraction of the pupil.
O
miscible — capable of being mixed.
off-target attack — an instance in which residual agent
mm — millimeter(s).
clouds drift onto positions or where personnel moving
mm Hg — millimeters of mercury; a unit used to describe
across country encounter toxic clouds or surface con-
atmospheric pressure.
tamination.
molecular weight — sum of the atomic weights of each
on-target attack — an instance in which agents are
atom in a molecule.
delivered directly into the target area where a position
molecule — a chemical combination of two or more
is the target for a direct attack by one or more agents
atoms that form a specific chemical substance.
delivered by air or ground means.
monitoring — the act of detecting the presence of radia-
OPA — isopropylamine and isopropyl alcohol.
tion and the measurement thereof with radiation
organic solvent — an organic chemical compound that dis-
measuring instruments.
solves another to form a solution. Examples of or-
MOPP — mission-oriented protective posture, level 4.
ganic solvents are alcohols, turpentine, kerosene,
mortality rate — the ratio of the number of deaths from a
benzene, chloroform, acetone, carbon tetrachloride,
given disease to the total number of cases of that dis-
and toluene. Degreasers, paint thinners, antifreeze,
ease.
and dry-cleaning compounds contain organic solvents.
MPOD — Another designation for DF and DC.
organophosphate — a phosphate-containing organic com-
MW — molecular weight.
pound. Organophosphates inhibit cholinesterase
enzymes. G-series and V-series nerve agents are or-
N
ganophosphates, as are certain common insecticides.
N — normality.
oxidative processes - chemical reactions requiring
NaOH — sodium hydroxide.
oxygen.
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FM 3-9
oxime — a chemical compound containing one or more
polyvalent vaccine — a vaccine made up of a number of
oxime groups (NOH). Although the chlorofor-
strains of the same organism or of different organisms.
moximes are blister agents, some oximes are benefi-
postmortem — occurring or performed after death.
cial. 2-PAM chloride (trade name protopam chloride
postsynaptic — after a synapse.
or pralidoxime chloride) is used in treatment of nerve
potable — fit or suitable for drinking.
agent poisoning. This drug increases the effectiveness
potassium — a chemical element important along with
of drug therapy in poisoning by some, but not all,
sodium in maintaining cell volume and an electrical
cholinesterase inhibitors (nerve agents). It reactivates
gradient across cell membranes. Like sodium, potas-
the inhibited enzyme at skeletal muscles as well as at
sium is important in nerve and muscle function.
parasympathetic sites (glands and intestinal tract) and
presynaptic — before a synapse.
therefore relieves the skeletal neuromuscular block
prostration — extreme exhaustion.
that causes the paralysis associated with the nerve
proteins — a class of organic compounds of very high
agents.
molecular weights which compose a large part of all
living matter.
P
PS — chloropicrin, a vomiting agent.
2-PAM chloride — 2-pralidoxime chloride. See oxime.
pulmonary — pertaining to the lungs.
parasympathetic nervous system — the part of the
pyridostigmine bromide — an antidote enhancer that
autonomic nervous system that decreases pupil size,
blocks acetylcholinesterase, protecting it from nerve
heart rate, and blood pressure and increases func-
agents. When taken in advance of nerve agent ex-
tions, such as secretion of saliva, tears, and perspira-
posure, PB increases survival provided that atropine
tion.
and oxime (Mark I NAAK) and other measures are
parenteral — in some manner other than by the intestinal
taken.
tract.
passive immunity — immunity acquired by introduction of
Q
antibodies produced in the body of another individual
QL (EDMP) — an organophosphorous ester, one of the
animal.
components of VX.
pathogen — a disease-producing microorganism.
R
pathogenic — causing disease.
RCA — riot control agent.
PB — pyridostigmine bromide.
reagent — a chemical substance used to produce a
PD — phenyldichloroarsine.
peptide — an organic compound of amino acids linked
chemical reaction.
receptor — a component of cell membranes where
together by peptide bonds.
percutaneous — effected or performed through the skin.
specific compounds bind, causing a change in the
biological activity of the cell. Cells have receptors that
persistency — in biological or chemical warfare, the char-
acteristics of an agent which pertains to the duration
can bind neurotransmitters, toxins, viruses, and other
of its effectiveness under determined conditions after
agents.
its dispersal.
recombinant DNA — a technique of genetic engineering
pH — the chemist’s measure of acitidy and alkalinity. It is
by which units of genetic material are manipulated
into new combinations or relationships.
a scale in which the number 7 indicates neutral; num-
respiration — the act or function of using oxygen.
bers below 7 indicate acidity; and numbers above 7 in-
respiratory — pertaining to respiration.
dicate an alkaline substance.
physostigmine — an alkaloid from the calabar bean
S
Physostigma. Physostigmine salicylate is used to
SA — arsine.
relieve symptoms of BZ and other glycolate exposure.
