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Chapter 14

maintain an aerodynamic airfoil shape is further degraded. It can abruptly collapse even when the

turbulence effects appear to be insignificant. When eddy turbulence (gusting) is coupled with thermal

uplifting, the danger of canopy collapse becomes serious, regardless of the adequacy of the canopy loading

or the canopy’s dimensions.

14-68. Turbulence eddies are also known as rotors and dust devils. They are naturally created, ranging in

size from several inches to several kilometers in diameter. The most common that affect MFF parachute

operations are those 1 meter to several hundred meters in diameter. The eddy’s intensity is affected by wind

velocity and the shape of the obstruction over which the air mass flowed to create it. Dust devils are

dangerous in that the diameter of the locally rotating wind column is usually much larger than the visible

portion. Where the eddy might be only marginally wider than the visible diameter at ground level, dust

devils can also extend thousands of feet higher than the visible top and increase in diameter severalfold

with elevation. The visible portion of the eddy is the uplifted soil and debris from the earth’s surface.

14-69. For an MFF parachutist under canopy, flying into or in the vicinity of a dust devil almost certainly

means a collapsed canopy. This is disastrously close to the earth when the canopy might not have time to

reinflate or the rotating air column has twisted the parachute’s line groups. Even a parachutist on the

ground still in the harness must be prepared to release the RSL and cut away the main canopy if it were to

start to be reinflated by eddy turbulence. Parachutists who have been picked up by a dust devil have been

lifted between 10 and 40 feet AGL before being slammed back to the ground, resulting in death or serious

injury.

14-70. Air density can also affect eddies. Higher air density correlates with a higher intensity in the

manifested eddy. Cold air is more dense than warm air. Therefore, in winter conditions, one can expect

slightly more pronounced turbulence effects

(larger-diameter rotors, higher-intensity rotation, higher

altitude effects) than those phenomena that are warm air or thermal conditions. Humid air is less dense than

dry air, so eddy turbulence would be more pronounced in low humidity than in high humidity. DZs at

higher field elevations have lower air density than at sea level and in general produce turbulence of lesser

intensity. All of these parameters are theoretical. Each potential DZ’s set of landing conditions must be

evaluated by the MFF jumpmaster to determine the probable aggregate effect on the parachutists under

supervision for the conditions anticipated for that operation.

14-71. Obstruction eddy characteristics vary depending on many factors. With wind speed less than

10 knots, small eddies (10 to 50 feet in depth) are created on both the downwind and upwind side of an

obstacle. With wind speeds between 10 and 20 knots, significant turbulence eddies are created on both

sides of an obstacle. Because of the wind’s velocity, they are also carried several hundred feet downwind of

the obstacle before they dissipate. Severity depends on the height and shape of the obstruction, as well as

the wind speed. Obstructions with sharp definition/edges create more pronounced eddy currents. When

winds exceed 20 knots, eddy currents are mostly formed on the leeward side of the obstruction and the

turbulence zone is carried a considerable distance downwind of the obstacle. A rule of thumb for

intermediate strength winds (10 to 20 knots) is that turbulence eddies are carried at least five times the

distance downwind as the height of the obstacle that created them (Figures 14-13 and 14-14, page 14-23).

14-72. The rule of thumb for winds stronger than 20 knots is that the eddy turbulence is carried 10 times

the distance downwind as the obstacle height. On large, open DZs with no obstructions (usually the case

with DZs downwind of tree lines), eddies may be carried as much as one-half mile downwind of the

obstruction. This phenomenon is also strengthened if the terrain slopes downhill away from the tree line

causing the turbulence (Figure 14-15, page 14-24).

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Figure 14-15. Tree-line-induced eddy currents

14-73. For winds stronger than 20 knots, the MFF parachutist may be backing in to the target area. As the

parachutist descends into the turbulence area, eddy effects are unexpected because the object creating the

eddy is a significant distance upwind and probably not in the visual field. Turbulence is also indicated by

the behavior of the wind. Strong winds usually contain gusts, which are wind speed changes of 5 to 10 mph

within a few seconds. Gusts can add to the random deflation and poor performance of an MFF ram-air

canopy. All parachutists must visualize the upwind quadrant (wind cone) during their landing approach to

assess the potential effects of wind speed and obstructions on the parachute’s performance. Horizontal and

vertical separation between parachutists should be increased during a strong wind condition landing

approach to accommodate unexpected canopy movement at low altitudes.

14-74. Only minor eddy currents form over water surfaces. These are created by air movement friction

with the wave tops. Regardless, parachutists must still be cautious in setting up their approach to land on or

in the vicinity of a vessel at sea. Because a vessel is an obstruction, it or its superstructure can create

unexpected downwind eddy currents. The larger the vessel, the greater the potential for eddy currents.

14-75. In HAHO operations, when air is unstable (conditions not consistent as altitude increases) and

once eddy currents or turbulence forms, they tend to continue to grow. This is especially true when thermal

conditions exist. For example, when fueled by thermal convection, ground-induced eddy currents can

extend up to 6,000 feet AGL. Essentially, this is how dust devils can form and evolve to be several hundred

meters in diameter at their base.

14-76. The lighter the parachutist (or total suspended weight), the more susceptible the canopy will be to

turbulence-related problems. The forces acting on a canopy are proportional to the rate of change of wind

velocity on the canopy. Therefore, it is dangerous to fly fast (canopy toggles in the full flight/up position)

through turbulence. Flying through eddy turbulence should be done at 25- to 50-percent brakes. Too slow

(more than 50-percent brakes) may also be dangerous because the canopy may stall without warning due to

a gust. Increasing the canopy rate of descent through braking keeps the canopy’s internal pressurization

higher. This decreases its susceptibility to turbulence-induced instability, decreases the overall potential for

collapse, and increases overall canopy control. It is an effective technique at any altitude.

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14-77. The effects of eddy turbulence normally subside close to the ground, unless the parachutist is

directly in contact with an eddy. Under roughly 50 feet AGL, turbulence should lessen, permitting a

near-normal approach. Regardless, the approach should still be made in the 25- to 50-percent brake range as

a precaution. Turbulence at the landing flare may side slide the canopy or enter it into a turn. The rate of

turn may increase when lowered combat equipment is attached to one side of the parachute harness in lieu

of being suspended from the center of mass (saddle). With significant weight pulling one side of the

harness down, the canopy risers will be uneven. Because the canopy is already canted to one side, a gust is

likely to send the canopy into a turn, usually to the side on which the equipment is suspended. When

braking, the canopy can be controlled by manipulating the steering lines to offset the difference in riser

lengths. Under these conditions, the MFF parachutist should be prepared to perform a PLF.

14-78. Other turbulence is also generated and experienced by MFF parachutists using ram-air canopies.

Airfoil-generated vortices trail off the lateral corners of the canopy, much like those created by airplane

wingtips. Canopy vortices come off the trailing edge at an upward 45-degree angle when the parachute is in

full glide. In full brakes, the vortex angle is almost straight up due to the canopy’s increased rate of descent.

When in a partially braked configuration (such as in a stack setting up to land), the vortex angle produced is

about 60 degrees from the canopy angle of attack at the ground. The vortices descend and dissipate at a rate

slower than the parachutist’s canopy. Closer distances between parachutists in the air result in a stronger

vortex. The vortex intensity is greater with parachutists who have a higher total suspended weight because

their canopies have a greater rate and steeper angle of descent. Upon passing into another canopy’s vortex

(wake), the turbulent air will hit the parachutist’s body before it hits the canopy. The canopy will rock and

then drop up to 20 feet, causing danger during landing. Near the ground or aloft, vortices drift with the

wind, so it is possible to hit vortex turbulence from a canopy that has landed or turned upwind. If this

occurs, the MFF parachutist must be consistent with the steering toggle manipulation and still flare at the

normal time. If in doubt, the parachutist must be prepared to land using a PLF.

CLOUDS

14-79. There are four categories of clouds: high-altitude clouds, middle-altitude clouds, low-altitude

clouds, and clouds with extensive vertical development (Figure 14-16, page 14-26). Each category has

some typical weather characteristics that affect MFF parachute operations.

14-80. High clouds have a base that starts at

18,000 feet AGL and are valuable as indicators of

approaching fronts and associated changes in weather. Middle clouds, found between 6,500 feet and

18,000 feet AGL, are mostly composed of ice crystals or supercooled water vapor, which produces high

clouds and icing conditions. Middle and low clouds are most likely to impede parachuting. Low clouds

extend from near surface to 6,500 feet AGL. Their cloud base changes rapidly. Clouds that have a base

below 50 feet AGL or are in contact with the earth’s surface are defined as fog.

14-81. Clouds with vertical development usually have cloud bases below 6,500 feet AGL, the tops of

which can extend to over 60,000 feet AGL. This lifting action is caused by convective updrafts or frontal

lift when two air masses meet. These conditions are extremely hazardous for parachutists. The turbulence

inside cloud formations is strong enough to cause structural damage to aircraft airframes (and therefore

applies to parachutists under canopy). One example of these formations is the common thunderstorm cloud

with its typical anvil head shape on top as it develops. A cumulonimbus cloud is essentially a thunderstorm

without the thunder, but it has the same turbulence characteristics. Whether a cloud is exhibiting electrical

or thunderstorm activity or not tells nothing about the turbulence in or around it. All clouds have some

degree of turbulence associated with them. The faster a cloud is developing or changing, the more

turbulence it possesses.

14-82. Cloud-induced or associated factors which affect MFF parachute operations are the cloud type and

thickness

(depth) or number of layers, amount of sky covered/obscuration, resultant vertical

(MFF jumpmaster) and lateral/slant (pilot and/or HAHO parachutist) visibility, moisture type/precipitation

contained in them, freezing and/or icing factors, and turbulence. On a macro scale, the three types of

turbulence are thermal, mechanical, and frontal. Thermal turbulence is local vertical convective currents

caused by surface heating or cold air masses moving over warmer ground or water. Mechanical turbulence

results from wind passing over irregular terrain or obstructions. Frontal turbulence occurs when air masses

are locally lifted by another air mass of a different temperature and density. This creates abrupt and usually

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Chapter 14

radical wind shear, normally associated with approaching cold fronts. In general, frontal turbulence

adversely affects HAHO parachute operations.

