FM 3-20.98 Reconnaissance and Scout Platoon (AUGUST 2009)

Chapter 5

DEPARTURE FROM FRIENDLY LINES

5-294. The departure from friendly lines must be thoroughly planned and coordinated using

considerations outlined in the following discussion.

Planning

5-295. In his plan for departure from friendly lines, the leader should consider this sequence of actions:

Make contact with friendly guides at the contact point.

Move to the coordinated initial rally point.

Complete final coordination.

Move to and through the passage point.

Establish a location for a security-listening halt beyond the friendly unit’s limit of FPF.

Coordination

5-296. The patrol leader must coordinate with the commander of the forward unit and the leaders of other

units that will be patrolling in the same or adjacent areas. The coordination includes SOI information,

signal plan, fire plan, running password, procedures for departure from and reentry to friendly lines,

departure and reentry points, dismount points, initial rally points, and information about the enemy. The

following actions take place:

The patrol leader provides the forward unit leader with unit identification, size of the patrol,

departure and return times, and information on the AO.

The forward unit leader provides the patrol leader with the following:

Additional information on terrain.

Known or suspected enemy positions.

Likely enemy ambush sites.

Latest enemy activity.

Detailed information on friendly positions and obstacles, including the locations of OPs.

Friendly unit fire plan.

Support that the unit can provide, such as fire support, litter teams, guides,

communications, and reaction force.

Execution

5-297. The patrol should remain in single file. The assistant patrol leader follows directly behind the

guide so he can count each Soldier who passes through the passage point. He gives the count to the guide,

tells him how long to wait at the passage point (or when to return), and confirms the running password.

Note. If the patrol makes contact after it is past the departure point, it fights through. Soldiers

return to the departure point only if they become disorganized. They then reoccupy the initial

rally point, and the leader reports to higher headquarters.

ACTIONS AT DANGER AREAS

5-298. A danger area is one that increases the chance of detection or a direct fire engagement. When

moving, the patrol tries to avoid danger areas if possible. In many situations, however, the patrol must

cross danger areas to continue the mission. Typical danger areas are the following:

Known enemy positions.

Roads and trails.

Streams.

Open areas.

Urban environments.

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Other Tactical Operations

OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

5-299. Specific plans are made before crossing danger areas. These plans are very similar to actions

during mounted operations; however, they require more practice and rehearsal because a dismounted patrol

does not have the same mobility, protection, and firepower to extract itself should it encounter a threat. In

addition, plans are made for crossing unexpected danger areas; these can be modified quickly to fit the

situation.

5-300. The patrol uses bounding overwatch or variations of it to cross a danger area. The leader

designates procedures the patrol will use based on the time available, the size of the patrol, the size of the

danger area, the fields of fire into the area, and the amount of security he can provide. A small patrol may

cross all at once, in pairs, or one man at a time. A large patrol normally crosses its subordinate elements

one at a time. As each element crosses, it moves to an overwatch position or to the far side rally point until

told to continue movement.

5-301. To cross a danger area, a patrol must take these actions:

Designate near side and far side rally points.

Secure the near side.

Secure the far side.

Cross the danger area.

5-302. Securing the near side may involve nothing more than observing it. In some places, however, it may

involve posting security teams far enough out on both flanks and to the rear of the crossing point to give

warning of an approaching enemy element and to overwatch the crossing of the rest of the patrol (as shown in

Figure 5-65).

Figure 5-65. Securing the near side of a danger area

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Chapter 5

5-303. Once flank and rear security elements are positioned, the danger area is quickly crossed by a team

that then reconnoiters and secures the far side (see Figure 5-66). Thermal sights, if available, are able to

scan and detect threats under moderate concealment due to their heat signatures. The area secured on the

far side must be large enough for the entire patrol to occupy. Prior to crossing, the patrol leader will issue a

five point contingency plan with detailed engagement criteria to the patrol. When the team leader is sure

the far side is secure, he sends two men back to signal the rest of the patrol to cross. As the near side

elements begin to cross the danger area, the rest of the patrol is scanning with weapons and ready for

possible enemy fire. When the patrol has crossed the danger area, the security teams cross and rejoin the

patrol (as shown in Figure 5-67).

Figure 5-66. Securing the far side of a danger area

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3 August 2009

Chapter 5

SMALL OPEN AREA TECHNIQUE

5-305. When crossing a small open area, the team uses the contour or detour bypass method (as shown in

Figure 5-69). They avoid crossing directly through the open area, if possible.

Figure 5-69. Crossing a small open area

OBJECTIVE RALLY POINTS

OCCUPATION OF AN ORP BY A SQUAD

5-306. In planning the occupation of an ORP (see Figure 5-70), the squad leader considers the following

sequence:

Halt beyond sight, sound, and small-arms weapons range of the tentative ORP

(200 to

400 meters in good visibility; 100 to 200 meters in limited visibility).

Position security elements.

Move forward with a compass man and one member of each fire team to confirm the location of

the ORP and determine its suitability. Issue a five-point contingency plan before departure as

outlined later in this discussion.

Position the Team A Soldier at 12 o’clock and the Team B Soldier at 6 o’clock in the ORP.

Issue them a contingency plan and return with the compass man.

Lead the squad into the ORP. Position Team A from 9 to 3 o’clock and Team B from 3 to

9 o’clock.

Note. The squad may also occupy the ORP by force. This requires more precise navigation, but

eliminates separating the squad.

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Other Tactical Operations

OCCUPATION OF AN ORP BY A PLATOON

5-307. In planning the occupation of an ORP, the platoon leader should consider a sequence similar to

that outlined for a squad (see Figure 5-73). He brings a Soldier from each squad on his reconnaissance of

the ORP and positions them at the 10, 2, and 6 o’clock positions. The first squad in the order of march

establishes the base leg (10 to 2 o’clock). The trailing squads occupy from 2 to 6 o’clock and 6 to

10 o’clock.

Figure 5-70. Occupation of an objective rally point

CONTINGENCY PLANS

5-308. The patrol leader leaves the main patrol body for many reasons throughout the planning,

preparation, and execution of the mission. One of these departures, conducted after the ORP is occupied

and secure, is the leader’s reconnaissance by the patrol leader, compass man, and element leaders. The

assistant patrol leader remains in the ORP. Before the patrol leader departs, he issues a five-point

contingency plan.

Note. A leader issues a five-point contingency plan anytime he leaves the element in a non-

secured area. Consideration must always be given to the possibility of an element becoming

separated from the rest of the patrol.

5-309. The contingency plan covers the WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, and WHY by detailing the

following points:

Who the leader will be taking with him.

What actions are taken if the leader fails to return, as well as the actions of the unit and the

leader on chance contact while the leader is gone.

When the leader is leaving and how long he will be gone.

Where the leader is going (including routes there and back).

Why the leader is leaving (his mission).

LEADER’S RECONNAISSANCE

5-310. Patrol leaders should conduct a leader’s reconnaissance when time or the situation allows. The

plan must include a leader’s reconnaissance of the objective once the platoon or squad establishes the ORP.

During his reconnaissance, the leader pinpoints the objective, selects positions for his squads and teams,

and adjusts his plan based on his observation of the objective. Each type of patrol requires different tasks

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Chapter 5

during the leader’s reconnaissance, and the leader will take different elements with him depending on the

patrol’s mission. The leader must ensure that the objective remains under continuous observation once he

decides to return to the ORP. The leader designates an RP and plans for adequate time to return to the

ORP, complete his plan, disseminate information, issue orders and instructions, and allow his squads to

make any additional preparations.

Note. A leader’s reconnaissance may alert the enemy that a patrol is in the area by evidence of

movement or noise, even before the patrol begins its mission.

REENTRY TO FRIENDLY LINES

5-311. The patrol leader’s initial planning and coordination must include the reentry to friendly lines. He

should consider a sequence for this process similar to the one covered in the following discussion. This

process must be rehearsed along with other tasks during unit rehearsals.

Note. Reentry to friendly lines at night is dangerous and should be mitigated through detailed

planning and rehearsal.

5-312. The patrol halts in the reentry rally point and establishes security. The patrol leader communicates

the code word advising the friendly unit of the patrol’s location and its readiness to return. The friendly

unit must acknowledge the message and confirm that guides are waiting before the platoon moves from the

reentry rally point.

5-313. If digital/radio communications are not possible, the patrol leader, RTO, and a two-man security

element (buddy team) move forward and attempt to contact an OP using the challenge and password. The

OP notifies the friendly unit that the patrol is ready to return and requests a guide.

5-314. If the patrol leader cannot find an OP, he moves with the RTO and security element to locate the

coordinated reentry point. He must move straight toward (and away from) friendly lines, never parallel to

them. All lateral movement should be outside small-arms weapons range.

Note. The patrol leader should only attempt this procedure during daylight. At night he should

use other backup signals to make contact with friendly units. The preferred method is to wait

until daylight if contact with the friendly unit cannot be made as planned.

5-315. Once the friendly unit acknowledges the return of the patrol, the patrol leader issues a five-point

contingency plan and moves with his RTO and security element on a determined azimuth and pace to the

reentry point. The patrol leader uses far and near recognition signals to establish contact with the guide.

5-316. The patrol leader signals the platoon forward (radio) or returns and leads it to the reentry point. He

may post the security element with the guide at the enemy side of the reentry point. The assistant patrol

leader counts and identifies each Soldier passing through the reentry point. The guide leads the patrol to

the assembly area.

5-317. The patrol leader reports to the CP of the friendly unit. He tells the commander everything of

tactical value concerning the friendly unit’s area of responsibility. The patrol leader rejoins the patrol in the

assembly area and leads it to a secure area for debriefing.

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Other Tactical Operations

DEBRIEFING

5-318. Immediately after the patrol element

(platoon or squad) returns, personnel from higher

headquarters conduct a thorough debriefing. This may include all members of the patrol or the leaders,

RTOs, and any attached personnel. The debriefing is typically conducted orally, although sometimes a

written report is required.

SECTION IX - PATROL BASES AND COMBAT OUTPOSTS

5-319. A patrol base is a position with a security perimeter that is set up when a dismounted team

conducting a patrol halts for an extended period. Except in an emergency, patrol bases should be occupied

no longer than 24 hours. The platoon or squad never uses the same patrol base twice. Platoons and squads

use patrol bases to accomplish the following tasks:

Stop all movement to avoid detection.

Hide during a long, detailed reconnaissance of an objective area.

Clean weapons and equipment, perform personal hygiene, eat, and rest.

Plan and issue orders.

Reorganize after infiltrating an enemy area.

Establish a base from which to conduct several consecutive or concurrent operations, such as

ambush, raid, reconnaissance, or security.

Note. The longer a patrol spends in an enemy area, the higher the risk of being discovered by

the enemy.

PATROL BASES

SITE SELECTION

5-320. The leader selects the tentative site from a map or by aerial reconnaissance. The site’s suitability

must be confirmed, and the site must be secured before occupation. Plans to establish a patrol base must

include selecting an alternate patrol base site. The alternate site is used if the first site is unsuitable or if the

patrol must unexpectedly evacuate the first patrol base.

PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS

5-321. Leaders planning for a patrol base must consider the mission and passive and active security

measures.

5-322. Security measures involve the following:

The leader attempts to locate the patrol base on terrain that will enhance its security. Whenever

possible, the terrain should meet the following criteria:

Terrain that the enemy would probably consider of little tactical value.

Terrain that is off main lines of drift and that affords adequate drainage.

Difficult terrain that would impede foot movement. An example would be an area of dense

vegetation, preferably with bushes and trees that spread close to the ground.

Terrain near a source of water.

Terrain that can be defended for a short period and that offers good cover and concealment.

The leader avoids the following locations:

Known or suspected enemy positions.

Built-up areas.

Ridges and hilltops, except as needed for maintaining communications.

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Chapter 5

Roads and trails.

Small valleys.

The leader plans for the following security considerations:

OPs.

Communications with OPs.

Defense of the patrol base.

Withdrawal from the patrol base, including withdrawal routes and a rally point, a

rendezvous point, or an alternate patrol base.

A security system to ensure that specific Soldiers are awake at all times.

Enforcement of camouflage, noise, and light discipline.

The conduct of required activities with minimum movement and noise.

PATROL BASE OCCUPATION

5-323. A patrol base is established using the steps covered in the following discussion. The patrol base is

reconnoitered and established using the same procedures and considerations as an ORP or reentry rally

point. The exception is that the platoon will, when necessary, enter the patrol base at a 90-degree turn.

Note. This 90-degree turn is METT-TC dependent; if there is nothing to be gained by doing this

step, then the unit does not do it (for example, in flat desert terrain).

5-324. The patrol leader leaves a two-man OP at the turn. The assistant patrol leader and the last patrol

element will obliterate any tracks from the turn into the patrol base. The patrol moves into the patrol base

(see Figure 5-71). The patrol leader immediately disseminates the location of the alternate patrol base.

Figure 5-71. Occupation of the patrol base

5-325. The patrol leader and support element start at 6 o’clock and move clockwise to adjust the

perimeter (meeting each element leader at his element’s left flank). If the patrol leader and support element

leader find a better location for one of the machine guns, they reposition it.

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3 August 2009

Other Tactical Operations

5-326. After the patrol leader has checked each element’s sector, the element leader and another patrol

member report to the CP as an R&S team. The patrol leader issues a five-point contingency plan to the

three R&S teams and reminds them that they are looking for the enemy, water, built-up areas or human

habitat, roads and trails, and any possible rally points.

5-327. The R&S team departs from the left flank of its element’s sector and moves out a given distance,

as stated by the patrol leader in his instructions. The team moves in a clockwise direction and reenters the

patrol base at the right flank of the element’s sector. Whenever possible, the R&S team should prepare a

sketch of the squad’s front and report to the CP.

Note. If the patrol leader feels the patrol may have been tracked, he may elect to maintain 100

percent security and wait for a time in total silence before sending out the R&S teams. The

distance the R&S team moves away from the element’s sector will vary depending on the terrain

and vegetation (anywhere from 200 to 400 meters). All members of the patrol are on 100

percent alert during this time.

5-328. Once all element leaders (through their R&S teams) have completed their reconnaissance, they

report back to the patrol leader at the CP. The patrol leader gathers the information from his three R&S

teams and determines if the patrol will be able to use the location as a patrol base.

PATROL BASE ACTIVITIES

5-329. If the patrol leader determines that he will be able to use the location as a patrol base, he informs

the assistant patrol leader and squad/section leaders. The patrol leader also disseminates other information

such as daily challenge and password, frequencies, and call signs. Leaders return to their elements, give out

the information, and begin the priorities of work as stated by the patrol leader. The patrol base must be

sterilized upon departure.

Security

5-330. Only one point of entry and exit is used. Noise and light discipline are maintained at all times.

Everyone not positively identified as a patrol member is challenged. Leaders supervise the placement of

aiming stakes and ensure claymore mines are emplaced. Each element establishes an OP and may quietly

dig hasty fighting positions. Element leaders prepare and turn in sector sketches, including range cards and

fire plans. A larger patrol may employ UGVs for additional security in dead space to detect a quick

approach by enemy elements to the patrol bases perimeter.

Alert Plan

5-331. The patrol leader states the alert posture (for example, 50 percent or 33 percent) and the stand-to

time for day and night. He sets up the plan to meet the following conditions:

Positions are checked periodically.

OPs are relieved periodically.

At least one leader is awake at all times.

Withdrawal Plan

5-332. The patrol leader specifies the following information:

Which signal to use if contact is made (for example, colored star cluster).

The order of withdrawal if the unit is forced out of the patrol base (for example, elements,

squads/sections not in contact will move first).

The distance and direction of the patrol rendezvous point (if the patrol will not link up at an

alternate patrol base).

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Chapter 5

Maintenance Plan

5-333. The patrol leader must plan to conduct maintenance on weapon systems, communications

equipment, vehicles, and other mission essential equipment. He may also plan to redistribute ammunition

as necessary.

Sanitation and Personal Hygiene Plan

5-334. The assistant patrol leader ensures that the patrol slit trench is dug and marked at night with a

chemical light inside the trench. Leaders designate areas for use as urinals and ensure that scouts

accomplish the following activities daily:

Shave and brush teeth.

Wash face, hands, armpits, groin, and feet.

Change out socks and dry out or change boots.

Pick up trash and other evidence of the patrol’s presence.

Mess Plan

5-335. Leaders monitor mess activities to ensure not more than half the patrol eats at one time.

Water Resupply

5-336. The patrol leader organizes a watering party if the patrol must forage for water. They carry

canteens in an empty rucksack.

PASSIVE (CLANDESTINE) PATROL BASE

5-337. The purpose of a passive patrol base is to give a smaller-size element time to rest. A claymore

mine is emplaced on the route entering the patrol base. Teams sit back-to-back facing outward, ensuring

that at least one individual per team is alert and providing security.

COMBAT OUTPOSTS

5-338. A reconnaissance or scout platoon may conduct operations from a combat outpost equipped with

automatic and crew-served weapons, communications equipment, and sensors supported by indirect fires.

Platoons assigned to combat outposts may be augmented with additional combat elements such as UAS

teams, infantry, armor, and engineers to provide assistance in reconnaissance and offensive actions to

counter enemy activities. This is a very labor-intensive mission and is used only in response to clearly

defined squadron/battalion requirements.

5-339. Combat outposts are also used to protect critical lengths or locations along the route. Due to the

length of some convoy routes, a squadron or troop will establish mutually supporting platoon-size combat

outposts and provide security between them. Combat outposts are established at critical choke points to

prevent sabotage and to defend against or respond to attacks to interdict the route between outposts.

Reconnaissance or scout platoons may be augmented to supply reaction forces, engineer route clearance

assets, and insurgent intervention elements as well as continuous surveillance along key points of the route.

Patrols are organized with sufficient combat power to destroy near ambushes and to survive initial enemy

contact from far ambushes. Platoons conduct patrols at irregular intervals between the outposts based on

enemy trends and recent activities.

5-340. Each combat outpost maintains a reaction force to respond to enemy activity or reinforce patrols.

Based on METT-TC, a troop can establish one or two platoon combat outposts, and a squadron can

typically establish up to six platoon-size combat outposts.

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3 August 2009

Chapter 6

Enablers

Platoon enablers are critical combat capabilities provided by the platoon’s higher

headquarters or other units in support of the platoon. The commander employs

enablers to enhance the effectiveness of his operations. The platoon leader and his

subordinate leaders must understand the capabilities and limitations of enablers to

ensure that each enabler is assigned a clear task and purpose to support the platoon’s

mission. The integration of enablers provides the platoon leader with the right assets

to accomplish the mission while achieving the higher commander’s intent. Enablers

should complement, not detract from, the platoon mission. The platoon’s integration

of these assets begins during troop planning and continues through platoon rehearsals

and execution.

Contents

Section I - Employ Indirect Fires

6-2

Section IV - Intelligence

6-42

Mortar Support

6-2

Sensor Teams

6-42

Field Artillery Support

6-4

Unmanned Aircraft Systems

Naval Fire Support

6-6

Operations

6-43

Fire Support Personnel

6-6

Section V - Civil Affairs

6-52

Fire Request Channels

6-7

Section VI - Tactical Psychological

Operations Support

6-53

Fire Planning in Support of

Reconnaissance Missions

6-10

Section VII - Air and Missile Defense

(AMD) Support

6-53

Call for Fire

6-11

Adjusting Indirect Fire

6-14

Passive Air Defense

6-53

Active Air Defense

6-54

Refinement and Surveillance

6-19

Fire Support Coordination Measures 6-19

Short-Range Air Defense Systems ... 6-55

Close Air Support Operations

6-23

Air Defense Command and Control .. 6-56

Other Types of Air Support

6-28

Section VIII - Sustainment Operations .. 6-56

Section II - Army Aviation Support

6-28

Supply Operations

6-56

Maintenance Operations

6-62

Organization

6-28

Assault (Utility) and Cargo (Lift)

Personnel Services Support

6-65

Helicopter Support

6-28

Human Resources Support

6-65

Section III - Combat Engineer Support . 6-40

Army Health System Support

6-65

Engineer Support in

Prisoners and Captured Material

6-69

Reconnaissance Operations

6-40

Engineer Support in Security

Operations

6-40

Engineer Support in Stability

Operations

6-41

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6-1

Chapter 6

SECTION I - EMPLOY INDIRECT FIRES

6-1. Scouts may receive indirect fire support from mortars, field artillery (FA), and CAS assets. Most of

these assets are not organic to the platoon, but they will be available through the platoon’s parent unit. To

make effective use of them, scouts must understand the capabilities, limitations, and employment of fires

assets. For additional discussion of fire support, see FM 3-20.96 and FM 3-20.971, as well as FM 3-09.31,

FM 3-22.90, and FM 6-20-40.

6-2. Mortars and FA assets are the primary indirect fire support means available to the reconnaissance or

scout platoon, although the platoon may receive fire support from other assets as well, including aircraft

and ships. In addition to understanding the capabilities and limitations of these assets, scouts must know

what fire request channels to use to request fires. The platoon leader must be prepared to work with both

the troop and/or squadron/battalion FSOs to plan and coordinate fire support (see FM 3-09.32).

MORTAR SUPPORT

6-3. Mortars provide indirect fire support that is extremely responsive to the scouts’ needs. They can

provide a heavy volume of fires and are ideal for attacking targets on reverse slopes, in narrow ravines or

trenches, and in forests, towns, and other areas that are difficult to strike with low-angle fires. Each

reconnaissance/cavalry troop or supported battalion (except the BFSB reconnaissance troop, which has no

organic mortars) has an organic 120-mm mortar section dedicated to providing the responsive fires that the

platoon needs. The 120-mm mortar has a maximum range of 7,200 meters and shoots a variety of

munitions. Table 6-1 lists capabilities of the various mortar systems and munitions.

TYPES OF MORTAR SUPPORT

Suppression

6-4. Without a direct hit, HE rounds generally will not destroy main battle tanks. Indirect hits with HE,

however, can destroy or disable more lightly armored vehicles (APCs, armored fighting vehicles, etc.) or

incapacitate the crew. In addition, suppressive fires can greatly disrupt enemy movement. HE rounds can

force mounted enemy units to button up or move to less advantageous positions. HE is also very effective

against dismounted threats and in urban environments.

Obscuration

6-5. White phosphorus

(WP) rounds are used for obscuration and screening. The platoon places

obscurants on or just in front of enemy positions to obscure their vision. Leaders employ obscurants to

support infiltration and exfiltration. The platoon achieves a smoke screen by placing obscurants between

the enemy and the platoon’s positions to conceal movement. Leaders use mortar-delivered obscurants to

mark enemy positions, which can help to enhance friendly maneuver and orient direct fires or CAS. The

platoon employs obscuration effectively in urban environments where structures minimize the impact of

winds that normally disperse the obscurant’s effects. In any situation, however, scouts must be careful not

to allow friendly obscuration to work against them by marking their own positions.

Illumination

6-6. Scouts use illumination rounds to light an area or enemy position during periods of limited visibility.

