Fire Service Features of Buildings and Fire Protection Systems (2015) - part 4

 

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Fire Service Features of Buildings and Fire Protection Systems (2015) - part 4

 

 

entrance (figure 11.16). Others permit the
door and any intervening doors or gates
fire command centers to be within entrance
leading to the fire service access point. These
lobbies or other approved locations. Some
unlocking features must be balanced with
jurisdictions may even require underground
security concerns.
tunnel access for protection from falling
glass and debris. Regardless of location, they
should be prominently marked. The center’s
walls and doors should have no ordinary
glass windows — both for security and for
protection from severe weather.
Figure 11.17. A fire command center (behind
the red door) in a parking garage. To access this
room, firefighters must make entry through a steel
vehicle entry gate; however, it opens automatically
upon fire alarm activation. A nearby car fire could
render this room inaccessible even though its
walls and door are fire-rated.
If a building has multiple fire command centers,
visual indicators outside the rooms should
Figure 11.16. A fire command center (right)
show, at a glance, which center is active at any
with an outside entrance next to main building
given time. Each fire command center should
entrance (left). Note the proximity of a key box (on
also have a visual indicator inside to show that
a pedestal) and the fire department connection.
another command center is active.
Fire command centers must be locked for
Another important consideration is the size
security but should not be located where
of the room. Space is needed accommodate
they are difficult for emergency responders
a table and to access all the equipment in the
to access or could become inaccessible
room. The table is intended to help incident
during foreseeable emergencies (figure
commanders consult plans for the building and
11.17). If a key box is provided, it should
fire protection systems. If the center is used for
contain a control room key. It may also be
other purposes (such as security), additional
desirable to arrange the fire alarm system to
space should be provided beyond that required
automatically unlock the fire control room
or needed for the fire protection features.
FIRE SERVICE FEATURES OF BUILDINGS AND FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
89
Questions to Ask - Fire Alarm and Communication Systems
■■
Is a fire alarm annunciator needed?
■■
Where must the annunciator be located?
■■
What information must the alarm annunciator show?
■■
Are floor level designations coordinated with elevators and stairs?
■■
Must large floors be split into multiple alarm zones?
■■
Do sprinkler zones indicate area covered rather than location of flow indicator devices?
■■
What control features must be included on the annunciator?
■■
Must devices subject to unwanted alarms be arranged to sound supervisory signals?
■■
Must a graphic diagram be on or adjacent to the annunciator?
■■
What features must be shown on the graphic diagram?
■■
Is the orientation of the graphic diagram coordinated with its location in the building?
■■
Are separate sprinkler graphic diagrams necessary?
■■
Does the alarm system remotely report the correct address, location, wing, or tenant?
■■
Does the remote reporting direct firefighters to the entrance with the alarm annunciator
or fire command center?
■■
Have systems been designed, and devices been located, to minimize unwanted alarms?
■■
Are voice alarm systems coordinated with the building egress scenario and the door
locking scheme?
■■
Are selective evacuation zone boundaries coordinated with fire or smoke barriers?
■■
Should areas or floors open to one another have a single selective evacuation zone?
■■
How should selective evacuation notification devices be handled for elevators, stairs,
and open areas such as atriums?
■■
Can a radio signal enhancement system substitute for a 2-way fire department
communication system?
■■
Where must jacks or handsets be located for a fire department communication system?
■■
Must the fire command center be in a dedicated room? Must it have an outside
entrance? How is it protected from fire and other hazards?
■■
What fire protection equipment must be in the fire command center?
■■
What supporting equipment must be in the fire command center?
■■
Are there preferences for how the various panels must be arranged in the fire
command center?
■■
How large must the fire command center be?
■■
What visual indicators should be provided for multiple command centers?
■■
Have emergency responders been trained on system features and operations?
Resources
■■
IFC
■■
NFPA 1
■■
NFPA 70, National Electrical Code
■■
NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code
■■
NFPA 170, Standard for Fire Safety and Emergency Symbols
■■
FM Global Data Sheet 5-40, Fire Alarm Systems
■■
OSHA Standard Fire detection systems, 29 CFR 1910.164
■■
OSHA Standard Employee alarm systems, 29 CFR 1910.165
90
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
A firefighter who is inside and unable
CHAPTER 12
to transmit must relocate closer to an
OTHER SYSTEMS
exterior opening (figure 12.1), move to a
This chapter addresses several protection
different floor, use an alternate means of
systems not covered in previous chapters.
communication, resort to runners, or relocate
Chapter 13 covers impairment programs and
to enable direct voice communication.
the maintenance of all systems discussed in
Numerous NIOSH firefighter fatality
this chapter. Emergency responders would
investigation reports cite inadequate
also benefit from system installers providing
communication as a factor in the outcome.14
them training on the operation of protection
For many years the fire service has struggled
systems with which they will interact. This is
with radio communication problems in the
discussed in more detail in Chapter 13.
built environment. The communication
problems encountered by the Fire Department
Firefighter Radio Signal
of New York at the World Trade Center on
Enhancement Systems
September 11, 2001 are well documented
Communication is vital during an emergency
by NIST.15 The NIST report brought to the
incident. Mobile radios (those mounted in
forefront several communication issues at this
vehicles) and portable radios (hand-held —
large scale incident. For example, after the
figure 12.1) are used by firefighters and fire
collapse of the South Tower, many firefighters
officers to transmit and receive important
in the North Tower were unable to receive
information such as the location of occupants
evacuation messages.
or fire advancement reports. In some cases,
emergency transmissions can be crucial to
Unfortunately, alternate means of
firefighter safety — for example, evacuation
communication cannot always be relied
orders or mayday calls.
upon. Cell phone signals are affected by
the same factors as radio signals. Land line
phones can allow firefighters to communicate
with dispatchers, but not with other units.
In addition, land line phone systems may
be affected by the incident occurring in the
building.
The Fire Department Communication Systems
described in Chapter 11 are intended to
provide a means of communication within
buildings where radio transmissions are
difficult. However, they are limited by
the locations of phone jacks or handsets.
Figure 12.1. A fire officer transmitting on a
Messages must often be relayed between
portable radio from an exterior balcony.
the communication systems and fire service
Radio signals are frequently unreliable
radios. Also, the maintenance of these
inside buildings and other structures such as
systems is not under the control of emergency
tunnels. Construction materials, earth, and
responders.
changes in the radio frequency environment
can greatly reduce the strength of radio
signals. Window coverings, reflective film,
14. NIOSH Firefighter Fatality Investigation program, http://
photovoltaic coverings, and insulation
15. NIST World Trade Center Disaster Study, http://www.nist.
gov/el/disasterstudies/wtc
systems can affect radio signal strength.
FIRE SERVICE FEATURES OF BUILDINGS AND FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
91
All of these factors may delay operations,
Some fire service organizations use mobile
create greater challenges for firefighters,
signal boosters or repeaters. These are carried
and even place firefighters in danger.
by fire service units to an incident scene. Some
Communication technology is available
emergency responders and code officials
to improve signal transmission within
prefer mobile boosters rather than the fixed
buildings and allow emergency responders
signal boosters installed within buildings.
to use their ordinary portable radios rather
than alternative communication means.
Fire codes may specify required levels of radio
coverage for emergency responders — in
Compliance could involve an installed
communications infrastructure (figure 12.2).
some cases even for existing buildings. Local
laws in several U.S. cities contain specific
requirements for passive and/or active
communication infrastructure. Any building
Donor (Roof) Antenna
or structure, except very small ones, can
be candidates for this. High-rise buildings,
large floors, and underground levels can
BDA
particularly benefit from this technology.