Figure 14-16. Cloud classification

THUNDERSTORMS

14-83. Flight through thunderstorms and mission accomplishment are not compatible. This premise

applies to rotary-wing aircraft. If it applies to powered flight from inside a protected cockpit, its impact is

as pertinent, if not more so, for MFF parachutists under canopy.

14-84. Thunderstorms are mostly caused by thermal or convective uplifting. Their rate of updraft can

range from a few fps to 6,000 feet per minute. It is not only turbulence, which is associated with a

thunderstorm, but other weather variables that can cause adverse MFF conditions. For example, hail mostly

melts before it reaches the ground. It can be marble through grapefruit size in diameter at

HAHO altitudes. An example is a five-inch-diameter hailstone that came through an aircraft cockpit canopy

at 29,000 feet AGL. Hailstones have been thrown 5 miles from their parent cloud formation. In general, the

atmospheric conditions that can float a two-pound ice ball are not conducive to stable ram-air canopy flight.

14-85. Icing conditions that can accumulate on a canopy and HAHO parachutist can occur as low as

14,000 feet MSL. Buildup degrades the canopy’s glide slope (changes the K/drift factor) and overall

performance. Ice forms when air bearing supercooled moisture comes into contact with a solid object.

When a canopy and its parachutist move through this atmospheric condition, ice forms on all cell leading

edges, suspension lines, slider, as well as surface obstructions, such as canopy seams, pilot chute, and

deployment bag. Snow conditions are mostly found below 20,000 feet MSL and accumulation is not a

concern. Environmental effects on the parachutist for any MFF operation are all that must be

accommodated. Icing increases drag, which significantly decreases lift by deforming the canopy’s airfoil

shape. The most severe icing occurs between 0 and -10 degrees Celsius. Icing is rare below -20 degrees

Celsius, but is possible in any cloud below 0 degrees Celsius. Freezing rain is more probable and occurs

when supercooled water droplets (liquid water whose temperature is below freezing) hit any object and

immediately freeze on contact. This condition is more common and dangerous than normal icing as

dangerous amounts can build up in minutes. There are two documented instances of ice buildup resulting in

a rate of descent and controllability problem severe enough to cause the concerned jumpers to jettison the

main canopy.

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14-86. Lightning is an obvious hazard. The energy to create a lightning stroke

10,000 feet long is

2 to 3 million electron volts and 500,000 to 600,000 amperes. The movement of a canopy through charged

air can accumulate the static charge necessary to prompt a lightning stroke. In addition, that amount of

static electricity is enough to affect HAHO and/or magnetic compasses. This same accumulation or close

lightning strokes can have enough effect to activate EAADs and/or ARRs, which employ electrically fired

explosive cutters or pin pullers (for example, Sentinel, MARS, or Military CYPRES 2). EAADs and/or

ARRs which employ mechanical and barometric mechanisms (for example, FF-2 or KAP-3) would not be

electrically affected. In addition, parachutists who find themselves in high electrical conditions should

ensure that metal main ripcords are not left exposed, as these metallic objects could very easily act as a

lightning rod and prompt a lightning strike. Figure 14-17 depicts air movement beneath a thunderstorm cell.

Figure 14-17. Air movement beneath a thunderstorm cell

14-87. Another adverse parachuting phenomena associated with thunderstorms is the first gust. This term

applies to the rapid change in wind speed and direction close to the earth’s surface immediately prior to the

passage of a storm cell. The first gust results from the spreading of a thunderstorm’s downdraft air current

as it hits the surface of the earth. This downdraft is the reason canopy flight underneath a seemingly

innocuous storm cell or squall cloud can be disastrous. The initial wind surge, as observed at the earth’s

surface, is the first gust. It can generate turbulence as far as 8 to 10 miles ahead of the storm core,

depending on the extent of the cloud’s development. First gust wind speeds may exceed 50 knots and can

vary up to 180 degrees from previously prevailing wind direction. However, first gusts generally average

15 knots over previous velocities and average a 40-degree change in wind direction. The speed with which

the first gust arrives is extremely hazardous for parachutists under canopy. First gusts are not limited to the

area ahead of the storm cell’s direction of movement. In addition, they have associated with them an abrupt

fall in barometric pressure as the storm cell approaches and a just as rapid rise in pressure as it passes. This

atmospheric pressure change can easily be read on the parachutist’s altimeter. Figure 14-18, page 14-28,

depicts the first gust wind flow.

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Figure 14-18. First gust wind flow

14-88. Fog occurs when the cloud base is within 50 feet of the earth’s surface. Light wind is generally

favorable to the formation of fog. It gives the moisture-bearing air mass a gentle mixing circulation which

spreads the surface cooling action through a deeper layer of air, thickening the blanket of fog. Fog

dissipates with heating (usually when the sun rises) or is blown away with stronger wind. When the relative

humidity of the air layer that is directly in contact with the earth’s surface drops, the amount of fog will

decrease. The most significant impact of fog on MFF operations is the masking of the DZ surface on final

landing approach. This is especially hazardous on DZs with lower air density altitudes where rates of

descent are increased, on cool calm nights with no wind to land into, or when obstacles on the DZ are

obscured. The MFF jumpmaster should be able to visualize and anticipate potential condition scenarios.

Based on isolation planning, the MFF jumpmaster can minimize their effect by choosing the time and place

where weather factors best offset masking of the DZ surface and maximize the tactical realities of the

infiltration DZ.

14-89. Parachutist depth perception is reduced over unbroken surfaces. With no relief features to provide

visual clues, altitude estimation by the human eye is difficult. This occurs during the day and is worse

during the night or other reduced-visibility conditions. Canopy flight over water, unbroken level ground

(desert sand, grass fields, crops, and so on), and snow fields are examples. For instance, looking down on

newly fallen snow, shadows are usually not visible or are not distinct enough to provide visual clues of

surface elevation. Visual clues aid the human eye in determining angular perspective. Canopy flight

planning for landing approach and flare altitude determination is made more difficult, especially at night

over the same type of surfaces. With reduced depth perception, the tendency is to flare the canopy too late

(plow in). This condition is exacerbated during night’s reduced visibility in that there are also generally

lighter wind conditions, hence a greater rate of descent and less wind against which to create a dynamic

stall. During daylight conditions, amber goggles assist in giving the depth perception necessary to

determine landing surface conditions. At night, staying on 100-percent oxygen all the way to the ground

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Weather Factors for the Military Free-Fall Jumpmaster

maximizes night vision’s visual acuity and depth perception, and increases the probability of avoiding

injury on landing.

APPLICATION OF GENERAL WEATHER PRINCIPLES

14-90. Knowledge of general weather rules and principles is helpful to the MFF jumpmaster.

Opportunities to apply rules of thumb occur during the conduct of peacetime duties as the DZSO, during

mission planning when the operation involves infiltrating blind, or when formulating mission abort criteria

and contingency plans. For example, weather unfavorable to MFF parachuting operations is generally

indicated by falling barometric pressure with winds prevailing from the west. Clearing weather and good

parachuting conditions are usually characterized by winds which shift to western quadrants with a rising

barometer. As the MFF jumpmaster studies weather data in preparation for an infiltration airborne

operation, knowledge of these principles can assist in visualizing the weather conditions that will be in

place over the anticipated area of operations or planned DZ. This gives the MFF jumpmaster a basis of fact

with which to determine exit and opening points, probable upwind quadrants, and to establish realistic GPS

navigation waypoints. Knowledge of general weather principles reduces the reliance on chance as the

primary factor affecting the lives of the parachutists who are entrusted to the MFF jumpmaster for this

critical infiltration portion of the mission.

14-91. Most of the following principles can be visualized by remembering that low-pressure systems (bad

or less than ideal parachuting conditions) have counterclockwise airflow. High-pressure systems (relatively

good MFF conditions) rotate clockwise frontally. The last principle is that these fronts rotate around their

axes as the air mass moves from west to east. From the perspective of a ground observer, as the track of the

frontal system crosses near that position, the direction of the wind changes depending on whether it is the

leading edge, center, or trailing edge of the system that is passing. Knowing this and the speed of the front,

one can fairly accurately determine from which direction the winds will be blowing at a specified time in

the near future. At a minimum, the upwind quadrant can be determined and a wind cone established. In this

manner, given no ground-sourced information, the MFF jumpmaster can determine on a blind drop where

to exit the aircraft to be at least initially upwind of an anticipated DZ while under canopy.

14-92. When there is no ground source of wind or weather information, the drop is termed blind. The

preceding techniques are the only tools the MFF jumpmaster has to preidentify exit (release points) and

opening points which will maximize the infiltrating team’s odds of hitting a desired impact point on an

unfamiliar DZ. By sound interpretation and application of basic weather principles, the MFF jumpmaster

can enhance the team’s odds of opening, at a minimum, upwind of the intended DZ and inside the wind

cone. Despite the availability of meteorological information and the studied application of data, weather is

still an inexact science. For this reason, operational plans that do not integrate alternate DZs, abort criteria,

and contingency decision matrices are incomplete. The MFF jumpmaster is responsible for generating these

plans.

14-93. MFF jumpmasters and especially their commanders must understand that landing off of an

intended DZ on a blind drop or not landing at the desired impact point does not mean that the infiltration

was unsuccessful. For directing commanders of MFF infiltrations and peacetime airborne operations, the

definition of a successful MFF parachute infiltration is the team landing with the group intact,

undiscovered, and knowing where they are, regardless of where they land. Peacetime training is too often

conducted with detailed, current weather data and on the same familiar DZs. Those are not the conditions

that teams will realistically experience on a tactical infiltration onto a blind DZ. Teams and their supporting

staffs must exercise the same weather interpretation skills for training that they will be expected to employ

on a contingency blind drop mission preparation. Directing commanders must support and understand this

concept and the realities of the techniques being employed. All too often, landing out is construed as an

error on the part of the MFF jumpmaster instead of as an integral part of essential training. It is a tactical

reality for which the directing commander must prepare during realistic peacetime training, as well as the

cold facts of a blind tactical infiltration. Rarely does an infiltrating MFF element, dropping blind, land at a

preselected desired impact point. A commander who expects otherwise does not understand the realities of

MFF operations. A team can minimize the effects of weather-induced factors only through in-depth

planning. It can never fully control or negate them. Regardless, the MFF jumpmaster’s planning attempts to

exploit them to tactical advantage.