This can increase the effectiveness of image intensification devices and sensors. It also assists the troop in

gathering information, adjusting mortars or artillery, or engaging enemy targets with direct fire. Scouts use

ground-burst illumination to mark enemy positions and to provide a thermal target reference point (TRP)

for control of direct and indirect fires. As with obscurants, however, leaders must take care not to

illuminate friendly positions. In addition, because of the effectiveness of U.S. NODs, illumination can be

unnecessary or even counterproductive. Whenever they employ illumination, scouts must pay close

attention to wind direction and speed to ensure proper deployment of the rounds.

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Enablers

CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS

6-7. Reconnaissance and cavalry troop mortar capabilities include—

Use in urban areas or mountain terrain.

Fast response time.

Effectiveness against low-density targets.

6-8. Reconnaissance and cavalry troop mortar limitations include—

Short-range capability.

Limited munitions selection.

Vulnerability to enemy counterfire radars because of the high angle of fire.

Limited basic loads of ammunition.

Table 6-1. Fire support capabilities—mortars

Danger

Ammunition

Minimum

Maximum

Weapon

Rates of Fire

Model

Type

Range (m)

(m)

60-mm

M720

3,489¹

30 rnds/min for

4 min²,then 20

M224

M888

3,489

rnds/min

M722

3,489

sustained.

M721

ILLUM

600

200

3,489

Diameter of

M302A1

1,830

illumination:

M83A3

ILLUM

725

950

M721-500m,

M83A3-300m

M49A4

1,830

81-mm

M374A2

4,600

25 rnds/min for 2

min, then 8 rnds/

M29A1

M374A3

4,800

min sustained.

M375A2

600

4,595

Diameter of

M301A3

ILLUM

100

3,150

illumination:

360m

81-mm

M821

5,800

18 rnds/min for

2 min, then 8

M252

M899

5,800

rnds/min

M374A3

4,800

sustained.

M819

600

300

4,875

Diameter of

M375A2

4,595

illumination:

M853A1

ILLUM

300

5,060

650m

M301A3

ILLUM

100

3,950

120-mm

M57

200

7200

16 rnds/min for

1 min, then 4

M120

M68

200

7200

rnds/min

M91

ILLUM

200

7100

sustained.

M933

HE/PD

600

200

7200

Diameter of

M934

HE/MOF

170

7200

illumination:

M929

170

7200

1,500m

M930

ILLUM

170

7200

HE—high explosive

PD—point detonating

ILLUM—illumination

RP—red phosphorus

MOF—multi-option fuze

WP—white phosphorus

wpn—weapon

1 Bipod-mounted, charge 4 (maximum handheld is 1,300 meters).

2 Charge 2 and over. A sustained rate 30 rounds per minute is possible with charge 0 or 1.

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6-3

Chapter 6

FIELD ARTILLERY SUPPORT

6-9. The BCT’s organic fires battalion can potentially support the reconnaissance platoon. (The BFSB

does not have an organic FA element, although its reconnaissance platoons generally have access to

indirect fire support.) The fires battalion has several different munitions available to support the platoon.

The scout platoon receives fire support from the cavalry squadron’s fires battery. These munitions include

HE, dual purpose improved conventional munitions (DPICM), Copperhead, WP, scatterable mines, HE

rocket-assisted projectiles (RAPS), Excalibur guide projectiles, obscuration, and illumination. Tables 6-2

and 6-3 lists capabilities of the various cannon FA systems and munitions.

Table 6-2. Field artillery cannon capabilities

Range (Meters)

Danger

Weapon

Projectile

Rates of Fire / Notes

MAX

DPICM

RAP

105 mm

HE, WP¹, HC²,

600 m

11,500

14,100

19,500

Sustained rate of fire:

Howitzer,

ILLUM, APICM,

3 rnds/min.

M119-

DPICM

Max rate of fire:

series

10 rnds/min

155 mm

HE, WP¹, HC²,

600 m

18,300 or

18,000 or

30,100

Sustained rate of fire:

M198

ILLUM, CPHD,

22,000 with

28,200

2 rnds/min.

APICM,

M795 HE,

with

Max rate of fire:

DPICM, M825

M825

M864

4 rnds/min

Obscurant,

Obscurant

SCAT-MINE

155 mm

HE, WP¹, HC²,

600 m

18,200 to

17,900 or

30,000

Sustained rate of fire:

M109A5/A

ILLUM, CPHD,

24,500,

28,100

1 rnds/min.

170 m

APICM,

depending

with

Max rate of fire: 4

DPICM, M825

on ammo

M864

XM982

rnds/min

Obscurant,

SCAT-MINE

155 mm

HE, WP¹, HC²,

600 m

22,200 to

N/A

30,000

Sustained rate of fire:

M777-

ILLUM, CPHD,

24,500,

2 rnds/min IAW thermal

170 m

series

APICM,

depending

warning device.

DPICM, M825

on ammo

XM982

Max rate of fire:

Obscurant,

4 rnds/2mins

SCAT-MINE

¹Time to build effective obscuration—30 seconds.

²Time to build effective obscuration—60 to 90 seconds.

APICM—antipersonnel improved conventional munition, CPHD—Copperhead, DPICM—dual purpose

improved conventional munitions, HC—hexachlorethane, HE—high explosive, ILLUM—illumination, RAP—

rocket assisted projectile, SCAT-MINE—scatterable mine, WP—white phosphorous.

6-4

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Enablers

Table 6-3. Illumination factors

Height

Burn

Rate of

Weapon

Type

of Burst

Time

Fall

(meters)

(seconds)

(m/sec)

M83A1

60 mm

160

M83A2/3

70 mm

M-257 (Overt)

550

120

4.5

(2.75”)

70 mm

M-278

800

180

4.5

(2.75”)

(Covert)

81 mm

M301A3

600

M314A2;

105 mm

750

60-65

M314A3

120 mm

M930

500

M118

750

155 mm

M485-series

600

120

ARTILLERY CAPABILITIES

6-10. Artillery elements support the reconnaissance or scout platoon with the following capabilities—

Provide continuous all-weather and all-terrain fire support.

Rapidly shift and mass fires.

Support in depth with long-range fires.

Employ a variety of conventional shell and fuse combinations.

Can accurately engage stationary point targets with 155-mm Excalibur guided munitions or

guided multiple launch rocket system (GMLRS) munitions

Can accurately engage moving or stationary laser-designated targets with 155-mm Copperhead

rounds.

ARTILLERY LIMITATIONS

6-11. Artillery elements supporting the platoon have the following limitations—

Limited effectiveness on moving targets.

Limited ability to destroy point targets without considerable ammunition expenditure if guided

projectile are unavailable.

Firing signature increases vulnerability to enemy counterfire.

COMMON USES OF AVAILABLE MUNITIONS

6-12. FA employs a wide variety of munitions that can be tailored for the engagement of different types of

targets. These ammunition types include the following:

HE, for use against personnel, field fortifications, and vehicles.

Obscurants, for obscuration and screening.

Illumination.

WP, for obscuration, marking, screening, and incendiary effects against materiel targets e.g.,

WP airburst over an easily recognizable feature to assist disoriented personnel.

GMLRS rockets and 155 mm Excalibur rounds for use against point targets.

Copperhead 155 mm projectiles against stationary or moving point targets.

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6-5

Chapter 6

DPICM, for use against personnel and light armored vehicles in the open.

Scatterable mines.

6-13. Scatterable mines include area denial munitions for use against personnel and remote antiarmor mine

systems for use against armored vehicles. When a FA battery is firing a scatterable mines mission, it is not

available for other fire missions. Scatterable mines require slightly more lead time than do other FA-

delivered munitions.

6-14. In addition to the supporting cannon units, multiple launch rocket system (MLRS)/high mobility

artillery rocket system (HIMARS) elements may also provide fires. Unlike cannon artillery, MLRS units

fire rocket and missile munitions delivering only HE, DPICM, or anti-personnel and anti-materiel

warheads. They provide either rocket or missile fires, but do not offer special munitions, such as

obscuration, illumination, or WP. The maximum range of MLRS rockets is 32,000 to 45,000 meters,

depending upon the type of munition. The planning range for MLRS missiles in the Army tactical missile

system is 100,000 to 300,000 meters, depending upon the type of munition.

NAVAL FIRE SUPPORT

6-15. Destroyers and cruisers are the predominant ships used in NGF roles. Both types of vessels employ

5-inch guns to provide fires. Reconnaissance units will sometimes receive augmentation from the Marines

for NGF missions (see FM 3-09.32 for additional information).

FIRE SUPPORT PERSONNEL

6-16. Fire support personnel may accompany or assist Scouts during the course of their mission. These

elements include—

FIST.

COLT.

FIRE SUPPORT TEAM

6-17. Each troop has an organic FIST specifically designed to assist in the planning, coordination, and

integration of fire support during operations. FIST elements may assist the reconnaissance or scout platoon

in support of security operations when target designation is required for special munitions engagements.

COMBAT OBSERVATION AND LASING TEAM

6-18. A COLT is a fire support team controlled at the brigade level that is capable of target acquisition

under reduced visibility conditions and has both laser rangefinding and laser designating capabilities.

6-19. Scouts may request indirect fire through the COLT, which has a secondary mission of processing

these requests for the scouts. The COLT may monitor the reconnaissance or scout platoon net and handle

the fire request and subsequent adjustments in the same manner as a normal FIST. It can enter the

information gained through its primary mission, lasing targets for precision munitions and CAS, directly

into the Advanced Field Artillery Data System (AFATDS).

6-20. When pushed forward with the scouts, the COLT may collocate with one of the platoon OPs for

local security and protection. Leaders often link a COLT’s observation of a TAI with a scout team’s

coverage of an NAI. This technique allows the scout team to act as a trigger, with the COLT executing and

adjusting fires.

FIRE REQUEST CHANNELS

6-21. Scouts use different channels when requesting fire support depending on the type of unit

(reconnaissance/scout platoon or battalion reconnaissance platoon).

6-6

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Enablers

RECONNAISSANCE/SCOUT PLATOONS

6-22. The scouts in a reconnaissance or armored cavalry troop normally request all indirect fire support

through their troop FIST on the troop fire support net. The FIST selects the best available fire support to

engage the target. If the FIST passes the fire mission to the troop mortars, the scouts send all adjustments

of the fire mission directly to the mortars (see Figure 6-1). If the FIST passes the fire mission to a

supporting artillery unit, the scouts send all adjustments of the fire mission to the FIST, which relays the

message to the artillery unit on a digital fire direction net (as shown in Figure 6-2).

Figure 6-1. Reconnaissance or armored cavalry scouts

requesting fire from mortars

Figure 6-2. Reconnaissance or armored cavalry scouts

requesting fire from field artillery

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

6-7

Enablers

Figure 6-4. Battalion scouts requesting fire from the FA battalion

FIRE PLANNING IN SUPPORT OF RECONNAISSANCE MISSIONS

6-26. The reconnaissance or scout platoon leader must be prepared to use both hasty fire planning and

deliberate fire planning in support of the platoon’s missions. He should pay particular attention to the

identification of priority targets and to the procedures used to shift priority targets whenever necessary. If

the section sergeant or squad leader determines there is a need for additional targets in the course of his

mission, it is his responsibility to request them through the platoon leader or PSG.

PRIORITY OF FIRES

6-27. Priority of fires is the organization and employment of fire support assets according to the

importance of the supported unit’s mission. The unit commander or leader determines their priority of fires.

6-28. The platoon leader coordinates priority of fires through normal fire support channels. He should

concentrate on placing effective fires in several key locations:

Short of the line of departure is the line of contact (LD/LC).

From the LD/LC to the objective.

On the objective.

Beyond the objective (in case of enemy counterattack).

6-29. During reconnaissance, the platoon leader uses these doctrinal targeting tasks when the platoon has

target responsibilities. The two key areas of concern for the platoon will be short of the LD/LC and from

the LD/LC to the objective. The fire support plan must also support the platoon during movement along

assigned routes and while it is occupying OPs, employing fires against enemy reconnaissance elements or

forward security elements. The platoon leader also coordinates adjacent unit’s fires prior to execution of

operations. In the defense, the platoon leader must coordinate with the higher commander for planned

targets.

6-30. During security operations, it is particularly important for the platoon leader to plan fires in support

of point obstacles. The locations of obstacles should be refined and passed to the troop FIST or the

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FM 3-20.98

6-9

Chapter 6

battalion and/or brigade fire support coordinator at the earliest possible time. As much as possible, the

platoon leader ensures that the platoon has mortar priority of fires (except in the BFSB).

RADAR ZONES

6-31. In addition to fires planning, the platoon leader must be aware of and consider recommending the

use of radar zones. Radar zones are a means of prioritizing radar sectors of search. A zone is a geometric

figure placed around an area that prioritizes importance.

6-32. Of the four types of radar zones, the platoon leader concerns himself with only one type, the CFZ.

This is an area, usually in the vicinity of a friendly unit, or location that is critical. CFZs protect an asset

whose loss would seriously jeopardize the mission. Friendly units fire upon any enemy weapon firing into

a CFZ. The radar computer generates an immediate call for fire to a friendly firing unit.

CALL FOR FIRE

6-33. The standard call for fire for artillery and mortars consists of three basic transmissions, consisting of

six elements.

Observer identification and warning order (first transmission).

Target location (second transmission).

Target description, method of engagement, and method of fire and control (third transmission).

6-34. The exceptions to using the full call for fire, with all three transmissions, are requests calling for

“suppression” or “immediate suppression” missions.

OBSERVER IDENTIFICATION AND WARNING ORDER

6-35. The observer identification tells the fire direction center (FDC) who is calling. It also clears the net

for the rest of the call. The warning order tells the FDC the type of fire support mission and the method of

locating the target. The types of missions are adjust fire, fire for effect, suppression, and immediate

suppression.

Adjust fire

6-36. Observer uses adjust fire when he is uncertain of the exact target location. Example: “G24 - THIS IS

G59 - ADJUST FIRE - OVER.”

Fire for Effect

6-37. The observer strives for first-round fire for effect if he is sure that his target location is correct. He

should also be sure that the rounds of the first volley would have the desired effect on the target so that

little or no adjustment will be required. Example: “G24 - THIS IS G59 - FIRE FOR EFFECT - OVER.”

Suppression

6-38. The observer uses suppression to bring fire quickly on a preplanned target only. This is a simplified

call for fire and sent in one transmission. Example: “G24 - THIS IS G59 - SUPPRESS AF2401 - OVER.”

Immediate Suppression

6-39. An observer requests immediate suppression to bring fire quickly on a planned target or a target of

opportunity that is firing at a friendly unit or aircraft. As with suppression, this mission uses a simplified

call for fire that is sent in one transmission. Examples:

Preplanned target example:

“G24 - THIS IS G59 - SUPPRESS AF2401 - OVER.” Observer

does not announce the target.

Target of opportunity example:

“G24 - THIS IS G59 - IMMEDIATE SUPPRESSION GRID

123456 - OVER.”

6-10

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Enablers

TARGET LOCATION

6-40. Following the type of mission, the observer announces the target location. This prepares the FDC to

receive the data sent by the observer and apply it to locate the target. The three methods for locating targets

are—

Grid.

Polar plot.

Shift from a known point.

6-41. The observer only announces the polar plot and shift methods to the FDC. If the observer does not

specify either polar or shift, the FDC knows the grid method is being used. Do not use the word “grid” in

the initial transmission. Example: “H24 - THIS IS H67 - FIRE FOR EFFECT POLAR - OVER.”

(NOTE: The observer announces the word “grid” at the beginning of a subsequent transmission calling for

an adjustment of fires. Example: “H24 THIS IS H67 - ADJUST FIRE OVER. H24 THIS IS H67 - GRID

PA123456 - OVER.”)

Grid Method

6-42. At a minimum, when using the grid method, the observer normally sends the target location in six

digits

(example: “PA180739”). The observer must give the direction (in mils, if possible) from the

observer to the target to the FDC—after the call for fire, but before the first adjusting rounds are shot.

Polar Plot Method

6-43. This method requires that the observer and the FDC know the observer’s exact location. The

observer determines the direction (to the nearest 10 mils) of the observer-target (OT) line and the distance

(to the nearest 100 meters) from his position to the target (see Figure 6-5).

Figure 6-5. Polar plot method of target location

Shift from a Known Point Method

6-44. The observer can use this method if the observer and the FDC have a common known point. To

locate the target, the observer must first determine the direction to the nearest 10 mils. If the observer has

no compass, he can determine the direction by using a map and protractor or by using his binocular reticle

pattern and a known direction to the known point. He should remember to apply the RALS rule (right add,

left subtract) in determining direction to the target (see Figure 6-6).

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FM 3-20.98

6-11

Chapter 6

Figure 6-6. Shift from a known point method

using direction (in mils)

6-45. The observer determines the lateral and range shifts (see Figure 6-7). The observer then gives lateral

shifts left or right from the known point to the OT line to the nearest 10 meters. Observers give range shifts

as “ADD” (when the target is beyond the known point) or “DROP” (when the target is closer than the

known point). Range shifts are to the nearest 100 meters.

Figure 6-7. Lateral and range shifts from a known point

TARGET DESCRIPTION, METHOD OF ENGAGEMENT, AND METHOD OF FIRE AND CONTROL

6-46. The observer includes these elements in his call for fire using the following guidelines:

Description of target. The observer describes the target to the FDC. The FDC then determines

the type and amount of ammunition needed. The target description should be brief yet accurate.

This is the last required element in the call for fire.

6-12

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Enablers

Method of engagement. The observer specifies how he wants to attack the target (type of

ammunition, fuze, and distance from friendly troops). The FDC may change the ammunition

type and/or fuze based on ammunition constraints. If the target is within 600 meters of friendly

troops, the observer announces “DANGER CLOSE” to supporting mortars and artillery. When

the observer calls “DANGER CLOSE,” the initial rounds in adjustment should use a delay fuse.

Method of fire and control. The observer determines who gives the command for fire to

begin. If the observer wants to control the time of firing, he will say, “AT MY COMMAND.”

The FDC will tell the observer when the unit is ready to fire. At the proper time, the observer

will say, “FIRE.” If the observer does not say, “AT MY COMMAND,” the FDC will fire as

soon as the platoon/battery is ready.

ADJUSTING INDIRECT FIRE

6-47. The goal of every observer is to put rounds on target as quickly as possible. If the observer meets the

five requirements for accurate predicted fire, this task is relatively easy. Consequently, the observer

requests ‘fire for effect” in his initial call for fire. With so many variables affecting the accurate delivery of

initial rounds, however, observers must be prepared to adjust subsequent rounds onto the target as quickly

as possible.

6-48. The observer must first pick an adjusting point. For a destruction mission (precision fire), the target

is the adjusting point. For an area target (area fire), the observer must pick a well-defined adjusting point at

the center of the area or close to it. The observer must spot the first adjusting round and each successive

round and send range and deviation corrections, as required, back to the FDC until fire hits the target. The

observer spots by relating the burst or group of bursts to the adjusting point.

DEVIATION SPOTTING

6-49. As applied to deviation (left or right), spotting involves measuring the horizontal angle (in mils)

between the burst and the adjusting point. An angle-measuring device or technique, such as the mil scale

on military binoculars (refer to Figure 6-8) or the hand-and-fingers method (see Figure 6-9), is required to

determine deviation. The horizontal scale in the binoculars’ reticle, divided into

10-mil increments,

measures horizontal angles. The vertical scales, in 5-mil increments in the center and on the left side of the

reticle, measure vertical angles. The scale on the right, if present, is no longer used.

Figure 6-8. Mil scale in binocular reticle

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

6-13

Enablers

DEVIATION CORRECTION

6-51. Once the mil deviation has been determined, the observer converts it into a deviation correction (in

meters). Deviation correction is the distance in meters the burst must move to be on line between observer

and target. It is sent, with the range correction, to the FDC for the next adjusting round or when calling for

fire for effect.

6-52. The observer determines deviation correction by multiplying the observed deviation, in mils, by the

distance from the observer to the target in thousands of meters. The observer expresses this distance as the

OT factor (illustrated in Figure 6-12) and uses the result to calculate deviation correction to the nearest 10

meters (see Figure 6-13).

Figure 6-12. Determining the OT factor

Figure 6-13. Converting mil deviation

to deviation correction

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FM 3-20.98

6-15

Chapter 6

6-53. Minor deviation corrections (10 to 20 meters) are necessary to adjust precision fire. In adjustment of

area fire, however, observers should ignore deviation corrections of 20 meters or less except when such a

small change is necessary to determine a definite range spotting. Throughout the adjustment, the observer

should move the adjusting rounds close enough to the OT line to ensure accurate range spotting.

RANGE SPOTTING

6-54. As applied to range (short or over), spotting is required to make adjustments to place fire on the

target. Observers use the following terminology in this process:

OVER. This term describes a round that appears to impact beyond the adjusting point.

SHORT. This term describes a round that appears to strike between the observer and the

adjusting point.

TARGET. This spotting term describes a round that hits the target. It is used only in precision

fire (destruction missions).

RANGE CORRECT. This term describes a round that appears to be at the correct range.

DOUBTFUL. This term describes a round that can be observed but cannot be spotted in one of

the previous categories (over, short, target, or range correct).

LOST. This describes a round whose location cannot be determined.

LOST OVER or LOST SHORT. These are terms for a round that is not observed but that is

definitely known to be beyond or short of the adjusting point.

6-55. Any range spotting other than “DOUBTFUL” or “LOST” is definite. Usually, an adjusting round’s

burst that is on or near the OT line will give a definite range spotting. The observer can make a definite

range spotting even when the burst is not on or near the OT line. He uses his knowledge of the terrain or

wind and observes debris scattered by the impact; however, if the observer is not sure (“DOUBTFUL”),

the correction he sends to the FDC should be for deviation (“LEFT” or “RIGHT”) only. This is done to

bring the burst on line to get a definite range spotting (“OVER”, “SHORT”, or “TARGET”).

RANGE CORRECTION

6-56. Observers use three methods of adjusting fire on to a target. These include bracketing, hasty

bracketing, and creeping.

Bracketing

6-57. In this technique, the observer gives range corrections so that, with each successive correction, the

adjusting round intentionally lands over or short of the adjusting point, closing on the target. The observer

calls “FIRE FOR EFFECT” when a range correction would bring the next round within 50 meters of the

adjusting point (See Figure 6-14).

6-58. Successive bracketing is a safe technique that ensures fire on the target. Time is important, especially

when targets are moving or may move to seek cover when they find fire coming their way. Accurate initial

location information speeds adjustment and makes the requested fire more effective. To shorten adjustment

time, the observer should try to bracket the target quickly (in the first two or three adjusting rounds), then

try to adjust on the target with as few subsequent rounds as possible.

6-16

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Enablers

Figure 6-14. Bracketing

Hasty Bracketing

6-59. Experience has shown that effectiveness on the target decreases as the number of rounds used in

adjustment increases. An alternative to successive bracketing is hasty bracketing. While successive

bracketing mathematically ensures that the fire-for-effect rounds will strike within

50 meters of the

adjusting point, it is a slow and unresponsive technique. Therefore, observers use hasty bracketing if the

nature of the target requires faster effective fires than successive bracketing allows. The success of hasty

bracketing depends on a thorough terrain analysis that gives the observer an accurate initial target location.

The observer obtains a bracket on his first correction in a manner similar to that used for successive

bracketing. Once the observer has this initial bracket, he uses it as a yardstick to determine his subsequent

correction. He then sends the FDC the correction to move the rounds to the target and fire for effect.

