FMI 6-02.45, C1 Signal Support to Theater Operations (May 2008) - page 2

 

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FMI 6-02.45, C1 Signal Support to Theater Operations (May 2008) - page 2

 

 

The Joint Force and Army Networks 

z

Detection capabilities that include the ability to sense network abnormalities and anomalies, and 
to employ intrusion detection systems that provide advance warning of possible attack, damage, 
or unauthorized modification. 

z

Reaction capabilities that incorporate response operations, as well as other IO necessary to 
mitigate hostile events and initiate system response. Restorative actions are proven procedures 
used for restoration of minimum essential systems and networks. 

1-43. 

Nontraditional Support Relationships. 

These are more numerous as the operational environment 

changes, especially since Army network providers are often the earliest responders in the establishment of 
a theater of operations. Because many joint and coalition partners may not have adequate organic network 
equipment, signal command is frequently called upon to provide systems and services for local area and 
wide-area networks (LANs and WANs) to coalition partners, NGOs, and other service organizations that 
are not typically part of the traditional Warfighting structure. Coalition local area networks (C-LANs) and 
coalition wide area networks (C-WANs) operate at both classified and unclassified levels and require 
special network considerations. Commanders at all levels frequently call upon signal units to accompany 
and support organizations outside traditional affiliations due to a greater technical capability, geographic 
proximity, or operational necessity. The result is that theater signal must render support on an anyone, 
anytime, and anywhere basis. 

1-44. 

COTS Technology and Commercial Communications

. COTS provisioning is more the norm in 

ensuring essential network services and support especially in the mission area of theater commercialization. 
Extensive reliance on COTS technology is, and will continue to be, a permanent reality on the battlefield in 
contrast to previous concepts that regarded the use of COTS as a temporary condition. Technological 
trends and economic factors drive the civilian world to leverage IT into savings of manpower, time, and 
transport. Commanders want the same trade-offs, as well as the increased capability that technology 
provides. Leased commercial communications are critical to the success of theater networks by meeting the 
demand for connectivity, bandwidth, and quality of services. An example of this is the acquisition and 
fielding of multiband SATCOM terminals that are capable of accessing commercial satellites, as well as 
military satellites. The list of Warfighting network services that depend on commercial providers is 
significant: Force XXI Battle Command-Brigade and Below – Blue Force Tracking (FBCB2-BFT), 
Movement Tracking System (MTS), Talon Reach, Battle Command on the Move, logistics, medical, 
engineer, and even bandwidth support to tactical and operations communications systems. There is a 
degree of risk when considering global projection in that these companies providing bandwidth are often 
owned by international consortiums which may result in uncertain and potentially vulnerable networks. 

1-45. 

Commercial Contractor Support. 

The use of civilian contract support continues to evolve, from 

the small populations of highly specialized experts to a more widespread reliance on commercial sector 
support for technical, administrative, and operational needs. The introduction of commercial contractor 
support begins almost immediately following deployment in order to free tactical resources throughout the 
theater and for follow-on deployments. This is especially true in the realms of electronic maintenance, 
application integration, and system training. 

J

OINT 

N

ETWORK 

T

RANSPORT 

C

APABILITY 

– S

PIRAL 

1-46.  The ability to obtain information from the LandWarNet (LWN) and to enable better decisions for 
precision engagement, maneuver, or IO is vital for the sustainability and expansion of current forces. The 
overarching focus of the Joint Network Transport Capability-Spiral (JNTC-S) is to transform the Army 
into a joint network-centric interoperable, knowledge-based warfare. It provides the infusion of 
commercial technology by moving joint networks to an Internet Protocol (IP) based, IP routing joint 
architecture in preparation for the Warfighter Information Network-Tactical (WIN-T) transition. 

1-47.  IP-centric technologies are the focus of the JNTC-S architecture and will continue to be developed 
and refined to provide the infrastructure for all services currently running on incumbent technologies. New 
services will be developed around IP. In the near term, before 2010, both current generation and 
transformed technologies must be supported. Beyond 2010, the migration to full IP technology will be 
nearing completion, and baseband equipment restructuring to support a homogenous IP environment can 
begin. 

5 July 2007 

 

FMI 6-02.45 

1-11 

Chapter 2 

Theater Network Support and the LandWarNet 

The LWN seeks to enable “one battle command system” as part of “one network” 
that provides a link from the Soldier to a sustaining base. This is done using tailored 
software applications that are optimized for the combined arms commander to satisfy 
the supporting needs of the staff. It will ensure guaranteed response times for 
capabilities built on distributed applications and data operating under adverse 
conditions. These conditions facilitate effective planning, synchronizing, and 
virtually rehearsing full EMS operations, no matter where they are in the operational 
environment. It will reach across the operational and functional domains (tactics, 
business, and intelligence), as well as joint, multi-national, and coalition enterprises 
to enable deployed forces. 

SECTION I – PRINCIPLES AND OBJECTIVES 

LANDWARNET 

2-1.  LWN represents the Army’s unified, coherent network development effort, providing capabilities 
that enable the Warfighter today and in the future to succeed in all potential operational environments. 
LWN consists of the Army’s contribution to the global, joint, interagency, operationally-based, always-on 
IT networking grid. The LWN is the connecting point that makes the Army an integral part of any joint 
force. 

2-2.  LWN integrates the Army’s Warfighting, business, intelligence, and network domains and provides 
access to the GIG. LWN consists of all globally interconnected Army IM and information systems 
capabilities, associated processes, and people that collect, process, store, disseminate, protect, and manage 
information on demand in support of the Warfighter. LWN is an enabler of all operational phases of the 
joint fight, from mobilization and deployment to decisive operations and stabilization/reconstruction. LWN 
integrates Warfighting functions and enhances commander-centric operations by enabling broad 
dissemination and knowledge of the commander’s intent and facilitating the rapid conversion of relevant 
information into decisions and actions. LWN aligns Army network goals with the Navy’s and Marine’s 
FORCEnet and the Air Force’s Command and Control Constellation Network (C2 ConstellationNet). 

P

RINCIPLES 

2-3.  Theater network support meets user needs by applying “jointness” to systems engineering, planning, 
deployment, and operation of information services. Joint forces must be networked, linked, and 
synchronized in time and purpose in order to allow more efficiency in dispersed forces to communicate, 
maneuver, share information, collaborate, and have a common operating picture. Networked forces have 
the ability to span operational distances by taking advantage of reachback. Being joint requires near 
simultaneous collection, processing, and dissemination of information to maintain more relevant and 
complete situational awareness and to employ the right capabilities in the right place and at the right time. 
Making this possible requires that theater networks be interoperable, agile, trusted, and shared. 