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14-94. As examples, two National Weather Service interpretation guidelines concerning prevailing

conditions are listed which can be useful rules of thumb in blind drop planning. One states, “when the wind

blows from a south to southeast direction and the barometer falls steadily, a storm is approaching from the

west or northwest. Its center will pass near or north of the observer within 12 to 24 hours. After it passes,

the wind will shift to the northwest by way of south and southwest.” Visualizing the movement of a

high-pressure air mass moving west to east will help explain this phenomenon. Storm centers (low-pressure

air masses) rotate counterclockwise. Their eastward movement toward, while passing over, and to the east

of the ground position explains the predictable shift of the wind direction (Figure 14-19).

Figure 14-19. Wind shift as a front passes

14-95. A second adage is that “when the wind blows from the east or northeast and the barometer falls

steadily, a storm is approaching from the south or southwest. Its center will pass near or to the south of the

observer, after which the wind will shift to the northwest by way of north.” Some other useful general rules

concerning the barometer follow. The speed of a storm’s approach will be indicated by the rate of fall of

the barometric pressure. The storm’s intensity is indicated by the amount of fall. A falling barometer and a

rising thermometer often forecast rain. A barometer and thermometer rising together usually indicates good

weather. A slowly rising barometer forecasts settled, stable weather. A steady, slow fall in barometric

pressure indicates forthcoming unsettled or wet weather.

14-96. There are several linkages between barometric changes and wind velocity. It is generally true that

a rapidly falling barometer forecasts the advent of strong winds. It is reflecting the development or

approach of a low-pressure area or front. In a low-pressure center, the pressure gradient is usually steep,

hence the higher wind velocities. Conversely, a rising barometer is associated with the prospect of lighter

winds. This is true because it is indicating the arrival of a high-pressure center, where the pressure gradient

is characteristically smaller, conditions more stable, and winds therefore lighter. Regardless, the barometer

does not necessarily fall before or during a strong breeze. In fact, the wind can often blow hard without any

appreciable accompanying change in pressure. This is the case where a steep pressure gradient exists

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(isobars close together), but the well-developed high- or low-pressure area is practically stationary. In this

case, the strong winds will continue for some time. Any slackening or change in wind velocity will take

place slowly.

14-97. Temperature can give some indications of approaching weather, but only as it applies to local

conditions. For example, cold air carried down from a thunderstorm cloud as part of the first gust may be

felt more than 3 miles in advance of the storm itself. This is a tangible warning confirming the approach of

hazardous parachuting conditions. Stronger storm systems’ downdrafts may be felt significantly further

from the storm cell and are usually quite graphic in the amount and speed of temperature change.

14-98. Despite all of forecasting’s scientific instruments, satellite imagery, and trained professionals,

there is also a certain amount of guidance inherent in traditional weather proverbs. Where the origins have

been lost over time and their originators did not know why they were true, their survival over the centuries

attests to their general validity. They can be used, with caution, when adapted to local weather conditions.

They illustrate some key weather principles. As such, the following is a distillation of the salient weather

points derived from some weather proverbs and are known to have some value in making weather decisions

and determining prevailing wind directions (the following apply generally to the midlatitudes):

Fair weather and good MFF parachuting conditions are indicated when there are high-flying

cirrus clouds that resemble wisps in a mare’s tail. Only when the sky becomes heavy with cirrus

clouds can one expect stormy weather. Thick cirrus clouds (mackerel skies) are the cirrocumulus

clouds that resemble rippled sand on a beach. Less-than-ideal parachuting conditions (advancing

low-pressure systems) can be expected within 8 to 12 hours of the advent of heavy cirrus clouds.

The proverb “Red sky in morning, jumper take warning; red sky at night, jumper’s delight”

draws on the following atmospheric facts. A red sunrise (obviously in the east) is caused by a

dry and perhaps hazy or pollutant-laden air mass which scatters the shorter wavelengths of the

sun’s rays, allowing only the red wavelengths to pass through, causing a red tint to the sky and

any clouds. With the dry air mass to the east, it is reasonable that the air mass to the west will be

moist and perhaps stormy. With a generally west-to-east flow, it can be expected that the rainy

or stormy weather would approach next. The opposite scenario occurs when the air mass to the

west is dry with a red sunset; the approaching weather can be expected to be benign.

A morning rainbow, when viewed in the west, is illuminated by the sun shining on it from the

east. The moisture in the air creating the rainbow (and the storm behind it) will be moving to the

east; therefore, one can expect rain. An evening rainbow, viewed in the east, would signify that

the storm has passed. Another set of rainbow indicators are the wind conditions. If the rainbow is

upwind, then one can expect its moisture to reach the observer. If the rainbow appears

downwind, then the moisture has already passed and is moving away from the observer.

Wind direction that shifts from east to west, or in the same arc as the sun moves, almost always

results in clear skies. Wind that changes against the sun’s movement, west to east, usually brings

bad weather or less-than-ideal parachuting conditions.

The shape and color of the moon can be indicators of coming weather changes. Whereas the

moon has no appreciable control over the weather beyond a small tidal effect, it is another

visible and reliable sign of weather change. It is not the moon’s influence, but the atmospheric

conditions that influence the moon’s appearance. A moon halo is an excellent atmospheric sign

of rain. A moon’s halo, especially after that day’s pale sun, confirms the advent of rain. The

moon’s halo is created by the illuminated ice crystals of the high approaching cirriform clouds

on the leading edge of a weather front. When the whole sky is covered with these cloud forms, a

warm front is approaching, normally bringing rain within 8 to 12 hours.

A halo visible around the sun indicates the approach of a storm within the next 36 hours. The

storm will approach from the side of the sun that has the brightest (or the open) part of the halo.

As cirrus and cirrostratus fronts push across the sky, they are backlit by the moon or sun. The

halo first appears and subsequently becomes brightest in that part of the halo’s arc from which

the low-pressure system is approaching. Later, the halo becomes complete and the light is

uniform throughout. As the storm advances, altostratus clouds arrive and obliterate the brightest

part of the halo, which is the part closest to the direction from which the storm approaches.

Hence, there are the two halo condition indicators.

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14-99. Application of the principles described in this chapter has more value when referred against a

weather map, however general or simplified. Understanding the atmospheric conditions which accompany

depicted weather phenomena provides a fairly detailed and useful tool by which the MFF jumpmaster can

plan parachute operations. Therefore, the following weather signs and rules of thumb (not in any specific

order) are provided that can amplify some of the principles discussed and condense longer explanations of

the physical events behind the weather. However, MFF jumpmasters must use great caution when

considering these rules of thumb as most apply to midlatitude, interior-of-continents, Northern Hemisphere

locations:

Fair weather will generally continue when—

Summer fog clears off before noon.

Cloud bases along mountains increase in height.

Clouds tend to decrease in number.

The wind blows gently from west to northwest.

The barometer is steady or rising slowly.

There is a red sky at sunset when the sky overhead is clear.

The moon shines brightly and the wind is light.

There is a heavy dew or frost at night.

Weather will generally change for the worse when—

Cirrus clouds change to cirrostratus, lower, and thicken.

Rapidly moving clouds increase in number and lower in altitude.

Clouds move in different directions at different altitudes.

Altocumulus or altostratus clouds darken the western horizon and the barometer begins to

fall rapidly.

The wind shifts to the south or the east. The greatest change occurs when the wind shifts

from the north to south via the east.

The wind blows strongly in the early morning.

The temperature rises abnormally in the winter.

The barometer falls steadily.

There is a downpour at night.

A cold, warm, or occluded front approaches.

Weather will generally clear when—

Cloud bases increase in altitude.

The wind shifts to a westerly direction. The greatest change occurs when the wind shifts to

the west from east via the south.

The barometer rises rapidly, except when it rises rapidly ahead of an approaching

thunderstorm. Pressure rising rapidly ahead of an approaching thunderstorm is a sign of

potentially severe weather.

A cold front has passed 3 to 6 hours previously.

14-32

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M

24 October 2014

Weather Factors for the Military Free-Fall Jumpmaster

Rain or snow will generally occur—

When a cold, warm, or occluded front approaches.

18 to 36 hours after the first cirrostratus clouds are noted to thicken.

12 to 24 hours after cirrostratus clouds are noted and there is a halo around the sun or moon.

Within 6 to 8 hours when the morning temperature is unusually high, the air is humid, and

cumulus clouds are building.

Within an hour in the afternoon when there is static on a car radio and cumulus clouds are

observed.

When the sky is dark and threatening in the west.

When a southerly wind increases in speed and clouds are moving from the west.

When the wind, especially a north wind, shifts in a counterclockwise direction from north to

west to south.

The barometer falls steadily.

The temperature will generally fall when—

The wind shifts into the north or northwest.

The wind continues to blow from the north or northwest.

The night is clear and the wind is light.

The barometer rises steadily in the winter.

A cold front has passed.

The temperature will generally rise when—

The sky is overcast and there is a moderately southerly wind at night.

The sky is clear during the day and there is a light, southerly wind.

The wind shifts from the west or northwest to the south.

A warm front has passed.

Fog will generally form when—

The sky is clear at sunset, the wind is light, and the air is humid.

Warm rain is falling through cold air ahead of a warm front.

There is a large temperature difference between relatively warm water and colder air above

it.

MOON PHASES

14-100. In planning night MFF parachute operations, an MFF jumpmaster must know the various moon

phases and the light levels pertinent to each. The moon revolves eastward around the earth. It appears to

move east to west because its rotational speed is slower than the earth’s. A complete revolution around the

earth takes 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, and 28 seconds. Because the time required for a revolution does

not vary, the same side of the moon is always exposed to the earth. Since the orbital plane of the moon is

tilted 5 degrees, 9 minutes toward the earth’s orbital plane, its orbit is closer to the Northern Hemisphere

during winter months. As a result, moonlight is brighter in the winter than in the summer.