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

6-17

Chapter 6

Creeping

6-60. Observers use the creeping method of adjustment in “DANGER CLOSE” situations. Here, the

observer directs the initial round beyond the target. He then brings adjusting rounds in 100 meters or less

until he engages the target. This method is slow and tends to use more ammunition than other adjustments;

therefore, observers should use creeping only when Soldier safety is a major concern.

REFINEMENT AND SURVEILLANCE

6-61. The observer should note the results of the fire for effect and then take whatever action is necessary

to complete the mission. It is critical that the observer formally ends the fire mission and gives assessment.

Figure 6-15 shows the observer’s actions after the fire for effect.

Figure 6-15. Observer’s actions after fire for effect

FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATION MEASURES

6-62. Once established, units display FSCMs on maps, firing charts, and overlays. Graphic portrayal

includes, as a minimum, the visual code, the abbreviation for the measure, the establishing headquarters,

and the effective date-time group (DTG).

6-63. With the exception of boundaries, FSCMs are either permissive or restrictive. In essence, the

primary purpose of a permissive measure is to facilitate the attack of targets. The establishment of a

restrictive measure imposes certain requirements for specific coordination before the engagement of those

targets affected by the measure; therefore, the primary purpose of a restrictive measure is to safeguard

friendly forces. For additional discussion of fire support and the FSCMs covered in this discussion, see

FM 3-20.96 and FM 3-20.971, as well as FM 3-09.31, FM 3-22.90, and FM 6-20-40.

6-18

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Enablers

PERMISSIVE MEASURES

6-64. Permissive FSCMs include—

Coordinated fire line (CFL).

Fire support coordination line (FSCL).

Free fire area (FFA).

6-65. For additional details on how to depict these measures, refer to FM 1-02.

Coordinated Fire Line

6-66. The CFL is a line beyond which conventional or improved conventional indirect fire means (mortars,

FA, and NGF) may fire at any time within the zone of the establishing headquarters without additional

coordination. It covers surface-to-surface fires only. The purpose of the CFL is to expedite the attack of

targets beyond it (see Figure 6-16).

Figure 6-16. Coordinated fire line

Fire Support Coordination Line

6-67. The FSCL facilitates the rapid attack of targets of opportunity beyond the coordination measure. It is

a line established and adjusted by the appropriate land or amphibious force commander within his

boundaries in consultation with superior, subordinate, supporting, and affected commanders. Forces

attacking targets beyond an FSCL must inform all affected commanders in sufficient time to allow

necessary reaction to avoid fratricide, both in the air and on the ground. Supporting elements may attack

targets beyond the FSCL, provided the attack will not produce adverse effects on, or to the rear of, the line

that may affect current tactical operations. Leaders use FSCLs to coordinate all fires of air, ground, or sea

weapon systems using any type of ammunition against surface targets (see Figure 6-17).

Note. The FSCL is not a boundary. The synchronization of operations on either side of the

FSCL is the responsibility of the establishing commander out to the limits of the land or

amphibious force boundary. The FSCL is a term oriented to air-land operations; there is no

similar term used at sea.

6-68. An associated benefit of employing an FSCL is the reduction in potential for fratricide. Short of an

FSCL, the appropriate land or amphibious force commander controls all air-to-ground and surface-to-

surface attack operations.

Figure 6-17. Fire support coordination line

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FM 3-20.98

6-19

Chapter 6

Free Fire Area

6-69. The FFA is a specific area into which any weapon system may fire without additional coordination

with the establishing headquarters. The FFA expedites fires and facilitates the jettison of munitions when

aircraft are unable to drop them on a target area (see Figure 6-18).

Figure 6-18. Free fire area

RESTRICTIVE MEASURES

6-70. Restrictive fire support coordination measures include—

NFA.

Restrictive fire area (RFA).

RFL.

6-71. For additional details on how to depict these measures, refer to FM 1-02.

No-Fire Area

6-72. The NFA is an area that disallows all fires and effects. There are two exceptions:

When the establishing headquarters approves fires temporarily within the NFA on a mission-by-

mission basis.

When an enemy force within the NFA engages a friendly force. In this situation, the commander

may engage the enemy to defend his force.

6-73. The purpose of the NFA is to prohibit fires or their effects in the area. Usually a division or corps

establishes NFAs. NFAs are normally on easily identifiable terrain; however, they may be located by grid

or by a radius (in meters) from a center point. Like other FSCMs, units disseminate the location of an NFA

through both maneuver and fire support channels to concerned levels (see Figure 6-19).

6-20

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Enablers

Figure 6-19. No-fire area

Note. The platoon leader should request an NFA over all scout positions at all times

Restrictive Fire Area

6-74. The RFA is an area imposing specific restrictions to deny delivery of fires that exceed those

restrictions without coordination with the establishing headquarters. The purpose of the RFA is to regulate

fires into an area according to the stated restrictions. Maneuver battalions or higher echelons of command

establish the RFA, although on occasion, a company or troop operating independently may establish one

(see Figure 6-20).

Figure 6-20. Restrictive fire area

Restrictive Fire Line

6-75. The RFL is a line established between converging friendly forces (one or both may be moving) that

prohibit fires or the effects of fires across the line without coordination with the affected force. The

purpose of the line is to prevent interference between the converging friendly forces. The common

commander of the converging forces establishes it. Units disseminate its location in the same manner as

that of a CFL (see Figure 6-21).

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FM 3-20.98

6-21

Chapter 6

Figure 6-21. Restrictive fire line

Airspace Coordination Area

6-76. The ACA is a block of airspace in the target area in which friendly aircraft are reasonably safe from

surface fires. Occasionally, it may be a formal measure (a three-dimensional box in the sky); more commonly,

it is an informal space. The purpose of the ACA is to allow the simultaneous attack of targets near each other

by multiple fire support means, one of which normally is an airborne asset (see Figure 6-22).

Figure 6-22. Airspace coordination area

CLOSE AIR SUPPORT OPERATIONS

6-77. The reconnaissance or scout platoon primarily needs to understand the terminology and concepts for

CAS, which entails air attacks on hostile ground forces that are in close proximity of friendly troops.

Scouts employ CAS to blunt an enemy attack, support the momentum of the ground attack, or provide

cover for friendly movements. Nomination of CAS targets is the responsibility of the commander, air

liaison officer, and S-3 at each level; however, the input received from the platoon leader is very valuable.

The platoon may receive CAS from Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps, or multinational assets. Because of its

specialized operational considerations, the BFSB platoon often must plan for and request CAS support.

CAS CAPABILITIES AND EMPLOYMENT

6-78. To make a valued recommendation to the commander regarding the use of CAS aircraft, the platoon

leader must know the characteristics of the aircraft predominantly used in the CAS role. Table 6-4 outlines

characteristics and capabilities of fixed-wing aircraft available for CAS.

6-22

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Enablers

Table 6-4. Characteristics and capabilities of fixed-wing aircraft

Marking

Other

Frequency

Secure

Aircraft

Ordnance

Beacon

Capability

Systems

Band

Hopping

Capable

LGB,

AGM-65E,

CCD TV,

GP bombs,

Rockets,

NVG, GPS,

AV-8B

CBU,

25mm, LTM,

UHF VHF-

HQ II

None

FLIR,

KY-58

Harrier II

JDAM,

LUU-2/19

AM/FM

SINCGARS

Lightning

2.75”

flares

Pod, SAR¹

rockets, 5”

Zuni

LGB,

AGM-65,

Illum / WP

GPbombs,

Rockets,

CBU,

NVG, GPS,

LTD, LTM ,

UHF VHF-

A-10 A/C

JDAM² ,

None

Lightning

HQ II

KY-58

30mm, LUU

AM/FM

2.75”

Pod

½/5/6/19

rockets,

flares

30mm

cannon

105mm

FLIR, GPS,

PPN-19

howitzer

PLS,

UHFx2

105mm,

SST-181

KY-58/100

(136 rds),

LLLTV,

SATCOM HF

HQ II NoNo

AC-130H

40mm,

SMP-

KYV-5

40mm

Beacon

VHF-

SINCGARS

IZLID, ATI

1000/

KY-58

cannon

tracking

AM/FMx3

2000

(512 rds)

radar

105mm

howitzer

(100 rds),

either

PPN-19

UHFx2

2x30mm

105mm,

SST-181

FLIR, GPS,

KY-58/100

SATCOM HF

HQ II NoNo

AC-130U

(1004 rds)

40mm,

SMP-

ALLTV,

KYV-5

VHF-

SINCGARS

or 1x40mm

25mm, LIA

1000/

SAR¹

KY-58

AM/FMx3

(256 rds),

2000

1x25mm

cannon

(3000 rds)

JDAM, GP

PPN-19

UHF or

bombs,

SAR¹ ,

HQ II

KY-58

B-1B

None

SMP-

SATCOM

CBU/WCM

GPS, NVG

SINCGARS

KY-100

1000

VHF/UHF HF

JDAM,

JSOW, GP

X Band

VHF/UHF HF

KY-58

B-2

None

SAR¹ , GPS

HQ II No

bombs,

KU Band

SATCOM

KY-100

CBU

JDAM, GP

PPN-19,

FLIR,

bombs,

PPN-20,

LLLTV,

VHF/UHF HF

KY-58/100

B-52

None

HQ II

CBU/WCM

SMP-

Radar,

SATCOM

KYV-5

D, LGB

1000

NVG,GPS

JDAM,

LGB, CBU/

WCMD,

NVG, FLIR,

EGBU-28,

GPS, SAR¹,

GP bombs,

UHF

Link-16,

HQ II HQ

F-15E

AGM

LTD, LTM

None

UHF/VHF/

KY-58

Sniper,

130/65,

Lightning,

GBU-

Lantern

15/24,

JSOW,

20mm

F-16

JDAM,

LTM,LTD,

None

GPS,

UHF VHF-

HQ II No

KY-58

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

6-23

Chapter 6

Table 6-4. Characteristics and capabilities of fixed-wing aircraft

Marking

Other

Frequency

Secure

Aircraft

Ordnance

Beacon

Capability

Systems

Band

Hopping

Capable

LGB,

Rockets

AM/FM

SADL³

GPbombs,

IDM/IDT^4,5 ,

CBU/

NVG, Link-

WCMD,

16^5,6,

HARM⁵

Sniper/Liteni

,AGM-65,

JASSM,

ng, HTS⁵ ,

2.75”

HMCS^5,6

rockets,

20mm

cannon

JDAM,

JSOW,

HARM,

AGM-

GPS, SAR¹

65E/F,

Link-16,

CBU, GP

LTM, LTD,

NVG,

F-18

bombs,

Rockets,

Lightning

UHF VHF-

HQ II

A/C/D/E/

None

KY-58

SLAM

LUU-2/19

AT,

AM/FM

SINCGARS

(+ER),

flares

ATFLIR,

LGB, 2.75”

NIGHT-

rockets, 5 “

HAWK

Zuni,

20mm

cannon

GPS, NVG,

UHF VHF-

F-22A

JDAM

None

HQ II

KY-58

Link-16

VHF/UHF,

SLAM-ER,

P-3

None

SAR¹

HF,

HQ II

KY-58 Link 11

Various

SATCOM

UHF VHF-

AGM-114⁷

MQ-1B

FLIR, GPS,

AM/FM

(K, M, N,

LTD, LTM

None

KY-100

Predator

SATCOM

ROVER

AGM-114⁷

UHF VHF-

MQ-9

(K, M, N,

FLIR, GPS,

AM/FM

LTD, LTM

None

KY-100

Reaper

P), GBU-

SATCOM

ROVER

Pioneer

None

FLIR, EO

RQ-7

LTD

FLIR, EO

Shadow

RQ-11

LTM⁸

FLIR, EO

Raven

EPW (II &

III), PW II

& III, PW

IV (IOC

FLIR, LST,

2009), Mk-

NVG, Gnd

Tornado

83, CBU,

UHF VHF-

LTD, LTM

None

mapping

HQ (I&II)

Yes

GR 4(UK)

ALARM,

radar with

Stormshad

TFR

ow,

Brimstone,

27 mm

cannon

Harrier

EPW II,

FLIR, LST,

UHF VHF-

LTD, LTM

None

HQ (I&II)

Yes

PW II/III/IV,

NVG, Gyro

6-24

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Enablers

Table 6-4. Characteristics and capabilities of fixed-wing aircraft

Marking

Other

Frequency

Secure

Aircraft

Ordnance

Beacon

Capability

Systems

Band

Hopping

Capable

7/9(UK)

GP 1000-

Binoculars,

Tac VHF

lb and 540-

TIALD,

lb, CBU,

Sniper

Brimstone

(IOC

2008),

CRV7,

AGM-65

Notes:

1 - Synthetic aperture radar with ground mapping modes.

2 - A-10C only.

3 - Block-25/30/32.

4 - Block 40/42.

5 - Block 50/52.

6 - Some Block 40/42.

7 - Predator equipped with Hellfire has no SAR capability.

8 - Raven B only.

ALLTV - all light level television

LTD - laser target designator;

1.06 micron PRF [pulse

ATFLIR - advanced targeting FLIR

repetition frequency] coded for weapons guidance

CCD - charge-coupled device

LTM - laser target marker; 530nm “green beam” or 860nm

EO - electrooptical

for visual or NVG and targeting pods (commonly referred to

FLIR - forward-looking infrared

as an infrared pointer or infrared marker)

GPS - global positioning system

NVG - night vision goggles

HMCS - helmet mounted cueing system

PLS - personal locator system

HTS - HARM targeting system

SADL - situational awareness data link

IDM - improved data modem

SAR - synthetic aperture radar

IDT - interflight data transfer (also known as

TFR - terrain following radar

interflight datalink)

TIALD - thermal imaging airborne laser designator

IZLID

- infrared zoom laser illuminator

TV - television

designator

WP - white phosphorous

LIA - laser illuminator assembly

LLLTV - low-light level television

LST - laser spot tracker

CAS BRIEFING FORMAT

6-79. Joint terminal attack controller

(JTAC) personnel are the primary means for requesting and

controlling CAS. Leaders employ joint fires observers (JFO) if no JTAC support is available. However,

reconnaissance platoons working forward and independent of the troop must conduct emergency control of

CAS missions in the absence of JTAC or JFO personnel. Referred to as, “CAS by a non-qualified

controller”, non-JTAC controllers must clearly state to attacking aircraft that they are

“non-JTAC

qualified” during aircraft check-in (Figure 6-23).

6-80. The JTAC is a qualified (certified) service or coalition member who, from a forward position, directs

the action of combat aircraft engaged in CAS and other offensive air operations.

6-81. The JFO is a certified and qualified service member who can request, adjust, and control surface-to-

surface fires, provide targeting information in support of Type 2 and 3 CAS terminal attack controls and

perform terminal guidance operations. See FM 3-09.32 for additional information on the role of JTAC

personnel and JFOs.

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

6-25

Chapter 6

CAS Briefing Format

Do not transmit line numbers. Units of measure are standard unless

briefed. Lines 4, 6, and restrictions are mandatory read-back (*).

Controller may request additional read-back.

Controller: “_______________________, this is ____________________________”

(Aircraft Call Sign)

(Controller Call Sign)

“Type____________________ (1, 2, or 3) Control”

1. IP/BP: “___________________________________________________________”

2. Heading: “_________________________________________________________”

(Degrees magnetic from IP/BP-to-target)

Offset: “___________________________________________________________”

(Left/Right, when required)

3. Distance: “_________________________________________________________”

(IP-to-target in nautical miles, BP-to-target in meters)

4*. Target Elevation: “__________________________________________________”

(In feet MSL)

5. Target Description: “_________________________________________________”

6*. Target Location: “__________________________________________________”

(Lat/Long or grid to include map datum or offsets or visual)

7. Type Mark: “__________________________” Code: “______________________”

(WP, Laser, IR, Beacon, etc.)

(Actual Laser Code)

8. Location of Friendly Forces: “__________________________________________”

(From target, cardinal direction and distance in meters)

Position marked by: “_________________________________________________”

9 Egress: “___________________________________________________________”

REMARKS (as appropriate): “____________________________________________”

(Restrictions*, ordnance delivery, threats, final attack heading, hazards, weather,

target information, SEAD, danger close, etc.)

Time on Target: “___________________________________” or

Time to Target: “____________________________________”

“Standby ___________ plus ___________, ready, ready, HACK”

(minutes)

(seconds)

IP—initial point. A well-defined point, easily distinguishable visually and/or electronically, used as

a starting point for the bomb run to the target.

BP—battle position. An airspace coordination area containing firing points for attack helicopters

(Marine Corps).

MSL—mean sea level. The altitude above the average height of the sea.

Note. When identifying position coordinates for joint operations, include map data. Grid

coordinates must include the 100,000-meter grid identification.

Figure 6-23. CAS briefing format

6-26

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Enablers

OTHER TYPES OF AIR SUPPORT

6-82. In addition to CAS, the Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps provide the Army with other types of

fixed-wing air support:

Combat air reconnaissance.

Tactical airlift.

Electronic warfare.

Air interdiction.

SECTION II - ARMY AVIATION SUPPORT

6-83. Army aviation uses maneuver to find, fix, and destroy enemy forces by concentrating and sustaining

combat power at critical times and places. Army aviation provides attack reconnaissance support,

interdiction attack, and CCA support. It also conducts air infiltration, air movement, and sustainment

operations throughout the platoon’s AO. Additional information on Army aviation support is available in

FM 3-20.96 and FM 3-04.126.

ORGANIZATION

6-84. The aviation organization that the reconnaissance and scout platoon encounters most frequently is

the scout weapons team (SWT). The SWTs are normally comprised of two aircraft (lead and wingman) of

either OH-58Ds or AH-64s, or a mix of both. Refer to FM 3-20.971 for a detailed discussion of the

following areas of Army aviation support:

Principles of aviation employment.

Planning considerations.

Aviation missions.

Aviation capabilities and limitations.

Attack reconnaissance support.

Attack support.

ASSAULT (UTILITY) AND CARGO (LIFT) HELICOPTER SUPPORT

6-85. Army aviation assault and cargo assets provide the reconnaissance or scout platoon with limited

aerial resupply, transport for infiltration and air movement operations, MEDEVAC and CASEVAC. See

FM 3-04.111 and FM 3-04.113 for additional information.

RESUPPLY OPERATIONS

6-86. Helicopter and fixed wing resupply assets available to the platoon are limited. Scouts, however, may

operate in forward locations and even distant hide positions requiring helicopter aerial or airdrop resupply

involving various aspects of aerial resupply and sling load operations. Refer to FM 4-20.197 and FM 3-

21.38 for discussions of various aspects of aerial resupply, slingload operations, and airdrop resupply.

Planning

6-87. Planning for aerial or airdrop resupply requires close coordination, with elements reviewing the

entire mission and resolving all limitations and problem areas. If a resupply item poses a problem that

cannot be resolved, leaders should consider another mode of transport. Planning factors include the

following:

Priorities of cargo/unit resupply.

Integration of the resupply operation into the tactical plan.

Selection, identification, and marking of the pickup zone (PZ)/LZ/drop zone (DZ).

Type/amount of cargo.

Helicopter or fixed wing assets available.

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

6-27

Chapter 6

Requirements for slings, cargo nets, and/or cargo containers.

Ground crew training requirements, such as those for ground guides, hookup personnel, and DZ

personnel.

PZ/LZ/DZ security.

Flight routes.

6-88. The selection of a usable PZ/LZ or DZ is extremely important. The platoon analyzes logistical and

tactical considerations taking into account that PZ/LZ/DZ positioning is at the right place to support the

ground unit. The area must also be accessible to the aircraft or airdrop involved in the resupply operation.

The air mission commander (AMC), the pilot in command, aviation LNO, or a Pathfinder-qualified officer

or NCO, will make the final decision on PZ/LZ/DZ selection and acceptance.

Platoon Responsibilities

6-89. Organic Army aviation brigade assets at division, corps, and theater, including joint and

multinational assets can provide utility/cargo support to reconnaissance and cavalry units. Platoon requests

travel through the commander at troop level and through squadron operations.

6-90. The reconnaissance or scout platoon receiving the supplies is responsible for preparing the

PZ/LZ/DZ. In addition the platoon performs the following specific tasks for aerial resupply:

Recover and assemble equipment and supplies.

Train available ground crews in guiding the aircraft during approach, landing,

unloading/loading, departure, and de-rigging the load.

Train hookup personnel.

Coordinate with the sending unit for the control and return of that unit’s transport equipment,

such as slings and A-22 bags.

Prepare, coordinate, and inspect backloads (such as slings and A-22 bags) and have them ready

for hookup or loading when the aircraft arrives.

AIR INFILTRATION AND EXFILTRATION

6-91. Infiltration and exfiltration are forms of maneuver that the scout/reconnaissance platoon uses

throughout the OE to accomplish a specific task. Ground reconnaissance assets use helicopter assets to

conduct air infiltration or exfiltration. The reconnaissance or scout platoon can infiltrate by squads, by

sections, or as a complete platoon. Purposes of infiltration include the following:

Reconnoiter a specified area and establish OPs.

Emplace remote sensors.

Establish communications relay capability for a specific period in support of other operations.

Determine enemy strengths and weaknesses.

Locate unobserved routes through enemy positions.

Determine the location of high-payoff enemy assets.

6-92. The reconnaissance or scout platoon conducts infiltration at any time during full spectrum

operations. These operations often occur prior to offensive operations such as air assaults or movements to

contact. During stability operations, the platoon may infiltrate to establish OPs that survey suspected

insurgency activities.

6-93. Assault and GS helicopter units support the platoon by inserting the reconnaissance element via fast-

rope, single-point, or landing in an LZ. These missions may require special mission infiltration/exfiltration

system (SPIES) or fast rope insertion/extraction system (FRIES) equipment, rappelling ropes, hoists,

auxiliary fuel tanks, and additional training or rehearsals.

6-94. The inserting or extracting aviation element during an infiltration operation commonly consists of

UH-60s and AH-64s (or other armed escort). In accordance with unit SOP, UH-60s conduct multiple false

6-28

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Enablers

insertions before and after actual insertion. AH-64s, providing security, may conduct feints or

demonstrations to help cover the operation.

Planning Considerations

6-95. The reconnaissance/scout platoon plans for an air infiltration or exfiltration as for any other mission.

Unit SOPs should outline an abbreviated planning process for these missions. In addition to the normal

planning process, specific planning requirements exist for the air infiltration and include—

Coordinating with the supporting aviation unit(s) of the task force.

Planning and rehearsing with the supporting aviation unit prior to the mission if possible. If

armed escort accompanies the operation, the platoon leader as well as the assault or GS aviation

unit should ensure the attack reconnaissance aircrews are included in the planning and rehearsal.

Gathering as much information as possible, such as enemy situation, in preparation for the

mission.

Ensuring joint suppression of enemy air defense coordination as appropriate.

6-96. The platoon should also plan different ingress/egress routes to include—

Planned extraction points.

Emergency extraction rally points.

Lost communications extraction points.

6-97. Planned extraction points and emergency extraction rally points require communications to verify

the preplanned pickup time or coordinate an emergency pickup time window. The lost communications

extraction point involves infiltration teams moving to the emergency extraction point after two consecutive

missed communication windows and waiting up to 24 hours for pickup (as per unit SOP).