5 July 2007 

FMI 6-02.45 

2-1 

Chapter 2  

Interoperability 

2-4.  Interoperability is necessary to facilitate the success of gaining IS for any joint, multinational, or 
interagency operation. Interoperability is achieved among the command, control, and communications 
system components that are interchangeable so that information can be exchanged directly and adequately 
between users. 

Commonality 

2-5.  Commonality makes interoperability more feasible. Equipment and systems are common when they 
are compatible, and each can be operated and maintained by personnel trained on one system without 
requiring additional specialized training for the others. Common systems share interchangeable repair 
parts, components, or subassemblies. 

Compatibility 

2-6.  Compatibility is also a means of gaining interoperability. It is the capability of two or more items or 
components of equipment or material to exist or function in the same system or environment without 
mutual interference. Electromagnetic compatibility, including frequency supportability, must be considered 
at the earliest conceptual stage and throughout the planning, design, development, testing, evaluation, and 
operational life cycle of all systems. 

Standardization 

2-7.  Standardization ensures that the broad objectives of the National Communications System (NCS), 
the GIG, the DISN, and tactical communications systems that use the DISN interface all operate under the 
same systems and procedural guidelines whenever feasible. Standardization includes minimizing ad hoc 
field patches for noncompliance, achieving maximum economy from cross-servicing and cross-
procurement, permitting emergency supply assistance among services, facilitating functional joint and 
service communications, and avoiding unnecessary duplication in new technology research and 
development. 

Agility 

2-8.  Agility is the characteristic of being able to conduct decentralized execution. The speed and accuracy 
of a commander’s actions to address changing situations are key contributors to agility. The network must 
facilitate and meet the needs of the commander and his decision making processes. Network agility is 
being able to meet current user needs, under continually changing circumstances and conditions. To be 
agile, networks must have flexibility, reliability, redundancy, timeliness, and mobility. 

Flexibility 

2-9.  Flexibility allows rapid integration at all levels of joint and service information systems support and 
is required to meet changing situations and diverse operations with minimal disruption or delay. The 
connectivity achieved and maintained with flexible systems is particularly important during contingency 
operations. Flexibility is a necessary adjunct to the other principles of interoperability, survivability, and 
compatibility. 

Reliability  

2-10.  Reliability ensures that networks must be available when needed and must perform as intended. 
Reliability is achieved by designing systems and networks with low failure rates and error correction 
techniques; standardizing systems and operating procedures; countering computer attacks and 
electromagnetic interference; and establishing effective logistic support programs. 

2-2 

FMI 6-02.45 

5 July 2007 

Theater Network Support and the LandWarNet 

Redundancy 

2-11.  Redundancy is obtained through a multiplicity of paths, backups, self-healing strategies, and 
replications of data at several locations, which can be recovered quickly in the event portions of the 
network or the data that it transports is destroyed, rendered inoperative, or degraded. 

Timelines 

2-12.  Timeliness ensures that the processing and transmission time for warning, critical intelligence, and 
operation order (OPORD) execution information is compressed. As weapon systems technology shortens 
the time between warning and attack, so must the lag between information collection and dissemination. 

Mobility 

2-13.  Mobility ensures that the horizontal and vertical flow and processing of information is continuous to 
support the rapid deployment and employment of joint military forces. Commanders at all levels must have 
network systems that are as mobile as the forces, elements, or organizations they support, without degraded 
information quality or flow. More than ever before, modular design and micro-electronics can make 
network systems lighter, more compact, and more useful to commanders. 

Trusted 

2-14.  Trusted networks must be transparent to users, protect the information and services that employ the 
network, and provide users with confidence in the capability and validity of the information made available 
by the network. Trusted networks must be survivable, sustainable, and protected. 

Survivable 

2-15.  Survivable  networks result through applications and techniques such as dispersal of key facilities, 
multiplicity of communications nodes, or a combination of techniques necessary for the physical and 
electrical protection of networks that are critical to the integrity of the infrastructure. While it is not 
practical or economically feasible to make all networks or elements of a system equally survivable, the 
degree of survivability for networks supporting C2 functions should be commensurate with the survival 
potential of the associated command centers. Since networks are crucial enablers for C2, they present a 
high-value target to the enemy. 

Sustainable 

2-16.  Sustainable networks are able to provide continuous support during any type and length of operation. 
This requires the economical design and employment of networks without sacrificing operational 
capability or survivability. Examples that might improve system sustainability include— 

z

Consolidating functionality of similar facilities. 

z

Adherence to joint-approved architectures. 

z

Integrating special purpose and dedicated networks, when possible, into DISN systems. 

z

Maximum use of the DISN common user subsystems. 

z

Judicious use of commercial services. 

Protected 

2-17.  Protected communications systems and networks and associated forces are crucial enablers for joint 
C2, and they present a high-value target to the enemy. IA is the essential element to facilitate the security 
of information and the communications system. IA is accomplished through information protection, 
intrusion and attack detection, effect isolation, and incident reaction to restore information and system 
security. Critical to IA are CND and COMSEC: 

z

CND encompasses actions taken to protect, monitor, analyze, detect, and respond to 
unauthorized activity within DOD information systems and networks. 

z

COMSEC protects terminal devices and transmission media. 

5 July 2007 

 

FMI 6-02.45 

2-3 

Chapter 2  

Shared 

2-18.  Shared networks and services allow for the mutual use of information services or capabilities 
between entities in theater, at all echelons, and across all services and components. Most importantly, 
shared networks provide for collaboration, rapid dissemination of intelligence and information, and the 
ability to project decisions based on a common situational understanding of the operational environment as 
a whole. 

O

BJECTIVES 

2-19.  Signal brigades and the LWN serve to meet the information requirements of operational environment 
users, CCDRs, and JTFs. The LWN extends from the lowest tactical echelons to the highest levels of 
command. It serves as the essential multiplier necessary to meet information needs in times of war, 
peacetime operations, or humanitarian relief efforts. In many cases, The LWN will provide the key 
elements to the responding units in a crisis location. The LWN provides assets to meet the objectives of 
enabling IS, achieving strategic responsiveness, executing shaping and decisive operations, and 
implementing post conflict operations. 

Information Superiority 

2-20.  Army operations focus more on breaking down an opponent’s will and ability to resist through 
precision strikes and precision maneuvers, rather than overwhelming the enemy with mass. Smaller, lighter 
forces employed to meet these challenges require IS for success. The LWN enables the attainment of this 
critical status by providing the systems, Soldiers, and procedures that give commanders the ability to— 

z

Focus on building an accurate, current, common picture of the operational area. 

z

Enhance and share knowledge, understanding, and visualization of the operational environment. 

z

Improve and sustain the quality and speed of collaboration and decision making. 