14-101. As the moon revolves on a vertical arc, the distance from a stationary point on the earth’s surface

to the moon varies as the moon moves on its easterly orbit. This distance is referred to as the altitude. The

altitude and the moon phase are the two most important factors influencing night illumination. The rotation

of the moon never changes and follows an exact time frame. Therefore, time tables for each moon phase

(new moon, first quarter, full moon, and last quarter) can be accurately computed for any year. These are

normally provided by the USAF Air Weather Service. Geographical location is not a consideration in

computing moon phases. It is, however, pertinent to moonrise, moonset, percent illumination, and the use

of NVGs. Various computer programs exist which will incorporate user-defined illumination parameters

for NVG applications and elevations AGL.

Note: An example of MFF lunar data follows in Table 14-2, page 14-35.

24 October 2014

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M

14-33

Chapter 14

14-102. The constant change in the moon’s phase angle causes varying levels of light received from the

moon. At low altitude (moon elevation above the horizon), the vertical component of moonlight incident to

the earth’s horizontal surface is small compared to the incident when the moon is at a higher altitude. Also,

at low angles of incidence, light is further reduced in intensity by the longer distance it must travel through

the earth’s atmosphere. As the moon ascends in the sky, the distance light travels through the atmosphere

decreases as the vertical component increases, thus providing greater illumination. The greatest light level

is achieved when the moon is directly overhead. A description of the moon phases follows.

NEW MOON

14-103. A new moon phase occurs when the moon rotates to a position between the sun and the earth. This

phase always begins during the day and is not visible at night. Visual observation of the new moon at night

is not possible until the moon is approximately two days into this phase. The time required to complete the

phase is approximately 8 days. During the first portion (5 days) of the phase, a low-light level will exist. As

the phase progresses, illumination increases and light conditions will reach mid-light levels. Moonrise

occurs during the daylight hours and moonset before midnight. Approximately 40- to 50-percent of the

moon will be illuminated at the end of the new moon phase. Night parachute operations conducted during

this phase will be under low-light levels, which will prevail most of the time. Best light conditions will

exist shortly after darkness when the moon is at its highest observable altitude of the night.

FIRST QUARTER

14-104. The phase angle of the moon at the first quarter begins at the 90-degree position in relation to the

earth. During this quarter, more than one half of the moon face, but not all the apparent disk, is illuminated.

Approximately 4 days are required to complete the first quarter phase. During the first days of the first

quarter and the last days of the new moon (approximately 5 days), the light will be in the mid-light range

with increasing intensity. Moonrise occurs during daylight near the end of the day. Moonset changes from

midnight to the early morning hours of darkness. The best time to conduct parachute operations will

normally be about midnight when the moon is at its highest altitude. Light intensity is becoming brighter

during this moon phase. When the moon is low on the horizon, avoiding backlighting a landing canopy

stack should be included as a planning factor.

FULL MOON

14-105. A full moon occurs when the sun, moon, and earth are aligned. At this time, the moon is radiating

its greatest percent of illumination. The full moon phase spans approximately 3 days before and 3 days

after the full moon. High-light conditions begin during the last days of the first quarter and extend to the

first days of the last quarter (approximately 12 days). During the early part of this phase, moonrise occurs

just before nautical twilight and progressively moves into the hours of darkness. Moonset will occur during

the early morning daylight hours. The optimum time to conduct parachute operations will be the first few

hours after midnight.

LAST QUARTER

14-106. This phase of the moon is similar to the first quarter, only in reverse sequence. It begins when less

than the entire disk is visible and ends when only half of the moon is visible. The last quarter will normally

last approximately 5 days. Light will decrease from a high-light level (approximately 3 days) down to a

mid-light level that extends into the transition phase (approximately 5 days). Moonrise will occur shortly

before to just after midnight. The optimum time to conduct parachute operations is just prior to beginning

morning nautical twilight. Moonset occurs during daylight hours. Table 14-2, page 14-35, provides an

example of MFF lunar data for Washington National Airport (latitude: 38 degrees 51 minutes north;

longitude: 77 degrees 2 minutes west; DZ altitude: 0). All times are Greenwich Mean Time plus 4 hours.

14-34

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M

24 October 2014

Weather Factors for the Military Free-Fall Jumpmaster

Table 14-2. Military free-fall lunar data example

Day of

Moon

Start

Stop

Moon

Percent

Moon Phase

Month

Rise

NVG*

NVG

Set

Illumination

0906

1149

1339

2345

Transition phase continues

0949

1234

1339

****

1037

****

0037

1130

****

0126

1228

****

0212

1330

****

0254

End transition

1434

****

0332

New moon starts

1540

****

0408

1647

****

0442

1755

****

0516

1904

****

0550

2013

****

0626

2121

****

0705

2228

****

0749

First quarter starts

2331

****

0838

****

0432

0508

0933

0029

0448

0614

1033

0121

0513

0742

1136

Full moon starts

0205

0536

0912

1241

0245

0555

1033

1345

0320

0618

1150

1449

100

0352

0641

1302

1550

100

0422

0704

1401

1650

0452

0731

1402

1749

Full moon ends

0522

0800

1403

1847

Last quarter starts

0553

0832

1404

1944

0626

0907

1405

2040

0703

0945

1406

2134

0744

1028

1407

2227

Last quarter ends

0829

1115

1408

2317

Transition phase starts

0920

1205

1408

****

NOTES: NVG - Night vision goggle user-defined parameters.

* For NVG use, lunar altitude > 30 degrees above horizon, solar altitude < -6 degrees below horizon,

and lunar illumination > 23%.

**** NVG illumination levels: outside of user-defined parameters.

TRANSITION PHASE

14-107. Although there is no term that describes the period following the last quarter, there is a period of

approximately 7 days after the end of the last quarter before the new moon phase begins. It is similar to the

new moon phase, but in reverse order. Illumination of the moon decreases from half of the disk to no

visible form. Moonrise occurs a few hours before beginning morning nautical twilight and moonset will

always be during the daylight hours. Light will vary from a mid-light level during the first few days

(approximately 3 days) to a low-light condition (approximately 4 days). To achieve any benefit from the

moon illumination, parachute operations must be conducted 2 to 3 hours before beginning morning nautical

twilight. The longest period of time of low-light conditions exists from the transition phase to the first

24 October 2014

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M

14-35

Chapter 14

quarter. During this period, there are approximately 16 days when the moon is less than half illuminated,

but is visible less than 50 percent of the hours of darkness.

REFERENCE TABLES

14-108. Wind Estimation—Natural Indicators. DZ reception personnel or MFF jumpmasters can use the

following natural method (Table 14-3) to determine approximate wind velocity. For safety, however,

personnel should add an additional 2.5 mph (3.7 kilometers per hour or 2 knots) to the estimate to avoid

underestimation. Values, when overestimated and used in the computation of canopy drift distances, add

safety margins to wind drift calculations.

Table 14-3. Approximate wind velocity by natural indicators

Miles Per

Kilometers

Knots

Natural Indicators

Hour

Per Hour

No motion; smoke rises vertically.

3.2

1.7

Leaves rustle; wind felt on face.

Smoke drifts.

Leaves and twigs in constant motion.

Small branches move; dust raised.

Small trees sway; crests raised on waves of inland water

bodies.

Large branches in motion.

Whole trees in motion; ability to walk is affected.

14-109. Estimating Wind Velocity—Handkerchief Method. A second method of estimating wind

velocity involves holding a handkerchief or similar mass cloth/streamer at the center and letting it hang

free. By estimating the angle of the handkerchief to an imaginary vertical line by extending a line from the

hand to the ground, it is possible, using the following chart (Table 14-4), to estimate wind velocity with

reasonable accuracy. For safety, an additional 2.5 mph (3.7 kilometers per hour or 2 knots) should be added

to avoid underestimation.

Table 14-4. Handkerchief angle wind velocity

Angle

Speed

(Degrees)

(Miles Per Hour)

(Kilometers Per Hour)

(Knots)

14-110. Conversion Tables. Use the following tables (Tables 14-5 through 14-20, pages 14-37 through

14-41) to convert between measurements.

14-36

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M

24 October 2014

Weather Factors for the Military Free-Fall Jumpmaster

Table 14-5. Linear measure

Unit

Other Metric Equivalent

U.S. Equivalent

1 centimeter

10 millimeters

0.39 inch

1 decimeter

10 centimeters

3.94 inches

1 meter

10 decimeters

39.37 inches

1 decameter

10 meters

32.8 feet

1 hectometer

10 decameters

328.08 feet

1 kilometer

10 hectometers

3,280.8 feet

Table 14-6. Liquid measure

Unit

Other Metric Equivalent

U.S. Equivalent

1 centiliter

10 milliliters

0.34 fluid ounce

1 deciliter

10 centiliters

3.38 fluid ounces

1 liter

10 deciliters

33.81 fluid ounces

1 decaliter

10 liters

2.64 gallons

1 hectoliter

10 deciliters

26.42 gallons

1 kiloliter

10 hectoliters

264.18 gallons

Table 14-7. Weight

Unit

Other Metric Equivalent

U.S. Equivalent

1 centigram

10 milligrams

0.15 grain

1 decigram

10 centigrams

1.54 grains

1 gram

10 decigrams

0.035 ounce

1 decagram

10 grams

0.35 ounce

1 hectogram

10 decigrams

3.52 ounces

1 kilogram

10 hectograms

2.2 pounds

1 quintal

100 kilograms

220.46 pounds

1 metric ton

10 quintals

1.1 short tons

Table 14-8. Square measure

Unit

Other Metric Equivalent

U.S. Equivalent

1 square centimeter

100 square millimeters

0.155 square inch

1 square decimeter

100 square centimeters

15.5 square inches

1 square meter (centaur)

100 square decimeters

10.76 square feet

1 square decameter (are)