Special Patrol Infiltration/Exfiltration System Operations

6-98. Units use SPIES for use in inserting and extracting reconnaissance personnel where a helicopter

landing is impractical. The system provides a means of exfiltrating up to 14 Soldiers over short distances.

Since SPIES exposes team members the entire time, the use of SPIES for infiltration carries increased risk.

Due to the nature of SPIES operations, a thorough briefing is required for all participants before the

operation. Careful coordination is crucial when additional assets (attack reconnaissance helicopters, aerial

observers, or artillery support) participate with the extraction helicopter.

6-99. Scouts must have SPIES harnesses as part of their individual equipment. The platoon leader ensures

scouts are trained and complete rehearsals prior to conducting SPIES. For detailed information on SPIES,

refer to FM 3-05.210 and FM 7-93.

Fast Rope Insertion/Extraction System Operations

6-100. FRIES provides the capability to insert troops and equipment into areas not suitable for helicopter

landing. FRIES is also the fastest method of deploying troops from a helicopter unable to land. The UH-60

has provisions for two fast ropes, one on either side of the cargo door area. The CH-47 has provisions for

up to three fast ropes, one out the forward right door and two out the ramp.

6-101. Fast rope serves to insert scouts without the aircraft contacting the ground or an obstacle. FRIES is

used for scout insertion or extraction in various settings:

During downed aircraft recovery operations in mountainous terrain.

Urban settings with no room to land, such as narrow streets.

Pinnacles and ridgelines.

Decks of ships.

6-102. The platoon leader ensures scouts are trained, thoroughly briefed, and complete rehearsals prior to

conducting FRIES. For detailed information on FRIES, refer to FM 3-05.210 and FM 7-93.

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

6-29

Chapter 6

Helicopter Cast And Recovery Operations

6-103. A helicopter cast and recovery (HELOCAST) operation involves inserting/extracting scouts and/or

equipment from a helicopter over water. HELOCAST is a very effective means of inserting and/or

extracting reconnaissance elements. Units plan and conduct a HELOCAST operation much the same as an

air movement operation, except the LZ is in the water. Refer to FM 7-93 for detailed information on

HELOCAST operations.

PICKUP ZONE/LANDING ZONE OPERATIONS

6-104. The reconnaissance or scout platoon may be required to establish a PZ or LZ for resupply or for

MEDEVAC or CASEVAC operations. In addition, higher headquarters may task the platoon to establish

its own PZ to conduct insertion of scouts.

Platoon Responsibilities in the PZ/LZ

6-105. As the receiving unit in aerial resupply or another utility/cargo helicopter operation, the platoon

will have the following responsibilities at the PZ/LZ:

Select and control the PZ/LZ.

Secure the PZ/LZ.

Provide limited weather observations, such as wind velocity and direction, cloud cover,

visibility, and approximate ceiling.

Provide terminal guidance with appropriate advisories. This information covers such areas as

obstacles, wire hazards, and the enemy situation, including AMD threats.

Conditions in the PZ/LZ

6-106. The following considerations apply in selection and operation of the PZ/LZ:

Size of the PZ/LZ. As a general rule, the PZ/LZ must provide for adequate space to allow

aircraft separation, load/passenger avoidance, and obstacle avoidance (refer to the following

discussion of helicopter landing sites). Night operations normally require a larger area.

Helicopter landing site requirements. A key consideration in PZ/LZ selection is the number

and type of aircraft that will be using the site at one time. Table 6-5 lists recommended

minimum distances between landing points within a PZ/LZ. Distances are from center of load to

center of load.

Note. The minimum planning distances in Table 6-5 include the distances required between

loads during external load

(sling load) operations. Refer to FM

3-04.113 for additional

information.

Table 6-5. Minimum distances between helicopter landing points

AIRCRAFT/OPERATION TYPE

MINIMUM LANDING DISTANCE

DAYTIME OPERATIONS

UH-60 and like aircraft

50 meters

CH-47 and like (or unknown) aircraft

100 meters

NIGHT OPERATIONS

UH-60 and like aircraft

75 meters

CH-47 and like (or unknown) aircraft

150 meters

Note. Height of ground/rooftop obstructions must not exceed 18 inches.

6-30

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Enablers

Surface conditions. The surface within the PZ/LZ should be solid enough to prevent the

helicopter, its load, and/or vehicles that are picking up the load from sinking into the ground.

Selection of the site must also take into account the strong winds produced by the helicopter

wash; these can stir up blowing dust, sand, snow, gravel, or loose debris that may injure

personnel and cause damage to equipment and/or aircraft. In addition, these conditions can

cause “brownout” or “whiteout” conditions that can temporarily blind aircrews and ground

support personnel. Helicopters cannot land if the site has a slope of 15 degrees or more. The

PZ/LZ must have no obstacles or obstructions (such as trees, stumps, bushes, or man-made

objects) that could cause damage to the helicopter rotor systems or the load itself. A general

guideline is that ground or rooftop obstructions can be no more than 18 inches tall. Immovable

objects must be clearly marked with a secured VS-17 panel, red chem light, or other marking

materials.

Approach/departure direction. When carrying external loads, aircrews prefer to use gradual

approach and departure angles (not a vertical ascent or descent). The avenues of approach and

departure for the PZ/LZ should be over the lowest obstacle in the direction of the prevailing

winds. Arrival and departure obstacle clearance and wind direction are especially important

during reduced visibility. Table 6-6 depicts a sample radio transmission for terminal guidance as

a helicopter approaches the PZ/LZ.

Table 6-6. Example radio transmissions for terminal guidance to landing site

AIRCRAFT

RECONNAISSANCE PLATOON

“Hardrock 16, Comanchero 26 is 30 seconds

inbound to your location. Request terminal

guidance, over.”

“Comanchero 26, this is Hardrock 16. Signal is

displayed, over.”

(NOTE: Use a prearranged

signaling method if possible.)

“Roger, Hardrock. Comanchero has green smoke,

over.”

“Comanchero 26, roger green smoke. Be advised

there is a large boulder at the far end of the LZ and

a suspected ZSU 23-4 located 5 kilometers to the

east, over.”

Marking of the PZ/LZ

6-107. Considerations for marking the PZ/LZ include the following:

Daylight operations. A ground guide will mark the PZ or LZ for the lead aircraft by holding an

M16/M4 rifle over his head, by displaying a folded VS-17 panel chest high, or by other

identifiable means.

Night operations. The code letter Y (actually, an inverted Y) is used to mark the landing point

of the lead aircraft at night (see Figure 6-24). Scouts use chem lights or “beanbag” lights to

maintain light discipline.

Note. Avoid using green or blue chemical lights. They are difficult to see under NVGs.

6-108. When more than one aircraft will be landing in the same PZ or LZ, there will be at least one

additional light for each aircraft. For observation, utility, and attack aircraft, each additional aircraft

landing point will be marked with a single light, emplaced at the exact point that each aircraft is to land.

For cargo aircraft (such as the CH-47, CH-53, or CH-54), each additional landing point will be marked

with two lights. The PZ party places two lights 10 meters apart and aligned in the aircraft direction of

flight.

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

6-31

Chapter 6

Figure 6-24. Inverted Y marking signal for PZ/LZ

Actions at the PZ

6-109. Prior to arrival of the aircraft involved in an air assault operation, the platoon must secure the PZ,

position the PZ control party, and position the troops and equipment in a unit assembly area. Air assault

elements then move to and occupy the chalk assembly area, where they load the aircraft for departure to the

LZ. The final step in this phase is closure of the PZ.

PZ Organization

6-110. The PZ for the air assault operation may be either one-sided or two-sided. A one-sided PZ has all

unit assembly areas and chalk assembly areas on one side of the zone, with security teams usually located

on the opposite side beyond where the aircraft will land (see Figure 6-25). In a two-side PZ, unit assembly

areas and chalk assembly areas are located on both sides of the aircraft landing site, with security elements

interspersed around the site as necessary. Figure 6-26 illustrates a two-sided PZ.

Occupation of the Unit Assembly Area

6-111. Once the unit secures the PZ, the next step in the execution of the air assault is occupation of the

unit assembly area. Unit leaders should accomplish the following:

Maintain all-round security of the assembly area.

Maintain communications.

Organize Soldiers and equipment into chalks and loads in accordance with the unit air

movement plan.

Conduct safety briefings and equipment checks for Soldiers.

Establish priority of loading for each Soldier and identify bump personnel.

Brief the location of the straggler control points as necessary.

6-32

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Chapter 6

Movement to and Occupation of the Chalk Assembly Area

6-112. Linkup guides from the PZ control party will meet with designated units in the unit assembly area

and coordinate movement of chalks to an RP. As chalks arrive at the RP, chalk guides will move each

chalk to its assigned chalk assembly area. To reduce the number of personnel required, leaders designate

the same guide to move the unit from the unit assembly area to the chalk assembly area. If the unit is part

of a larger air assault, no more than three chalks should be located in the chalk assembly area at one time.

Scouts maintain noise and light discipline throughout movement to maintain the security of the PZ.

Additionally, leaders restrict personnel on the PZ unless they are loading the aircraft, rigging vehicles for a

slingload, or acting as directed by PZ control. While remaining in chalk order, each Soldier is assigned a

security (firing) position by the chalk leader; he assumes a prone position, with weapon at the ready and

facing out (away from the PZ) to provide immediate close-in security.

Loading of the Aircraft

6-113. After reaching their chalk assembly areas, units should adhere to the following principles for

loading the aircraft:

Maintain tactical integrity by keeping fire teams and squads intact.

Maintain self-sufficiency by loading a weapon system and its ammunition on the same aircraft

(for example, the Javelin and its individual missiles).

Ensure that key personnel, weapons, and equipment are cross-loaded among aircraft to prevent

the loss of control or loss of all of a particular asset, if an aircraft is lost.

Prior to loading, ensure scouts tie down and check all troop gear; place short antennas in radios,

fold down, and secure.

Direct squad and team leaders to check their Soldiers’ equipment to ensure it is complete and

operational.

Turn radios on and perform communications checks (unless directed otherwise).

Assign specific aircraft seats to all personnel.

6-114. UH-60 loading sequence (split chalk). These considerations and procedures apply (refer to the

loading diagram illustrated in Figure 6-27):

The chalk leader (squad leader) initiates movement once the aircraft has landed.

The far side and nearside groups move to the aircraft in file, with the chalk leader always

leading the near side group.

The chalk leader should take the following actions:

Ensure that all personnel know which aircraft and which position to load.

Ensure that all personnel wear or carry rucksacks on the aircraft.

Notify the crew chief when all chalk members are on board and are ready for liftoff.

All personnel buckle up as soon as possible in their assigned seats. The chalk leader always sits

in the left front seat unless a platoon leader or company commander is on the same aircraft.

The chalk leader hands the chalk card to the pilot and answers any questions the pilot has, using

the aircraft intercommunications (troop commander’s) handset.

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Enablers

Figure 6-27. UH-60 loading diagram (split chalk)

6-115. UH-60 loading sequence (whole chalk). These considerations and procedures apply (refer to the

loading diagram illustrated in Figure 6-28):

The chalk leader (squad leader) initiates movement once the aircraft has landed.

The far side and nearside groups move to the aircraft in file, with the number 1 man leading the

load to the appropriate side.

Note. The far side group will always move around to the front of the aircraft.

The chalk leader stops at the near side of the aircraft to ensure that the near side group loads

properly; then he moves around the front of the aircraft to the far side and checks the other half

of the chalk.

All personnel buckle up as soon as possible in the correct seats.

The chalk leader hands the chalk card to the pilot and answers any questions the pilot may have,

using the aircraft intercommunications (troop commander’s) handset.

Figure 6-28. UH-60 loading diagram (whole chalk)

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Chapter 6

PZ Closure

6-116. During air infiltration operations, the PSG is responsible for maintaining security and ensuring that

all personnel and equipment are loaded (clearing the PZ). The PSG can use either the single lift or multiple

lift technique in completing the closure.

6-117. Single lift. The PSG positions himself at the last aircraft and collects “bumped” personnel, if

required. He will be the last man to load on the aircraft. Once on the aircraft, the PSG will notify the crew

chief and/or AMC that all personnel and equipment are loaded, using the troop commander’s radio

handset. The aircraft door gunners will provide close-in security.

6-118. Multiple lift. The duties of the PSG are the same as for a single lift. In a multiple lift, the security

teams will maintain security of the PZ and be the last element to depart with the PSG. Depending on their

initial locations, the security teams may have to reposition closer to the PZ. Whenever possible, the aircraft

will land as close to the security team positions as possible to enhance security and minimize the movement

required by the teams.

Actions at the LZ

6-119. All elements and personnel involved in the air assault operation must strictly adhere to the priority

of actions upon landing at the LZ.

Unloading

6-120. Unloading of the aircraft does not begin until directed by the crew chief or pilot. The following

actions occur (see Figure 6-29):

Once an aircraft lands, personnel unbuckle their seatbelts and exit as quickly as possible with all

equipment.

Prior to leaving the aircraft, the chalk leader obtains the landing direction from the pilot (if it

was not determined during the approach into the LZ). This will aid in orientation to the LZ,

particularly at night.

Individuals move 10 to 15 meters out from the side of the aircraft and assume the prone

position, facing away from the aircraft with weapons at the ready, until the aircraft has departed

the LZ.

Figure 6-29. UH-60 two-sided offload

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Immediate Actions on a Hot LZ

6-121. When leaders decide to use a hot LZ or if the chalk receives contact upon landing, troops quickly

dismount and move 15 to 20 meters away from the aircraft. The troops immediately return enemy fire to

allow the aircraft to depart. The following actions occur:

If the contact is similar to a far ambush, troops fire and maneuver off the LZ to the closest

location offering cover and concealment.

If troops receive contact from nearby enemy positions, they treat it as a near ambush by

immediately returning fire. Soldiers who consider themselves in the kill zone may assault the

enemy positions or attempt to get out of the kill zone based on unit SOP. Soldiers not in the kill

zone provide supporting fire to facilitate movement of troops in the kill zone.

The squad or platoon leader calls for fire support, if available.

Once friendly elements disengage from the enemy force, the squad or platoon leader moves the

unit to a covered and concealed position, accounts for personnel and equipment, and assesses

the situation as to whether or not the unit can continue the mission.

Chalk Assembly on a Cold LZ

6-122. After the aircraft is unloaded, the chalk leader (squad leader) moves the chalk to its predetermined

locations using the traveling overwatch movement technique. All Soldiers and/or elements move at a fast

pace to the nearest concealed position. Once at the concealed assembly point, the chalk leader makes a

quick count of personnel and equipment and then proceeds with the mission.

MEDICAL EVACUATION

6-123. The reconnaissance or scout platoon contacts the medical company on the medical company

command frequency for all ambulance requests. If the platoon is unable to contact the medical company on

that frequency, the platoon should attempt to relay the request on the next higher command frequency. The

platoon uses the standard nine-line air evacuation request format (see Figure 6-30). Refer to Table 6-7 for

an example of the radio transmission for terminal guidance during evacuation operations.

6-124. The medical company prioritizes the request with others it receives to determine if air evacuation

is possible. In conducting the evacuation operation, the reconnaissance platoon must accomplish the

following tasks:

Prepare and secure a suitable PZ/LZ for the aircraft.

Provide terminal guidance during the aircraft’s approach to the PZ/LZ.

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Chapter 6

NINE-LINE AIR EVACUATION REQUEST FORMAT

Units must use the following nine-line format to provide the necessary information when

requesting air evacuation (either MEDEVAC or CASEVAC) for casualties.

LINE 1 - LOCATION.

_______________________________________________________

Specify the grid coordinates for the six-digit grid location, preceded by the 100,000-meter

grid identification.

LINE 2 - RADIO FREQUENCY/CALL SIGN.

_____________________________________

The frequency and call sign should be that of the radio at the site of the unit requesting

evacuation.

LINE 3 - PATIENT CATEGORY OF PRECEDENCE.

______________________________

Classify the casualties’ priority for evacuation using the following terms:

• Urgent. Evacuation required within 2 hours to save life or limb.

• Priority. Patient’s medical condition will deteriorate, becoming urgent within 4

hours.

• Routine. Evacuation required, but patient’s condition is not expected to deteriorate

for several hours.

• Tactical immediate. Evacuation required so casualties do not endanger the

tactical mission.

LINE 4 - SPECIAL EQUIPMENT/EMERGENCY MEDICAL SUPPLIES.

_______________

List all requirements.

LINE 5 - NUMBER AND TYPE OF CASUALTIES.

________________________________

Provide a complete, accurate list.

LINE 6 - SECURITY OF PICKUP SITE. _________________________________________

Describe conditions for security at the LZ/PZ.

LINE 7 - SIGNALING AND SITE MARKING. _____________________________________

Specify the signaling and marking methods.

LINE 8 - PATIENT NATIONALITY AND STATUS.

________________________________

Provide a complete, accurate list.

LINE 9 - CBRN CONTAMINATION AREA.

______________________________________

Specify locations of any contaminated areas affecting the evacuation operation.

Figure 6-30. Format for air evacuation requests

Table 6-7. Example radio transmissions for terminal guidance to an air evacuation site

EVACUATION AIRCRAFT

PLATOON

“Hardrock 16, Dustoff 26 is 30 seconds inbound to

your location. Request terminal guidance, over.”

“Dustoff 26, this is Hardrock 16. Signal is displayed,

over.”

(NOTE: Use the signaling method specified

in the nine-line evacuation request.)

“Roger, Hardrock. Dustoff has red smoke, over.”

“Dustoff 26, roger red smoke, over.”

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Enablers

SECTION III - COMBAT ENGINEER SUPPORT

6-125. The basic engineer unit with which the reconnaissance or scout platoon is likely to operate is a

sapper squad from a combat engineer platoon. A parallel consideration is that sapper-qualified scouts

enhance reconnaissance platoon capabilities and can provide support to attached engineer assets (see FM 3-

34.170 for additional information).

ENGINEER SUPPORT IN RECONNAISSANCE OPERATIONS

6-126. In reconnaissance operations, an engineer reconnaissance team usually functions in DS to a

reconnaissance or scout platoon. The engineers remain attached to the platoon for the duration of the

reconnaissance. The engineer team’s primary objective is to collect obstacle intelligence (OBSTINTEL)

and report the information back to the BCT/ACR engineer to facilitate breach planning and preparation.

The engineer team may perform the following functions:

Conduct limited reduction of obstacles, such as log cribs, abatis, and minefields. Reduction

capabilities of the engineer reconnaissance team are limited to manual and explosive methods.

Conduct tactical or technical reconnaissance.

Conduct route and bridge classification.

Assist in locating and marking bypasses around obstacles.

Identify the exact composition and dimensions of an obstacle.

Identify breach points and points of penetration.

6-127. Engineers conduct reconnaissance support in the offense as part of the combined arms team

reconnaissance effort. Normally, they support reconnaissance elements to facilitate C2 and logistical

support in an attached status.

6-128. Engineers conduct technical reconnaissance to collect specialized information about a designated

target, area, or route. Engineers conduct this mission under low-level threat conditions in areas physically

controlled by friendly forces. The technical reconnaissance mission is normally a specified task from

higher headquarters or derived from mission analysis.

6-129. Whenever possible, the attached engineer elements should have a habitual relationship with the

scouts. They should be task organized with the reconnaissance or scout platoon as early as possible in an

operation and integrated into the platoon leader’s troop-leading procedures, rehearsals, OPORD, and

movement plans.

ENGINEER SUPPORT IN SECURITY OPERATIONS

6-130. In security operations, the reconnaissance or scout platoon does not usually have any engineer

assets operating under its control. Engineer assets normally work under squadron/battalion or troop control.

The platoon leader must have access to the squadron/battalion or troop obstacle plan, including the

locations of lanes and gaps.

6-131. The platoon may interact with the engineers in several roles during security operations. The

commander may direct the platoon to observe NAIs to trigger scatterable mine missions if required,

overwatch obstacles, and call for indirect fires. The platoon may also guard, execute, and overwatch

reserve demolition targets that engineers have prepared.

TARGET HANDOVER

6-132. The platoon assumes responsibility for targets and obstacles using the following procedures and

considerations:

Prior face-to-face coordination between the senior member of the emplacing unit (normally an

engineer squad leader) and the demolition guard force commander (normally a reconnaissance

squad leader) speeds the turnover process. Leaders conduct prior coordination if the tactical

situation permits.

The senior member of the emplacing unit must require positive identification from the demolition

guard commander. This may be by means of sign/countersign procedures or by personal recognition.

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Chapter 6

Once identification is established, the emplacing unit gives the demolition guard commander a

completed target folder for the turned-over target. The folder contains orders to the demolition guard

commander and, if separately designated, to the firing party commander. The demolition guard

commander reviews the orders to ensure he thoroughly understands them and then signs the orders.

The senior member of the emplacing unit then describes the obstacle in detail to the demolition

guard commander.

Once the demolition guard commander fully understands his responsibilities and he (or the

firing party commander, if applicable) is capable of executing the target, the emplacing unit may

depart to conduct further operations.

PRIORITY OF EFFORT IN RECONNAISSANCE AND OFFENSIVE SECURITY OPERATIONS

6-133. During reconnaissance operations, priority of effort is normally mobility, countermobility, and

survivability. Priority of mobility effort is the designated route the platoon travels. Considerations for the

employment of engineers in support of reconnaissance or offensive security missions include the

following:

Normally move well forward, either with or immediately behind the platoon.

Supplement route reconnaissance by assessing specific roadway features that are damaged or

require more technical engineer analysis.

Create bypasses around obstacles.

Reduce obstacles beyond platoon capability that significantly affect the mission.

Emplace tactical bridging.

Improve ford sites.

Improve embankments at vehicle swim sites.

Emplace protective minefields on exposed flanks.

Construct combat trails.

PRIORITY OF EFFORT IN DEFENSIVE SECURITY OPERATIONS

6-134. During defensive security operations, priority of effort is normally countermobility, survivability, and

mobility. Considerations for employment of engineers in support of defensive security missions include—

Beginning work as early as possible and operating continuously throughout the mission within

tighter constraints imposed by crew rest and equipment maintenance.

Task specific pieces of engineer equipment to construct survivability positions concurrently with

obstacle emplacement.

Prioritize countermobility effort to specific portions of the obstacle plan.

Ensure engineers construct improved fighting positions and vehicles are emplaced as time and

situation permit.

Emplace tactical bridging to improve mobility of platoon assets.

Build combat trails to support the execution of reserve contingencies and platoon displacement.

Emplace hasty obstacles during the mission to support platoon FRAGOs.

Create bypasses around obstacles created by battle damage during the mission.

ENGINEER SUPPORT IN STABILITY OPERATIONS

6-135. The reconnaissance platoon uses engineer support during stability and counterinsurgency

operations to—

Construct fighting positions.

Construct combat outposts.

Provide barrier material for checkpoints, combat outposts, etc.