Strategic Responsiveness 

2-21.  Army missions are no longer symmetrical in nature or confined to one or two theaters of operation. 
In transforming, the Army is more prepared to act anywhere on the globe in response to threats to national 
security or in defense of national interests. The LWN capabilities enable strategic leaders to receive, 
process, and disseminate information globally. Strategic responsiveness requires leaders to see and 
understand the significance of situations around the world and then make and disseminate decisions 
resulting in action. The LWN supports planning, preparation, and execution at all levels in a coordinated 
manner and synchronized with other forces. 

2-22.  Strategic responsiveness requires the ability to react quickly and proactively. LWN assets provide 
worldwide operational voice and data networks both on a day-to-day basis and whenever rapidly 
deployable forces are needed. LWN assets are maintained in ready and deployable conditions around the 
world in anticipation of required operations. 

Shaping and Decisive Operations 

2-23.  Shaping operations are operations at any echelon that create and preserve conditions for the success 
of the decisive operation by disrupting enemy capabilities and forces, or influencing enemy decisions. 
They occur before or during decisive operations and involve any combination of forces and resources 
throughout the AO. Information is vital to develop and shape operations. The decisive operation is the 
focal point around which the entire operation or phase of operations is designed. Complex coordination, 
collaboration, and preparation are the keys to success in meeting decisive operation objectives. When 
Army Forces are called upon to undertake missions, the LWN will provide the ability to see and 
understand the situation and to decide, plan, and execute operations to defeat the threat decisively. The 
LWN enables the use of precision munitions; synchronization of fires; coordinated, simultaneous strikes; 
distributed operations; fratricide avoidance; and continuous operations. 

2-4 

FMI 6-02.45 

5 July 2007 

Theater Network Support and the LandWarNet 

2-24.  The key to the support of shaping and decisive operations is the ability to provide connectivity in any 
terrain. Theater network assets will extend the LWN to all command levels at any location including 
complex and urban terrains. Those signal elements will employ a variety of communications and 
information system technologies to meet user needs supporting shaping and decisive operations. Network 
planners must be intimately involved in the planning of all operations in order to bring all available tools to 
bear in the conduct of decisive operations. 

2-25.  A signal command provides the network capability to meet the requirements of Army and joint 
headquarters elements in order to fulfill a variety of command roles. A signal command may augment a 
tactical unit’s organic communications assets to provide the networking capabilities required of expanded 
headquarters’ roles. Augmentation of both staff personnel and network line unit personnel and equipment 
provides Army headquarters elements with information processing and exchange capabilities tailored for 
operations. 

Stability Operations 

2-26.  Post-conflict or stability operations require extensive LWN support especially as theater networks 
move toward commercialization, infrastructure restoration, and sustainment of pre-conflict services. As 
forces transition from conflict to post conflict, the size, composition, and purpose of Army elements 
change. Often this causes an increase in the amount and type of information required to support that 
transition. Combat elements are reduced in size and number, and civil affairs and support elements increase 
to perform governmental and infrastructure support activities. Network assets continue to provide tailored 
communications that accommodate the addition and deletion of communications and information systems 
to support changes in military functions. 

SECTION II – END USER SUPPORT FOR THE SOLDIER 

HOME STATION SERVICES IN A DEPLOYED ENVIRONMENT 

2-27.  Theater commanders draw a large number of unique services available from theater LWN, each 
complimenting joint capability. The pivotal mission of theater networks is the ability to deliver sustained, 
reliable network services that serve as the fundamental tools in developing situational understanding and 
IS. The following network services are considered the most essential for enabling battle command with 
home station quality standards in a theater environment. 

N

ON

-S

ECURE 

I

NTERNET 

P

ROTOCOL 

R

OUTER 

N

ETWORK 

2-28.  The Non-Secure Internet Protocol Router Network (NIPRNET) is a network of government-owned 
IP routers used to exchange sensitive Unclassified information; very similar to a civilian Internet service 
provider. It provides access to specific DOD network services and supports a wide variety of applications 
such as electronic mail (e-mail), Web-based collaboration, information dissemination, and connectivity to 
the worldwide Internet. Access to the NIPRNET is obtained through a STEP site or teleport and is then 
distributed through an unclassified theater network. These gateways also act as routing boundaries for the 
design and engineering of other IP networks. NIPRNET enables a myriad of other reachback functions 
from deployed forces to the sustaining base, and lateral collaboration among deployed elements. 
Significant in the theater is the reliance on NIPRNET services for logistics, maintenance, repair parts, 
electronic parts, technical manuals, administrative forms, and publications support. NIPRNET is no longer 
a luxury but a necessity. 

S

ECRET 

I

NTERNET 

P

ROTOCOL 

R

OUTER 

N

ETWORK 

2-29.  The SECRET Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNET) supports critical C2 applications and 
intelligence functions. It operates in a manner similar to the NIPRNET, but as a secure network. As with 
the NIPRNET, the SIPRNET provides access to many Web-based applications, as well as the ability to 
send and receive classified information up to US Secret. These applications and capabilities enable the 
effective planning and execution of battle plans in a secure environment. The SIPRNET also supports a 

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FMI 6-02.45 

2-5 

Chapter 2  

wide variety of applications such as secure or classified e-mail, Web-based collaboration, and information 
dissemination. It enables a myriad of reachback logistic functions from deployed forces to the sustaining 
base, and lateral collaboration among deployed elements. 

C-LAN

 AND 

C-WAN 

2-30.  Coalition networks are created to support coordination and collaboration among US and non-US 
forces in the operational environment. C-LAN and C-WAN services support planning and execution of 
operations involving coalition forces. C-LANs and C-WANs operate at both Sensitive but Unclassified and 
classified levels. C-LANs and C-WANs may operate as local or limited regional entities, or they may 
connect to and extend the services of the Combined Enterprise Regional Information Exchange System 
(CENTRIXS). The CENTRIXS is a standing classified-capable coalition network. 

J

OINT 

W

ORLDWIDE 

I

NTELLIGENCE 

C

OMMUNICATIONS 

S

YSTEM 

2-31.  The Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System (JWICS) is important for its ability to 
provide 24-hour a day Classified, compartmented, point-to-point, or multipoint information exchange 
involving voice, text, graphics, data, and video teleconferencing (VTC) up to the Top Secret sensitive 
compartmented information (TS SCI) level. The JWICS initially began as a hub and spoke circuit switched 
T1 backbone and later evolved to an IP router based mesh network supporting various defense intelligence 
notice (DIN) requirements for worldwide secure multimedia intelligence communications. The JWICS uses 
the joint deployable intelligence support system as its primary means of operator interface and display. 