100 square meters

1,076.4 square feet

1 square hectometer (hectare)

100 square decameters

2.47 acres

1 square kilometer

100 square hectometers

0.386 square mile

Table 14-9. Cubic measure

Unit

Other Metric Equivalent

U.S. Equivalent

1 cubic centimeter

1,000 cubic millimeters

0.06 cubic inch

1 cubic decimeter

1,000 cubic centimeters

61.02 cubic inches

1 cubic meter

1,000 cubic decimeters

35.31 cubic feet

24 October 2014

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M

14-37

Chapter 14

Table 14-10. Temperature

Convert From

Convert To

Celsius

Fahrenheit

Subtract 32, multiply by 5, and divide by 9

Fahrenheit

Celsius

Multiply by 9, divide by 5, and add 32

Table 14-11. Approximate conversion factors

To Change

Multiply By

To Change

Multiply By

Inches

Centimeters

2.540

Ounce-inches

Newton-meters

0.007062

Feet

Meters

0.305

Centimeters

Inches

3.94

Yards

Meters

0.914

Meters

Feet

3.280

Miles

Kilometers

1.609

Meters

Yards

1.094

Square

Square inches

6.451

Kilometers

Miles

0.621

centimeters

Square

Square feet

Square meters

0.093

Square inches

0.155

centimeters

Square yards

Square meters

0.836

Square meters

Square feet

10.76

Square

Square miles

2.590

Square meters

Square yards

1.196

kilometers

Square

Acres

0.405

Square miles

0.386

hectometers

kilometers

Square

Cubic feet

Cubic meters

0.028

Acres

2.471

hectometers

Cubic yards

Cubic meters

0.765

Cubic meters

Cubic feet

35.315

Fluid ounces

Millimeters

29.573

Cubic meters

Cubic yards

1.308

Pints

Liters

0.473

Millimeters

Fluid ounces

0.034

Quarts

Liters

0.946

Liters

Pints

2.113

Gallons

Liters

3.785

Liters

Quarts

1.057

Ounces

Grams

28.349

Liters

Gallons

0.264

Pounds

Kilograms

0.454

Grams

Ounces

0.035

Short tons

Metric tons

0.907

Kilograms

Pounds

2.205

Pounds-feet

Newton-meters

1.356

Metric tons

Short tons

1.102

Pounds-inches

Newton-meters

0.11296

Nautical miles

Kilometers

1.852

Table 14-12. Area

To Change

Multiply By

To Change

Multiply By

Square

Square inches

0.00155

Square inches

645.16

millimeters

Square

Square inches

9.155

Square inches

6.452

centimeters

Square meters

Square inches

1,550

Square inches

Square meters

0.00065

Square meters

Square feet

10.764

Square feet

Square meters

0.093

Square meters

Square yards

1.196

Square yards

Square meters

0.836

Square

Square miles

0.386

Square miles

2.59

kilometers

14-38

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M

24 October 2014

Weather Factors for the Military Free-Fall Jumpmaster

Table 14-13. Volume

To Change

Multiply By

To Change

Multiply By

Cubic

Cubic inches

0.061

Cubic inches

16.39

centimeters

Cubic meters

Cubic feet

35.31

Cubic feet

Cubic meters

0.028

Cubic meters

Cubic yards

1.308

Cubic yards

Cubic meters

0.765

Liters

Cubic inches

61.02

Cubic inches

Liters

0.016

Liters

Cubic feet

0.035

Cubic feet

Liters

28.32

Table 14-14. Capacity

To Change

Multiply By

To Change

Multiply By

Milliliters

Fluid drams

0.271

Fluid drams

Milliliters

3.697

Milliliters

Fluid ounces

0.034

Fluid ounces

Milliliters

29.57

Liters

Fluid ounces

33.81

Fluid ounces

Liters

0.030

Liters

Pints

2.113

Pints

Liters

0.473

Liters

Quarts

1.057

Quarts

Liters

0.946

Liters

Gallons

0.264

Liters

Gallons

3.785

Table 14-15. Statute miles to kilometers and nautical miles

Statute Miles

Kilometers

Nautical Miles

Statute Miles

Kilometers

Nautical Miles

1.61

0.86

96.60

52.14

3.22

1.74

112.70

60.83

4.83

2.61

128.80

69.52

6.44

3.48

144.90

78.21

8.05

4.35

100

161.00

86.92

9.66

5.21

200

322.00

173.80

11.27

6.08

300

483.00

260.70

12.88

6.95

400

644.00

347.60

14.49

7.82

500

805.00

434.50

16.10

8.69

600

966.00

521.40

32.20

17.38

700

1,127.00

608.30

48.30

26.07

800

1,288.00

695.20

64.40

34.76

900

1,449.00

782.10

80.50

43.45

1,000

1,610.00

869.00

24 October 2014

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M

14-39

Chapter 14

Table 14-16. Nautical miles to kilometers and statute miles

Nautical Miles

Kilometers

Statute Miles

Nautical Miles

Kilometers

Statute Miles

1.85

1.15

111.00

69.00

3.70

2.30

129.50

80.50

5.55

3.45

148.00

92.00

7.40

4.60

166.50

103.50

9.25

5.75

100

185.00

115.00

11.10

6.90

200

370.00

230.00

12.95

8.05

300

555.00

345.00

14.80

9.20

400

740.00

460.00

16.65

10.35

500

925.00

575.00

18.50

11.50

600

1,110.00

690.00

37.00

23.00

700

1,295.00

805.00

55.50

34.50

800

1,480.00

920.00

74.00

46.00

900

1,665.00

1,033.00

92.50

57.50

1,000

1,850.00

1,150.00

Table 14-17. Kilometers to statute and nautical miles

Kilometers

Statute Miles

Nautical Miles

Kilometers

Statute Miles

Nautical Miles

0.62

0.54

37.28

32.38

1.24

1.08

43.50

37.77

1.86

1.62

49.71

43.17

2.49

2.16

55.93

48.56

3.11

2.70

100

62.14

53.96

3.73

3.24

200

124.28

107.92

4.35

3.78

300

186.42

161.88

4.97

4.32

400

248.56

215.84

5.59

4.86

500

310.70

269.80

6.21

5.40

600

372.84

323.76

12.43

10.79

700

434.98

377.72

18.64

16.19

800

497.12

431.68

24.86

21.58

900

559.26

485.64

31.07

26.98

1,000

621.40

539.60

14-40

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M

24 October 2014

Weather Factors for the Military Free-Fall Jumpmaster

Table 14-18. Yards to meters

Yards

Meters

Yards

Meters

Yards

Meters

100

1,000

914

1,900

1,737

200

183

1,100

1,006

2,000

1,828

300

274

1,200

1,097

3,000

2,742

400

366

1,300

1,189

4,000

3,656

500

457

1,400

1,280

5,000

4,570

600

549

1,500

1,372

6,000

5,484

700

640

1,600

1,463

7,000

6,398

800

732

1,700

1,554

8,000

7,212

900

823

1,800

1,646

9,000

8,226

Table 14-19. Meters to yards

Meters

Yards

Meters

Yards

Meters

Yards

100

109

1,000

1,094

1,900

2,078

200

219

1,100

1,203

2,000

2,188

300

328

1,200

1,312

3,000

3,282

400

437

1,300

1,422

4,000

4,376

500

547

1,400

1,531

5,000

5,470

600

656

1,500

1,640

6,000

6,564

700

766

1,600

1,750

7,000

7,658

800

875

1,700

1,860

8,000

8,752

900

984

1,800

1,969

9,000

9,846

Table 14-20. Determination of altitude by barometric pressure (in inches of mercury)

Inches

Feet

22,638

22,430

22,223

22,018

21,815

21,612

21,412

21,213

21,015

20,819

20,624

20,431

20,238

20,048

19,858

19,670

19,483

19,298

19,114

18,931

18,749

18,568

18,389

18,211

18,033

17,858

17,683

17,509

17,337

17,156

16,995

16,825

16,657

16,490

16,324

16,158

15,994

15,831

15,669

15,507

15,347

15,187

15,029

14,871

14,715

14,559

14,404

14,250

14,097

13,945

13,793

13,643

13,493

13,344

13,196

13,049

12,902

12,756

12,611

12,467

12,324

12,181

12,039

11,898

11,758

11,618

11,479

11,340

11,203

11,066

10,930

10,794

10,659

10,525

10,391

10,259

10,126

9,995

9,864

9,733

9,604

9,474

9,346

9,218

9,091

8,964

8,838

8,712

8,587

8,463

8,339

8,216

8,093

7,971

7,849

7,728

7,608

7,488

7,368

7,249

7,131

7,013

6,896

6,779

6,662

6,546

6,431

6,316

6,212

6,088

5,947

5,861

5,749

5,637

5,525

5,414

5,303

5,193

5,083

4,947

4,865

4,756

4,648

4,540

4,433

4,326

4,220

4,114

4,009

3,903

3,799

3,694

3,590

3,487

3,384

3,281

3,179

3,077

2,975

2,874

2,773

2,672

2,572

2,473

2,373

2,274

2,176

2,077

1,979

1,882

1,794

1,688

1,591

1,495

1,399

1,303

1,208

1,113

1,019

925

831

737

644

551

458

366

247

182

-91

-181

-271

-361

-451

-540

-629

-718

-806

-894

24 October 2014

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M

14-41

Appendix A

Military Free-Fall Critical Task Lists

This appendix includes the critical task lists for the MFF Basic Course, the

MFF Jumpmaster Course, the MFF Advanced Tactical Infiltration Course, and the

MFF Instructor Course.