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Enablers

SECTION IV - INTELLIGENCE

6-136. Sensor teams may augment reconnaissance platoons to enhance their surveillance capability. The

teams detect targets and provide accurate range and azimuth readings to enemy locations during limited

visibility conditions. In addition, integration of tactical UASs by the reconnaissance platoon is critical for

maximum effectiveness and survivability of dismounted scouts. See FM 3-20.971, FM 3-20.96, FM 2-22.3,

and FM 3-04.15 for additional information.

SENSOR TEAMS

6-137. Sensor teams employing ground surveillance systems can enhance the surveillance capability of

the reconnaissance platoon. The teams can detect targets and provide accurate range and azimuth readings

to enemy locations during limited visibility conditions.

6-138. The teams may be attached or OPCON to troops or platoons for specific missions. The platoon

leader plans the employment of a sensor team when attached or OPCON. He should work with the

commander to position the sensor assets in conjunction with reconnaissance OPs to provide local security

and protection.

CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS

6-139. Sensor teams provide mobile, all-weather surveillance. When employed, they can provide

observation from a given vantage point 24 hours a day. Some systems can detect targets through light

camouflage, smoke, haze, light snow and rain, and darkness. However, foliage, heavy rain, and snow

seriously reduce its capability.

6-140. Other systems do not require a background to detect moving targets while most are generally

ineffective against an air target unless the aircraft is flying close to the ground. Sensor systems are

vulnerable to enemy direction-finding and jamming equipment. The sensor team is sometimes equipped

with a single radio. If employed forward with the scouts, the team usually sends all reports to the platoon

leader for passage to higher.

EMPLOYMENT

6-141. The platoon leader assigns the sensor team a specific sector of surveillance and frequency of

coverage. Surveillance tasks assigned to sensor teams include these:

Monitor avenues of approach or possible enemy positions on a scheduled or random basis to

determine location, size, and composition of enemy forces and the nature of their activity.

Monitor point targets such as bridges, defiles, or road junctions, and report quantity, type, and

direction of enemy vehicles and personnel moving through the target area.

Extend the observation capabilities of the scouts by enabling them to survey distant points and

areas of special interest.

Vector patrols to keep them oriented during limited visibility.

GROUND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS

6-142. Leaders position surveillance systems in an area that is generally free of ground clutter such as

trees, thick vegetation, and buildings and that affords long-range observation and a wide field of view.

Normally, the platoon leader assigns the team a general area, and the surveillance team leader selects the

specific position. To avoid enemy suppressive fires, the team should be prepared for rapid displacement

and have several alternate positions selected and reconnoitered.

6-143. During reconnaissance operations, leaders employ the surveillance equipment to the flanks of the

reconnaissance or scout platoon or orient it on potential enemy locations. Since reconnaissance is a moving

operation, the surveillance teams will have to move as necessary to support the scouts.

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Chapter 6

6-144. In security operations, the platoon leader uses surveillance teams to provide redundancy in

surveillance of NAIs and to add depth to the screen line by supplementing OPs.

HUMAN INTELLIGENCE (HUMINT) COLLECTION TEAM

6-145. HUMINT collection teams (HCT) are the elements that collect information from human sources.

HUMINT collectors deploy in teams of approximately four personnel.

6-146. The HUMINT collector’s role is gathering foreign information from people and multiple media

sources to identify adversary elements, intentions, composition, strength, dispositions, tactics, equipment,

personnel, and capabilities. They use human sources and a variety of collection methods to gather

information to satisfy the commander’s information requirements and to cross-cue other intelligence

disciplines.

6-147. HCTs conduct operations throughout the platoon’s AO. They play a crucial role in supporting

tactical forces by conducting debriefings, screenings, military source operations, liaison, interrogations,

and support to DOMEX. HUMINT activities focus on the threat and assist the platoon leader and troop

commander in understanding the threat's decision-making process.

6-148. The HCT maintains constant contact with all reconnaissance units and other assets (scouts,

PSYOP, CA, and MPs) to coordinate and deconflict operations and to cross-check collected information.

UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS OPERATIONS

6-149. UAS elements support reconnaissance missions by obtaining information about activities and

resources of an enemy or potential enemy, or securing data concerning meteorological, hydrographic, or

geographic characteristics of a particular area. A nonlinear, expanded AO will routinely create gaps

between friendly units. Reconnaissance of these gaps is an excellent mission for the UAS. UAS units

perform reconnaissance before, during, and after combat operations and provide the combat information to

applicable tactical leaders and users, who in turn pass it along as SA for higher and adjacent echelons and

combatants. UAS-supported reconnaissance missions can provide information on the enemy or

reconnaissance target using the SALUTE report categories:

Size.

Activity.

Location.

Unit.

Time.

Equipment.

6-150. Information derived from UAS assets facilitates reconnaissance and surveillance. UASs provide

additional information needed by the platoon leader to determine which routes and cross-country terrain

best accommodate reconnaissance operations. In addition, the platoon takes information generated by UAS

units and immediately sends spot reports to organizations that need combat information. UASs augment

ground reconnaissance efforts from as close as seeing over the next hill or around the next block to as far

as hundreds of kilometers away, corresponding with the platoon’s AO

(see FM 3-04.15 for more

information).

6-151. The platoon employs UASs organic to the reconnaissance troop, the man-portable RQ-11 Raven,

but can also have direct access to real time or near-real time feeds from additional UAS support provided

by the squadron, BCT, or higher headquarters such as the RQ-7 Shadow UAS—a BCT asset. Whereas the

platoon operates the RQ-11 Raven, the platoon only receives support from higher UAS assets. See Chapter

1 for information on the RQ-11 Raven.

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Enablers

UAS SENSOR CHARACTERISTICS

6-152. Currently two types of imagery sensors are available for use on man-portable and tactical UASs—

electro-optical

(EO) and IR. Each sensor has unique capabilities, with distinct advantages and

disadvantages. Table 6-8 is a matrix of characteristics for the EO and IR sensors currently available.

Note. Additional types of sensors and other tactical UAS payloads are currently under

development and may be fielded as their respective technologies mature.

Table 6-8. UAS sensor characteristics

SENSOR TYPE

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

Electro-optical

Best tool for detailed analysis during

Can be deceived by employment of

(visible light)

daytime and clear weather.

camouflage and concealment

techniques.

Affords a familiar view of a scene.

Restricted by weather conditions;

Offers system resolution that cannot be

visible light cannot penetrate clouds or

achieved with other optical systems,

fog.

thermal images, or radar.

Restricted by terrain and vegetation.

Preferred for detailed analysis and

mensuration.

Limited to daytime use only.

Offers stereoscopic viewing.

Infrared

Best tool for detailed analysis in

Not effective during thermal crossover

darkness with clear weather.

(1 to 1.5 hours after sunrise or sunset).

Passive sensor that is impossible to

Tactical UASs can be threatened by

jam.

enemy air defenses.

Offers camouflage penetration.

Bad weather degrades quality of

sensor images.

Provides good resolution.

Offers nighttime imaging capability.

RELATIONSHIP OF THE UAS ELEMENT AND THE RECONNAISSANCE/SCOUT PLATOON

6-153. Tactical UASs are a significant asset in support of the ground commander’s requirements for his

scouts. When operating with ground scouts, the UAS element is normally OPCON to the squadron or

battalion. To be successful, however, the element must communicate and coordinate directly with the most

forward ground scouts.

6-154. Complementing ground scouts with the UAS element maximizes the capabilities of both units

while minimizing their limitations. When it works with the reconnaissance or scout platoon, the UAS

element normally operates the UASs forward of the ground elements (see Figure 6-31). The exact distances

are determined through a thorough METT-TC analysis.

6-155. In a complementary relationship, the commander assigns the UASs and reconnaissance/scout

platoons different objectives or tasks; they work independently as required to support their common

commander. This permits the accomplishment of more tasks or separate missions simultaneously. Often,

the UAS element complements ground scouts by performing missions to the flank of or adjacent to the

reconnaissance or scout platoon (as illustrated in Figure 6-32). In addition, the UAS element may provide

the scouts with valuable reconnaissance information acquired during flights to and from its objective.

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Enablers

Figure 6-32. UAS operating on the flank of a reconnaissance platoon

Command and Control

6-156. C2 is essential to effective air-ground coordination. The command relationship is particularly

critical when air and ground elements are complementing each other’s operations. Three different

command relationships can be used to coordinate the efforts of the UAS element and the reconnaissance

platoon:

The reconnaissance/scout platoon can be OPCON to the surveillance troop commander (this

primarily applies to the SBCT reconnaissance platoon)

The reconnaissance/scout platoon and the UAS element can work independently for a common

higher commander.

The UAS element is OPCON to the reconnaissance/scout platoon.

6-157. The ground scouts and the UAS element must closely coordinate their actions even when air

elements are not OPCON to the reconnaissance or scout platoon. The situation will determine whether the

UAS element leader or the surveillance troop commander in the SBCT reconnaissance is the air mission

commander (AMC).

Reconnaissance/Scout Platoon OPCON to the Surveillance Troop Commander

6-158. Leaders use the OPCON relationship when the reconnaissance or scout platoon is operating

separately from its parent unit with the surveillance troop commander. The platoon has the preponderance

of combat power, leadership, and C2 resources in the AO.

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Chapter 6

Reconnaissance/Scout Platoon and UAS Element Under Control of a Common Commander

6-159. This relationship is the most common and is usually the most effective. The reconnaissance or

scout platoon and UAS element operate independently, allowing each to employ its elements freely and

quickly to take maximum advantage of their unique capabilities. Further, the next higher common

commander ensures that the efforts of both the UAS element and scouts’ are coordinated. In this

relationship, informal coordination occurs directly between the two platoons over the reconnaissance or

scout platoon network.

UAS Element OPCON to the Reconnaissance/Scout Platoon

6-160. This relationship allows the platoon the most flexibility. The platoon leader can integrate the

capabilities of the UASs into the reconnaissance plan in a seamless manner. He can then respond quickly to

mission/target changes.

Reconnaissance Operations

6-161. When the UAS element complements the reconnaissance or scout platoon during reconnaissance

operations, the UAS normally operates 1 to 10 kilometers forward of the scouts (METT-TC dependent).

The UAS element can conduct detailed reconnaissance of areas that are particularly dangerous to ground

reconnaissance elements, such as open areas and defiles. Upon contact, the UAS provides early warning

for the reconnaissance or scout platoon and then maintains contact until the ground platoon moves up for

handover.

Security Operations

6-162. The UAS element can complement the reconnaissance or scout platoon during security operations

by assisting in identifying enemy reconnaissance and main body elements and providing early warning

forward of the scouts. In addition to acquiring enemy elements, the UAS can play a critical role in

providing security through the depth of the screen by observing dead space between OPs.

6-163. Because of the range of its sensors, the UAS does not require positions forward of the

reconnaissance or scout platoon to acquire enemy elements. The preferred practice, however, is still to

position the aerial OPs forward of the ground OPs to provide added depth to the screen, especially during

daylight operations. Ultimately, positioning of the UAS will always depend on the specific METT-TC

situation (see Figure 6-33).

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Enablers

Figure 6-33. UASs complementing a ground screen

Area Security

6-164. The UAS element can complement the reconnaissance or scout platoon during area security

missions by screening or conducting reconnaissance. An air screen can provide early warning for a

reconnaissance or scout platoon executing a convoy escort mission or securing a critical point (see Figure

6-34). UASs can identify enemy ambush positions forward of the convoy or find bypasses the convoy can

use to move around an obstacle (as illustrated in Figure 6-35).

6-165. The UAS supporting the lead reconnaissance elements (section or squad) of the platoon can

identify an enemy element before visual or physical contact with the scout. This prevents unwanted

detection and direct fires. The lead vehicle and the overwatch element occupy positions that allow them to

observe the enemy and, if necessary, destroy the enemy while the UAS provides the platoon with area

security overhead. The UAS may also establish and maintain contact with a moving contact while units

conduct a handover during a screening mission.

Note. UASs do not conduct tactical tasks such as a screen or route reconnaissance. The unit

executing such tasks, such as the platoon or troop, employs the aircraft in support of the mission

and in most cases controls the GCS of the UAS element.

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Enablers

UAS-GROUND RECONNAISSANCE HANDOVER

6-166. When the UAS element makes contact, particularly during reconnaissance operations, it will

update its FBCB2 and will hand over the contact to the ground scouts as quickly as possible. A speedy

handover allows the UASs to avoid enemy air defense weapons and helps to maintain the tempo of the

operation.

6-167. During the RHO, the UAS element leader provides recommendations to the platoon leader who

will then direct sections/squads to establish contact. The UAS element is responsible for maintaining

surveillance of the enemy until the ground unit is in position and has established contact.

6-168. The first action in the handover process is a SPOTREP and a SITREP from the UAS element

leader to the reconnaissance platoon leader. Next, the UAS reconnoiters the area for secure positions for

the ground scouts. If possible, the UAS identifies hide positions, overwatch positions, OP positions, and

mounted and dismounted routes into the area (see Figure 6-36).

Figure 6-36. UAS-ground reconnaissance handover (part one)

6-169. The ground section or squad moves to its initial hide positions along the route selected by the

UAS element. Scouts then move dismounted to make contact with the enemy. Once contact is established,

the ground leader sends a SPOTREP to the AMC. When the UAS element leader confirms that the ground

scouts can observe all enemy elements and have a clear picture of the situation, he announces that

handover is complete; the ground section or squad leader acknowledges the transmission.

6-170. After handover is completed, the UAS element may, if directed, break contact and continue its

follow-on missions. As noted previously, leaders may execute the RHO sequence on the reconnaissance or

scout platoon’s internal frequency (see Figure 6-37).

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Enablers

6-172. The RQ-7B (see Figure 6-39) has larger wings with a more efficient airfoil and increased fuel

capacity, allowing an endurance of 5 hours. Additionally, the vehicle has an enlarged tail, upgraded

avionics

(including an improved flight controller with an inertial measurement unit and increased

computing power), and new payload options. The RQ-7B is also fitted with the Army's tactical common

data link.

Figure 6-39. Shadow RQ-7B UAS

6-173. Under normal conditions, the UAS aerial reconnaissance platoon (RQ-7 Shadow) can provide a

routine

12 hours on station at a range of

50 kilometers. Under surge operations, the UAS aerial

reconnaissance platoon can provide 18 hours for a 72-hour period.

SECTION V - CIVIL AFFAIRS

6-174. The mission of CA forces is to engage and influence the civil populace by planning, executing,

and transitioning civil affairs operations (CAO) to support the commander in engaging the civil component

of the troop’s AO. In turn, effective CAO can enhance the conduct of CMO, which involve the interaction

of military forces with the civilian populace to facilitate military operations. A supportive civilian

population can provide resources and information that facilitate friendly operations. It can also provide a

positive climate for the military. A hostile civilian population threatens the immediate operations of

deployed forces and can often undermine public support at home for the policy objectives of the United

States and its allies. When executed properly, CMO can reduce friction between the civilian population and

the military force.

6-175. The reconnaissance or scout platoon can expect interaction with CA teams during CMO conducted

as part of full spectrum operations. The platoon identifies a potential target or issue and forwards up the

chain of command. A CA team then evaluates the target or issue. The platoon assists the CA team by

providing security. For example, a squad of the reconnaissance platoon makes contact with a potential

source that may be able to provide information relevant to the BCT as it moves through the area. The squad

reports this contact to the platoon leader, who forwards the reports higher. The commander then tasks a CA

team to evaluate and exploit the source if appropriate. The squad provides security for the CA team. See

FM 3-20.971, FM 3-20.96, and FM 3-05.40 for additional information.

SECTION VI - TACTICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS SUPPORT

6-176. U.S. forces conduct PSYOP as an integral part of multinational, joint, and single-Service

operations. Army SOF assets conduct the overwhelming majority of tactical PSYOP. PSYOP at the tactical

level support the troop commander’s ability to shape his OE and set the conditions necessary for success.

6-177. The smallest organizational PSYOP element is the tactical PSYOP team (TPT). A TPT generally

consists of a team chief (SSG or SGT), an assistant team chief (SGT or SPC), and an additional Soldier

(SPC) who serves as a gunner and operates the speaker system. A TPT is equipped with a vehicle fitted

with a loudspeaker and often works with a local translator indigenous to the host or occupied country.

6-178. During stability operations and COIN, the commander can attach TPTs to reconnaissance or scout

platoons that make initial contact with the civilian populace. Operating in the platoon AO allows TPTs to

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develop rapport with the target audience. This rapport is critical to the accomplishment of the missions of

the platoon, the troop, and the TPT. These teams establish communications, discourage interference with

coalition operations, and induce cooperation from the local populace. They help units to reduce collateral

damage while moving through or into the AO by giving instructions to noncombatants. See FM 3-20.971,

FM 3-20.96, FM 3-05.301, and FM 3-05.302 for additional information.

SECTION VII - AIR AND MISSILE DEFENSE (AMD) SUPPORT

6-179. There are no AMD assets organic to squadrons or battalions. Consequently, the reconnaissance or

scout platoon must be able to protect itself from enemy air attacks during all combat operations. Passive air

defense measures employed by the platoon include actions to avoid detection and air attack and actions to

limit the damage if attacked. If necessary, the platoon takes active air defense measures to fight back

against the enemy aircraft.

6-180. Armed utility and attack helicopters are the enemy’s principal CAS weapon systems. They pose a

major threat to the platoon and other friendly forces. The enemy may also employ UASs to accomplish

ISR, attack, and deception missions. The UASs’ small size and radar cross section and their ability to fly

low and slow make them very difficult to detect, track and engage.

PASSIVE AIR DEFENSE

6-181. Passive air defense is the reconnaissance or scout platoon’s first line of defense against enemy air

attack and UASs. It includes all measures, other than active defense, taken to minimize the effects of

hostile air action and prevent observation by enemy UASs. All elements are responsible for these

measures, which are continuous in nature. There are two types of passive air defense:

Attack avoidance.

Damage-limiting measures.

ATTACK AVOIDANCE

6-182. Scouts use concealment, camouflage, deception, and any other necessary action to prevent the

enemy from seeing them. When they are moving, they must also make effective use of air guards to

provide early warning of enemy aircraft to allow the platoon to avoid detection.

6-183. Reconnaissance positions must provide effective concealment. One technique is to position

vehicles inside wood lines and erase vehicle track marks leading to the woods. When concealment is not

available, however, Soldiers camouflage vehicles to blend into the natural surroundings. Scouts cover all

shiny objects that could reflect light and attract attention.

DAMAGE-LIMITING MEASURES

6-184. Dispersion is one of the most effective ways to reduce the effects of enemy air attack. It is

essential when a unit is occupying static positions, as in an assembly area, or is preparing to cross a water

obstacle or a breached obstacle. When the platoon is on the move and air guards identify an enemy air

attack, vehicles disperse quickly, move to concealed positions if possible, and stop.

6-185. Another measure is the use of natural or man made cover to reduce the effects of enemy

munitions. Folds in the earth, depressions, buildings, and sandbagged positions can provide this protection.

ACTIVE AIR DEFENSE

6-186. Although passive measures are the first line of defense against air attack, the platoon must be

prepared to engage enemy aircraft. All platoon members must understand that they can defend against a

direct attack but cannot engage aircraft that are not attacking them unless the applicable weapons control

status allows it.

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6-190. At different times, reconnaissance or scout platoons receive Stinger attachments for protection

against airborne threats. In today’s OE, these same Stingers become an HVT for insurgents not to destroy,

but to acquire. Without modification, the enemy can use these against civilian or coalition aircraft.

AIR DEFENSE COMMAND AND CONTROL

6-191. Air defense warning procedures provide measures to alert or prepare the unit for air attack or to

increase unit readiness for an attack. They specify a degree of air attack probability describing the

commander’s evaluation of the general state of the air threat. Any commander can issue a higher level of

warning, but not a lower warning. Actual observation of the enemy or intelligence of enemy activity raises

the level of air defense warning. Refer to FM 3-20.971 for details on command and control, including air

defense warnings.

SECTION VIII - SUSTAINMENT OPERATIONS

6-192. Sustainment elements arm, fuel, fix, feed, and provide transportation and personnel for the

reconnaissance or scout platoon, which has no organic sustainment assets. This creates unique planning

and operational challenges, with most of the responsibility falling to the PSG.

6-193. The PSG is the sustainment coordinator for the platoon; in supervising sustainment within the

platoon, his role is similar to that of the 1SG in the company and troop. He is responsible for advising the

platoon leader of the platoon’s logistical requirements during preparation for combat operations as well as

its current logistical status once operations are under way. The platoon’s NCOs assist the PSG in executing

resupply operations and in determining the platoon’s logistical needs. In combat operations, the PSG

coordinates directly with the 1SG, informing him of requirements and problems. Platoons coordinate for

sustainment using this procedure. With prior coordination, elements such as the task force reconnaissance

platoon can coordinate support with the 1SG of the troop that is nearest them (see FM 3-20.971 for

additional information).

SUPPLY OPERATIONS

6-194. Reconnaissance or scout platoons have a large amount of equipment and require frequent resupply

to accomplish their mission. Leaders make required periodic checks to ensure accountability and usability

of the platoon’s equipment, especially high-use items. Leaders must anticipate expenditures and request

supplies before an operation begins.

CLASSES OF SUPPLY

6-195. There are 10 categories—or classes—of supply. Table 6-9 lists the classes, what each class covers,

and some of the considerations for the platoon.

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Table 6-9. Classes of supply

CLASS

CONSISTS OF:

CONSIDERATIONS

Subsistence such as food and water

Vehicles carry as much water as is practical

Health, morale, and welfare items

Adjust water and rations for temperature,

climate, MOPP, etc

Organizational clothing and individual

The troop brings the sanitation, cleaning, and

equipment (OCIE), field sanitation items,

administrative supplies with the LOGPAC

administrative, housekeeping supplies and

Scouts receive replacement OCIE items on an

equipment, tool sets, and tentage, etc

individual, as-needed basis

III

Petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL):

Refueling should occur in limited visibility

• Fuel

Refueling occurs daily, at the conclusion of major

operations, or METT-TC dependent

• Oil and grease

• Hydraulic fluid

Replenish POL products at each refueling

Construction and barrier materials such as

Used to construct OPs and obstacles and to

lumber, sandbags, concertina, and pickets

improve fighting positions

All types of ammunition including small arms,

Rearming should occur in limited visibility and

artillery and tank rounds, mines, demolitions and

frequency is METT-TC dependent

fuses, missiles, and bombs

Distribute ammunition (cross leveling) throughout

the platoon—METT-TC dependent

Personal demand items such as tobacco

Normally sold in the exchange (when available)

products, confections, and toiletry articles

or with Class I as sundry packets

VII

Major end items such as tanks, helicopters, and

Report the destruction of major end items

radios, and major weapon systems

immediately by means of logistical reports

This equipment is assembled and ready for use,

Parent unit replaces these items when losses are

include combat vehicles, missile launchers

reported

VIII

Medical supplies such as refills for first-aid kits,

Provided through the squadron/battalion medical

water purification, and individual medical supplies

platoon

Repair parts and components for equipment

Request through the higher unit maintenance

maintenance

Scouts may carry common items to sustain

operations and minimize maintenance support

Material to support nonmilitary programs such as

Requests are based on requirements from civil-

agriculture and economic development not

military and/or operations channels at troop level

covered in other supply classes.

and higher

TROOP AND SQUADRON SUPPORT

6-196. The reconnaissance or scout platoon in a reconnaissance or cavalry squadron receives all of its

sustainment through its parent troop. The PSG coordinates with his 1SG for everything the platoon

requires. The 1SG is thus the key operator in the sustainment chain. He does most of the coordination with

the squadron combat trains command post and controls the logistics package (LOGPAC) and its operation.