S

ECURE 

A

ND 

N

ON

-S

ECURE 

V

OICE 

2-32.  Secure and non-secure voice remains a significant user requirement in all networks. Switched voice 
service allows connections between and among home station and theater locations. The service includes 
long-haul switched voice, facsimile, and conference calling. The role of secure voice in operations remains 
unchanged from its traditional usage, especially in regard to the Defense Red Switched Network (DRSN). 
This network provides high-quality secure voice, data, and conferencing communications services to the 
President, SecDef, senior commanders and their staffs, the CCDR, Army commands, other government 
departments and agencies, and allies. Secure voice connections may also be used for facsimile traffic. More 
networks are now incorporating and employing secure Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) instead of the 
traditional switched circuit requirements. Non-secure voice provides the essential day-to-day connections 
used in common, routine business, but also includes requirements to provide connectivity to civilian 
telephone networks in the sustaining base and host nation. Additionally, the non-secure voice network, 
Defense Switched Network (DSN), can be extended to joint, allied, and multinational subscribers. 

V

IDEO 

T

ELECONFERENCING 

2-33.  VTC is a mainstay collaboration tool for both forces in home station and in deployed environments. 
It provides the best available technical alternative to face-to-face meetings that provide users with human-
factor feedback and interaction when they must collaborate from separate locations. VTC also better 
facilitates online collaboration and coordination with various automation tools and applications. 

C

OLLABORATION 

P

ROTOCOL AND 

S

ERVICE 

S

TANDARDS 

2-34.  Collaborative protocol and service standards are regulated by T.120 (standard for real-time, 
multipoint data applications) and H.323 (standard for providing multimedia communication over IP 
networks). These standards utilize the established theater IP networks and are based upon the classification 
of the collaboration, which may traverse the theater NIPRNET, SIPRNET, or coalition network. These 
standards facilitate secure and non-secure VoIP and VTC. 

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Theater Network Support and the LandWarNet 

G

LOBAL 

B

ROADCAST 

S

YSTEM 

2-35.  The Global Broadcast System (GBS) is significant to theater signal customers and providers because 
of its ability to alleviate congestion on other networks and to deliver large volumes of data in formats that 
are not readily supported by other means. Information can be transmitted in large batches (files) and 
simultaneously sent to multiple users, such as topographic data or large video files. The GBS offers a host 
of capabilities including: 

z

File transfer service. 

The GBS supplies a file transfer service for products that require delivery 

using file transfer protocol. Files are received by the transmit suite (satellite broadcast manager 
or theater satellite broadcast manager) using file transfer protocol and delivered to the receive 
suite (receive broadcast manager) end users using file transfer protocol. This service supports 
both push and pull techniques for file acquisition and distribution. 

z

Immediate file delivery. 

The GBS provides the capability to send files through GBS without 

the latency incurred by the scheduling process. 

z

Mirrored Web service

. The GBS supplies access to products that are made available using 

universal resource locator product references. Selected material will be cached at the receive 
suite for transparent access by end users. 

z

IP streaming service

. The GBS supplies a streaming packet service in which the stream input to 

the satellite broadcast manager at the primary injection point (PIP) is replicated bit for bit at the 
output of the receive suite. 

z

IP to IP Video

. This service supports the transfer of IP multicast data tunneled from the source 

to the transfer suite. The receive broadcast manager forwards multicast streams of interest over 
the LAN. Multicast-enabled applications, which run on the user’s workstation, are used to 
receive and display the multicast data. The multicast-enabled application must be configured for 
the specific stream of interest based on information in the program guide. 

D

EFENSE 

M

ESSAGE 

S

YSTEM 

2-36.  The Assistant Secretary of Defense (SecDef), in a 9 March 1995 memorandum, instructed DOD to 
migrate all electronic messaging, e.g., the Automatic Digital Network (AUTODIN) and e-mail to the 
defense message system (DMS). The defense message system-Army (DMS-A) is the Army’s replacement 
to AUTODIN as the DOD mandated system for organizational messaging. 

2-37.  The DMS program’s primary function is to provide a message system that satisfies writer-to-reader 
(originator-to-recipient) requirements while reducing cost and staffing levels for organizational messaging. 
It also improves functionality, security, survivability, and availability of organizational messaging services 
throughout the DOD.   

2-38.  Because the DMS does not provide a communications network (components are in the Open System 
Interconnection model’s application layer), it relies on the DISN for transport in sustaining base. In tactical 
and deployed environments, the DMS relies on existing networks for transport. In the future, WIN-T will 
provide the bulk of tactical communications transport. 

2-39.  The DMS operates in four separate security domains: Unclassified, Secret, Top Secret, and TS SCI. 
The DMS Secret domains are implemented similar to the Unclassified domain, but include their own 
message handling, directory, certificate, service management subsystems, and a separate backbone 
infrastructure. 

Tactical Message System 

2-40.  The tactical message system (TMS) function is to provide Area Control Center service throughout 
the Army’s tactical environment. Each TMS nomenclature, AN/TYC-24 Version (V) 3, is comprised of 
two transit cases containing the laptop computers, routers, cables, and ancillary devices; two Cargo high 
mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicles (HMMWVs); one shelter, a modular command post system or a 
deployable rapid assembly shelter; and one 2-kilowatt (kW) generator. The TMS replaces the AUTODIN 
AN/TYC-39 message switches. The TMS provides the DMS writer-to-reader messaging based on Class 

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4/Hardware token public key infrastructure signed and encrypted message capability. The TMS is an 
enabler that extends the DMS X.500 address directory services and DMS X.400 message routing into 
tactical environments to support the Warfighter. The TMS provides a web based message server capability 
to be accessed by MS Exchange client platforms at the tactical LANs at each echelon. The TMS acts as a 
gateway to joint, other services, and federal agencies, allies, and sustaining base. The TMS does not 
provide deployed user-client platforms or mail servers for messaging within the command posts and the 
tactical operations centers (TOCs) at each echelon (Armies through Brigades and separate Battalions). 
Existing and emerging end user systems (Battlefield Automation Systems and/or existing computer 
platforms) must load DMS software and establish interfaces with the TMS platforms. 

Messaging Systems 

2-41.  Messaging systems provide secure e-mail or record traffic electronic messaging for both 
organizational and individual users. The organizational messaging capability is provided by the DMS. 

2-42. 

Organizational messaging 

capability includes messages and other communications exchanged 

between organizational elements in support of C2, and warfighting functions. Typically, these messages 
provide formal direction and establish a formal position, commitment, or response for the organization. 
Organizational messages require approval for transmission by designated officials of the sending 
organization and determination of internal distribution by the receiving organization. Because of their 
official and sometimes critical nature, organizational messages impose operational requirements on the 
communications systems for capabilities such as precedence, timely delivery, high availability, and 
reliability. All organizational messages must be signed and encrypted from the time of release to provide 
audit and non-repudiation in accordance with client and/or server procedures or the Proxy User Agent 
policy. 