MFF Basic Course

Module A: Ground Training (9 Tasks)

Task Number

Task Title

331-MFF-1000

Perform Body Stabilization Techniques

331-MFF-1005

Pack the MC-4 Ram-Air Canopy

331-MFF-1010

React to Emergencies in the Aircraft During a MFF Operation

331-MFF-1015

React to Emergencies While in Free Fall

331-MFF-1020

React to Emergencies During Canopy Descent Using a RAPPS

331-MFF-1025

Don the MC-4 RAPPS

331-MFF-1030

Activate the Military CYPRES

331-MFF-1035

Rig Weapons and Combat Equipment for a MFF Operation

Respond to Aircraft Procedure Signals and Jump Commands During MFF Airborne

331-MFF-1040

Operation

Module B: Airborne Operations (7 Tasks)

Task Number

Task Title

331-MFF-1045

Perform an MFF Operation Wearing Combat Equipment

Perform an MFF Operation Wearing Combat Equipment and Portable Bailout Oxygen

331-MFF-1050

System

Perform an MFF Operation Wearing Combat Equipment and Portable Bailout Oxygen

331-MFF-1055

System as a Member of a Group

331-MFF-1060

Perform an MFF HAHO Parachute Jump With Navigation Aids

Perform an MFF Operation Wearing Combat Equipment and Portable Bailout Oxygen

331-MFF-1065

System as a Member of a Group at Night

331-MFF-1070

Maneuver the MC-4 Ram-Air Canopy to a Designated Point as a Member of a Group

331-MFF-1075

Perform MFF Operations With NVGs

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A-1

Appendix A

MFF Jumpmaster Course

Module A: Ground Training (12 Tasks)

Task Number

Task Title

331-MFF-2000

Perform JMPI on an MFF Parachutist

331-MFF-2005

Compute the HARP for a HALO Operation

331-MFF-2006

Compute the HARP for a HAHO Operation

331-MFF-2010

Determine the Altimeter Setting for a MFF Operation

331-MFF-2015

Compute the Military CYPRES EAAD Setting

331-MFF-2020

Rig Specialized Weapons and Combat Equipment for MFF Operations

331-MFF-2025

Perform the Duties of an MFF Jumpmaster

331-MFF-2030

Operate the Six-Man Prebreather Portable Oxygen System

331-MFF-2045

Conduct MFF Parachute Refresher Training

331-MFF-2050

Conduct MFF Jumpmaster Refresher Training

331-MFF-2055

Perform Sustained Airborne Training for MFF Operations

331-MFF-2065

Supervise the Donning of the MC-4 RAPPS

Module B: Airborne Operations (4 Tasks)

Task Number

Task Title

Determine the Exit Order (Solo Jumpers With Military Tandem Tethered Bundle or

331-MFF-2027

Autonomous Bundle Systems)

331-MFF-2035

Issue Jump Commands Used in MFF Parachute Operation

331-MFF-2040

Direct an Aircraft to the Release Point

331-MFF-2060

React to Emergencies in the Aircraft During an MFF Operation as a Jumpmaster

MFF Advanced Tactical Infiltration Course

Module A: Ground Training (6 Tasks)

Task Number

Task Title

331-MFF-4005

Perform Body Stabilization Techniques With NVGs, Special Weapons, and Equipment

331-MFF-4007

Rig the Parachutist Helmet With NVGs for MFF Operations

331-MFF-4008

Program an Electronic Navigation Board System for MFF Operations

331-MFF-4009

Rig an Electronic Navigation Board System for MFF Operations

331-MFF-4012

Construct an Autonomous Precision Airdrop Bundle System

331-MFF-4013

Program the Autonomous Precision Airdrop Bundle System

A-2

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M

24 October 2014

Military Free-Fall Critical Task Lists

MFF Advanced Tactical Infiltration Course

Module B: Airborne Operations (14 Tasks)

Task Number

Task Title

331-MFF-1005

Pack the MC-4 Ram-Air Canopy

331-MFF-2000

Perform JMPI on an MFF Parachutist

331-MFF-2027

Determine the Exit Order (Solo Jumpers With the Autonomous Bundle Systems)

331-MFF-4001

Perform a MFF Operation With Special Weapons and Equipment

Perform MFF Operation With NVGs, Special Weapons and Equipment, and Portable

331-MFF-4003

Oxygen System

Perform an MFF High-Altitude High-Opening (HAHO) Parachute Jump Utilizing

331-MFF-4004

Electronic Navigation and Combat Equipment

331-MFF-4010

Operate the MFF Electronic Navigation System While Under Canopy

Maneuver the MC-4 Ram-Air Canopy to a Designated Point on the Drop Zone Utilizing

331-MFF-4011

Electronic Navigation Equipment

331-MFF-4014

Employ the Autonomous Precision Airdrop Bundle System

Perform MFF Operations With NVGs, Special Weapons, Combat Equipment, and a

331-MFF-4015

Portable Bailout Oxygen System as a Member of a Group

331-MFF-4016

Compute the HARP for a HAHO Operation Utilizing Electronic Navigation Equipment

331-MFF-4017

Perform a Blind Drop for an MFF Operation

331-MFF-4018

Conduct MFF Parachute Special Weapon and Equipment Refresher Training

331-MFF-4019

Conduct MFF Jumpmaster Special Weapon and Equipment Refresher Training

MFF Instructor Course (19 Tasks)

Task Number

Task Title

331-MFF-1005

Pack the MC-4 Ram-Air Canopy

331-MFF-1010

React to Emergencies in the Aircraft During a MFF Operation

331-MFF-1020

React to Emergencies During Canopy Descent Using a RAPPS

331-MFF-1035

Rig Weapons and Combat Equipment for a MFF Operation

Perform an MFF Parachute Jump with Combat Equipment and Portable Bailout

331-MFF-1065

Oxygen System as a Member of a Group at Night

331-MFF-1070

Maneuver the MC-4 Ram-Air Canopy to a Designated Point as a Member of a Group

331-MFF-2035

Issue Jump Commands Used in MFF Parachute Operations

331-MFF-3005

Conduct Vertical Wind Tunnel Training for MFF Parachutist Course Student

331-MFF-3010

Pack the Instructor-Certified Ram-Air Parachute System

331-MFF-3015

Don the Instructor-Certified Ram-Air Parachute System

24 October 2014

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A-3

Appendix B

Military Free-Fall Parachutist Qualification

and Refresher Training Requirements

MFF parachuting skills are highly perishable. MFF personnel maintain these skills

through regularly scheduled training periods to develop the necessary degree of

proficiency. Otherwise, mission capability and parachutist safety will be reduced.

MEDICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAINING REQUIREMENTS

B-1. Each MFF parachutist must have met the following minimum requirements to participate in MFF

operations:

Must have a current HALO physical examination in accordance with Service regulations.

Students attending the MFF course must have a HALO physical in accordance with the

USAJFKSWCS standard.

Must have a current physiological training card (AF IMT Form 1274 [Physiological Training] or

USASOC Form 4080 [Reduced Oxygen Breathing Device Physiological Training]) dated within

the last 5 years. A physiological training card is maintained by undergoing physiological training

every 5 years.

Must be a graduate of a USAJFKSWCS-recognized MFF parachutist course.

Must be a current MFF parachutist.

CURRENCY REQUIREMENTS

B-2. Currency does not equate to proficiency. Parachutists cannot consider MFF airborne operations to

meet pay requirements as proficiency jumps unless the mission profile follows a tactical insertion profile.

MFF jumpmaster currency standards are outlined in Chapter 13.

B-3. To meet the minimum MFF currency standards, the parachutist must have—

A current HALO physical (per Service requirements).

A current physiological training card (AF IMT Form 1274 or USASOC Form 4080).

Conducted an MFF jump within the last 180 days.

MILITARY FREE-FALL PARACHUTE REQUALIFICATION

AND REFRESHER TRAINING

B-4. Previously qualified MFF parachutists who, after meeting medical and USAF chamber currency

requirements, do not meet the proficiency and currency requirements listed above, will undergo the

following training to become requalified:

Review arm-and-hand signals, aircraft procedures, and jump commands.

Review DZ markings.

Attend wind tunnel training (if available).

Attend a packing class.

Attend Military CYPRES 2 class.

Attend an oxygen class.

Review exit procedures and body stabilization.

Attend emergency procedures class and suspended harness drills.

Attend combat equipment rigging (combat pack and weapon) class.

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B-1

Appendix B

Attend canopy control and grouping under canopy class.

Perform one daylight jump without combat equipment, stressing a stable exit, maintaining

heading, and pulling the ripcord at the prescribed pull altitude while maintaining heading

(±500 feet).

Perform one daylight jump with rifle and combat equipment, executing a stable exit, making a

left and right turn, stopping on heading, and pulling the ripcord at the prescribed pull altitude

(±500 feet) while maintaining heading, and landing within 50 meters of the group leader.

Note: At any time, the jumpmaster may stop a parachutist from going to the next level if he

determines that the parachutist has not satisfactorily performed the task. Jumpmaster will

conduct after action review with all MFF refresher jumpers.

MILITARY FREE-FALL HIGH-ALTITUDE HIGH-OPENING

PARACHUTIST REQUALIFICATION AND REFRESHER TRAINING

B-5. Previously qualified MFF parachutists who do not meet proficiency and currency requirements will,

after becoming current as an MFF parachutist, undergo the training outlined below. The intent of the

following recommendations is to build upon the training progression listed in the previous paragraphs. In

addition, the intent is to provide safe training and to increase parachutist skills, ability, and confidence,

culminating in a HAHO night combat equipment oxygen jump. Recommendations include that the

parachutists make—

One daylight HAHO with NVGs landing within 100 meters of the low man.

One daylight HAHO with NVGs and combat equipment landing within 100 meters of the low

man.

One daylight HAHO with NVGs, combat equipment, and oxygen landing within 100 meters of

the low man.

Note: Parachutists should perform same day jump sequence as above for night MFF refreshers.

Note: Altitude recommendation will be established by the jumpmaster for each jump. Not all

aircraft and training installations have the capability to reach maximum altitudes for training

jumps during requalification and refresher training. The intent is to provide safe training and to

increase the parachutists’ skills, ability, and confidence, culminating in a HAHO night jump

wearing NVGs, combat equipment, and oxygen—with jumpers landing within the desired

landing point.

B-2

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M, C2

18 August 2016

Appendix C

Recommended Military Free-Fall Training Programs

Commanders conduct oxygen-training jumps below 20,000 feet MSL to eliminate the

need for prebreathing. They conduct proficiency jumps as a part of other training

operations, such as field training exercises or Army training and evaluation programs,

to take advantage of available training assets.