Codes or code officials may allow proof of
adequate radio coverage to substitute for
Fire Department Communication Systems as
discussed in Chapter 11.
Antenna
taps or
splitters
Basic RF Distribution
Proper system performance must be
System Components
Coax Cables
specified to help ensure proper effectiveness.
Indoor Antennas
Considerations include signal strength, area
coverage, reliability, secondary power supply,
Figure 12.2. A schematic showing
communication infrastructure within a building.
and interference filters. Acceptance testing
(upon completion) and periodic testing
Passive communication infrastructure
(ongoing) are important for reliability.
functions as a conduit that assists in the
transmission of signals. For example, a
Firefighter Air Replenishment
passive antenna system includes both an
Systems
internal and an external antenna, connected
Firefighters use self-contained breathing
with a coaxial cable. A radiating cable, also
apparatus (SCBA) for interior firefighting
known as leaky coax, is a network of coaxial
and other dangerous environments. SCBA
cables with slots in the outer conductor that
air is contained in pressurized cylinders that
create a continuous antenna effect.
have a limited capacity. When depleted,
these air cylinders need to be refilled or
Active communication infrastructure involves
replaced with full ones (figure 12.3). Some
powered signal boosters to amplify and
fire service organizations have specialized
retransmit signals. One type of signal booster
vehicles that contain air compressors or air
is known as a bi-directional amplifier, or
refill systems known as cascade systems that
simply BDA. These devices amplify signals
refill breathing air cylinders at fire scenes.
passing through the passive infrastructure.
Active infrastructure can be particularly
beneficial in larger, diverse areas that need a
radio coverage solution.
92
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
A firefighter air replenishment system (FARS)
is a system of piping within a tall building
or a large structure that enables firefighters
to refill their breathing apparatus cylinders
at remote interior locations. These systems
are essentially air standpipe systems that
substitute for the cylinder shuttle operation
described above. This makes emergency
operations more efficient by reducing the
Figure 12.3. An SCBA cylinder being
time and personnel needed for logistical
replaced at a fire scene.
support. Several jurisdictions require FARS
for high-rise buildings or long underground
Traditionally, breathing air cylinder replacement
tunnels. Proper function depends upon
in a tall building consists of a shuttle system.
careful design, installation, and maintenance.
Firefighters carry full air cylinders to a staging
area, where they are swapped for empty
A FARS consists of a piping distribution
ones. Other firefighters must transport empty
system that runs from a supply point
cylinders back to a replenishment location
to interior fill stations or fill panels. Fill
outside. Every firefighter performing such
panels contain short sections of hose with
operations is unavailable for firefighting,
connections that fit firefighter’s air cylinders
rescue, and other activities.
(figure 12.5). Fill stations are larger rooms or
closets in which cylinders are replenished.
An example of the logistical challenge is the
Both fill panels and stations have the
1988 First Interstate Bank Building high-rise
necessary valves, gauges, regulators, and
fire (figure 12.4), during which 600 air cylinders
locks to prevent tampering. The mounting
were used in the hours-long firefighting
height of air hoses should facilitate easy
operation.16 During the 1991 One Meridian
connection of cylinders.
Plaza high-rise fire, 100 firefighters were
needed to perform support operations such as
air cylinder replenishment. Three firefighters
died when they ran out of air several floors
above the fire. Eight additional firefighters
from a search team also ran out of air but
were rescued by helicopter from the roof.17
Figure 12.5. A breathing air fill panel with
its door open showing air hoses.
Typical locations for fill panels or stations
Figure 12.4. An SCBA staging area during the
are in or near stairs on every second or
First Interstate Bank Building fire.
third floor. Emergency responders or code
officials may prefer they be located just
16. Fire Engineering, “The Case for Interior High-Rise
outside enclosed, fire-rated stairs. This
Breathing Air Systems.”
17. Ibid.
FIRE SERVICE FEATURES OF BUILDINGS AND FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
93
enables firefighters to set up a replenishment
operation in safe proximity below the fire
but away from the traffic within the stairs
(whether firefighters or occupants). Signage
within the stair enclosure can indicate the
location of fill panels or stations — for
example, “Breathing Air Fill Panel, Through
Door and 10 Feet to the Right”. Some code
officials and emergency responders may
prefer that fill stations be located inside
stair enclosures. This necessitates careful
Figure 12.7. An exterior FDCP being
consideration and coordination with the
supplied by a fire service mobile air unit.
emergency response procedures. Additional
space may need to be allocated within
All FDCPs should be in locked, weather-
stairs for refilling operations to prevent
resistant enclosures marked to indicate their
impediments to occupant egress and
use. Many of the design considerations in
firefighter entry (figure 12.6).
Chapter 10 apply to FDCPs. All of the apparatus
access considerations in Chapter 3 also apply.
The clear height and width would need to
accommodate only the air supply unit if access
is not needed for larger fire apparatus.
Reliability features are very important for
FARS. The piping should stay pressurized
and the system should include a low air
pressure monitoring device. Continuous
monitoring of critical attributes (such as
oxygen content, contaminant gases, and
Figure 12.6. A breathing air fill panel and piping
in a stair. Conducting replenishment operations
moisture) is preferred and may be required.
within a stair may cause a traffic bottleneck.
For adequate protection throughout an
incident, all components of the system
For tunnels, designers should locate fill
should be separated from other portions of
points a reasonable spacing apart; for
the structure by fire-rated construction —
example, one at each standpipe outlet or
perhaps a rating equivalent to that required
at each exit.
for stair enclosures. All panels must be
lockable, and the emergency responders
Two supply options are available for FARS.
should dictate key locations. Isolation valves
Where the fire service has one or more
may be needed — both for air piping risers
mobile air supply units, an exterior fire
(see the Isolation Valves section of Chapter 9)
department connection panel (FDCP) can be
and for individual fill panels and stations.
provided (figure 12.7). The other option is a
All system components, panels, and piping
fixed air storage system within the building.
should be clearly marked as firefighter
For large buildings such as high-rises,
breathing air systems.
multiple FDCPs may be provided. Some
responders or code officials may desire or
The performance of the entire FARS should be
require both a fixed air supply and an FDCP.
clearly specified. This may include the number
of air cylinders to be filled simultaneously at
remote locations, the fill pressure, and the
94
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
fill time. This will dictate design details such
features that assist emergency responders.
as the distribution piping size and air storage
Examples include firefighter access elevators,
cylinder capacity. All components should
lighting for fire command centers, equipment
be specified for use with breathing air and
supporting smokeproof enclosures, and fixed
marked to indicate their use.
radio signal enhancement systems. Such
systems and features also automatically
Proper design, approval, installation, testing,
switch to standby power, but typically after
and maintenance are crucial for FARS. An
emergency power systems are switched over.
acceptance test after installation, including
air quality analyses, would serve to verify
Firefighters are particularly dependent upon
system design and installation. Ongoing
systems or features classified as standby
periodic testing after acceptance will help
systems in high-rise buildings, as discussed
ensure continued reliability.
in the Challenges section of Chapter 2. Loss
of emergency power was cited as a factor
Backup Power Systems
in the 1991 One Meridian Plaza high-rise fire
18
that killed three firefighters.
Building codes, fire codes, and life safety codes
specify systems to provide backup power for
A third category of backup power is optional
various building features when normal utility
standby systems, which provides backup
power is out of service. Applicable consensus
power to systems and features that are
standards include NFPA 70, National Electrical
important for operation of the facility
Code and NFPA 110, Standard for Emergency
but generally do not affect the safety of
and Standby Power Systems. OSHA addresses
occupants or emergency responders.
electrical systems in Subpart S of the General
Examples include HVAC, data processing,
Industry standards. Several categories exist for
and industrial process equipment. Such
different levels of backup power.
systems are typically switched to backup
power manually rather than automatically.