S-4 smoke acid — sulfur trioxide chlorosulfonic acid solu-
phytotoxin — a toxin derived from a plant. An example is
tion.
ricin from the castor bean.
slurry — a thin, watery mixture.
plasma — the fluid portion of the blood in which the cells
sodium — one of the two chemical elements in table salt
are suspended.
(the other is chlorine). In the body, sodium is one of
plasmid — a general term for all types of inclusions in a
the most important constituents of blood and other
cell that can be considered as having genetic functions.
body fluids. Its balance inside and outside cells is im-
polypeptide — a polymer of numerous amino acid
portant in proper cell function including nerve and
residues (usually more than 20) linked together chemi-
muscle activity.
cally by peptide bonds.
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FM 3-9
specific gravity — the weight of a particular volume of a
toxoid — a chemically altered toxin changed so that it is
substance compared with the weight of an equal
no longer poisonous but still produces active im-
volume of water.
munity when injected into an animal or man.
spores — resistant, dormant cells of some bacteria; primi-
training agent — an agent authorized for use in training to
tive reproductive bodies of fungi.
enhance proficiency for operating under NBC condi-
STB — supertropical bleach.
tions.
sternutator — vomiting compound.
T-2 — trichothecene, a mycotoxin.
stupor — partial or nearly complete unconsciousness.
TR — o,o’-diethylmethylphosphonite.
survey — the directed effort to determine the location
TTX — tetrodotoxin.
and the nature of the agent in an area.
U
suspension — a mixture of fine particles and a liquid. If
the mixture is allowed to stand, the fine particles will
ug — microgram(s).
settle.
ultraviolet — light waves shorter than the visible blue-
violet waves but longer than X rays. Ultraviolet radia-
sympathetic nervous system — a network of nerves that
trigger certain involuntary and automatic bodily func-
tion is very effective in killing unprotected
tions, such as constricting blood vessels, widening the
microorganisms.
pupils, and speeding up the heartbeat.
urticant — a substance which produces a stinging sensa-
symptoms — functional evidence of disease; a change in
tion, as if with nettles. Phosgene oxime (CX) is an ur-
condition indicative of some mental or bodily state.
ticant.
synapse — site at which neutrons make functional con-
US — United States.
tacts with other neurons or cells.
UV — ultraviolet.
synergistic — working together; having combined
V
cooperative action that increases the effectiveness of
V-agents — persistent, highly toxic nerve agents
one or more of the components’ properties.
developed in the mid-1950s and absorbed primarily
synthesize — to build up a chemical compound from its
through the skin.
elements or other compounds.
vaccine — a preparation of killed or attenuated
systemic — relating to the entire organism instead of a
(weakened) infective or toxic agent used as an inocula-
part.
tion to produce active artificial immunity.
systemic action — action affecting many systems. It in-
vapor pressure — the pressure exerted at any tempera-
cludes the movement of the agent through the or-
ture by a vapor when a state of equilibrium has been
ganism and its effect on cells and processes remote
reached between it and its liquid or solid state.
from the point of application.
vector — a carrier, especially the animal or intermediate
T
host that carries a pathogen from one host to another,
t — time.
as the malaria-carrying mosquito.
T — sulfur, oxygen, chlorine compound.
venom — poisonous mixture of toxins and other natural
TGD — thickened Soman.
chemicals produced by animals, including snakes,
THC — tetrahydro cannabinol.
spiders, and scorpions.
thickened agent — an agent to which a polymer or plastic
vesicant — agent that acts on the eyes and lungs, capable
has been added to retard evaporation and cause it to
of producing blisters, and blisters the skin.
adhere to surfaces.
VFDF — very fast death factor.
TM — technical manual.
viable — capable of living.
TOF — trioctylphosphite.
virulence — capacity of a microorganism to produce
toxemia — a general poisoning or intoxication owing to
disease.
absorption of products (toxins) of microorganisms
viscosity — the resistance of a liquid to flow, resulting
formed at a local source of infection.
from the combined effects of internal friction and
toxic — poisonous; effects ranging from harmful to lethal
friction between the liquid and its surroundings.
depending on the dose and resistance of the in-
viscous — resisting flow.
dividual.
volatile — passing readily into a vapor; having a high
toxicity — the quality of being poisonous.
vapor pressure.
volatility — the tendency of a chemical to vaporize or give
toxin — generally, any poisonous substance of microor-
ganism, plant, or animal origin.
off fumes. It is directly related to vapor pressure.
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FM 3-9
VX — a persistent chemical agent, the US standard V-
Z
agent.
Zone I — an area of major operational concern in the
Vx — a persistent chemical agent.
predicted biological downwind hazard area. Casual-
ties may exceed 30% in unprotected personnel.
W
zootoxin — a toxin or poison of animal, such as the venom
weapon system — an integrated relationship of agents,
of snakes, spiders, and scorpions.
munitions, or spraying devices and their mode of
delivery to the target.
Symbols
WP — white phosphorous.
µg — microgram(s).