2-43. 

Individual messaging 

is provided by Simple Message Transfer Protocol e-mail. This capability 

includes working communications between individual DOD personnel within administrative channels, both 
internal and external to the specific organizational element, including non-DOD users. Such messages do 
not commit or direct an organization. Individual messages do not require the same level of system 
management, priority and/or precedence, or assurance (signature and/or encryption) as organizational 
messages. Individual messaging is accomplished using office automation, for example, Simple Message 
Transfer Protocol e-mail via the inter-network or intra-network (SIPRNET). 

T

HEATER 

C

OMMUNICATIONS 

I

NTERFACE WITH 

DOD N

ETWORKS 

2-44.  In order to extend joint capability into the theater of operations, theater network support must be able 
to connect, interface, and draw LWN services from other DOD global networks. The systems and services 
provided at the theater level include the essential capabilities that provide commanders the IS they need to 
execute their mission. Tactical subscribers gain access to these systems and services through further 
extension of the theater network to smaller tactical nodes: 

z

The Automated Message Handling System (AMHS)

 increases capabilities for receiving, 

sorting, and generating text messages for intelligence gathering purposes. The Multifunction 
Secure Gateway  provides legacy AUTODIN connectivity and has an associated AMHS feed 
specifically designed for this input source. AUTODIN is a worldwide communication network 
designed for the transmission and receipt of Joint Army, Navy, Air Force publications or Air 
Campaign Planning packaged United States message text format messages. The AMHS 
facilitates the routing and processing of these messages by Global Command and Control 
System-Joint (GCCS-J). 

z

The DMS

 has replaced AUTODIN with an automated desktop writer-to-reader message system 

as the DOD message switching standard. The DMS will use the DISN as its transmission 
medium. 

z

The DSN

 is the principle common user switched, non-secure voice communications network 

within DOD. Tactical subscribers usually gain common user, circuit-switched access to DSN 
through the theater network. 

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Theater Network Support and the LandWarNet 

z

The DISN

 consists of three IP router networks separated by classification level. These networks 

are NIPRNET (Unclassified but Sensitive), SIPRNET (Classified up to Secret), and JWICS (for 
TS and SCI information). 

z

The DRSN

 provides worldwide secure voice service and conferencing for Classified command, 

control, and intelligence conversations and data exchange, up to and including TS and SCI. 

z

The Global Command and Control System (GCCS)

 replaced the Worldwide Military 

Command and Control System. Using SIPRNET connectivity, it incorporates the core planning 
and assessment tools required by CCDRs and their subordinate JFCs. 

Note. 

Appendix B has an abbreviated list of those systems that can provide the services 

described in this chapter. 

SECTION III – THEATER NETWORKS 

STRATEGIC NETWORKS 

2-45.  While CCDRs ultimately determine the architectures and nature of joint networks within their 
respective regions, the GIG is the common thread that links them with interfaces and essential services and 
capabilities. The DISN cloud extends around the globe and provides services to Soldiers where needed. 
These services and capabilities are extended to deployed users by the Army’s strategic infrastructure that 
resides in CONUS and in theaters where they exist. The DISN provides the seamless long-haul transport 
component of the DOD portion of the GIG predicated on constant connectivity and positive control of 
network resources. The Army’s strategic networks are the LWN’s backbone: spanning distances, extending 
bandwidth, and enabling home station quality services to forces in the field. 

2-46.  The Army’s strategic network infrastructure is a segment of the DISN, linking CONUS and outside 
the continental United States (OCONUS) permanent facilities, which are plugged into the GIG. The 
strategic segments support sustaining base, long-haul, space, and some deployable tactical communications 
capabilities. Key elements to extend the GIG’s capability through the strategic level to the theater are STEP 
sites, teleports, and the DISN point of presence (POP). 

2-47.  The STEP and teleport sites are the strategic layer interface to the tactical signal forces, providing 
support to the deployed user through connectivity from any 1 of 15 worldwide STEP locations to deployed 
forces for access to the DISN. The STEP and teleport access is through military SATCOM over the 
Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS) with future enhancements to the STEP incorporating 
the capability to receive and transmit via commercial band satellites. A single STEP site supports one 
satellite coverage area and acts as a ground mobile forces (GMFs) hub terminal. A dual STEP site supports 
at least two satellite areas and duplicates the equipment requirements for subsystems located in the single 
STEP site. The goal of the STEP is to pre-position services and connectivity and make these services 
available to the deployed user. The teleport system provides increased SATCOM capacity, improved 
interoperability of joint communications systems, and dynamic reconfiguration to meet the changing needs 
of a JTF, joint deployed headquarters, and the deployed forces. The purpose of the DOD teleport is to 
expand on the capabilities currently provided by STEP sites and provide deployed elements with 
continuous global access via multimedia radio frequency (RF). This multimedia RF includes existing 
military satellite communications (MILSATCOM) systems, specifically super-high frequency (SHF), 
ultrahigh frequency (UHF), and extremely high frequency (EHF), as well as future Ka-bands, commercial 
SHF wideband systems in the C, L, and Ku-bands, and high frequency (HF). 

2-48.  In many contingencies, the DISA will install additional capabilities in theater to provide access to the 
DISN. This POP is typically a commercially based satellite and/or a terrestrial system that provides similar 
services that are available at a STEP or teleport site. The DISN POP is used to help alleviate the burden on 
the STEP or teleport sites for satellite access. The DISN POP may be installed and co-located with the JTF 
HQ and/or component command headquarters. Tactical signal forces in theater may access the DISA POP 
when available. 

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Chapter 2  

S

TRATEGIC 

U

SERS 

2-49.  An ASCC will receive, equip, marshal, stage, and move units forward to the tactical assembly areas 
(TAAs) for employment. An ASCC’s assigned expeditionary signal battalions' (ESBs’) assets support the 
rapid deployment and initial worldwide communications capability for the various ports of debarkation 
(PODs), liaison teams, and advanced elements of the ASCC HQ. Follow-on communications will be 
engineered, installed, operated, and maintained by additional elements of the expeditionary signal battalion 
(ESB) and theater signal brigades under the management and C2 of the signal command. The signal 
command uses OPCON and organic elements to install and engineer theater network infrastructure. It 
includes the internal and external wire communications support, terrestrial multichannel and SATCOM 
facilities, COMSEC, and electronic maintenance and is responsible for IM within the headquarters. In 
order to support the force projection Army, operational level information services mesh seamlessly with 
those of the sustaining base, which may be located within CONUS or another theater. A ASCC’s signal 
assets connect to the DISN through various methods and provide reachback capability or split-based 
operations. These signal assets provide— 

z

Access to the commercial and host-nation infrastructure, when available. 

z

Connectivity from the JTF/JFLCC HQ. 

z

DISN services from a STEP/teleport to the ASCC HQ. 

z

Connectivity from the JOA main, rear, logistics support activity, and home stations node. 

z

Connectivity with joint, allied, and coalition forces. 