One category of backup system is emergency
power systems. These provide backup power
Generators are often located outside, giving
to systems or features that protect occupants
firefighters easy access while protecting the
while evacuating a building. Examples include
generator from a fire or other emergency
illuminated exit signs, emergency lighting,
within the building. If a generator must be
fire alarm and detection systems, occupant-
located within a building, consider how
egress elevators, and electric fire pumps.
firefighters will access it and how it will be
Such systems and features are the first to be
protected from fires, flooding, and other
switched over automatically to backup power.
hazards.
Many systems or features provided with
Generators are monitored for several
emergency power have secondary roles that
conditions. Remote indications of these
provide protection to emergency responders.
conditions and control features are often
Emergency lighting aids entering firefighters
incorporated into fire alarm annunciators
as well as exiting occupants. Fire alarm system
or fire command centers (see Chapter 11).
annunciators provide critical information to
These enable the fire service to quickly
firefighters. Fire pumps often feed standpipe
identify the generator’s status or start the
systems as well as sprinkler systems.
generator if not running.
A second category of backup system is
legally required standby systems. These
18. Federal Emergency Management Agency, ”Special
Report: Operational Considerations for Highrise Firefighting”,
typically provide backup power to systems or
USFA-TR-082, April 1996.
FIRE SERVICE FEATURES OF BUILDINGS AND FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
95
Firefighter Emergency Power
The plug type the fire service uses for its
Outlet Systems
electrical equipment determines the outlet
and inlet type (figure 12.9). The wiring
Firefighters regularly use electric power for
methods and overcurrent protection must
lights, ventilation fans, and other tools. In
meet applicable standards, which may
large or tall buildings they must run extensive
include Subpart S of OSHA’s General
lengths of electric cords to feed equipment
Industry standards and any other local or
in remote areas of the building. A fixed,
state electrical codes in effect.
emergency power outlet system built into
the building can substitute for these long
cable runs, and save time and effort. This is
analogous to standpipe systems substituting
for long hose lays. One approach is to require
an emergency power outlet system whenever
standpipes are required (figure 12.8).
Figure 12.9. A weather-resistant outlet cover
opened, showing a twist-lock type of outlet.
Typical outlet locations include every level
in or near each enclosed stair, or next to
each standpipe fire hose connection. Mark
receptacles so that firefighters can spot
them easily. For example, the designer could
specify that each be painted red and labeled
Figure 12.8. A firefighter emergency power outlet
“For Fire Service Use Only.”
next to a standpipe fire hose connection.
Smoke Control and Ventilation
One or more dedicated electric circuits feed a
Systems
series of emergency power outlets. Electricity
is fed to these circuits in one of two ways.
Smoke control systems are mechanical
The first arrangement is from the building’s
systems that control the movement of smoke
electric supply on an emergency circuit ahead
during a fire. System types include smoke
of the main power shutoff. The outlets should
exhaust systems (figure 12.10) and stair
be fed by backup power systems in buildings
pressurization systems (figures 12.11 and
so equipped. The second arrangement is
12.12). Other buildings may be equipped with
to provide an electrical inlet connection
zoned smoke control systems where zones or
that would be fed by the generators on
floors are either pressurized or exhausted to
responding fire apparatus.
keep smoke from spreading. Building codes
specify when to provide which systems.
NFPA has developed three installation
standards that cover various types of smoke
control systems.
96
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
The primary purpose of most smoke control
systems is to protect occupants while
they are evacuating or remain in a refuge
area. These systems are usually activated
automatically (by detectors or suppression
systems). Systems that are not zone-
dependent (such as stair pressurization
systems) can also be activated by manual
pull stations.
The forces exerted by air movement when
smoke control systems operate can result in
egress doors becoming hard to open. This
Figure 12.10. A diagram of an atrium
can be a life safety issue for both occupants
smoke exhaust system.
and firefighters. Conversely, air flow can
cause fire-rated doors to remain open when
they should self-close, thereby compromising
the integrity of fire barriers. Careful design
must consider egress door opening force
limits and fire door integrity during all system
operating modes. Thorough testing should
follow — to verify both proper smoke control
activation and compliance with egress and
fire-rating requirements.
Firefighters have some level of manual
control over smoke control systems during
an incident. These manual controls should
be designed as preferred by emergency
responders. When firefighters arrive, they
Figure 12.11. A diagram of an exhaust system
can assess whether the automatic modes
(left) and a stair pressurization system (right).
are functioning as intended. Incident
commanders may then use the manual
controls to select a different mode or turn any
given zone off. It is imperative that these fire
service controls override any other automatic
or manual controls at any other location.
Also, similar to fire alarm annunciators, the
fire service may have specific requirements
or recommendations, and may prefer
uniformity of panels within their jurisdiction.
An easy-to-understand smoke control panel
will assist a firefighter who may be trying to
decipher the controls after awakening in the
middle of the night. A simple, straightforward
Figure 12.12. A stair pressurization fan.
panel layout might feature a single switch
for each system or zone (figure 12.13). Each
FIRE SERVICE FEATURES OF BUILDINGS AND FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
97
different position of the switch places the
system in a specific mode; the corresponding
activation or setting of the individual
fans, dampers, etc. would be configured
behind the scenes. For example, a stair
pressurization system might contain a three-
position switch for each of three modes:
automatic, pressurize and off.
Figure 12.14. A panel for a smoke exhaust system
in an atrium. The switch in the center allows simple
control. The lights provide positive indication of the
operation of individual fans and dampers.
Other jurisdictions may prefer that smoke
control panels provide individual control
over system devices such as fans and
dampers. This level of sophistication should
be accompanied by a corresponding level of
training for all emergency responders who
would need to use the system control panels.
Figure 12.13. An easy-to-understand diagram
of a panel for several types of smoke control
Zoned smoke control systems are often
systems. Each system and zone has a single,
arranged with each floor as a separate zone.
clearly labeled switch to select each mode.
In other cases, a floor may be split into
Some jurisdictions may desire that smoke
multiple zones. These should be indicated on
control panels provide visual verification
a graphic display, either on or adjacent to the
that individual system components have
smoke control panel. See the Graphic Displays
activated. For example, indicator lights
section of Chapter 11 for additional guidance.
could be provided to show that each fan
Smoke removal systems assist firefighters
has activated and each damper has opened
or closed, according to the system design
in the removal of smoke after a fire is
extinguished. These are mechanical systems
(figure 12.14).
designed for a certain capacity without
recirculating air back into the building. They
are often arranged to be activated manually.
98
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Other smoke removal features include
operable windows or smoke vents (figure
12.15) distributed along walls or roofs.
Windows are intended to be opened
manually by firefighters. Smoke vents can
be arranged to activate either manually or
automatically, depending on the overall fire
safety design approach in the building.
Figure 12.15. A smoke vent at the top of a stair.
Questions to Ask - Firefighter Radio Signal Enhancement Systems
■■
Is fixed communications infrastructure needed?
■■
What is the radio system coverage of the responding fire service?
■■
What design and reliability criteria must be specified?
Resource
■■
IFC
Questions to Ask - Firefighter Air Replenishment Systems
■■
Will a firefighter air replenishment system be needed?
■■
Are fill stations or fill panels preferred? On which floors? At what locations?
■■
What signage is desired to indicate locations of fill stations or fill panels?
■■
Will fire department connection panels be needed? How many? At what locations?