µm — micrometer(s).
113
FM 3-9
References
Related Publications
Related publications are sources of additional information. Readers are not required to read them to understand
this publication.
Air Force Publications
Air Force Personnel Shelter Program. AFR 355-3. Sep 89.
Enforcement of Order at Air Force Installations, Control of Civil Disturbances, Support of Disaster
Relief Operations, and Special Considerations for Overseas Areas. AFR 355-11. Sep 71.
Mission-Oriented Protective Postures. Minimizing Performance Degradation During Chemical
Defense Operations. AFR 355-8.31 Aug 90.
Disaster Preparedness Planning and Operations. AFR 355-1.17 Nov 86.
Army Field Manuals (FMs)
Chemical Accident Contamination Control. FM 3-21.23 Feb 78.
Chemical Reference Handbook. FM 3-8.6 Jan 67.
(SRD) Chemical Weapons Employment (U). FM 3-10-l/NWP 18-1/AFM 355-4/FMFM 11-3.
8 Apr 88.
Control of Communicable Diseases in Man (14th Edition). FM 8-33/NAVMED P-5038. 20 Jan 85.
Field Behavior of NBC Agents (Including Smoke and Incendiaries). FM 3-6/AFM 105-7/
FMFM 7-11-H. 3 NOV 86.
NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defensive Operations. FM 8-9/NAVMED
P-5059/AFP 161-3.31 Aug 73.
NBC Contamination Avoidance. FM 3-3/NAVFAC P-462/FMFM 11-8.30 Sep 86.
NBC Decontamination. FM 3-5/FMFM 11-10.24 Jun 85.
NBC Operations. FM 3-100.17 Sep 85.
NBC Protection. FM 3-4/FMFM 11-9.23 Feb 78.
Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries.
FM 8-285/NAVMED P-5041/AFM 160-11.28 Feb 90.
Army Regulations (ARs)
Authorized Abbreviations and Brevity Codes. AR 310-50.15 Nov 85.
Dictionary of United States Army Terms. AR 310-25.15 Oct 83.
Army Technical Manuals (TMs)
Storage, Shipment, Handling, and Disposal of Chemical Agents and Hazardous Chemicals.
TM 3-250.7 May 69.
Technical Aspects of Biological Defense. TM 3-216/AFM 355-6.12 Jan 71.
Department of the Army Pamphlets (DA Pam)
Consolidated Index of Army Publications and Blank Forms. DA Pam 25-30.31 Dec 89.
Index of International Standardization Agreements. DA Pam 310-35.15 Dec 78.
114
FM 3-9
Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service,
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS), (llth Edition).
(1981-82 Edition) DHHS (NIOSH) Pub 83-107. Jun 83.
JCS Publications
Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms
(Incorporating the NATO and IADD Dictionaries. JCS Pub 1-02. Dec 89.
Miscellaneous
Agent Toxicity Review (U). CRDEC-CR-86001. Apr 86.
Chemical Agent Data Sheets, Volume I. ADB-02822/EA-SR-74001. Dec 74.
Demilitarization of Chemical Agent CR Solution. ARCSL-TR-81085. Jun 82.
Joint CB Technical Data Source Book, Volume II, Riot Control and Incapacitating Agents. Part 3
Agent BZ. AD-519455L/DTC-TR-72-508. Sep 73.
Joint CB Technical Data Source Book, Volume III, G Nerve Agents. Part 1: Agent GA.
ADC 01510/DPG-TR-J105P. Sep 73.
Joint CB Technical Data Source Book, Volume III, G Nerve Agents. Part 2: Agent GB, Subvolume 1.
ADC 010321. Dec 76.
Joint CB Technical Data Source Book, Volume IV, Agent VX. AD 52739. May 73.
Joint CB Technical Data Source Book, Volume V, Blister, Blood and Choking Agents. Part 1:
Agent H. ADC 514789. Mar 71.
Joint CB Technical Data Source Book, Volume V, Blister, Blood and Choking Agents. Part 2
Agent AC. ADC 517339. Aug 71.
Joint CB Technical Data Source Book, Volume V, Blister, Blood and Choking Agents. Part 3:
Agent CG. ADB 013843. Oct 73.
Review of the Chemical, Biological, and Toxicological Properties of Selected toxins and Venoms.
ADB 079421/ARCSL-CR-83041. Jun 83.
Textbook of Military Chemistry, Volume I, Berlin. ADB 0662913.1977.
Navy Publications
NAVSEA Technical Manual (NSTM) Chapter 470 Shipboard BW/CW
Defense and Countermeasures. 1 Aug 85.
To Be Published
Army
Chemical Target Analysis. (S) FM 3-10-2(NWP 18-2/AFM 355-9/FMFM 7-llF) (U). 1990.
Flame Field Expedients. FM 3-11.1990.
Riot Control Agents and Herbicides. FM 3-13.1991.
Smoke Operations. FM 3-50.1990.
115
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