2-50.  A  JTF is a joint force constituted and so designated by a JTF establishing authority, e.g., SecDef, 
CCDR, or existing JTF. A JTF may be established in a geographical area or on a functional basis when the 
mission has a specific limited objective and does not require overall centralized control of logistics. The 
mission assigned to a JTF should require execution of responsibilities involving a joint force of a 
significant scale and closely integrated effort, or should require coordination of local defense of a 
subordinate area. Execution of JTF responsibilities may involve air, land, sea, space, and special operations 
in any combination that are executed unilaterally or in cooperation with friendly nations. US-led JTFs 
participate as part of a multinational force in most future military endeavors Full Spectrum Operations. A 
JTF consists of two or more service components, for example, the Army and Air Force. The service 
component commanders are responsible for all administrative and logistical support for the assigned units. 
When determined by the JTF commander, functional component commanders may be designated to 
provide control over military operations. These commanders are normally the service component 
commanders with the preponderance of assets and the capability to plan, task, and control the assets, given 
the nature of the operation. For example, ARFOR are often designated as the JFLCC with Marine Corps 
forces (MARFOR) assigned, and Marine Corps forces can also be designated as the JFLCC with Army 
Forces assigned. 

2-51.  When a ASCC is designated to act as a JOA ARFOR, signal command will provide all signal 
support functions accordingly. When a corps, division, or BCT’s HQ is designated to act as a JOA 
ARFOR, it nominally receives its signal support from its organic brigade signal company. On occasion, 
signal command may be called upon to provide direct or general support to corps, division, or BCT units 
acting as ARFOR when needed, in order to— 

z

Meet shortcomings in technical capabilities or capacities based on changing mission 
requirements. 

z

Augment or compliment Army Forces signal capabilities. 

z

Provide support to additional ASCC assets as they are task organized or OPCON to a corps or 
division. 

z

Provide additional connectivity and services using existing theater infrastructure, commercial 
assets, and the STEP/teleport when needed. 

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Theater Network Support and the LandWarNet 

S

TRATEGIC 

N

ETWORK 

E

LEMENTS 

2-52.  Most signal brigades have strategic and fixed station elements which are organized and highly 
tailored to the specific requirements of the theaters to which they are assigned. Originally these scenario-
based structures worked well during the Cold War. Today we are shifting to a capability-based design. 

Note. 

Chapter 4, Section II addresses strategic and fixed station elements. It also outlines the 

strategic reorganization of those elements in detail. 

TACTICAL NETWORKS 

2-53.  The fluid nature of modern conflict mandates that signal command and organizations may find 
themselves operating at or supporting any level of war (strategic, operational, or tactical) regardless of the 
level for which they were designed. Theater signal forces support to tactical echelons is essential to— 

z

Extend DISN services from a STEP/teleport site to the AOR and theater. 

z

Provide DISN connectivity to the JTF and combined joint task force (CJTF) to the GCC, service 
component headquarters, Air Force forces (AFFOR) and joint force air component commander 
(JFACC), Navy forces (NAVFOR) and joint force maritime component commander, ARFOR, 
MARFOR and JFLCC, SOF and combined unconventional warfare task force (CUWTF), and 
joint special operations task force (JSOTF) HQ. 

z

Extend services as required to liaison officers (LNOs) at coalition headquarters. 

z

Extend services as required to unique or remote users. 

z

Provide access to commercial communications when available to ARFOR and JFLCC forward 
elements. 

z

Provide upward connectivity for corps, division, and in some cases BCT networks in order to 
extend services to lower tactical level users, and to enable reachback for unit tactical Internet 
connectivity at maneuver brigade and below. 

z

Support a brigade or BCT special task force. 

z

Provide reachback common tactical user services and continuity of operations (COOP) facilities. 

2-54.  Typically, tactical communications are defined as communications systems or networks that enable 
the exchange of information among mobile, deployed forces in an AO. Tactical communications systems 
are mobile, deployable, quickly installed or disassembled, secure, and durable. The majority of deployable 
signal organizations are normally tasked to support organizations that are at the operational level of war. 
Tactical level requirements at the corps, division, and even BCT may dictate the need to send theater forces 
well forward of their normal operational level. 

2-55.  The signal command provides communication and information systems support to an ASCC 
headquarters, ASCC subordinate units, and as required, to joint and coalition organizations throughout the 
ASCC AOR. The signal command and its subordinate units install, operate, and defend the Army portion 
of the joint interdependent theater network, and leverage the extension and reachback capabilities of the 
GIG to provide joint communication and information systems services to the ASCC commander and the 
supported GCC. The signal command exercises C2 over a wide variety of other signal organizations in a 
theater, including multiple theater tactical signal brigades (TTSBs), theater strategic signal brigades 
(TSSBs), theater NETOPS and security centers, the combat camera (COMCAM) company, and a tactical 
installation signal company. 

Note. 

Chapter 4, Section III provides a full description of a theater signal command. 

C

URRENT AND 

E

MERGING 

N

ETWORKS 

2-56.  Operation ENDURING FREEDOM and Operation IRAQI FREEDOM showed that the mobile 
subscriber equipment (MSE) and Tri-Service Tactical Communications Program (TRI-TAC) systems, 

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Chapter 2  

based largely on terrestrial radio relay, were not able to keep pace with fast-moving maneuver forces 
operating over huge expanses of terrain. The voice switch network was also incapable of handling the 
increased amount of digital data being passed by automated battle command and business systems. To 
provide communications support for battle command on the move and at the Quick Halt, a net-centric 
multipoint satellite network was developed. The Joint Network Node–Network (JNN-N) was integrated 
into the Army network architecture as an interim to bridge MSE and TRI-TAC systems prior to WIN-T. 
The JNN-N primarily employs satellite communication links, enabling rapid installation and relocation of 
communications support as forces maneuver. Using COTS equipment, the JNN-N has introduced IP 
capabilities to the battlefield and dramatically increased the capacity for moving data at corps, division, 
brigade, and battalion levels. 

2-57.  With the advent of the LWN and the increase in SATCOM-based and on-the-move data capable 
systems, the Army and other services must still employ existing current technology and legacy systems to 
fill any gaps until the JNTC-S to WIN-T fully fields across all services and all components. 

Joint Network Node–Network 

2-58. 