■■
Will a fixed air supply be necessary?
■■
What design and reliability criteria must be specified?
■■
Are all panels and rooms with breathing air equipment lockable?
■■
Are all panels and piping marked?
■■
What criteria will constitute an acceptable acceptance test?
■■
Have emergency responders been trained on system features and operations?
Resources
■■
IFC
■■
International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials, Uniform Plumbing
Code, Appendix F, Firefighter Breathing Air Replenishment Systems
FIRE SERVICE FEATURES OF BUILDINGS AND FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
99
Questions to Ask - Smoke Control and Ventilation Systems
■■
Are smoke control switches designed for simple, straightforward operation?
■■
Are smoke control zones coordinated with fire/smoke barriers and other fire
protection systems?
■■
Should smoke vents be provided?
■■
Must vents be manually or automatically operated?
■■
Where should manual vent controls be located?
■■
Which devices should activate automatic vents?
■■
Have emergency responders been trained on system features and operations?
Resources
■■
NFPA 92, Standard for Smoke Control Systems
■■
NFPA 92A, Standard for Smoke Control Systems Utilizing Barriers and
Pressure Differences
■■
NFPA 92B, Standard for Smoke Management Systems in Malls, Atria, and Large Spaces
■■
NFPA 204, Standard for Smoke and Heat Venting
■■
OSHA Electrical Standard, 29 CFR 1910 Subpart S
Questions to Ask - Emergency Power Systems and Firefighter Emergency Power Outlets
■■
Which systems must be provided with emergency power?
■■
Which systems must be provided with standby power?
■■
Is a firefighter emergency power outlet system required?
■■
Will the power outlet system be fed from the building’s electrical system or through
a fire service inlet?
■■
How should the outlets be wired for reliability during an emergency?
■■
What plug type is used by the fire service?
■■
Where must outlets be located? How should they be marked?
■■
Have emergency responders been trained on system features and operations?
Resources
■■
NFPA 70, National Electrical Code
■■
NFPA 110, Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems
■■
OSHA Electrical Standard, 29 CFR Part 1910, Subpart S
100
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
CHAPTER 13
Concept and Design
BUILDING PHASES
Communication
Fire service needs span the entire lifetime
The concept phase is the time period
of a building. Consideration begins as
before any design work has begun. During
early as the concept and design phase and
this phase, a general idea of the building
continues through construction, when a
size and occupancy type(s) are developed.
building is occupied, and during demolition.
Only rather general planning of fire service
Communication among all stakeholders is
features is possible. However, this is where
important during each phase. Stakeholders
communications among the stakeholders
include code officials, emergency responders,
must begin.
design professionals (architects, engineers,
planners, and design technicians), construction
Early and regular contact between
professionals (contractors, subcontractors, and
designers and code authorities can establish
construction managers), building owners and
communication that is vital to efficient
developers, and security professionals.
incorporation of code requirements — both
those that address construction hazards as well
There are two general considerations for
as those that apply to the finished building.
everyone involved to remember. First is the
Jurisdictions frequently issue amendments
integration, throughout all building phases,
to the national model codes. Both the basic
of the appropriate features covered in other
codes and amendments leave room for
chapters of this manual that facilitate fire
interpretation to accommodate the wide array
service operations. This chapter addresses
of sites and structures. The earlier the code
how these features can be applied effectively
officials’ interpretations and expectations are
during various phases of a building’s life.
understood, the more efficiently the design
and construction phases can proceed. This, in
Secondly, any features that help protect
turn, translates into time and cost savings for
workers or occupants will also reduce
the owner or developer, as well as facilitating
the frequency or severity of incidents to
timely incorporation of fire service features.
which the fire service must respond (figure
13.1). Accordingly, the safety and health of
Designers and code officials are also
workers should remain a high priority for
encouraged to obtain emergency responders’
both the sake of workers and the safety of
views as early as possible. In some cases
emergency responders who are called upon
the code officials are able to speak for
when an emergency occurs, whether fire-
responders, but do not assume that is always
related or otherwise.
the case. Try to learn about everyone’s
responsibility and authority during this phase
to avoid surprises later. This will increase the
chances of projects proceeding smoothly, on-
time, and within budget.
Advance Planning
The subsequent construction phase will likely
proceed more efficiently if designers and
code officials give advance thought to how
construction and occupancy will progress.
Addressing these issues clearly on design and
Figure 13.1. Fire service crews clearing the
permit documents can help avoid conflicts.
scene of a construction site rescue.
FIRE SERVICE FEATURES OF BUILDINGS AND FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
101
Coordination in advance will help to maintain
Subsequent sections of this chapter suggest
the features discussed below. These features
areas where advance planning during design
include fire apparatus access, water supply,
(and on the design and permit documents)
firefighter access, temporary standpipes,
can be beneficial. These areas include
staging for combustible materials, proper
pre-incident planning, system impairment
locations for hazardous materials, and
programs, and temporary features (during
egress/access for partially occupied areas.
both construction and demolition).
Design documents should mandate proper
phasing and code officials should follow up
Permit Process
with effective enforcement. For long-term or
The design phase includes the site, the
unusual projects, a formal phasing plan may
building itself, utilities that serve it, features
be beneficial.
built into the building, and systems installed
in it. Site plans, construction plans, and
Buildings or complexes that are to be initially
system shop drawings are developed. This
occupied in stages will also proceed more
phase provides the opportunity to plan
smoothly with proper advance planning.
for all the appropriate fire service features
Speculative spaces are those intended to be
before construction begins. Changes
subdivided into separate tenants (figure 13.2).
made on paper are always less costly than
Examples include shopping centers, office
changes only recognized as needed after
buildings, or industrial complexes. Individual
construction begins.
tenant occupancy will usually occur in stages.
With the exception of minor work, the design
process involves a variety of professionals
developing material for submission to
the appropriate code officials to obtain
required permits. The material (often called
submittals) can include plans, specifications,
and calculations. Depending on the
jurisdiction, permit types may include site,
building, utility, and fire protection systems.
Utilities typically include gas, plumbing,
electric, water, and sewer. Fire protection
Figure 13.2. A new, partially-occupied,
systems include fire alarm, detection,
speculative office building.
standpipe, sprinkler, and other suppression
systems. In some cases, code officials at
Code officials will often mandate that means
multiple levels (state, county, and/or city) will
of egress and protection systems be in
be involved.
service for occupied portions of a building.
Designers can facilitate this by planning
Municipalities are usually responsible for
ahead. For example, a shopping center must
utilities and systems on the public side of
have its water supply in place before any
the property line. The design team takes
individual tenant can be sprinklered. This
responsibility for the private side of the
is complicated further when a single water
property line. However, designers often need
supply or fire pump feeds several buildings.
to know municipal capabilities; for example,
The Occupancy section below discusses
the water supply available to feed a building’s
partial occupancy in greater detail.
sprinkler or standpipe system.