Based on the tactical situation, the 1SG will also choose the techniques of resupply.

BASIC AND COMBAT LOADS

6-197. Two sets of guidelines, for the basic load and the combat load, prescribe the quantities of supplies

required by the reconnaissance or scout platoon during tactical operations. A summary of the techniques of

resupply follows this discussion.

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Basic Load

6-198. The basic load is the quantity of supplies in Classes I, II, III, IV, V, and VIII that the platoon is

required to have on hand to initiate combat operations. The platoon’s higher headquarters designates the

basic load based on analysis of the platoon’s mission and the anticipated threat.

Combat Load

6-199. The combat load is the quantity of supplies, in all classes, that the platoon must have on hand to

sustain operations in combat for a prescribed number of days. Like the basic load, higher headquarters

designates the platoon’s combat load. The platoon’s parent unit must be capable of moving the combat load

using organic transportation assets, into combat in a single delivery.

METHODS OF RESUPPLY

6-200. The tactical situation is the major factor dictating which method of resupply the reconnaissance or

scout platoon will use. The most common methods are those involved in routine resupply using a

LOGPAC: tailgate resupply, service station resupply, a variation of one type, or a combination of both

types. The platoon may also receive supplies by other methods, such as pre-positioning or aerial resupply.

6-201. The situation will also dictate when resupply takes place. Generally, scouts attempt to avoid

resupply during reconnaissance operations; rather, they should conduct resupply during mission transition.

Resupply is unavoidable during security missions of long duration. The LOGPAC may include medical

support as needed.

Routine Resupply Methods

6-202. In the tailgate method, the PSG, or another responsible individual who is assisting him, brings

forward fuel and ammunition to the reconnaissance sections or squads (see Figure 6-41). The platoon uses

this method when routes leading to vehicle positions are available (including successful infiltration routes)

and the unit is not under direct enemy observation and fire. Tailgate resupply is time-consuming but

stealthier in security missions when the scouts are not moving. The platoon further minimizes signatures by

hand-carrying supplies to vehicle positions, if necessary.

6-203. In the service station method, vehicles move to a centrally located rearm and refuel point, either by

squad or section or as an entire platoon (refer to Figure 6-42). Service station resupply is inherently faster

than the tailgate method. Because vehicles must move and concentrate, however, it can create security

problems. During screening missions, the platoon must be careful not to compromise the location of OPs.

Units commonly use this method during mission transition.

6-204. The platoon leader can vary the specifics of the two basic methods, or he can use them in

combination. During a screening mission, for example, he may use the tailgate method for his most

forward OPs and the service station method for his OPs in depth (see Figure 6-43).

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Figure 6-43. Combination of resupply methods

Other Resupply Methods

6-205. In addition to the methods of routine resupply, the reconnaissance or scout platoon can use several

other methods of obtaining needed materials.

Aerial and Airdrop Resupply

6-206. Helicopters and fixed wing assets can be a vital lifeline when scouts are forced to operate forward

of friendly lines for extended periods; they reduce the risks associated with conducting ground resupply

operations under such conditions. Aerial assets are also useful in resupplying dismounted scouts in OPs in

restricted terrain. On the other hand, aerial resupply sometimes is not available due to lack of aircraft or

degraded weather conditions. In addition, the signature of resupply aircraft can compromise scout

positions. Careful choice of resupply routes, LZs, and DZs help to minimize this risk.

Pre-positioning and Cache

6-207. These resupply methods, also called prestock resupply, differ in the level of security provided for

the supplies. In pre-positioning, units may leave supplies unattended or provide security as dictated by

METT-TC. However, when it resupplies by cache, the platoon should take steps to prevent detection of the

location by enemy elements.

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6-208. The reconnaissance or scout platoon uses both pre-positioning and cache methods in a variety of

operations. During reconnaissance, it uses advance elements to establish prestock positions along the

intended route of advance or near the objective. In security operations, the platoon can set up prestock

points throughout the AO. These points should be in each alternate or supplementary OP, in addition to

other locations throughout the depth of the sector. Scouts can also use prestock to provide resupply for

patrols.

6-209. The platoon must carefully plan and execute cache operations at every level. The platoon places

cache points where, with simple instructions, someone who has never visited the site can find the point. All

leaders, down to squad leader and vehicle commander, must know the exact locations of cache sites. The

platoon leader must take steps to ensure security and survivability of the supplies by digging in cache

positions, selecting covered and concealed positions, and considering the effects of weather and terrain. He

must also have a plan to remove or destroy cache supplies to prevent the enemy from capturing them.

Medical Resupply

6-210. The reconnaissance or scout platoon combat medic is an important conduit for medical resupply.

The combat medic works closely with the PSG in ensuring sustainment of Army Health System support.

The PSG is responsible for monitoring the platoon’s medical supply status (Class VIII) and for ensuring

resupply of the combat lifesavers through the LOGPAC.

MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS

6-211. The Army has transitioned to two levels of maintenance: field and sustainment. Field maintenance

consists primarily of replacing parts on the user’s system. Field maintenance is the product of merging the

previous organizational and DS levels of maintenance. Sustainment maintenance consists of repairing

components off the user’s platform, which then goes back into the supply system. Sustainment

maintenance is the product of merging the previous GS and depot levels of maintenance together.

FIELD MAINTENANCE

6-212. Field maintenance is on-system maintenance, and mainly involves preventive maintenance and

replacement of defective parts. The goal of field maintenance is to repair and return equipment to the

Soldier. It covers tasks previously assigned to operator/crew, organization/unit, and DS maintenance levels.

It includes some off-system maintenance critical to mission readiness.

6-213. The reconnaissance or scout platoon leader is concerned primarily with field maintenance. Platoon

leaders ensure that vehicle crews and equipment operators perform PMCS. Proper field maintenance keeps

equipment and materiel in serviceable condition. It includes PMCS, as well as the functions of inspecting,

testing, servicing, repairing, requisitioning, recovering, and evacuating equipment and materiel whenever

necessary.

Platoon Leader Responsibilities

6-214. The platoon leader has ultimate responsibility for the condition and performance of the platoon’s

equipment and materiel. In that role, his duties include the following:

Coordinate with the XO in planning, directing, and supervising unit maintenance for the

platoon.

Develop and supervise an ongoing maintenance training program.

Ensure that all platoon vehicles, weapon systems, and equipment such as NODs, mine detectors,

CBRN equipment, and communications equipment are combat-ready at all times within the

platoon’s maintenance capabilities. The platoon leader also ensures reporting of equipment that

is not repairable at platoon level to the commander as soon as possible.

Know the status of equipment, including document numbers, job order numbers, and the stage

of maintenance of his vehicles. The platoon leader keeps the parent unit XO informed of the

current maintenance status.

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Ensure that crews have the appropriate technical manuals and are trained and supervised to

complete the required level of maintenance properly.

Ensure that operators perform unit-level PMCS on all assigned equipment in accordance with

the appropriate operator manuals.

Ensure the training and licensing of drivers and assistant drivers to operate platoon vehicles and

equipment.

Plan and rehearse a maintenance evacuation plan for every mission.

Platoon Sergeant Responsibilities

6-215. The PSG has primary responsibility for most of the platoon’s maintenance activities. His duties

include the following:

Ensure that operators fill out and update DA Forms 5988-E and 2408-18 in accordance with DA

Pam 738-750.

Direct and supervise unit maintenance of platoon equipment, vehicles, and weapon systems.

Assist the platoon leader in complying with his responsibilities; assume those responsibilities in

his absence.

Coordinate with the maintenance representative to arrange unit repairs or to request intermediate

(DS) maintenance.

Supervise and account for platoon personnel during maintenance periods.

Ensure the timely use or storage of repair parts.

Collect and consolidate reports of the platoon’s maintenance status in the field and send the

appropriate reports to higher maintenance personnel.

Ensure that operators top off their vehicles with fuel in garrison and that they receive fuel in the

field.

Keep the platoon leader informed of the platoon’s maintenance and logistics status.

Vehicle Commander Responsibilities

6-216. Vehicle commanders are the platoon’s first-line maintenance supervisors. In large part, the

platoon’s maintenance status, and thus its combat readiness, depends on their commitment to proper

maintenance procedures. The vehicle commander’s duties in this area include the following:

Ensure that operators fill out and update DA Forms 5988-E and 2408-18 in accordance with DA

Pam 750-8.

Train the crew in proper PMCS procedures.

Ensure the training and licensing of all crewmembers as drivers in preparing for continuous

operations. At a minimum, ensure the assigned vehicle driver or equipment operator is licensed.

Ensure that repair parts are installed upon receipt or are stored in authorized locations.

Ensure that all tools and basic issue items are properly marked, stored, maintained, and

accounted for.

Ensure that the operator always tops off the vehicle in garrison and that the vehicle receives as

much fuel as possible at every opportunity in the field.

Constantly update the PSG on the maintenance and logistics status of the vehicle.

Operator Responsibilities

6-217. Operator maintenance includes proper care, use, and maintenance of assigned vehicles and crew

equipment such as weapons, CBRN equipment, and NODs. The driver and other crewmembers perform

daily services on the vehicle and equipment, including inspecting, servicing, tightening, performing minor

lubrication, cleaning, preserving, and adjusting. The driver and gunner are required to use DA Form 5988-

E to record these checks and services, as well as all equipment faults that they cannot immediately correct.

The driver’s and gunner’s reports are the primary means of reporting equipment faults through the vehicle

commander to the PSG, platoon leader, and ultimately to organizational maintenance personnel.

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6-218. Checks and services prescribed for the automotive system, weapon systems, and turret are divided

into three groups:

Before-operation checks and services.

During-operation checks and services.

After-operation checks and services.

6-219. The operator’s manual explains these services. All operators must conduct these services as stated

in the manual. Although operators must learn to operate equipment without referring to the manual, they

must always perform the maintenance in accordance with the appropriate technical manual.

EVACUATION

6-220. Evacuation is necessary when maintenance crews cannot repair a damaged vehicle on site within

several hours or when it is the only means available to prevent capture or destruction by the enemy. Repair

times are dependent on METT-TC factors. The two-hour limit is only a guideline for planning purposes

and unit SOP determines the actual time. With the exception of an entire vehicle, the platoon can transport

most damaged equipment until the troop or squadron/battalion support elements pick it up. The troop or

squadron/battalion maintenance personnel or the DS maintenance unit evacuates the equipment.

6-221. When a vehicle requires evacuation, the platoon leader or PSG reports the exact location, vehicle

type, and extent of damage, if known, on the proper net to personnel designated in the unit SOP. Two

Soldiers should remain with the vehicle to assist in evacuation and repair, provide security, and deliver the

repaired vehicle back to the platoon as soon as possible. A recovery vehicle from the higher-level

maintenance team evacuates the damaged vehicle. It is vital that crews place the damaged vehicle in a

covered position that allows the recovery vehicle to reach it without exposing the recovery crew to enemy

fire.

6-222. If a recovery vehicle is not available or if time is critical, self-recovery will be the platoon’s

primary method of vehicle evacuation. Other platoon vehicles can evacuate the damaged vehicle for short

distances. Leaders consider self-evacuation as a last resort only to avoid losing the damaged vehicle to the

enemy. The decision to do this rests with the platoon leader. The operator’s manual covers procedures for

towing. If the damaged vehicle will be lost for an extended period, the platoon can replace other vehicles’

damaged equipment (such as weapons and radios) with properly functioning items from the damaged

vehicle.

6-223. A wheeled vehicle mechanic can be attached to the PSG’s vehicle or support truck with the

purpose of handling maintenance issues at the platoon level.

6-224. A sound guideline for reconnaissance and scout platoons is to conduct repairs as far forward as

possible. This reduces down time and allows crews to maintain their operational rhythm and return to

operations. Leaders preposition habitual replacement parts such as fan belts and tires at a secured

maintenance collection point for maintenance support. All vehicle crews must know this location.

DESTRUCTION

6-225. When evacuation of damaged or inoperable equipment is impossible, destruction becomes

necessary to prevent it from falling into the enemy’s hands. The platoon leader must obtain the

commander’s permission before destroying any equipment. The platoon must make every reasonable effort

to evacuate or secure equipment, classified materials, and all weapons.

SUSTAINMENT MAINTENANCE

6-226. Reconnaissance platoons do not conduct sustainment maintenance. The component repair

company of a sustainment brigade usually conducts sustainment-level maintenance.

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PERSONNEL SERVICES SUPPORT

6-227. Personnel services are those sustainment functions related to Soldier’s welfare, readiness, and

quality of life. It includes human resource functions, religious services, financial management, legal

assistance, and band support. Higher-level support elements provide many of these services automatically.

Nevertheless, the platoon leader is ultimately responsible for coordinating and providing them to the

platoon.

HUMAN RESOURCES SUPPORT

6-228. Human resources support functions include personnel readiness, awards and decorations, leaves

and passes, command information, mail, morale, welfare and recreation, military pay, and rest and

relaxation, among others. Personnel readiness management is a critical function that continuously analyzes

the operational preparedness of the platoon. It includes classification, assignment, promotions,

reenlistment, and other human resource functions. The platoon leader requests these actions through the

troop/company or squadron/battalion staff that normally processes these actions. The platoon leader must

submit accurate strength reports to ensure qualified personnel fill critical personnel shortages, such as

vehicle commanders and gunners.

ARMY HEALTH SYSTEM SUPPORT

6-229. The Army health system (AHS) is a component of the military health system that is responsible for

operational management of the Army’s health service support and force health protection missions,

including training and predeployment, deployment, and postdeployment operations. It is responsible for all

mission support services performed, provided, or arranged by the Army Medical Department for the Army

and, as directed, for joint, intergovernmental, coalition, and multinational forces and agencies. Refer to

FM 3-20.971 for a detailed discussion of AHS support.

MEDICAL SUPPORT

6-230. The first medical care a Soldier receives is provided at Role 1 (also referred to as unit-level

medical care). This role of care includes the following:

Immediate lifesaving measures.

Disease and nonoperational injury prevention.

Combat and operational stress preventive measures.

Patient location and acquisition (collection).

MEDEVAC from supported units or locations—including point of injury or wounding, combat

outpost, troop aid posts, or CCPs—to supporting medical treatment facilities (MTF).

Treatment provided by platoon combat medics. Major emphasis is placed on those measures

necessary for the patient to return to duty or to stabilize the patient and allow for evacuation to

the next role of care. These measures include maintaining the airway, stopping bleeding,

preventing shock, protecting wounds, immobilizing fractures, and other emergency measures as

indicated.

TREATMENT BY NONMEDICAL PERSONNEL

Self-Aid and Buddy Aid

6-231. Each individual Soldier is trained to be proficient in a variety of specific first-aid procedures.

These procedures include aid for chemical casualties with particular emphasis on lifesaving tasks. This

training enables the Soldier or a buddy to apply first aid to alleviate a life-threatening situation.

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Combat Lifesaver

6-232. The combat lifesaver is a nonmedical Soldier selected by his troop commander for additional

training beyond basic first-aid procedures. A minimum of one individual per squad, crew, team, or

equivalent-size unit should be trained. The primary duty of this individual does not change. The additional

duty of the combat lifesaver is to provide enhanced first aid for injuries before the combat medic arrives.

Combat lifesaver training is normally provided by medical personnel assigned, attached, or in sustainment

units. The senior medical person designated by the commander manages the training program.

6-233. The combat lifesaver is almost always the first person on the scene to begin the process of

providing enhanced first aid to wounded and injured personnel. The combat lifesaver is not intended to

take the place of medical personnel, but to slow deterioration of a wounded/injured Soldier’s condition

until medical personnel arrive. Troops will have at least one Soldier qualified as a combat lifesaver with

every vehicle or squad.

TREATMENT BY MEDICAL PERSONNEL

6-234. Following initial first aid and treatment, Role 1 medical treatment is provided by the combat medic

or by the physician, the physician assistant, or the health care specialist in the squadron/battalion aid

station.

6-235. Emergency medical treatment, known as immediate far forward care, consists of those lifesaving

steps that do not require the knowledge and skills of a physician. The combat medic is the first individual

in the medical chain that makes decisions based on medical military occupational specialty-specific

training.

6-236. Combat medics are allocated on the basis of one combat medic per each platoon in the troop. The

platoon combat medic normally locates with, or near, the platoon leader or PSG.

EVACUATION

6-237. Evacuation of injured Soldiers is categorized into two types:

MEDEVAC. This is the use of ground or air ambulances to evacuate from the point of injury to

a supporting MTF or from one MTF to another while providing en route care.

CASEVAC. This is the use of nonmedical vehicles or other means for patient transport without

the provision for en route care.

6-238. The preferred method of MEDEVAC is by air ambulance, but this is METT-TC dependent. The

aviation brigade’s general aviation support battalion may position a forward support MEDEVAC team

with three UH-60 Blackhawk aircraft in support of a BCT/BFSB/ACR. These aircraft do not provide DS,

but provide area support to all units in the AO.

WOUNDED SOLDIERS

6-239. Positioning and dispersion in the AO make treatment and evacuation of wounded personnel two of

the most difficult tasks the reconnaissance or scout platoon must execute. Operational planning or SOPs

must cover evacuation procedures in detail.

6-240. In the platoon, the combat lifesaver and/or the vehicle commander are usually the first ones on the

scene to begin the process of providing first aid for personnel who are wounded in action (WIA). With the

help of the vehicle commander, the combat lifesaver provides initial first aid to wounded or injured

Soldiers. He prepares them for medical evacuation or returns them to duty status after rendering first aid.

There should be at least one combat lifesaver on each platoon vehicle at all times.

6-241. Vehicle commanders and their crews must be prepared to give immediate first aid as necessary

and to continue the mission, without stopping, with a limited crew. The vehicle commander informs the

PSG of casualties. He coordinates with the PSG for ground or aerial evacuation.

6-242. Evacuation procedures must be part of the platoon plan and rehearsed as part of mission

preparation. Regardless of the method of evacuation, all reconnaissance leaders must have the necessary

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Enablers

sustainment graphics available, including the locations of higher headquarters’ casualty collection points.

When wounded crewmen require evacuation, the platoon leader or PSG can take one of the following

steps:

Coordinate for aerial evacuation through the troop or battalion.

Conduct self-evacuation with organic platoon assets.

Request the higher commander to task organize a dedicated ambulance to the platoon for

operations forward of the larger element.

Coordinate with the closest troop/company team for ground evacuation.

6-243. Aerial evacuation, if it is available, is preferred because of its speed. The scouts coordinate with

their higher command and then switch to the designated frequency to coordinate directly with the

MEDEVAC or CASEVAC aircraft. The platoon provides local security of the LZ until the evacuation is

complete (refer to the discussion of PZ/LZ procedures earlier in this chapter).

6-244. A wounded crewman’s individual weapon becomes the responsibility of the vehicle commander.

The platoon turns in the personal effects, weapons, and equipment of the wounded crewman to the

company or troop supply sergeant at the earliest opportunity. The crewman’s protective mask stays with

him at all times. All sensitive items such as maps, overlays, and SOPs should remain with the vehicle.

6-245. The vehicle commander ensures that both the casualty feeder and witness statement forms are

completed and given to the PSG who then turns them over to the 1SG.

6-246. One method used to improve Soldier survivability after injury is the attachment of a combat medic

to the platoon. The combat medic is assigned to the PSG’s vehicle, which conducts casualty evacuation.

This reduces the time needed for triage and initial treatment and improves the chances for Soldiers return to

duty.

SOLDIERS KILLED IN ACTION

6-247. The squadron/battalion S-4 designates the location of the collection point for Soldiers who are

killed in action (KIA). The reconnaissance or scout platoon leader selects the location of a platoon KIA

collection point and reports its eight-digit grid to higher headquarters. The platoon uses this collection

point only as a last resort when transport of the KIA Soldiers is impractical. The name of each dead

Soldier, the exact location of the body, and the circumstances are reported higher as soon as possible

within the limits of the mission.

6-248. The platoon leader designates a primary and alternate vehicle to extract KIAs from the AO to the

next scheduled LOGPAC location. Scouts place the remains of these Soldiers in a body bag, sleeping bag,

or poncho for evacuation. They remove the lower dog tag for turn-in to the PSG. The PSG then forwards

the dog tag to the 1SG during the next resupply operation along with statements from those who witnessed

the action. The personal effects of the KIA Soldier remain with the body. The Soldier’s weapon,

equipment, and issue items become the responsibility of the vehicle commander until he can turn the items

over to the supply sergeant or 1SG through the PSG.

6-249. As a rule, leaders make every effort not to place the bodies of KIA Soldiers on the same vehicle as

wounded Soldiers. If the platoon leader or 1SG cannot expedite evacuation, transportation of KIAs and

WIAs together on a vehicle may be necessary until it reaches its next stop. In the offense, this destination

may be the objective. In the defense, it may be the next BP.

FORCE HEALTH PROTECTION

6-250. Maintaining the health and fighting fitness of Soldiers is the responsibility of all leaders. The best

way to do this is for the commander to emphasize preventive measures. All leaders will be active

participants in the areas of hygiene, sanitation, safety, sleep deprivation, physical fitness, counseling, and

the treatment of combat stress and fatigue.

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Chapter 6

Health and Hygiene

6-251. The platoon leader and PSG must emphasize and enforce high standards of health and hygiene at

all times. This “preventive maintenance” approach should cover all aspects of the Soldier’s health and

well-being, including the following:

Daily shaving to ensure proper fit of the protective mask.

Regular bathing and changing of clothes.

Prevention of weather-related problems. These include cold-weather injuries like frostbite,

trench foot, and immersion foot and heat-related injuries such as heat exhaustion and heat

stroke. Soldiers must understand the effects of such conditions as sunburn and windchill.

Combat and operational stress prevention, including strict implementation of the unit sleep plan.

6-252. Combat and operational stress is another medical aspect with which the platoon must cope. The

nature of reconnaissance missions subjects Soldier to stress in many ways. These factors include the

following:

Limited visibility.

Disrupted sleep cycles.

Mental fatigue.

Physical fatigue.

6-253. Combat and operational stress control, however, is not solely a medical problem. It is also a

command problem in terms of reduced performance and personnel lost from duty.

Combat and Operational Stress Control (COSC)

6-254. COSC focuses on protecting the force through treatment and prevention of combat and operational

stress. The brigade support battalion has a COSC team consisting of a behavioral science officer and a

mental health specialist. Chaplains can assist with combat stress control by identifying Soldiers who are

under extreme stress. Refer to FM 4-02.51, FM 6-22.5, and FM 22-51 for information on COSC.

Preventive Medicine

6-255. Preventive medicine (PVNTMED) encompasses the rules of hygiene and field sanitation that are

developed and implemented to prevent the spread of debilitating diseases. These rules must be established

in the troop /company SOP and observed and enforced daily.

6-256. Safety is another continuous requirement of PVNTMED. To prevent accidents that could injure

Soldiers, leaders continuously enforce proper equipment operating procedures and general safety.