The JNN-N system

 is a suite of communications equipment that is housed at fixed strategic 

locations and in tactical transportable shelters and associated transit cases. The system will facilitate the 
resources for the Warfighter to exercise effective control over communication links, trunks, and groups 
within a deployed network. The JNN-N system consists of three major communications elements: 

z

Regional Hub Node (RHN). 

„

Baseband shelter. 

„

Satellite terminals (time division multiple access and frequency division 
multiple access configurations vary according to hub node type). 

z

Joint Network Node (JNN). 

z

Command Post Node (CPN). 

2-59.  The RHN is an essential part of the JNN-N design. The RHN has the ability to connect to different 
satellite architectures and allows large bandwidth links to be terminated, allocated, and controlled. The 
RHN facilitates connection of JNN-N users to the Army’s LWN and the GIG. There are four variants of 
the JNN-N RHN: fixed regional hub node (FRHN), mobile regional hub node (MRHN), tactical hub node 
(THN), and training hub node. 

2-60.  The FRHN is the largest of the JNN-N hub node types and can be divided logically into three 
subcomponents: satellite terminals, baseband services, and NETOPS user services. It will be able to 
support three concurrent JNN-N equipped division missions. The FRHN will be considered a strategic 
theater asset and fall under a TSSB. Five FRHNs will be deployed at fixed locations around the globe so 
that they can provide near worldwide coverage. FHRNs will be able to provide satellite, voice, and data 
services to support deploying forces as they flow into a theater of operation. To extend DISA services to 
the Warfighter and provide high bandwidth connectivity to the GIG, each FRHN will be co-located with a 
DOD gateway. 

2-61.  The MRHN will be a tactical theater level asset and will provide services in areas where the FRHN 
has no coverage. MRHN has the capacity to support only one division-sized tactical element. Currently, the 
MRHN consists of two mobile SATCOM shelters and a mobile baseband shelter mounted on a commercial 
truck. From its sanctuary location, the MRHN will be capable of interfacing with the DISN POP and 
legacy Army signal systems. 

2-62.  The THN is the primary hub node supporting a division and its subordinate units. A THN will be 
organic to each DSC. THN baseband capabilities are the same as a MRHN. In its current design, the THN 
consists of two mobile SATCOM shelters and a mobile baseband shelter mounted on a 5-ton family of 
medium tactical vehicles.  

2-63.  The training hub node is located at the US Army Signal Center, Ft. Gordon, Georgia and is 
supporting training readiness exercises, mission rehearsal exercises, etc., until the CONUS FRHNs are 
fielded and operational. Once the CONUS FRHNs are fielded, the training hub will primarily support 

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Theater Network Support and the LandWarNet 

school house training and be available for the strategic reserve to support Homeland Defense, Homeland 
Security, and other CONUS/SOUTHCOM missions. 

2-64.  The JNN-N is designed to interface with current technologies via the JNN. The JNN is deployed at 
both the division and brigade level. There are typically three JNNs located within the division headquarters 
to support command and control elements: two at the division main command post (CP) and two at the 
tactical command post (TAC CP). The TAC CP provides the commander the flexibility to organize 
continuous full spectrum operations. The employment of the JNN is essentially the same at the brigade, 
deploying only one JNN at the main and one at the TAC, with the exception of the authorized manning 
levels, control functions and planning characteristics. 

2-65.  The JNN capabilities can provide joint and coalition connectivity and allow for interfacing to current 
networking communications systems through— 

z

STEP. 

z

BLOS. 

z

Line of site (LOS). 

2-66.  One CPN is normally deployed at the battalion TOC. It can support a separate command group 
element or TAC CP as the mission requires. It uses TDMA satellite transmission to gain access through the 
JNN or UHN to the GIG/DISN. The CPN provides voice and data capabilies and is interfaced with 
equipment that is organic to the unit where the S-6 can exercise control over subordinate unit networks. 

2-67.  For current network connectivity, the JNN communications platform provides a high-speed wide 
area network infrastructure that connects the BCT main command post and BCT support battalion 
command post to joint voice and data networks. The JNN is also interoperable with commercial networks 
and current force communications networks, i.e., MSE and TRI-TAC. For more detailed information on the 
JNN-N system, refer to the Field Manual Interim (FMI) 6-02.60

TRI-TAC, AREA COMMON USER SYSTEM/MSE 

2-68.  The TRI-TAC and Area Common User System (ACUS)/MSE networks are node-based, digital, 
circuit-switched voice and data networks supporting tactical users in the theater. MSE is a voice-centric 
system designed to provide limited on-the-move and limited data capability. MSE also utilizes secure 
radiotelephone systems to extend the range for on-the-move voice users. By using improvements such as 
high capacity line-of-sight (HCLOS) and tactical high speed data network, data capability is increased, but 
the architecture supporting MSE and TRI-TAC does not adequately meet joint needs, tactical mobility, or 
the requirements developed in modularity. 

2-69.  MSE is part of a three-tier communications network. It ties into the TRI-TAC tier supporting the 
theater switched network provided by the TRI-TAC system. MSE also provides combat net radio (CNR) 
users with an interface to the ACUS via a secure digital net radio interface. This capability links single-
channel ground and airborne radio system (SINCGARS) users with telephone subscribers that provide 
added communications for maneuver units. 

2-70.  MSE architecture is based on an area node system. Node centers are arrayed from the corps 
sustainment area forward to the maneuver brigade based on geographic and subscriber density. Node 
centers provide the entire area network with connectivity and switching capability with some support to 
command post subscribers. The node centers serve as hubs for the entire nodal system with user extensions 
coming from the large extension nodes (LENs) and small extension nodes (SENs). The extension nodes 
provide voice, data, and facsimile communications to area users. SATCOM and LOS UHF radio links 
provide connectivity among node centers and from node centers to the network extensions. This 
architecture furnishes all MSE subscribers with automatic switching. 

2-71.  Mobile subscribers use mobile subscriber radiotelephone terminals (MSRTs) to access the MSE 
network via a remote access unit. Any subscriber in the network can be called by dialing the subscriber’s 
number, regardless of the location. The mobile subscriber can talk while on the move, as long as one of the 
users remains in the radio coverage area. 

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2-13 

Chapter 2  

2-72.  TRI-TAC is an interoperable communications system that permits communications among all the 
armed services. TRI-TAC employs more fiber based and SATCOM systems to meet larger bandwidth 
requirements at theater level. While TRI-TAC shares the same basic principle architecture as MSE, it does 
not employ mobile subscriber radiotelephone terminal communications systems. 