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OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
In some jurisdictions, emergency responders
Early involvement minimizes surprises for all
are a mandatory part of the permit process for
parties concerned. An on-site pre-construction
certain features. One common example is the
meeting including these stakeholders should be
location of features used by the fire service
conducted before construction of the building
such as fire hydrants, fire alarm annunciators,
begins. Such a meeting is required in some
fire control rooms, standpipe FHCs, or FDCs.
jurisdictions. Whether required or voluntary,
Codes generally require coordination with
it allows the contractors to find out what will
emergency responders for many of the
be expected of them by the code officials and
features listed in the table in Annex A, below.
responders as the construction proceeds. Fire
codes may also require that an on-site fire
Application for permits usually involves
prevention coordinator be designated.
submitting material to the appropriate code
official. Various code officials have different
Hazards
responsibilities such as building, fire,
Buildings under construction or renovation
electrical, etc. This permit work must often be
likely contain a high concentration of
done sequentially. For example, a sprinkler
combustible material, a wide variety of
system permit will usually not be issued
ignition sources, and an array of worker
until after a building permit is obtained
safety hazards (figure 13.3). These can
because the building permit establishes
result in responses to construction sites
the occupancies or uses, from which the
by the fire service for falls, spills, fire
sprinkler design criteria will be derived.
suppression, rescue, etc. Furthermore, the
The code officials will review the materials
risks to firefighters during construction are
submitted and determine if they are in
greater than those in a finished building due
compliance with applicable codes and
to incomplete fire protection features and
standards. Sometimes revised submissions
constantly changing site conditions.
are requested. Once the submissions are
acceptable, they are approved and a permit
is issued to allow the construction or system
installation to begin. This approval is often
subject to the completion of changes or
additions that are included on the plans or
otherwise transmitted to the entity that applied
for the permit. These conditional comments
must be addressed during construction or
installation if projects are to proceed efficiently.
Construction
Figure 13.3. Workers on an aerial lift
performing welding tasks.
OSHA’s construction safety and health
standards apply during this phase. Local and
Many hazardous processes and materials
state buildings codes usually mandate basic
are introduced to the job site early in the
safety during this phase. Comprehensive
construction phase. These may include
guidance is contained in NFPA 241, Standard
welding, open flames, flammable liquids and
for Safeguarding Construction, Alteration, and
gases, explosives, other hazardous materials,
Demolition Operations.
rubbish piles, temporary heating or electrical
equipment, and temporary enclosures for
Soon after contractors are selected be sure to
heating or health hazard containment. Where
include them in communications with design
possible, label all hazardous materials.
professionals, responders, and code officials.
FIRE SERVICE FEATURES OF BUILDINGS AND FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
103
Prior to their introduction, some materials
of construction. Remember to accommodate
or processes may require a permit and/
different shifts for career firefighters and
or notification of emergency responders.
convenient times for volunteer firefighters who
These issues emerged as significant in a 1988
often have other employment obligations.
incident in Missouri when a construction
trailer containing explosive material
detonated, killing six firefighters who were
not fully informed of the material’s presence.19
The potentially conflicting security concerns
involving the labeling of the locations of
extremely hazardous materials can be
addressed by early communication between
security and safety stakeholders.
Pre-Incident Planning
Figure 13.4. Firefighters can obtain valuable
Pre-incident planning is the process during
insight about construction materials and methods
which the fire service learns important
as a building is being built.
information about facilities in advance of
an emergency. This allows them to operate
A convenient location on the construction
more efficiently and safely when an incident
site should contain items that may be needed
does occur. Pre-incident planning begins at
during emergencies. These items include
the construction stage. Planning is developed
keys, plans, permits (hot work, HAZMAT, etc.),
in cooperation with the fire service and
emergency information, spill containment kits,
construction professionals as the building
and other equipment for use or reference by
is constructed, altered, or demolished. It is
emergency responders. The location should be
vital for building designers and developers
readily accessible by emergency responders.
to communicate their design intentions and
building operational features to emergency
Temporary Features
responders so that they understand how the
building should function and react during an
During the construction phase, temporary
protective features often compensate for
emergency situation. Code officials may be in a
good position to facilitate this communication.
the lack of permanent features or their
incomplete nature. Access for fire apparatus
Knowledge of the site as construction
and firefighters should be in place from
proceeds (figure 13.4) will be helpful during
the beginning of construction (figure 13.5).
emergency incidents at the construction site.
A permanent or temporary water supply
The fire service can learn about hazards and
is needed when the first combustible
temporary protection features. Furthermore,
construction materials are on site.
seeing how a building is built provides
valuable knowledge on construction and
protective features that can help when a
fire or other emergency occurs in a building
after completion. The fire service and
construction personnel should work together
to facilitate site visits during various phases
19. Federal Emergency Management Agency, ”Six Firefighter
Figure 13.5. Temporary fire apparatus access.
Fatalities in Construction Site Explosion”, USFA-TR-024,
publications/tr-024.pdf
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OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Several features should progress as the
Continue to involve the fire service to educate
building rises in height. A temporary or
them about the systems with which they will
permanent standpipe is usually installed in
interact (especially fire alarm, communication,
tall buildings as they near a height beyond
and standpipe systems). Code officials can
the reach of fire service ladders (figure 13.6).
invite emergency responders to witness
At least one stair should be provided as the
acceptance testing. Demonstration of
building rises. When the building’s exterior
systems can also be arranged as soon as
walls are in place, smoke and heat from a fire
possible after acceptance testing (figure
will be confined; at this time the stair should
13.7). Design documents should identify the
be enclosed to maintain its integrity.
need for these important interactions with
emergency responders.
Figure 13.6. A temporary FDC (see arrow) feeding
a standpipe being installed as this building rises.
Figure 13.7. Building maintenance staff
Temporary hoists are often used to bring
familiarizing firefighters with a fire alarm
workers and materials to upper floors.
system in a new building.
Temporary trash chutes may be in place to
As construction or renovation nears
facilitate material removal, especially during
completion, identify features that have
renovation or demolition work. Responders
not been coordinated — especially those
need to be aware of both features before
installed late in construction. One example
emergencies occur.
is security bollards that are not coordinated
with fire hydrant locations. Another is fixed
Inspection and Testing
planters or furniture obstructing FDCs. With
As construction progresses, various
a large number of possible features needing
inspections will occur at different times.
coordination, all stakeholders should remain
Inspectors will be checking compliance with
vigilant.
the codes in effect and the various permits
issued. The approved documents for all
Information Exchange
permits must always be available on site. All
When construction is nearing completion,
appropriate contractors and subcontractors
as-built plans can be provided to the fire
must be aware of each condition imposed by
service for their use in continued pre-incident
code officials. This includes any conditional
planning. These plans should include
comments on permits or approved plans.
construction plans, fire protection system
When neglected, these conditional comments
shop drawings, and site diagrams showing
can cause delays.
fire apparatus and firefighter access routes.
Toward the end of the construction phase,
Emergency responders may prefer schematic
acceptance testing of systems is conducted.
rather than detailed plans. Also check to see
These tests can be performed individually
if responders prefer electronic or hard copies
or as part of full building commissioning.
of plans.
FIRE SERVICE FEATURES OF BUILDINGS AND FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
105
Code officials are also in a good position
This may include information on the building,
to share with emergency responders a
its construction, its occupancy, utilities
summary of important building information
serving it, protection features and systems,
gleaned from the permit process (figure 13.8).
and hazardous materials and processes.
Figure 13.8. A sample of a new building information sheet prepared by a
code official for transmittal to emergency responders.
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OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Occupancy
unoccupied areas, completeness of the fire
suppression and fire alarm systems, and all
The occupancy phase begins when code
means of egress clear of any obstructions or
officials determine that the building is either
combustible material (figure 13.10).
fully code-compliant or when a portion
becomes safe enough to permit occupants
to move in. In reality, occupancy is often
allowed pending the completion of minor
punch-list items that remain to be done.
In the interim, additional features may be
provided or restrictions imposed to ensure
a sufficient level of safety. Examples include
a limitation on the occupant load or a
restriction on the occupancy type (such as
storage or merchandise stocking only).