6-257. PVNTMED operational support is provided by PVNTMED personnel who are organic to the BCT

brigade support medical company. The BCT PVNTMED section is equipped to conduct PVNTMED

surveillance and control. See FM 4-02.17 for definitive information on PVNTMED measures.

Note. The platoon should develop its unit sleep plans based on the following current guidance

on sleep—and the effects of sleep deprivation—provided by the Walter Reed Army Institute of

Research. Based on extensive research, the information applies to all levels of military

operations, including both training and tactical environments.

Sleep Deprivation

6-258. Sleep is a biological need, critical for sustaining the mental abilities needed for success in the AO.

Soldiers require 7 to 8 hours of good-quality sleep every 24-hour period to sustain operational readiness.

Soldiers who lose sleep will accumulate a sleep debt over time that will seriously impair their performance.

The only way to pay off this debt is by obtaining the needed sleep. For additional information pertaining to

sleep deprivation, see FM 3-20.971.

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Enablers

PRISONERS AND CAPTURED MATERIAL

6-259. EPWs, detainees, and captured enemy equipment, materiel, and documents are excellent sources

of combat intelligence; they must be processed and evacuated to the rear quickly. If enemy soldiers want to

surrender, it is the responsibility of the reconnaissance or scout platoon or the individual vehicle crew to

take them into custody and control them until evacuation. The platoon leader will employ a HUMINT

Soldier, if available, to perform an initial assessment and screening of all EPWs and captured materials to

aid in processing and information gathering.

6-260. The platoon leader designates a primary and alternate vehicle responsible for handling EPWs and

detainees as well as for transporting them to the collection point designated in paragraph

4 of the

troop/battalion OPORD.

HANDLING PRISONERS OF WAR

Note. In most situations, the following information and procedures apply to the handling of

detainees as well as to EPWs.

6-261. The “five-S” principles and tagging serve as the basic principles for handling EPWs: search,

segregate, silence, speed, and safeguard. In addition to these steps, the reconnaissance or scout platoon

leader must ensure that Soldiers tag prisoners with all necessary information before transportation to the

rear. The “five-S” procedures are as follows:

Search. Remove and tag all weapons and documents. Return to the EPW those personal items

of no military value. The EPW keeps his helmet, protective mask, and any gear that protects him

from immediate dangers.

Segregate. Break the chain of command; separate EPWs by rank, sex, and other appropriate

criteria. Keep the staunch fighters away from those who willingly surrender.

Silence. Prevent EPWs from issuing orders, planning escapes, or developing false “cover

stories”.

Speed. Expedite movement of EPWs to the appropriate element to obtain and use their

information.

Safeguard. Prevent EPWs from escaping. Protect all EPWs from violence, insults, curiosity,

and reprisals of any kind.

6-262. The senior officer or NCO on the scene is legally responsible for the care of EPWs. If the unit

cannot evacuate a prisoner within a reasonable time, it must provide him with food, water, and medical

treatment.

6-263. International law has established the rights of EPWs, and the United States has agreed to obey

these laws. Once enemy personnel show they want to surrender, Soldiers must treat them humanely. It is a

court-martial offense to physically or mentally harm or mistreat an EPW or needlessly expose him to fire.

In addition, mistreated EPWs or those who receive special favors are not good interrogation subjects.

6-264. Scouts should never make the initial approach to an enemy soldier. He may have a weapon hidden

nearby, or he may be booby-trapped. To be safe, the scouts should gesture for him to come forward until it

is clear that he is honestly surrendering and not trying to lure friendly troops into an ambush. They can use

a thermal sight to locate possible ambushes.

6-265. The scout who searches the prisoner should always have another Soldier cover him with a

weapon. The searcher must not get between the prisoner and the Soldier covering him. Whenever possible,

the platoon uses female Soldiers to search females keeping in mind local practices and courtesies.

6-266. A combat lifesaver will treat and attempt to stabilize wounded EPWs not evacuated through

medical channels. Leaders notify the supporting troop/company XO or 1SG of each wounded prisoner’s

status, and evacuation will be coordinated using other means.

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Chapter 6

6-267. Before evacuating the EPW, the platoon leader must ensure that a platoon Soldier attaches a tag to

the prisoner listing all pertinent information and procedures. The platoon leader forwards a copy of this tag

to higher headquarters. The platoon obtains tags through supply channels; it can make tags from materials

available if necessary. The tag should contain the following information:

Date of capture.

Name of prisoner.

Prisoner’s rank.

Prisoner’s serial number.

Prisoner’s date of birth.

Prisoner’s unit.

Location of capture.

Capturing unit.

Special circumstances of capture.

List of weapons or documents in the prisoner’s possession at the time of capture.

CAPTURED THREAT DOCUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT

6-268. Captured threat documents such as maps, orders, records, photographs, terrain models, and

equipment are excellent sources of intelligence. If handled improperly, the information in the captured

items may be lost or delayed until it is useless.

6-269. The platoon should tag each captured item. If the item is in an EPW’s possession, include the

prisoner’s name on the tag and give the item to the guard. The guard delivers the item with the EPW to the

next higher headquarters. The captured items should be tagged with the following information:

Type of item (such as document or piece of equipment).

Date and time of capture.

Location of capture.

Capturing unit.

Special circumstances of capture, including the names of EPWs in possession of the captured

items.

CIVILIANS

6-270. Civilians captured as the result of curfew violations, criminal activities, or suspicious actions are

treated the same as EPWs. The platoon evacuates them quickly to higher headquarters using the “five-Ss.”

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Appendix A

Orders and Reports

Orders and reports are the means by which the platoon receives and transmits

information, from the earliest warning order notification that an operation will occur

through the final phases of execution and change of mission. They are critical to

mission success because they communicate the descriptions, directions, and

visualizations. In a tactical situation, the platoon leader and PSG lead the platoon and

the operation with these tools on a daily basis. Time and experience should hone

leaders’ knowledge of orders formats enabling them to accurately complete their

responsibilities while ensuring that every member of the platoon understands how to

receive and respond to orders issued via analog and digital systems.

SECTION I - ORDERS

A-1. The platoon leader must be familiar with the formats of warning orders (WARNO), operations

orders (OPORD), and fragmentary orders (FRAGO). He must be able to convert these into concise, yet

thorough, orders for the platoon.

OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

A-2. Before the commander issues the OPORD, the platoon leader may receive one or more WARNOs. He

analyzes all information in these orders and transmits important details to the platoon as soon as possible.

A-3. When higher headquarters issues a complete five-paragraph OPORD, analysis of the order is a simple,

straightforward process for the platoon leader, who then issues an OPORD to the platoon in OPORD format. He

derives much of the content from the higher order he received during execution of troop-leading procedures.

A-4. Once an operation begins, FRAGOs become the normal method of issuing orders. Digital systems

allow commanders and leaders to supplement oral orders with overlays and a limited text capability; these

items can enhance their subordinates’ understanding of the FRAGOs.

A-5. Units may find themselves conducting the same type of operations on a repeat basis, such as route

clearance. There may be a tendency for leaders and units in such cases to abandon the combat orders

process in favor of expediency. Leaders must not permit this to happen. The combat orders process forces

leaders to analyze appropriately all aspects of an operation regardless of how routine it may appear.

WARNING ORDERS

A-6. During the planning phase of an operation, commanders and leaders use WARNOs as a method of

alerting their units and individual Soldiers. The troop commander usually sends a series of WARNOs to his

platoon leaders. These orders help subordinates to prepare for new missions by providing directions and

guidelines for platoon-level planning and preparation. Each platoon leader immediately analyzes the

information, and then issues a WARNO of his own to alert the platoon to the upcoming operation. This

allows the platoons to conduct parallel planning and preparations. After the WARNO has been issued, the

PSG begins his planning for paragraph 4 (service and support), section sergeants begin planning movement

routes and conducting PCCs, while the platoon leader completes his operations order. For more

information on parallel planning, see FM 3-0 and FM 5-0.

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Appendix A

A-7. WARNOs generally follow the five-paragraph OPORD format

(see Figure A-1). The key

consideration is that they should be as brief as possible while giving units and Soldiers the information

they need to begin preparing for the operation. A platoon-level WARNO normally includes these elements:

Enemy situation.

Troop mission.

Commander’s intent (if available).

Earliest time of movement.

Specific instructions for preliminary actions

(including security, reconnaissance, rehearsals,

training, maintenance, resupply, rest, movement, and coordination requirements).

Time and place at which the troop OPORD will be issued.

A-8. Ideally, the platoon leader issues two to three WARNOs to subordinates during troop-leading

procedures. WARNOs are issued upon receipt of mission, completion of mission analysis, and when the

commander chooses a COA. However, the number of WARNOs is not fixed. WARNOs serve a function in

planning similar to that of FRAGOs during execution. Commanders issue a WARNO whenever they need

to disseminate additional planning information or initiate necessary preparatory action, such as movement

or reconnaissance.

A-9. The first WARNO normally contains minimal information. It alerts subordinates that a new mission

is pending. This WARNO normally contains the following information:

Enemy situation.

The type of operation.

The general location of the operation.

The initial operational time line.

Initial ISR tasks.

Any movements to initiate.

Any collaborative planning sessions directed by the commander.

Initial IR or CCIR.

A-10. The WARNO issued at the end of mission analysis contains essential information for planning,

and directives to initiate movements and reconnaissance. Typically it includes—

Updated enemy situation.

The approved unit mission statement.

The commander’s intent.

Task organization changes.

Attachments/detachments.

The unit AO (sketch, overlay, or some other description).

The CCIR and essential elements of friendly information (EEFI).

Risk guidance.

Surveillance and reconnaissance instructions.

Initial movement instructions.

Security operations.

Military deception guidance.

Mobility, countermobility, and survivability guidance.

Specific priorities.

The updated operational time line.

Guidance on collaborative events and rehearsals.

A-11. The WARNO issued after COA development normally contains—

Updated enemy situation.

Mission.

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Appendix A

OPERATION ORDERS

A-13. As part of troop leading procedures, the platoon issues an OPORD as part of his troop-leading

procedures. The OPORD provides section/squad leaders with the essential information required to conduct

the operation and to carry out the commander’s intent. The platoon leaders should distribute graphics

(traditional and digital) before issuing the OPORD.

FIVE-PARAGRAPH OPORD FORMAT

A-14. Leaders issue the OPORD orally and in writing in the five-paragraph format (see example below).

This helps to ensure that required information is presented in a predictable and logical manner. Although

the five-paragraph format is straightforward, every commander and leader will develop techniques that

allow him to make a clearer, concise, yet complete OPORD presentation. The platoon leader should

request a copy of his commander’s OPORD format to facilitate note taking. See FM 3-20.971 and FM 5-0

for more information concerning platoon OPORDs.

ISSUING THE PLATOON OPORD

A-15. Issuing the OPORD is, in effect, a type of drill, with contents and delivery procedures covered by

SOPs and other guidelines. The platoon leader must understand, however, that simply reading off the five

paragraphs word for word is usually ineffective. His foremost consideration is effective communication.

He must fully understand all aspects of the operation and know how to describe and discuss them. He must

integrate the friendly and enemy situations and the effects of terrain and weather into the platoon maneuver

plan.

A-16. To make the order even more understandable, the platoon leader should use visual aids to illustrate

key points. He can take advantage of a number of pre-made and field-expedient materials, including the

following:

The operation map and accompanying overlays.

Terrain models.

Sketches on dry-erase boards; meals, ready to eat (MRE) boxes; butcher paper; or the back of a

map.

A-17. As far as possible, the platoon leader must establish optimum physical conditions that will allow

effective presentation of the OPORD. For example, the site at which the platoon order will be issued

should afford adequate security and minimum distractions. The platoon leader must ensure that the vehicle

commanders and dismounted patrol leaders post accurate graphics on their overlays and/or digital displays.

Scouts should arrive at the OPORD site early to study maps and post graphics. Units with digital capability

should post the graphics on their vehicle displays before the platoon leader issues the order. Figure A-2

provides a sample of the OPORD, organized in the five-paragraph format.

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Orders and Reports

SAMPLE PLATOON OPORD FORMAT

TASK ORGANIZATION (platoon and allocation of forces to support the concept of

operations).

1. SITUATION.

a. Enemy forces.

(1) Use SALUTE (size, activity, location, unit, time, and equipment) report

format for reporting likely and known location of enemy forces and their composition.

(2) Other enemy information critical to the upcoming operation, including—:

(a) Chemical and nuclear capabilities.

(b) ADA.

(d) Electronic warfare.

(e) Type and condition of enemy vehicles.

(f) Most probable enemy COA.

(g) Most dangerous enemy COA.

b. Friendly forces (include the following items as applicable).

(1) Mission and intent of higher headquarters two levels above), including

concept of the operation.

(2) Identification (ID)/mission of adjacent units (left, right, front, rear).

(3) ID/mission of reserves in higher headquarters.

(4) ID/mission of supporting units with a direct support/reinforcing (DS/R) role

to higher headquarters (field artillery, engineer, ADA).

(5) Which higher headquarters element has priority of fires.

(6)

Close air support

(CAS) allocated to higher headquarters, including

number of sorties available.

c. Terrain.

(1)

Obstacles, hills, valleys, road types and conditions, streams, rivers,

bridges, and built-up area.

(2) Avenues of approach.

(a) Size unit that can be supported.

(b) Start and end point.

(3) Key terrain (discuss how friendly and/or enemy forces may attempt to use

it to their advantage).

(4) Observation and fields of fire.

(5) Cover and concealment.

(6) Engagement areas.

(7) Overall effect of terrain on the operation.

d. Weather and light data.

(1) Light conditions: (for all the days of the operation).

BMNT: _____;

Sunrise: _____;

Sunset: _____;

EENT: _____;

Moonrise: _____;

Moonset: _____;

Percent Illumination: _____.

(2) Weather forecast for the operation.

(3) Effects of weather and light conditions on the operation.

(a) Trafficability.

(b) Visibility.

(d) Effects on air operations.

e. Attachments and detachments to the platoon and higher.

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Appendix A

2. MISSION. This is the WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, and WHY. State the

essential task(s) to be accomplished by the entire unit, to include on-order missions.

Clearly define the troop’s objective, task and purpose.

3. EXECUTION.

a. Commander’s intent. Using the troop commander’s intent as a guideline, the

platoon leader issues the purpose, key tasks, and end state of the operation. The

purpose is the WHY of the operation. Key tasks or a description of the most important

tasks, in relation to one another, to achieve the end state pulls the mission into perspective,

and the end state specifies final disposition of forces and explains how the end state

will facilitate future operations.

b. Concept of the operation. This paragraph further explains and expands on

the troop commander’s intent, particularly his vision of HOW he will conduct the

operation and WHO he will assign to execute it. The platoon leader uses a concept

statement when he feels more detail is necessary to ensure subordinates will take

the appropriate actions in the absence of additional communications or further

orders. The sequence of subparagraphs is as follows:

(1)

Scheme of maneuver. This is how the platoon will maneuver to

accomplish its mission. It conforms to the commander’s intent. In offensive

operations, it specifies the troop’s formations, movement techniques, routes or

avenues of advance, and plans for direct fire and overwatch. In defensive operations,

it specifies the troop engagement plan, platoon positions, orientation of weapons,

and the plan for movement to supplementary or successive positions.

(2) Fires.

(a) Purpose for FA and mortar fires (how fires will be used to support the

maneuver).

(b) Priority of fires within the platoon and company/troop.

(d) Preparation starting time and duration of fires.

(e) Triggers (trigger line/point or event).

(f) Description of enemy fires in the area of operations.

(g) Special fire allocation/use (obscuration, illumination, CAS).

(h) Restrictions.

(i) Target overlay annex.

(3) Engineer support (obstacles, mines, and fortifications).

(a) Priority of engineer effort (mobility, countermobility, survivability).

(b) Priority of engineer support.

(d) Obstacle list.

(e) Logistical constraints.

(f) On-order missions.

c. Specific instructions. List the specific missions, in sequence, for each

section, including the attached elements. Include movement techniques, flank

coordination requirements, other details, and be-prepared missions. Dismount team,

detainee team, CBRN team, and obstacle team.

d. Coordinating instructions.

(1) Time schedule for critical events.

(a) Rehearsals.

(b) Confirmation briefs and backbriefs.

(d) First movement.

(e) Arrival of any attachments/detachments.

(f) Boresighting.

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Orders and Reports

(2) Movement instructions.

(a) SP/RP times.

(b) Formation and movement technique.

(d) Route of march.

(3) Passage of lines.

(a) Contact points.

(b) Passage points.

(4) Actions at danger areas.

(5) Actions on expected contact.

(6) Rally points.

(7) Rules of engagement (ROE)/Rules of interaction (ROI).

(8) Information requirements (IR), including priority intelligence requirements

(PIR).

(9) Air defense warning and weapons control status.

(10)

Mission-oriented protective posture

(MOPP) level and operational

exposure guidance (OEG).

(11) Any changes regarding battlesight and battlecarry ranges.

(12) Be-prepared tasks or other general information not provided in concept of

the operation or specific instructions.

(13) Actions on the objective.

4. SUSTAINMENT OPERATIONS.

a. Trains. Location and movement plan of the troop trains

(initial

and

subsequent grids).

b. Material and services.

(1) Supply.

(a) Priorities of supply.

(b) Resupply points and prestock sites.

(d) Location of squadron trains.

(e) Logistics package (LOGPAC) instructions.

(2) Transportation.

(a) Supply routes.

(b) Logistics release point (LRP).

(3) Services.

(a) Location of water points.

(b) Location of deliberate decontamination sites.

(4) Maintenance.

(a) Maintenance procedures.

(b) Vehicle evacuation.

c. Medical evacuation and treatment.

(1) Location of troop medics.

(2) Location of squadron aid station.

(3) Procedures for treatment/evacuation of wounded in action (WIA) personnel.

(4) Aero-medical evacuation information.

(5) Location of ambulance exchange points (AXP).

(6) Handling of contaminated WIA personnel.

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Appendix A

(7) Location of unit casualty collection points (CCPs).

d. Personnel.

(1) Handling and disposition instructions for detainees.

(2) Detainee guard instructions.

(3) Location of detainee collection point.

(4) Instructions for interaction with local civil populace (ROI).

(5) Number of expected replacements.

(6) Cross-leveling procedures.

e. Miscellaneous.

5. COMMAND AND SIGNAL.

a. Command.

(1) Location of platoon leader, PSG and section sergeants.

(2) Succession of command.

b. Signal.

(1) Signal operating instructions (SOI)/ANCD index and edition in effect.

(a) Key frequencies.

(b) Key call signs.

(2) KY-57/ANCD fill and changeover data.

(3) Listening silence instructions.

(4) Challenge and password.

(5) Special signals, to include use of pyrotechnics.

(6) Code words.

(7) Digital traffic instructions (digital systems only).

(8) Actions to counteract jamming or “hot mike” situations.

6. TIME CHECK (for synchronization).

Figure A-2. OPORD format

FRAGMENTARY ORDERS

A-18. A fragmentary order is an abbreviated form of an operation order (verbal, written, or digital) usually

issued on a day-to-day basis that eliminates the need for restating information contained in a basic

operation order. Commanders and leaders issue a FRAGO after an operation order to change or modify

that order or to execute a branch or sequel to that order.

A-19. FRAGOs differ from OPORDs only in the degree of detail provided. They address only those parts

of the original OPORD that have changed. FRAGOs refer to previous orders and provide brief and specific

instructions. The higher headquarters issues a new OPORD when there is a complete change of the tactical

situation or when many changes make the current order ineffective.

A-20. FRAGOs include all five OPORD paragraph headings (see Figure A-3). After each heading, state the

new information or annotate “no change.” This ensures that recipients know they have received the entire

FRAGO.

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Appendix A

SECTION II - REPORTS

A-21. Sending accurate and timely information in complete reports is the scout’s primary means of

providing information critical to the commander for effective plans and decisions. Procedures for

preparing, transmitting, and safeguarding reports will vary from Squadron/CAB due to reporting

preferences and requirements of the chain of command, the tactical environment in which the platoon is

operating, available equipment, terrain, and the electronic warfare situation. Modernized units have the

advantage of the digital FBCB2 which enables the platoon to transmit accurate preformatted reports over

L-Band satellite or in frequency hopping bursts over EPLRS. This improves clarity of information and

reduces the chance of location and jamming.

Note. The following color report formats such as BLUE reports for intelligence, or yellow

reports for logistics are used for examples and may not be the same as those used in your unit.

Use the formats directed by unit SOP.

A-22. For leaders at all levels, two guidelines remain constant throughout the reporting process: the

importance of compiling timely, accurate information and the need to relay that information by the clearest,

quickest, and most secure method possible. The reconnaissance platoon leader, along with the PSG, section

and squad leaders, can save valuable time by ensuring the completeness of the reports and reducing

confusion by using thorough SOPs covering report procedures. These formats should be derived from the

squadron/CAB formats to ensure compatibility.

A-23. There are numerous reports that may vary from unit to unit based on mission and the modified table

of organization and equipment (MTOE) of the platoons. There are several reports scouts will send in all

operations, which do not vary in format regardless of radio voice or digital format. They are:

Contact report

Spot report

Situation report

Sensitive item report

Medical evacuation

Note. While radio voice and digital formats change from unit to unit, the information is

essentially the same for these basic reports. Scouts may send free text messages when

convenient, however these text messages will not be formatted.

RADIO VOICE TRANSMISSIONS

A-24. FM radio remains the primary means of communication after crossing the LD because it is more

responsive. Multiple stations can monitor the net, and parties can convey emotion during the

transmission—a critical tool in assessing and understanding the situation. Light discipline in night

operations may dictate the use of communications; for example, a reconnaissance platoon in a SBCT may

go to blackout light operations and send SPOTREPs via FM to a vehicle which is stationary and postured

to use the FBCB2 display while maintaining light discipline. The CP can generate and manage FBCB2

SPOTREPs based on FM SPOTREPs and updates.

A-25. Radio voice transmission is recommended as the primary means of communication for—

Making initial contact report.

Coordinating operations when in contact or moving.

Calling for fire on targets of opportunity.

Making subsequent adjustment of fires on planned and unplanned targets.

Requesting urgent MEDEVAC support.

Transmitting enemy air reports.

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FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Orders and Reports

DIGITAL CAPABILITIES (C2 AND REPORTS)

A-26. Reconnaissance platoons should not rely on digital communications alone. Presently, FBCB2 allows

for tracking operations digitally on a screen; however, it does not eliminate the requirement for scouts to

use maps and FM communications. The decision of when to use FBCB2 or radio voice depends on the

situation, unit SOP, and level of unit training. Typical reports a reconnaissance platoon will process are

combat reporting and geo-referenced messages, which translate into graphics updates, directly support

tactical operations. Some message traffic should be sent digitally, and then followed by radio voice

transmissions directing recipients to check their message queues.

USES OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

A-27. Digital messaging at the individual, platoon, and company level is recommended as the primary

means of communication for the following purposes:

Transmitting graphics and orders, when the situation allows.

Sending routine reports, such as personnel and enabler status or requests.

Sending contact reports (vehicles not in contact).

Requesting MEDEVAC support.