MINIMUM QUARTERLY TRAINING

C-1. Commanders follow a minimum program consisting of nine parachute jumps per quarter (Table C-1).

They do not plan more than four proficiency jumps for any one day.

Table C-1. Minimum quarterly training guide

Jump Number

Type of Jump

Type of Jump Definition

HALO/administrative-nontactical

HEO

HALO/combat equipment/oxygen

HEN

HALO/combat equipment/night

HEON (Minimum one per month)

HALO/combat equipment/oxygen/night

HEON/NVG

HALO/combat equipment/oxygen/night/NVG

HAHO/stand-off/administrative-nontactical

SEON (Minimum one per quarter)

HAHO/stand-off/combat equipment/oxygen/night

SEN/NVG

HAHO/stand-off/combat equipment/night/NVG

SEON/NVG

HAHO/stand-off/combat equipment/oxygen/night/NVG

Note: Commanders must remember that for safety and parachutist confidence, parachutists

require a jump refresher before executing night combat equipment jumps after prolonged periods

of nonjumping. Commanders may not be able to include the nine jumps depicted in Table C-1 in

the quarterly training plan; however, they follow the intent of the progression where possible.

For example, after a 3-month layoff, an element should make a daylight jump before a night

combat equipment jump.

Note: Units can fulfill oxygen-training requirements at altitudes below 20,000 feet MSL. A

mission profile that is consistent with prebreathing requirements can be flown without requiring

the coordination with or the presence of USAF physiological technicians. Training missions

using full oxygen equipment can be flown at altitudes below 13,000 feet MSL. Flights at these

altitudes would be consistent with any altitude’s oxygen use requirements. These training

mission profiles might occur in areas where airspace restrictions are in force or when there are

not enough aircrew personnel.

RECOMMENDED TACTICAL MILITARY FREE-FALL

HAHO-SPECIFIC TRAINING PROGRAM

C-2. HALO proficiency does not equate to HAHO proficiency. Parachutists should only consider MFF

jumps with tactical application as proficiency jumps. Nontactical jumps are for currency and not

necessarily for proficiency. While HALO is an integral part of MFF operations, HAHO/stand-off

operations provide the tactical commander a unique method for infiltration. The tactical commander may

24 October 2014

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C-1

Appendix C

infiltrate these elements by parachute without requiring the aircraft to fly over the intended target area.

These elements can be released at an offset release point and navigate long distances under canopy.

C-3. The desired end state for a combat-ready MFF team is to have the ability to land at the designated

landing point as a detachment, with all required organic weapons systems, individual load-carrying

equipment and issued personal protective equipment (body armor), mission-appropriate rucksack or assault

pack, and tactical communications, by both HALO and HAHO means. The detachments will use available

navigational aids, supplemental oxygen systems, and organic parachute assemblies. The units should use

the maximum altitudes available for training with a culminating jump conducted at

(or close to)

24,999 MSL using on-board oxygen consoles, during hours of darkness, onto an austere and poorly lit

landing area while using NVGs.

C-4. The MFF-coded detachments may fulfill these requirements at lower altitudes, but units will use the

mission profile with the on-board consoles to ensure jumpers are maintaining proficiency of the full

spectrum of oxygen equipment. Examples of justification to utilize lower altitudes for proficiency jumps

include the following:

Lack of USAF physiological technicians.

Training in areas where airspace restrictions are in force.

Aircrew limitations or restrictions.

Limiting factors of winds and weather.

Note: Simply using bailout bottles and masking prior to exit would not be considered meeting

the oxygen system requirement for a “culminating proficiency jump.” Even if jumpers exit at

7,500 feet AGL, jumpers will conduct a culminating proficiency jump using on-board consoles

and procedures.

C-5. All MFF detachments will conduct, at a minimum, one (1) HAEON per month and one (1) SAEON

per quarter based on operations tempo. This is done to maintain a combat-ready status (also known as

Level I).

C-6. The goal of the first three days of training should give MFF detachments the opportunity to identify

differences in canopy descent rates, weaknesses in canopy control skills, and to give jumpers the chance to

make familiarization jumps with new equipment during daylight before progressing to night jumps.

C-7. For example, a current jumper who has not jumped with a navigational aid will use these 3 days to

become familiar with navigational aids. A jumper who has never used NVGs will use these first 3 days to

become familiar with flying the canopy while wearing NVGs in daylight hours before attempting to use

them at night.

C-8. Identifying different descent rates between jumpers will allow the detachment leadership to better

plan for cross-loading of equipment and chalk order during exit so the detachment can minimize the

amount of time it takes to group under canopy, build the stack, and navigate to the desired landing area.

Table C-2, page C-3 provides a template for a two-week MFF training plan that focuses on stand-off

parachute infiltration.

Note: The suggested 10-day combat-ready training program (Table C-2) is not meant to be a

basic train-up plan done as a requalification event. It is meant as an advanced proficiency train

up for fully trained elements. Anyone executing this recommended schedule should already be a

current special operations forces common standard free-fall jumper.

C-2

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24 October 2014

Recommended Military Free-Fall Training Programs

Table C-2. Suggested 10-day combat-ready training program

Maximum

Minimum

Jump

Type

Recommended

Notes

Number

Jump

Exit Altitude (AGL)

Pull Altitude (AGL)

Jumps focus on fundamental canopy

8,000

6,000

skills.

Proper equipment lowering procedures

SAE

8,000

6,000

and new equipment.

SAEO

8,000

6,000

Operational detachment—alpha (ODA)

can adjust cross load of equipment to

SAEO

8,000

6,000

even the canopy descent rates.

SAN

12,500

6,000

A seasoned ODA may exit at 12,500 feet

SAEN

12,500

6,000

and pull soon after exit where a lower-

SAON

12,500

6,000

experienced level may dictate pulling as

low as 6,000 feet.

SAEON

12,500

6,000

SAN

12,500

10,000

ODA focuses on use of navigational aids,

SAEN

12,500

10,000

night vision aids, and maintaining a tight

canopy stack.

SAON

12,500

10,000

SAO

17,500

15,000

ODA focuses on use of navigational aids

SAEO

17,500

15,000

and maintaining a tight canopy stack.

SAEO

17,500

15,000

SAEO

24,999 (MSL)

23,000 (MSL)

Pre-dawn exit.

Commander’s Time

SAEON

24,999 (MSL)

23,000 (MSL)

Culmination exercise/full mission profile.

Commander’s Time

NOTE: The following codes will be used to indicate the type jump performed. One or more code symbols may

be used. (For example: T-S-O-N-J indicates a Tactical, Stand-off jump using Oxygen performed at Night as

Jumpmaster.)

Administrative/Nontactical

NVG Night Vision Goggle

Combat

Oxygen

Combat Equipment

HAHO/Stand-off

HALO

Tactical

Jumpmaster

Tandem Bundle

Night

Tandem Personnel

RECOMMENDED MILITARY FREE-FALL JUMP PROGRESSION

FOR NIGHT VISION GOGGLE AND/OR MILITARY FREE-FALL

TRANSITION PROCESS

C-9. Vertical wind tunnel training is not directed but highly recommended. Advanced Tactical Infiltration

Course graduates and jumpmasters should progress their jumpers through the vertical wind tunnel in the

same manner as for live jumps (dummy parachute with NVGs, dummy parachute and equipment with

NVGs, and emergency procedures with NVGs). Jumpers should concentrate on the modified pull sequence

and emergency procedures during all phases of vertical wind tunnel training with NVGs in both the UP and

DOWN positions. If wind tunnel training is not feasible, then, at a minimum, table drills will be conducted

in an unlit room with NVGs, with a parachute and lit altimeter simulating the modified pull sequence and

emergency procedures.

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C-3

Appendix C

LIVE JUMP NIGHT VISION GOGGLE TRAINING

C-10. Army special operations forces will conduct the following minimum jump progression to complete

the NVG and/or MFF transition process:

Perform one daylight administrative jump as a member of a group with NVGs mounted on the

jumper’s helmet. Jumper will execute a stable exit, maintain heading, and execute a minimum of

three practice ripcord touches while utilizing the new standard pull sequence. Performance will

focus on the new standard pull sequence, pulling the ripcord at the prescribed pull altitude

(±500 feet) while maintaining heading. Jumper will execute proper canopy control procedures

and land within 50 meters of the designated group leader.

Perform one daylight jump as a member of a group with rifle, combat equipment, and NVGs

mounted on the jumper’s helmet. Jumper will execute a stable exit, maintain heading, and

execute a minimum of three practice ripcord touches while utilizing the modified pull sequence.

Performance will focus on the modified pull sequence, pulling the ripcord at the prescribed pull

altitude

(±500 feet) while maintaining heading. Jumper will execute proper canopy control

procedures and land within 50 meters of the designated group leader.

Perform one daylight jump as a member of a group with complete oxygen system and NVGs

mounted on the jumper’s helmet. Jumper will execute a stable exit, maintain heading, and

execute a minimum of three practice ripcord touches while utilizing the modified pull sequence.

Performance will focus on the modified pull sequence, pulling the ripcord at the prescribed pull

altitude

(±500 feet) while maintaining heading. Jumper will execute proper canopy control

procedures and land within 50 meters of the designated group leader.

Perform one daylight jump as a member of a group with rifle, combat pack, complete oxygen

system, and NVGs mounted on the jumper’s helmet. Jumper will execute a stable exit, maintain

heading, and execute a minimum of three practice ripcord touches while utilizing the modified

pull sequence. Performance will focus on the modified pull sequence, pulling the ripcord at the

prescribed pull altitude (±500 feet) while maintaining heading. Jumper will execute proper

canopy control procedures and land within 50 meters of the designated group leader.

Perform one night administrative jump as a member of a group with NVGs mounted on the

jumper’s helmet. Jumper will execute a stable exit, maintain heading, and execute a minimum of

three practice ripcord touches while utilizing the modified pull sequence. Performance will focus

on the modified pull sequence, pulling the ripcord at the prescribed pull altitude (±500 feet) while

maintaining heading. Jumper will execute proper canopy control procedures and land within

50 meters of the designated group leader.