Partial occupancy occurs frequently in building
addition/renovation projects. Remember that
speculative spaces are often initially occupied
Figure 13.10. An exit discharge area from
in stages (as discussed in the Concept and
an occupied building. The path to safety was
Design section above) and then partially
demolished during adjacent construction.
occupied during periodic renovations of tenant
spaces or common areas (figure 13.9).
Often occupant egress routes and fire
service access routes will be modified during
construction or renovation projects. Signs will
be helpful (figure 13.11) as long as they are
updated for accuracy as the projects progress.
Figure 13.9. An occupied area of an existing
shopping mall being renovated. Apparent
deficiencies include a suspended ceiling grid
without ceiling tiles, detectors and sprinklers at
the future ceiling level, and protective caps on
sprinkler heads.
Figure 13.11. A diagram showing temporary
egress and access routes during a renovation
project for a plaza between two buildings.
Careful planning and attention is necessary
in partial occupancy scenarios to minimize
Temporary walkway roofs are usually provided
hazards to occupants, workers, and
over pedestrian areas adjacent to construction
emergency responders. Considerations
sites. When such areas also serve as means
include fire barriers separating occupied and
of egress from occupied buildings or areas,
FIRE SERVICE FEATURES OF BUILDINGS AND FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
107
consider the width needed to maintain egress
Effective and ongoing maintenance will
capacity (figure 13.12). Egress discharges also
verify that systems remain in service
serve as firefighter access points.
and are capable of functioning properly.
Deficiencies can be found and repaired
before an emergency occurs (figure 13.13).
Budget constraints may target maintenance
first; therefore, code officials and emergency
responders should remain vigilant.
Figure 13.12. A typical 4 ft.-wide temporary
walkway (painted white) over a sidewalk adjacent
to a construction site. The wide span between
posts accommodates the double exit doors (shown
Figure 13.13. An FDC with a glass bottle
in the center), which serve an occupied cinema.
jammed into one inlet.
Maintenance and Use
Maintenance of Built-in Features
Pre-incident planning must continue during a
A process with effective checks and balances
building’s lifetime. Conditions, features, and
can help ensure that work performed in a
systems can change over time. Firefighters
building will not negatively impact important
are regularly hired, reassigned, promoted,
building features. A propped-open fire door
and retired. Accordingly, building owners,
will render a fire barrier ineffective. Utility
operators, and tenants should continue to
work can result in unsealed penetrations of fire
facilitate regular visits by the fire service —
barriers (figure 13.14). Even the simple act of
both to help with fire service pre-incident
removing one or more tiles from a suspended
planning and to coordinate that effort with
ceiling can reduce the effectiveness of a fire-
companies’ emergency preparedness.
rated floor/ceiling assembly.
Most fire safety features installed in buildings
for the protection of occupants also serve
to protect firefighters during an emergency
(for example, fire barriers and suppression
systems). Others are intended primarily
for the use and protection of firefighters
(including standpipe systems, fire alarm
annunciators, and elevator emergency
power). Several administrative programs will
increase the chances that protective features
are available when an emergency occurs.
Preventive System Maintenance
Figure 13.14. A “Do Not Penetrate” sign stenciled
Routine preventive maintenance of fire
on a fire barrier wall above a suspended ceiling.
protection systems is one such program.
The sign is intended to warn workers modifying
the utilities located in the space above the ceiling.
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OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Routine inspection of features by responsible
parties (owners and occupants) can uncover
deficiencies such as breaches of fire-rated
barriers or damage to protective systems.
Codes may place this responsibility on
owners, who may contract with a third party
to perform this service.
Impairment Programs
Impairments of fire protection systems or
Figure 13.15. A sign next to an FDC indicating
features can occur during maintenance and
that the system valve is shut off.
rehabilitation work, or when systems are
installed on a phased basis. Regardless of
Rehabilitation Work
the reason that a system is out of service,
Rehabilitation work, including renovations,
emergency responders should be notified
alterations, and additions, can introduce
when they are placed out of service and
hazards and create access issues (figure
again when they are returned to service.
13.16). Emergency responders must be aware
Inoperable fire hydrants, annunciators,
of such work to factor it into their decisions
standpipes, etc., can cause delays in
and strategy during emergencies. Code
emergency operations. The fire service can
officials should notify responders when a
compensate, at least somewhat, if they are
permit is issued for rehabilitation work.
made aware in advance. For example, rather
than wasting time committing to a nearby
out-of-service hydrant, firefighters can
establish a water supply from a more distant
in-service hydrant.
In some cases, temporary measures can be
taken during impairment periods. Examples
include a fire watch during a fire alarm
outage and a temporary hose supply though
an FDC during a water service outage.
Design documents could require notification
of any impairment to the emergency
responders and coordination with the code
officials about any temporary protection
Figure 13.16. A temporary barrier
during the time of impairment. Warning
covering an entire building.
signage should be provided for systems
or features that are inoperable or disabled
Designers should remember that
(figure 13.15) at a location visible to
modifications to a building or its layout may
responders. Impairment systems are equally
necessitate changes to graphic diagrams,
as important after building occupancy.
graphic annunciators, and building information
diagrams. Inaccurate information can lead
to poor decision-making, delays, and even
strategic errors during an emergency incident.
FIRE SERVICE FEATURES OF BUILDINGS AND FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
109
Deteriorated Structures
Condemned buildings should be slated for
demolition or repair as soon as possible.
Emergency responders should be notified
In the interim, they should be secured to
when buildings deteriorate to the point
preclude entry.
where they are unsafe to enter (figure 13.17).
Code officials can play an important part in
Demolition
this notification process. Warning signs as
discussed in the Building Information section
Considerations during demolition are similar
of Chapter 7 are also important.
to those during the construction phase, but
generally in the reverse order. Firefighters
may still be called to mitigate emergencies
during this phase. Two firefighters were
killed at a 2007 fire during the demolition
of the Deutsche Bank Building in New York
City (figure 13.18). Factors cited included an
inoperative standpipe system and maze-like
conditions caused by asbestos abatement
containment partitions.
Figure 13.17. A building deteriorated
to the point that trees are growing in it and
major cracks are apparent.
Vacant or abandoned buildings pose severe
dangers to firefighters. For example, after
Figure 13.18. The fatal 2007 fire at
two Philadelphia, PA firefighters were killed
New York City’s Deutsche Bank Building.
in the 2012 collapse of such a structure, the
Depending on the structural condition,
dilapidated condition of the building was
firefighters may enter a partially demolished
cited as a contributing factor.
building to mitigate an emergency.
Buildings condemned by code officials
Standpipes and stairs should be maintained
are usually posted with signs. Such signs
as the building is brought down; codes
should be prominently displayed. See the
typically dictate how far below the
Building Information section of Chapter 7 for
uppermost accessible floor these features
a discussion of marking dangerous buildings.
must be maintained. Fire protection systems
Code officials should ensure that signs
and fire barriers should remain in place and
remain in place; vagrants have been known
in service as long as possible. Unprotected
to remove signs to avoid detection.
openings in floors are an extreme hazard for
firefighters who may be working in darkness
or smoky conditions. Gas and electric service
should be terminated where possible, and
labeled where they remain in service.
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OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Questions to Ask - Building Phases
■■
Has communication with jurisdictional representatives begun as early as possible?
■■
Are both code officials and emergency responders in the communication loop?
■■
Should security professionals be consulted?
■■
Are fire service features accommodated during all phases of a building’s life?
■■
Will a pre-construction meeting be held?
■■
Must an on-site fire prevention coordinator be designated?
■■
Are temporary fire service features maintained during construction and demolition?
■■
Are emergency responders informed about expected hazardous materials
and processes?
■■
Are proper worker safety precautions taken during construction and demolition?