C

OMBAT 

N

ET 

R

ADIO 

2-73.  Traditional echelons above corps (EAC) operations relied little on CNR systems for C2 compared to 
the voice requirements employed by divisions, brigades, and battalions engaged in the close fight. With 
asymmetrical warfare and the concept of deploying integrated theater signal battalions (ITSBs) or ESBs to 
support a corps, division, or BCT, the need for CNR as a viable C2 and communications system still exists. 
CNR throughout the theater area will see trends as follows: 

z

Higher reliance on organic HF, SATCOM, very high frequency/frequency modulation, and Joint 
Tactical Radio Systems. 

z

More use of commercial systems such as Iridium, international maritime satellite, and Multiband 
Inter/Intra Team Radios (MBITRs). 

z

Integration of developing on-the-move capability. 

2-74.  Range extension for CNR nets, especially SINCGARS, is normally accomplished by retransmission 
employed at the tactical and operational level by division and legacy corps organizations. Within the 
theater, there are increasing needs for embedded range extension capabilities to cover extended distances 
within the JOA. Tactical necessity will see more organic CNR retransmission or SATCOM based range 
extension. With the advent of the Joint Tactical Radio Systems, meshed nets and range extension will 
become an embedded capability within each platform versus the requirement to dedicate systems and 
personnel to provide this service to users transparently. 

CNR Supporting Theater Joint/Combined Operations 

2-75.  Essential to successful CNR operations is the early planning and coordination between all EMS users 
and agencies employed in the JOA and theater. The ASCC G-6 EMS and systems planners are the primary 
agents responsible for coordinating and managing theater resources affecting tactical and operational CNR 
and theater CNR networks. Within the JOA, the responsibility for Army CNR will fall on the senior Army 
Forces EMS office. This includes the network design and integration of legacy systems such as 
SINCGARS, HF, and military single-channel SATCOM with commercially available systems such as L-
band Iridium and Inter/Intra Team Radio. This planning must be accomplished at the highest level possible 
to ensure all missions are included. Ideally, representatives from Army, corps, division, and BCT coalition 
forces and subordinate units should be part of the coordination process to ensure that requirements are 
adequately met. 

2-76.  Theater signal operating instructions development must include factors such as types of radios 
available in subordinate or allied units, cryptographic equipment, key lists, and available frequency 
allocations for particular areas of operation. The ASCC EMS manager obtains frequency allocations from 
the combatant command’s frequency management office, which coordinates them with the host nation. 
Coordination must be made with the joint force intelligence directorate (J-2) and joint force operations 
directorate (J-3) regarding any EW planning. 

2-77.  Equipment compatibility is a major issue in joint CNR network planning especially for HF and 
SATCOM systems. The requirements planning must cover frequency hopping and single-channel modes of 
operation and should address interface between single-channel and frequency hopping radios or lateral 
placement of compatible radios in coalition command posts. 

2-78.  The ASCC or senior Army Forces COMSEC office will control cryptographic materials (key lists 
and devices) in order to ensure interoperability at all levels. Allied forces may need to be augmented with 
US equipment and personnel for compatibility. Prior coordination is essential to address the accountability, 
release, distribution, and sensitivity issues regarding coalition use of US crypto material. 

2-14 

 

FMI 6-02.45 

5 July 2007 

Theater Network Support and the LandWarNet 

2-79.  All assigned service components must provide input on their organization and special 
communications requirements to the ASCC EMS planners early in the planning phase for signal operating 
instructions development and frequency allocation, which is based on the input received and internal 
criteria pertinent to the mission. 

SECTION IV – SPECIALIZED USER INFORMATION SYSTEMS 

THE FEDERATION OF NETWORKS 

2-80.  Specialized networks and systems provide customers access to, or specifically enhance their ability 
to perform, specialized missions or tasks through often unique devices, systems or applications. These 
“stovepipe” networks form a federation of networks and comprise a significant challenge to the LWN. 
Stovepipes are designed to meet a commander’s unique intelligence, operational, and logistics specific 
requirements. Though not fully integrated under the LWN, these stovepipes operate as a federation of 
networks until fully integrated into a single contiguous enterprise. Stovepipe network designs normally 
serve only a narrow community of users or a specific function and have limited or no interoperability with 
other systems or communities. The Army seeks to avoid developing stovepipe systems because the lack of 
interoperability hinders a seamless information exchange necessary for network enabled operations, and 
because they divert resources from providing communications and information services to the Army as a 
whole. Despite this, some stovepipes were developed in response to bona fide requirements that were not 
met by common user systems and services provided by the Signal Regiment. The fact that these systems 
compete effectively for resources and remain in existence testifies to the validity of the requirements they 
fill. A signal command is expected to provide varying degrees of support to stovepipe systems in the field 
or will provide interfaces between these systems as necessary. As the Army continues to equip JNN-N 
throughout its forces, the signal commands will be better equipped to provide those interfaces to today’s 
stovepipes to begin  the transformation from the current “federation of networks” to an integrated service 
network known today as the LWN. The largest segments of the federation of networks are described in 
paragraph 2-77 through 2-87. 

L

OGISTICS 

D

ATA 

N

ETWORK 

/ CSS/V

ERY 

S

MALL 

A

PERTURE 

T

ERMINAL 

2-81.  Logistics Data Network (LOGNET)/CSS/Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) supports tactical 
and theater forces sustainment requirements by capitalizing on efficiencies gained by specific technology 
insertion. LOGNET enables a current force sustainment unit to fight as a distinct support entity with direct 
access to joint NIPRNET networks and logistical information systems. LOGNET is a SATCOM based 
design that supports the ability to employ multifunctional and tailored C2 capabilities to operational forces 
regardless of the mission or task organization. The resulting standardization of capabilities delivered 
through the use of the same COTS communications equipment and technologies as joint, service, and 
commercial partners enhances the Army’s ability to keep pace with constantly evolving commercial IT. 
Sustainment units operate primarily in an unclassified environment. The business enterprise architecture 
allows Army logistics and medical units to connect to the DOD NIPRNET both in home station and while 
deployed by the same means. This dramatically improves continuity of support, flexibility of modular 
deployment, and reliability of sustainment, and it better enables the logistics community to support more 
complicated logistical operations at the tactical and operational levels of conflict or war. It also fulfills the 
Army’s Title X requirements of the wartime executive agency, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s 
(NATO’s) standardization agreements, and the acquisition and cross-servicing agreement requirements for 
the Army Forces component, JFLCC, or the JTF. 

M

EDICAL 

N

ETWORKS 

2-82.  Medical Communications for Combat Casualty Care (MC4) is the Army's medical information 
system in a theater of operations. As the Army component of the Joint Theater Medical Information 
Program (TMIP), MC4 provides the hardware infrastructure for the TMIP medical functionality software, 
as well as any software required to ensure MC4/TMIP interoperability with Army C2 and sustainment 
systems and provides reach to the sustaining base. Although the MC4/TMIP systems currently rely on 

5 July 2007 

FMI 6-02.45 

2-15 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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