Sending enemy SALUTE reports when not in contact (FBCB2 creates an enemy icon).

Transmitting planned call-for-fire missions which may be done from the SALUTE report.

Sending digital NBC-1 reports. (This creates a contaminated area icon across the network.

Follow up with a report on the company team or battalion task force command net.)

A-28. Some other types of orders and reports that can be sent via FBCB2 include the following:

Fragmentary orders. A digital FRAGO can be used to provide changes to existing OPORDs. It

should include all five paragraphs of the OPORD. Each paragraph should state either “no change”

or give the new information to ensure that recipients know they have received the entire FRAGO.

Free-text messages. A free-text message can be used to send an unstructured digital message to

other FBCB2 or Army battle command systems (ABCS) (like an e-mail message).

C2 MESSAGES

A-29. In addition to its capabilities related to providing situational awareness data, FBCB2 offers a variety

of functions that can enhance C2 in the reconnaissance platoon. The system has four categories of C2

messages:

Alerts and Warnings

A-30. Alerts and warnings are sent via reports, free text messages, or geo-referenced messages. They are

posted on the flash immediate priority routine (FIPR) message queue and are displayed on the function bar

of the main FBCB2 screen and as a symbol on the map screen.

A-31. When the platform penetrates the safety radius of a danger zone, the FBCB2 alarm is triggered, an

alert message is displayed on the warnings/alerts marquee, and an entry is made in the warnings tab group.

The danger zone tab group will display the type, distance, direction, location and originator of all danger

zone information received. Danger zone information is transmitted in specific joint variable message

format (JVMF) messages as situational awareness data. FBCB2 receives the message and displays the

situational awareness/danger zone information in the danger zone tab group.

Combat Reporting Messages

A-32. These JVMF messages have been modified and grouped together to provide single-button access to

the message template, requiring fewer keystrokes to complete and send the message. Combat messages are

the following:

SALUTE (size, activity, location, unit, time, and equipment). This report is listed as SALT on

the FBCB2 screen.

MEDEVAC.

Fire mission (call for fire).

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

A-11

Appendix A

Check fire.

SITREP.

Mission Planning Information

A-33. Mission planning information includes orders and request-type messages that contain JVMF message

templates. They include the following:

WARNOs.

OPORDs.

FRAGOs.

Sustainment orders and requests.

Free text massages.

Geo-referenced Messages

A-34. These messages, which can be used in the C2 categories discussed earlier, create icons linked to a

location on the FBCB2 map. They are also disseminated across the tactical internet as SA data. Geo-

referenced messages can be used for the following:

Obstacle reports.

NBC-1 reports.

Bridge reports.

Supply point status reports.

Contact reports.

Engagement reports.

THREADED MESSAGES

A-35. Certain messages require specific routing for them to be effective. These are called “threaded

messages.” The exception to this is the personnel status report and the task management message. The

routing for these is SOP-driven.

Note. Users may add to the threaded message addressee list but should not delete from it. These

defaults are dictated by Army doctrine and communication architecture; for example, the size,

activity, location, unit, time, and equipment (SALUTE) report feeds into the all-source analysis

system (ASAS) intelligence database for correlation into the joint common database for higher

situational understanding and analysis.

A-36. Most threaded messages must follow specific paths for information to reach intended personnel or

communication systems or to feed into the correct databases. For example, the call-for-fire (CFF) message

must be threaded properly to interface with the advanced field artillery tactical data system (AFATDS).

The CFF message originator may add as many recipients as desired to the addressee list; however, if he

alters any of the default recipients, the message may not reach AFATDS, and the fire mission will not be

processed. If all addressees are not kept on the thread, “orphan” fire missions will occur. An orphan

mission is where a mission task order and target number was not received from AFATDS.

A-37. The following are threaded messages:

SALUTE reports.

NBC-1 reports.

Obstacle reports.

Fire support messages.

ANALOG AND DIGITAL REPORTS

A-38. Figure A-4 lists the specific analog reports and their formats that can be used by the troop.

A-12

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Orders and Reports

Contact and Blue Reports (operations)

Contact report.

Blue 1 - Spot report (SPOTREP)/SALUTE report.

Blue 2 - Situation report (SITREP).

Blue 4 - Report for bridge, overpass, culvert, underpass, or tunnel

(BRIDGEREP).

Blue 5 - Report for ford, ferry, or other crossing site

(CROSSREP).

Blue 7 - Route reconnaissance report (ROUTEREP).

Blue 9 - Obstacle report.

Blue 10 - Bypass report.

Blue 11 - Stand-to report (STANREP).

Green Reports (intelligence)

Green 2 - Sensitive items report (SENSEREP).

Green 4 - Patrol report.

Green 6 - EPW/captured material report.

Yellow Reports (logistics)

Yellow 1 - Equipment status report (ESTAT).

Yellow 1A - Battle loss spot report.

Yellow 2 - Ammunition status report.

Yellow 2A - Ammunition request.

Yellow 3 - POL status report.

Yellow 3A - POL request.

Red Reports (personnel)

Red 2 - Personnel battle loss report.

Red 3 - Medical evacuation request.

NBC Reports

NBC-1 - Observer’s initial report.

NBC-3 - Immediate warning of expected contamination.

NBC-4 - Report of radiation dose-rate measurement.

NBC-5 - Report of areas of contamination.

Figure A-4. Analog reports

CONTACT AND BLUE REPORTS (OPERATIONS)

Contact Report

When Used

A-39. A contact report is issued immediately upon contact with an enemy or unknown force in the area of

operations. If this enemy is detected by sensors or UAS, it will require the scouts monitoring these systems

to announce contact and will require eyes on the enemy and include a follow up SPOTREP (see Figure A-

5). The contact report is a brief alert and takes priority over all other communications traffic.

Format

A-40. State “CONTACT,” followed by “WHAT” and “DIRECTION” from the sender. See Figure A-4 for

an example of a transmitted contact report.

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

A-13

Appendix A

“BLACK SIX; THIS IS BLUE ONE—CONTACT—TROOPS, EAST—OUT.”

Figure A-5. Sample contact report

Blue 1 - Spot Report (SPOTREP)/SALUTE Report

When Used

A-41. The SPOTREP, widely known as a SALUTE report, is used when scouts observe any known or

suspected enemy activity, when they observe any characteristic of the AO likely to affect accomplishment

of the mission, or when required by the OPORD. A SPOTREP/SALUTE report takes priority over all other

routine radio traffic. The initial SPOTREP/SALUTE report should follow as soon as possible after the

contact report based on METT-TC. Updates to a SPOTREP/SALUTE report should refer back to the time

of a previous report to distinguish which report is being updated. See Figure A-6 for an example of

SPOTREP/SALUTE reports.

Note. The digital Blue 1 report (Figure A-7) is sent to the entire troop when contact occurs. The

best way to send this report is by using the far target locator. In addition, if approved by the

troop commander, a call for fire can be requested simultaneously with the Blue 1. Although the

report is listed using the term SALT on the FBCB2 screen (as shown in Figure A-7), it should

follow the SALUTE format as closely as possible.

Format

A-42. State “SALUTE REPORT” or “UPDATED SALUTE REPORT (with time of original report),”

followed by pertinent information on these lines:

Line ALPHA: Observer or source (omit if it is the calling station; use call signs or description

otherwise).

Line BRAVO: SALUTE format:

Size: The number of sighted personnel, vehicles, or other equipment.

Activity: What the enemy is doing.

Location: Grid coordinates.

Unit: Markings, uniforms, and other indicators of what enemy force has been encountered.

Time: Time the activity was observed.

Equipment: Description of vehicles, weapons, and other equipment in the enemy element.

Line CHARLIE: Actions you have taken and your recommendations. Actions usually involve

conducting additional reconnaissance, continuing to observe, or recommending and executing a

specific course of action.

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FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Orders and Reports

“BLUE 1, THIS IS BLUE 5. SALUTE REPORT, OVER.

SIZE: ONE BRDM WITH THREE DISMOUNTED TROOPS.

ACTIVITY: STATIONARY, ORIENTED SOUTH.

LOCATION: GRID MS289546.

UNIT: UNABLE TO DETERMINE UNIT.

TIME: 1725 HOURS.

EQUIPMENT: POSSIBLE UNMANNED AIRCRAFT, CONTINUING TO

OBSERVE, OVER.”

“BLUE 5; THIS IS BLUE 1—ROGER—CONTINUE OBSERVATION—OUT.”

Example Update to a SALUTE Report:

“BLUE 1, THIS IS BLUE 5. SALUTE REPORT UPDATE TO REPORT OF 1725

HOUR. THREE DISMOUNTED TROOPS RECOVERED THE UAS AND

REMOUNTED IT AND CONTINUE TO SIT STATIONARY, OVER.”

“BLUE 5; THIS IS BLUE 1 —ROGER—CONTINUE OBSERVATION—OUT.”

Figure A-6. Sample SPOTREP/SALUTE reports

Figure A-7. Digital Blue 1 report (SPOTREP)

Blue 2 - Situation Report (SITREP)

When Used

A-43. The SITREP is submitted by subordinate units to their higher headquarters to report their tactical

situation and status. It is submitted daily at times designated in the unit SOP, after significant events, or as

otherwise directed by the commander.

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

A-15

Appendix A

Note. The digital SITREP

(Figure A-9) is sent twice daily to the squadron or higher

headquarters at times designated in the unit SOP or as necessary during operations. The criteria

for each category (GREEN, AMBER, RED, and BLACK) are the same as in analog SITREPs.

Each vehicle sends the Blue 2 to the platoon leader and PSG for consolidation. The PSG then

forwards the consolidated report to the troop commander, XO, and 1SG.

Format (Troop-Level Example)

A-44. State "SITREP," followed by pertinent information on these lines:

Line 1: The as-of date-time group (DTG).

Line 2: Brief summary of enemy activity, casualties inflicted, and prisoners captured, or

personnel detained.

Line 3: Friendly locations (encoded using control measures or TIRS points). The following can

be listed:

CP location.

Center mass grids of all elements/assets.

Any additional elements as necessary.

Major changes in the concept of operations or scheme of maneuver.

Line 4: Combat vehicles operational. The following types of vehicles can be listed:

HMMWVs.

CFVs.

Strykers.

Mortars.

C2 assets.

Attached vehicles.

Line 5: Defensive obstacles (encoded using codes, control measures, or TIRS points). The

following can be listed:

Type and location of obstacles. Abbreviations can include MF (minefield), TD (tank

ditch), AB (abatis), RC (road crater), and CW (concertina wire).

Type and location of executed demolition targets.

Type and location of reserved demolition targets.

Line 6: Personnel strength, classified using the following status levels:

GREEN: full strength; 90% or more fit for duty.

AMBER: reduced strength; 80 to 89% fit for duty.

RED: reduced strength; 60 to 79% fit for duty; the unit is mission-capable.

BLACK: reduced strength; 59% or less fit for duty.

Line 7: Classes III and V supplies available for combat vehicles. Status levels for ammunition

and fuel are the same (GREEN, AMBER, RED, or BLACK) as for personnel strength, with

percentages referring to the amount of basic load level available. Refer to Line 6 of this report.

Note. If an item is reported as status level BLACK on lines 6 or 7, the appropriate yellow report

(logistics) must follow.

Line 8: Summary of tactical intentions.

A-45. Figure A-8 shows an example of a transmitted SITREP and Figure A-9 shows an example of a

digital transmission.

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FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Orders and Reports

“BLACK SIX; THIS IS BLUE ONE—SITREP—OVER.”

“BLUE ONE; THIS IS BLACK SIX—SEND IT—OVER.”

“BLACK SIX, THIS IS BLUE ONE—REPORT FOLLOWS:

LINE 1 (As of DTG): 181217MAY99 ZULU.

LINE 2 (Enemy Activity in Brief): OBSERVING FOUR ENEMY SOLDIERS.

LINE 3 (Friendly Locations): CP 28.

LINE 4 (FMC Vehicles): FOUR.

LINE 5 (Defense Obstacles): NONE.

LINE 6 (Personnel Status): GREEN.

LINE 7: CLASS THREE AMBER—CLASS FIVE GREEN.

LINE 8: CONTINUING MISSION.

OVER.”

“BLUE ONE; THIS IS BLACK SIX—ROGER—OUT.”

Figure A-8. Sample SITREP

Figure A-9. Digital Blue 2 report (SITREP)

Blue 4 - Report for Bridge, Overpass, Culvert, Underpass, or Tunnel (BRIDGEREP)

A-46. To send this report, state “BRIDGEREP,” followed by pertinent information on these lines:

Line ALPHA: Type and location (for a long tunnel, include both entrance and exit locations).

Use either a TIRS point or grid coordinates.

Line BRAVO: Overall length.

Line CHARLIE: Width of roadway.

Line DELTA: Height restrictions.

Line ECHO: Length and number of spans.

Line FOXTROT: Computed classification.

Line GOLF: Bypass locations and conditions. Use a Blue 5 report if necessary.

3 August 2009

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A-17

Appendix A

Blue 5 - Report for Ford, Ferry, or Other Crossing Site (CROSSREP)

A-47. To send this report, state “CROSSREP,” followed by pertinent information on these lines:

Line ALPHA: Type and location, using either a TIRS point or grid coordinates.

Line BRAVO: Length of crossing in meters.

Line CHARLIE: Usable width.

Line DELTA: Current speed in meters per second.

Line ECHO: Maximum depth in meters.

Line FOXTROT: Bottom material and condition.

Line GOLF: Capacity classification of any existing ferry equipment.

Line HOTEL: Slope of entry bank.

Line INDIA: Slope of exit bank.

Line KILO: Other comments as necessary.

Blue 7 - Route Reconnaissance Report (ROUTEREP)

When Used

A-48. To report the results of a route reconnaissance, scouts send an initial report at the start point (SP). At

a minimum, the initial report is followed by updates at any obstructions, at each phase line, and whenever a

route change becomes necessary. These update reports should include only the line(s) that have changed

from the initial ROUTEREP.

Format

A-49. To send this report, state “ROUTEREP,” followed by pertinent information on these lines:

Line ALPHA: “From” location, reported using a control measure or TIRS point.

Line BRAVO: “To” location, reported using a control measure or TIRS point.

Line CHARLIE: Type of route, reported using the following designations:

Highway, reported using the number “1.”

Road, number “2.”

Trail, number “3.”

Cross-country, number “4.”

Line DELTA: Classification of route. Check for height, width, and weight restrictions to

determine the appropriate class, and report what vehicles the route is capable of handling using

the following designations:

Line ECHO: Seasonal limitations of route based on weather-support capability, reported as

follows:

All-weather (usable year-round), reported using the letter “X.”

Limited all-weather (use limited during bad weather), letter “Y.”

Fair weather (may be impassable during bad weather), letter “Z.”

Line FOXTROT: Rate of movement the route will support, reported as follows:

Fast, reported using the number “1.”

Slow, number “2.”

Line GOLF: Location and type of any critical points (send the applicable report). Report the

following obstructions in all cases: curves with a radius of 45 meters or less; uphill slopes with

grades of 5 percent or greater; width restrictions of 6 meters or less for one-way traffic, 10

meters or less for two-way traffic; and overhead clearance of 4.3 meters or less.

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FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Orders and Reports

Blue 9 - Obstacle Report

A-50. Report all pertinent information using the following format:

Line ALPHA: Type of obstacle or obstruction.

Line BRAVO: Location, using grid coordinates. For large, complex obstacles, send the

coordinates of the ends and of all turn points.

Line CHARLIE: Dimensions and orientation.

Line DELTA: Composition.

Line ECHO: Enemy weapons influencing obstacle.

Line FOXTROT: Observer’s actions.

Note. The digital obstacle report (Figure A-10) is sent by the vehicle that can best identify the

dimensions and type of the obstacle. The report is sent to the entire troop.

Figure A-10. Digital obstacle report

Blue 10 - Bypass Report

A-51. Report all pertinent information using the following format:

Line ALPHA: Observer or source.

Line BRAVO: Length; width; surface type; grade.

Line CHARLIE: Coordinates of “from” and “to” locations.

Line DELTA: Seasonal/weather limitations. Use letter designation (X, Y, or Z) as described

for the Blue 7 report (ROUTEREP).

Line ECHO: Bypass markings.

Line FOXTROT: Observer’s actions.

Blue 11 - Stand-To Report (STANREP)

When Used

A-52. The STANREP is sent by the PSG to the troop CP, as applicable, when stand-to is completed.

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

A-19

Appendix A

Format

A-53. To send this report, state “STANREP,” followed by pertinent information on these lines:

Line ALPHA: Time stand-to was completed.

Line BRAVO: Weapons on hand and functional. Use the term “UP” for functional weapons on

hand. Use "EXCEPTION" for weapons either not on hand or not functional.

Line CHARLIE: Sensitive and accountable items on hand. Use “UP” or “EXCEPTION” as

applicable.

Line DELTA: Vehicles and radios on hand and functional. Use “UP” or “EXCEPTION” as

applicable.

Line ECHO: Report the on-hand/functional status of any other equipment using “UP” or

“EXCEPTION.”

Note. For lines B, C, D, and E, refer to the Yellow 1 report (ESTAT) for equipment line numbers.

A-54. Figure A-11 shows an example of a STANREP.

“BLACK 6, THIS IS RED 4; BLUE 11. LINE ALPHA: COMPLETE TIME 0600. LINE

BRAVO: UP. LINE CHARLIE: ITEM 38, MISSING 1 EACH. LINE DELTA: RED 3

WILL NOT START.”

Figure A-11. Sample STANREP

GREEN REPORTS (INTELLIGENCE)

Green 2 - Sensitive Items Report (SENSEREP)

When Used

A-55. This report is sent daily at various times, in accordance with the unit SOP, or at other prescribed

times (before and after significant movement, after significant events, and after any consolidation or

reorganization). Items covered include crew-served weapons, personal weapons, night vision devices,

binoculars, CBRN equipment, COMSEC materials, maps/graphics, and special equipment assigned to

platoons for particular operations.

Format

A-56. To send this report, state “SENSEREP,” followed by pertinent information on these lines:

Line ALPHA: Reporting unit (use call sign).

Line CHARLIE: Results of sensitive items check. Use the term "UP" for on-hand/functional

items. For missing items, report the line description and serial number and provide an

explanation. Use additional lines from the Yellow 1 report.

Line ECHO: Initials of person sending report.

A-57. Figure A-12 shows an example of a SENSEREP.

“THIS IS RED 4. SENSEREP. LINE ALPHA: RED. LINE CHARLIE: ALL 'UP.'

LINE ECHO: RWS.”

Figure A-12. Sample SENSEREP

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FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Orders and Reports

YELLOW REPORTS (SUSTAINMENT)

Yellow 1 - Equipment Status Report (ESTAT)

When Used

A-58. Each PSG sends this report by courier or radio voice transmission to the troop CP at times

designated in the unit SOP.

Note. The digital Yellow report (see Figure A-14) is a combination of the analog Yellow 1, 2,

and 3 reports. When sending this report, all classes of supply are reported. Each vehicle sends

this report to the platoon leader and PSG. The PSG consolidates this information and forwards a

platoon rollup to the XO, 1SG, maintenance team chief, and medics. At a minimum, this report

is sent once daily in accordance with the unit SOP.

Format

A-59. Equipment status is recorded using one of these terms: operational, inoperative, or combat loss.

Provide all pertinent information using the following categories and lines:

Weapons.

Line 1: Bayonet knife, with scabbard, for M16A2.

Line 2: Pistol, 9-mm, automatic, M9.

Line 3: Rifle, 5.56-mm, with equipment.

Line 4: Launcher, grenade, 40-mm, single shot, rifle mounted, detachable, with equipment.

Line 5: Machine gun, M2, caliber .50, heavy barrel (HB).

Line 6: Machine gun, 7.62-mm, light flexible.

Line 7: Squad automatic weapon, M249.

Line 8: Grenade launcher, 40-mm, MK19.

Line 9: Machine gun, 7.62-mm, fixed M24OC RH feed F/FVS.

Line 10: Launcher, grenade, obscurant munitions, screening, RP M250.

Line 11: Mortar, 120-mm, on mount.

Line 12: Command launch unit, AAWS-M.

Note. Lines 13, 14, 15, and 16 are used as needed for additional weapons assigned to the platoon.

Vehicles and vehicle equipment.

Line 17: CFV, M3.

Line 18: Carrier, 120-mm mortar, self-propelled (less mortar).

Line 19: Carrier, personnel, full-tracked, armored, M113.

Line 20: HMMWV, M1114.

Line 21: Tank, M1/M1A1/M1A2/MGS.

Note. Lines 22, 23, and 24 are used as needed for additional vehicles and/or vehicle equipment

assigned to the platoon.

CBRN equipment.

Line 25: Alarm, chemical agent, automatic, portable, for full-tracked APC and armored

recovery vehicle.

Line 26: Alarm, chemical agent, automatic, portable, with power supply, for track, utility,

1/4-ton.

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A-21

Appendix A

Line 27: Charger, radiac detector, PP-1570/PD.

Line 28: Mask, chemical-biological, multipurpose.

Line 29: Radiacmeter, IM-185/UD.

Line 30: Alarm, chemical agent, automatic, portable, manpack.

Line 31: Radiacmeter, IM-93/UD.

Line 32: Radiacmeter, IM-174/PD.

Line 33: Radiacmeter, AN/VDR-2.

Note. Lines 34, 35, and 36 are used as needed for additional CBRN equipment assigned to the

platoon.

Radios.

Line 37: Radio set, AN/GRC-160.

Line 38: Radio set, AN/VRC-46.

Line 39: Radio set, AN/VRC-47.

Line 40: Radio set, AN/VRC-64.

Line 41: Radio set, AN/PRC-77.

Line 42: Radio set, AN/VRC-12.

Line 43: Secure set, AN/PRC-91.

Line 44: Secure set, AN/PRC-126.

Line 45: Secure set, KY-57.

Note. Lines 46, 47, and 48 are used as needed for additional radios assigned to the platoon.

Miscellaneous equipment.

Line 49: Demolition set, explosive, initiating, non-electric.

Line 50: Detecting set, mine, portable, metallic and non-metallic.

Line 51: Detecting set, mine, portable, metallic, AN/PSS-14.

Line 52: Night vision goggles, AN/PVS-7B.

Line 53: Night vision sight, crew-served weapon, AN/TVS-5.

Line 54: Night vision sight, individual-served weapon, AN/PVS-4.

Line 55: Platoon early warning system, AN/TRS-2(V).

Line

56: Binoculars, modular construction, military scale reticle,

7x50-mm,

with

equipment.

Line 57: Telescope, straight, military.

Line 58: Detector, radar signal, AN/PSS-10.

Line 59: Position locating reporting system, basic user unit.

Line 60: Position locating reporting system, surface vehicle installation kit.

Note. Lines 61, 62, and 63 are used as needed for any other equipment assigned to the platoon.

Example

A-60. Figure A-13 shows an example of an ESTAT. Figure A-14 illustrates the FBCB2 screen showing the

digital version of the report; as noted, the digital report also includes aspects of the analog Yellow 2 and

Yellow 3 reports.

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FM 3-20.98 Reconnaissance and Scout Platoon (AUGUST 2009) - page 4