■■
Has the fire service been invited to conduct pre-incident planning during all phases?
■■
Has the fire service been invited to fire protection system acceptance testing
or demonstrations?
■■
Are accurate as-built plans transmitted to emergency responders?
■■
Are accurate as-built plans maintained at the facility after occupancy?
■■
Have facility emergency liaisons or contacts been selected? Is this information
available to emergency responders?
■■
Have partial occupancy precautions been taken?
■■
Is a program in place for inspecting building features?
■■
Is a preventive maintenance program in place for fire protection systems and features?
■■
Is an impairment program in place for fire protection systems?
■■
Are deteriorated and vacant buildings properly marked and secured?
■■
Are deteriorated buildings slated for repair or demolition as soon as possible?
Resources
■■
IBC
■■
NFPA 5000
■■
NFPA 241, Standard for Safeguarding Construction, Alteration, and Demolition Operations
■■
NFPA 3, Recommended Practice on Commissioning and Integrated Testing of Fire
Protection and Life Safety Systems
■■
NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire
Protection Systems
■■
NFPA 1620, Standard for Pre-Incident Planning
■■
NFPA Handbook, chapter entitled Pre-Incident Planning for Industrial and Municipal
Emergency Response
■■
OSHA Construction Standards, 29 CFR Part 1926
■■
FM Global Data Sheet 1-0, Safeguards During Construction, Alteration and Demolition
■■
FM Global Data Sheet 2-81, Fire Protection System Inspection, Testing and Maintenance
FIRE SERVICE FEATURES OF BUILDINGS AND FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
111
ANNEX A
COORDINATION CHECKLIST
The following checklist is a multidisciplinary list of items that would benefit from coordination
between the following three stakeholders — designers, code officials and emergency
responders (figure A.1). As discussed in Chapter 1, a particular code official may or may not be
able to speak for the needs of emergency responders. The coordination should occur before a
building is designed or prior to a major renovation.
Figure A.1. Stakeholder communication
This list is not a substitute for the more specific questions that appear at the end of each
chapter, which are referenced in the table. Rather, it is an overview of fire service needs in the
built environment — particularly those needing coordination with emergency responders.
Design professionals of various disciplines can also see where coordination among them
would be beneficial. Building and fire codes include mandates for designers to coordinate
some of the following items with fire service responders.
Feature
Chapter
Fire apparatus access — number, dimensions, proximity, material, security
3
Water supply adequacy — total fire flow, flow testing for systems, permits
4
needed
Fire pump room — location, access, protection, remote alarms, signage
4
Fire hydrants — outlet type, spacing, location, position, marking, access,
4, 10
security, vehicle impact protection, fire department connection proximity
Premises ID — addresses, signage
5
Key boxes — location, keys contained
6
Door locking arrangements — stair re-entry, access control, delayed egress
6
Identification and signage — stairs, elevators, utilities, fire protection systems
6
Designation of levels — coordination with stairs, elevators, building ID signs,
6, 11
annunciators
Designation of room or suite numbers
6
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OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Feature
Chapter
Entry doors — signage at rear doors, blocked doors, utility rooms, fire
6, 8, 9, 11
protection system rooms
Features required or desired to be at main fire service entrance
4, 6, 10, 11
Building plans and information — signs, cards, cabinets, command centers
7, 11
Hazardous materials — signage, manifests, permits needed
7
Underground or aboveground tanks (liquid or gas) — permits needed
7
Lightweight construction marking, shaftway marking, skylight guarding
7
Photovoltaic systems — signage, marking, access, ventilation
7
Rooftop gardens — access, maintenance, ventilation
7
Sprinkler systems — zoning, valve locations, signage, prevention of unwanted
8, 11
alarms, permits needed
Standpipe systems — design pressure at fire hose connections, pumper
9
flow and pressure available at FDC, control valve locations, hose connection
locations, permits needed
Fire department connections — quantity, location, position, marking, access,
4, 10
signage, and proximity to water supply
Fire alarm — zoning, remote reporting, automatic door unlocking, prevention
8, 11
of unwanted alarms, permits needed
Fire alarm annunciator — location, orientation, content
11
Voice fire alarms — pre-recorded message details, coordination with building
11
egress scheme, coordination with stair locking/re-entry scheme
Fire command center — location, protection, access, size, equipment
11
arrangement, panel function, signage
Firefighter radio enhancement systems vs. two-way communication systems
11, 12
Special systems — firefighter air replenishment, backup power, smoke
12
control, ventilation, permits needed
Generator room — location, access, protection, remote alarms, and signage
12
Permits needed for construction or system installation
13
Pre-construction or pre-demolition meeting with all stakeholders
13
Temporary features during construction — access, water supply, stair,
13
standpipe, FDC
Fire service pre-incident planning for both the construction phase and the
13
occupied phase — site visits, construction plans, impairments
Post-construction preventive maintenance and impairment programs
13
FIRE SERVICE FEATURES OF BUILDINGS AND FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
113
WORKERS’ RIGHTS
Injury and illness prevention programs are
systems that can substantially reduce the
Workers have the right to:
number and severity of workplace injuries
and illnesses, while reducing costs to
■■
Working conditions that do not pose a risk
employers. Thousands of employers across
of serious harm.
the United States already manage safety
■■
Receive information and training (in a
using injury and illness prevention programs,
language and vocabulary the worker
and OSHA believes that all employers can
understands) about workplace hazards,
and should do the same. Thirty-four states
methods to prevent them, and the OSHA
have requirements or voluntary guidelines
standards that apply to their workplace.
for workplace injury and illness prevention
■■
Review records of work-related injuries
programs. Most successful injury and
and illnesses.
illness prevention programs are based on a
■■
File a complaint asking OSHA to inspect
common set of key elements. These include
their workplace if they believe there is a
management leadership, worker participation,
serious hazard or that their employer is
hazard identification, hazard prevention
not following OSHA’s rules. OSHA will
and control, education and training, and
keep all identities confidential.
program evaluation and improvement. Visit
■■
Exercise their rights under the law without
OSHA’s Injury and Illness Prevention Program
retaliation, including reporting an injury
or raising health and safety concerns with
safetyhealth for more information.
their employer or OSHA. If a worker has
been retaliated against for using their
Compliance Assistance Specialists
rights, they must file a complaint with
OSHA as soon as possible, but no later
OSHA has compliance assistance specialists
than 30 days.
throughout the nation located in most OSHA
offices. Compliance assistance specialists
For more information, see OSHA’s Workers
can provide information to employers and
page.
workers about OSHA standards, short
educational programs on specific hazards
or OSHA rights and responsibilities, and
OSHA ASSISTANCE,
information on additional compliance
assistance resources. For more details, visit
SERVICES AND PROGRAMS
OSHA has a great deal of information to
cas.html or call 1-800-321-OSHA (6742) to
assist employers in complying with their
contact your local OSHA office.
responsibilities under OSHA law. Several
OSHA programs and services can help
Free On-site Safety and Health
employers identify and correct job hazards,
Consultation Services for Small
as well as improve their injury and illness
Business
prevention program.
OSHA’s On-site Consultation Program offers
free and confidential advice to small and
Establishing an Injury and Illness
medium-sized businesses in all states across
Prevention Program
the country, with priority given to high-hazard
The key to a safe and healthful work
worksites. Each year, responding to requests
environment is a comprehensive injury and
from small employers looking to create or
illness prevention program.
improve their safety and health management
114
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
programs, OSHA’s On-site Consultation
are formalized through unique agreements
Program conducts over 29,000 visits to small
designed to encourage, assist, and recognize
business worksites covering over 1.5 million
partner efforts to eliminate serious hazards and
workers across the nation.
achieve model workplace safety and health
practices. Through the Alliance Program,
On-site consultation services are separate
OSHA works with groups committed to
from enforcement and do not result in
worker safety and health to prevent workplace
penalties or citations. Consultants from state
fatalities, injuries and illnesses by developing
agencies or universities work with employers
compliance assistance tools and resources
to identify workplace hazards, provide advice
to share with workers and employers, and
on compliance with OSHA standards, and
educate workers and employers about their
assist in establishing safety and health
rights and responsibilities.
management programs.
Voluntary Protection Programs (VPP)
For more information, to find the local On-
site Consultation office in your state, or to
The VPP recognize employers and workers
request a brochure on Consultation Services,
in private industry and federal agencies
who have implemented effective safety and
1-800-321-OSHA (6742).
health management programs and maintain
injury and illness rates below the national
Under the consultation program, certain
average for their respective industries. In
exemplary employers may request
VPP, management, labor, and OSHA work
participation in OSHA’s Safety and Health
cooperatively and proactively to prevent
Achievement Recognition Program (SHARP).
fatalities, injuries, and illnesses through
Eligibility for participation includes, but
a system focused on: hazard prevention
is not limited to, receiving a full-service,
and control, worksite analysis, training,
comprehensive consultation visit, correcting
and management commitment and worker
all identified hazards and developing an
involvement.
effective safety and health management
program. Worksites that receive SHARP
Occupational Safety and
Health Training
recognition are exempt from programmed
inspections during the period that the SHARP
The OSHA Training Institute in Arlington
certification is valid.
Heights, Illinois, provides basic and advanced
training and education in safety and health
Cooperative Programs
for federal and state compliance officers,
state consultants, other federal agency
OSHA offers cooperative programs under
personnel and private sector employers,
which businesses, labor groups and other
workers, and their representatives. In
organizations can work cooperatively with
addition, 27 OSHA Training Institute
OSHA. To find out more about any of the
Education Centers at 42 locations throughout
following programs, visit www.osha.gov/
the United States deliver courses on OSHA
cooperativeprograms.
standards and occupational safety and health
issues to thousands of students a year.
Strategic Partnerships and Alliances
For more information on training, contact the
The OSHA Strategic Partnerships (OSP)
OSHA Directorate of Training and Education,
provide the opportunity for OSHA to partner
2020 Arlington Heights Road, Arlington
with employers, workers, professional or trade
Heights, IL 60005; call 1-847-297-4810; or visit
associations, labor organizations, and/or other
www.osha.gov/otiec.
interested stakeholders. OSHA Partnerships
FIRE SERVICE FEATURES OF BUILDINGS AND FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
115
OSHA Educational Materials
OSHA’s web site also has information on job
hazards and injury and illness prevention for
OSHA has many types of educational
employers and workers. To learn more about
materials in English, Spanish, Vietnamese
OSHA’s safety and health resources online,
and other languages available in print or
online. These include:
a-z-index.html.
■■
Brochures/booklets;
■■
Fact Sheets;
■■
Guidance documents that provide detailed
NIOSH HEALTH HAZARD
examinations of specific safety and health
EVALUATION PROGRAM
issues;
■■
Online Safety and Health Topics pages;
Getting Help with Health Hazards
■■
Posters;
The National Institute for Occupational Safety
■■
Small, laminated QuickCards™
and Health (NIOSH) is a federal agency that
that provide brief safety and health
conducts scientific and medical research
information; and
on workers’ safety and health. At no cost
■■
QuickTakes, OSHA’s free, twice-monthly
to employers or workers, NIOSH can help
online newsletter with the latest news
identify health hazards and recommend
about OSHA initiatives and products to
ways to reduce or eliminate those hazards
assist employers and workers in finding
in the workplace through its Health Hazard
and preventing workplace hazards. To sign
Evaluation (HHE) Program.
up for QuickTakes visit www.osha.gov/
Workers, union representatives and employers
quicktakes.
can request a NIOSH HHE. An HHE is often
To view materials available online or for a
requested when there is a higher than expected
listing of free publications, visit www.osha.
rate of a disease or injury in a group of workers.
gov/publications. You can also call 1-800-321-
These situations may be the result of an unknown
OSHA (6742) to order publications.
cause, a new hazard, or a mixture of sources. To
request a NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation go to
Select OSHA publications are available in
www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/request.html. To find out
e-Book format. OSHA e-Books are designed
more, in English or Spanish, about the Health
Hazard Evaluation Program:
to increase readability on smartphones,
tablets and other mobile devices. For access,
E-mail HHERequestHelp@cdc.gov or call
go to www.osha.gov/ebooks.
800-CDC-INFO (800-232-4636).
116
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Region VII
OSHA REGIONAL OFFICES
Kansas City Regional Office
(IA*, KS, MO, NE)
Region I
Two Pershing Square Building
Boston Regional Office
2300 Main Street, Suite 1010
(CT*, ME*, MA, NH, RI, VT*)
Kansas City, MO 64108-2416
JFK Federal Building, Room E340
(816) 283-8745 (816) 283-0547 Fax
Boston, MA 02203
(617) 565-9860 (617) 565-9827 Fax
Region VIII
Denver Regional Office
Region II
(CO, MT, ND, SD, UT*, WY*)
New York Regional Office
Cesar Chavez Memorial Building
(NJ*, NY*, PR*, VI*)
1244 Speer Boulevard, Suite 551
201 Varick Street, Room 670
Denver, CO 80204
New York, NY 10014
(720) 264-6550 (720) 264-6585 Fax
(212) 337-2378 (212) 337-2371 Fax
Region IX
Region III
San Francisco Regional Office
Philadelphia Regional Office
(AZ*, CA*, HI*, NV*, and American Samoa,
(DE, DC, MD*, PA, VA*, WV)
Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands)
The Curtis Center
90 7th Street, Suite 18100
170 S. Independence Mall West
San Francisco, CA 94103
Suite 740 West
(415) 625-2547 (415) 625-2534 Fax
Philadelphia, PA 19106-3309
(215) 861-4900 (215) 861-4904 Fax
Region X
Seattle Regional Office
Region IV
(AK*, ID, OR*, WA*)
Atlanta Regional Office
300 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1280
(AL, FL, GA, KY*, MS, NC*, SC*, TN*)
Seattle, WA 98104
61 Forsyth Street, SW, Room 6T50
(206) 757-6700 (206) 757-6705 Fax
Atlanta, GA 30303
(678) 237-0400 (678) 237-0447 Fax
*These states and territories operate their
own OSHA-approved job safety and health
Region V
plans and cover state and local government
Chicago Regional Office
employees as well as private sector employees.
(IL*, IN*, MI*, MN*, OH, WI)
The Connecticut, Illinois, Maine, New Jersey,
230 South Dearborn Street
New York and Virgin Islands programs cover
Room 3244
public employees only. (Private sector workers
Chicago, IL 60604
in these states are covered by Federal OSHA).
(312) 353-2220 (312) 353-7774 Fax
States with approved programs must have
standards that are identical to, or at least as
Region VI
effective as, the Federal OSHA standards.
Dallas Regional Office
(AR, LA, NM*, OK, TX)
Note: To get contact information for OSHA
525 Griffin Street, Room 602
area offices, OSHA-approved state plans and
Dallas, TX 75202
OSHA consultation projects, please visit us
(972) 850-4145 (972) 850-4149 Fax
online at www.osha.gov or call us at 1-800-
(972) 850-4150 FSO Fax
321-OSHA (6742).
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