Perform one night jump as a member of a group with rifle, combat equipment, and NVGs

mounted on the jumper’s helmet. Jumper will execute a stable exit, maintain heading, and

execute a minimum of three practice ripcord touches while utilizing the modified pull sequence.

Performance will focus on the modified pull sequence, pulling the ripcord at the prescribed pull

altitude

(±500 feet) while maintaining heading. Jumper will execute proper canopy control

procedures and land within 50 meters of the designated group leader.

Perform one night jump as a member of a group with complete oxygen system and NVGs

mounted on the jumper’s helmet. Jumper will execute a stable exit, maintain heading, and

execute a minimum of three practice ripcord touches while utilizing the modified pull sequence.

Performance will focus on the modified pull sequence, pulling the ripcord at the prescribed pull

altitude

(±500 feet) while maintaining heading. Jumper will execute proper canopy control

procedures and land within 50 meters of the designated group leader.

Perform one night jump as a member of a group with rifle, combat pack, complete oxygen

system, and NVGs mounted on the jumper’s helmet. Jumper will execute a stable exit, maintain

heading, and execute a minimum of three practice ripcord touches while utilizing the modified

pull sequence. Performance will focus on the modified pull sequence, pulling the ripcord at the

prescribed pull altitude (±500 feet) while maintaining heading. Jumper will execute proper

canopy control procedures and land within 50 meters of the designated group leader.

C-4

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18 August 2016

Suggested Military Free-Fall Sustained Airborne Training

NONOXYGEN MILITARY FREE-FALL OPERATIONS

D-3. Actions for aircraft procedure signals and jump commands are as follows:

DON HELMETS: Put on helmets, fasten chinstraps, and ensure seatbelts are securely fastened.

UNFASTEN SEATBELTS: At approximately 1,000 feet AGL.

20 MINUTES: Stay alert and don equipment as directed.

Note: The 20 MINUTES command may be given prior to takeoff.

10 MINUTES: Keep eyes trained on the jumpmaster.

WINDS: Surface wind speed on the DZ is expressed in knots. All jumpers conduct a pin check of

their fellow jumpers and ensure the CYPRES has the correct millibar setting.

STAND UP: 2 minutes from the release point. Jumpers stand up, face jumpmaster, check the

CYPRES setting and pins on jumper to their front, and give that individual a “thumbs up.”

Jumpers then conduct a check of their own handles and equipment.

MOVE TO THE REAR: 1 minute from the release point. Jumpers move to the ramp hinge (or within

1 meter of the door). All jumpers ensure goggles are covering their eyes at this time.

STAND BY: 15 seconds from the release point. The jumpmaster gives a “thumbs-up” signal.

Jumpers return the signal and move to within approximately 1 foot of the exit point.

GO: At the release point. The jumpmaster points out the door or ramp. Jumpers exit as prescribed

by the jumpmaster.

ABORT: If the ABORT command is given, observe the jumpmaster for additional commands. Keep

eyes on the jumpmaster for instructions. If the ABORT command is given before the command to

STAND UP, jumpers will don their helmets, fasten their seatbelts, and prepare for landing.

OXYGEN MILITARY FREE-FALL OPERATIONS

D-4. After the JMPI, jumpers may not remove their helmets. Actions for aircraft procedure signals and

jump commands are as follows:

DON HELMETS: Put on helmets, fasten chinstraps, and ensure seatbelts are securely fastened.

UNFASTEN SEATBELTS: At approximately 1,000 feet AGL.

20 MINUTES: Stay alert and don equipment as directed.

Note: The 20 MINUTES command may be given prior to takeoff.

10 MINUTES: Keep eyes trained on the jumpmaster.

Note: For oxygen jumps requiring oxygen console or aircraft-supplied oxygen, the oxygen

safety and/or the USAF Physiological Technician must make periodic checks of all oxygen

equipment used during the flight.

WINDS: Surface wind speed on the DZ is expressed in knots. All jumpers conduct a pin check of

their fellow jumpers and ensure the CYPRES has the correct millibar setting.

MASK: If not using a console, jumpers turn on their bailout system first. Jumpers secure their

masks to their helmets, fit their masks to their faces, observe the jumpmaster, and give a

“thumbs-up” signal if they are receiving good oxygen flow. Hold the “thumbs-up” signal until

the signal is returned by the jumpmaster.

24 October 2014

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D-5

Appendix D

WARNING

Jumpers must not sleep while breathing on console or after the

mask signal is given. Jumpers must stay alert. If at any time the

jumper experiences difficulty with the oxygen system, the

individual must extend an arm straight out to the front, palm

facing down, and wait for assistance. Jumpers should not break

the mask seal if receiving oxygen.

OXYGEN CHECK: Keep eyes on the jumpmaster, return the “thumbs-up” signal, and hold it until

the jumpmaster returns the signal.

STAND UP: 2 minutes from the release point. Jumpers stand, face the jumpmaster, and check the

CYPRES setting, pins, and oxygen bottles of the jumper to their front, and gives the individual a

“thumbs up.” Once this check is complete, jumpers check their own handles and equipment. If

using console oxygen, jumpers place their right hand on the bailout system ON/OFF lever, and

place their left hand on the console hose at the AIROX VIII connection.

MOVE TO THE REAR: 1 minute from the release point. If using console oxygen, jumpers turn on

the oxygen bailout bottle system, disconnect from the console, place the hose next to the

console, and move to the ramp hinge or within 1 meter of the door. All jumpers ensure goggles

are covering their eyes at this time.

STAND BY: 15 seconds from the release point. The jumpmaster will give a “thumbs-up” signal.

Jumpers return the signal and move to within approximately 1 foot of the exit point.

GO: At the release point. The jumpmaster points out the door or ramp. Jumpers exit as prescribed

by the jumpmaster. Jumper—

Upon exiting the aircraft, conducts a practice pull. During the pull sequence, if the oxygen

hose interferes with the ability to locate and pull the main ripcord, the jumper makes a

second attempt by utilizing the head-tilt method, looking at the ripcord stow pocket.

Locates the ripcord housing with the right hand.

Traces the ripcord cable housing down and locates the ripcord cable, which may be

protruding from the housing.

Pulls the cable. If this attempt is unsuccessful, the jumper performs cutaway procedures.

Note: The jumper must keep the mask on while under canopy. Jumpers must not disconnect one

side, allowing the mask to dangle.

Upon landing, turns off his oxygen.

Places elastic cover on mask and puts the mask in the plastic bag.

Covers the AIROX VIII with the plastic bag.

Conducts normal recovery procedures.

ABORT: If the ABORT command is given, observe the jumpmaster for additional commands. Keep

eyes on the jumpmaster for instructions. If the ABORT command is given before the command to

STAND UP, jumpers will don their helmets, fasten their seatbelts, and prepare for landing.

AIRCRAFT EMERGENCIES

D-5. The jumpmaster will explain the aircraft emergencies that follow.

D-6

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24 October 2014

Suggested Military Free-Fall Sustained Airborne Training

AIRCRAFT EMERGENCIES ON THE GROUND AND PRIOR TO TAKEOFF

D-6. Jumpers take all commands from the primary jumpmaster.

D-7. Jumpers exit the aircraft and assemble 100 meters in a safe direction, as directed by the primary

jumpmaster. Once assembled, jumpers report to the primary jumpmaster.

AIRCRAFT EMERGENCIES IN FLIGHT: EMERGENCY LANDINGS

D-8. For incidents occurring below 1,000 feet AGL, all jumpers will land with the aircraft.

D-9. Six short rings or a verbal warning from the aircrew will alert the jumpers to prepare for a crash

landing. One long continuous bell or a verbal warning from the aircrew or the jumpmaster will indicate that

a crash is imminent.

D-10. Jumpers assume the emergency crash landing position by interlocking fingers behind their head and

placing their head between their legs. Jumpers must not unfasten seatbelts until the aircraft comes to a stop.

Once the aircraft comes to a complete stop, jumpers offload the aircraft and assemble 100 meters in a safe

direction, as directed by the primary jumpmaster. Once assembled, jumpers report to the primary

jumpmaster.

AIRCRAFT EMERGENCIES IN FLIGHT: EMERGENCY BAILOUT

D-11. Three short bell rings or a verbal warning from the aircrew will alert the jumpers to prepare to bail

out. The signal to bail out is one long, continuous bell or verbal warning from the aircrew. The following

actions are to be taken for an emergency exit during flight.

D-12. The jumpmaster gives the emergency bailout signal by extending his arm straight up with the index

finger extended and moving his arm in a circular motion. Jump commands may be given at this time, if

time permits. If there is no time for the full jump commands, abbreviated signals will be given immediately

after the bailout signal. Commands and signals to be given and action to be taken are as follows:

D-13. Aircraft emergencies in-flight include the following:

Between 1,000 feet AGL and 3,000 feet AGL, a clenched fist placed by the reserve ripcord and

thrust out to the side means “CLEAR AND PULL THE RESERVE RIPCORD.” The jumper

performs the following actions:

Perform a dive exit at the jumpmaster’s command.

Deploy the reserve parachute immediately.

Attempt to land with other jumpers.

Report to the jumpmaster.

Above 3,000 feet AGL, a clenched fist placed by the main ripcord and thrust out to the side

means “CLEAR AND PULL THE MAIN RIPCORD.” Jumpers perform the following actions:

Perform dive exit at the jumpmaster’s command.

Immediately clear airspace and deploy the main parachute.

Attempt to land with other jumpers.

Report to the primary jumpmaster.

ACTIONS IN FREE FALL

D-14. The jumpmaster will explain the procedures for actions in free fall that follow.

COLLISION ON EXIT

D-15. Jumper maintains his arch, gently pushes off of the other jumper, regains his stability, checks

altitude, checks the ripcords, and continues the jump as planned.

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D-7

Appendix D

SPINNING

D-16. Jumpers counter, relax, arch, check hands and feet, and maintain altitude awareness. If unable to

maintain altitude awareness and hopelessly spinning, jumpers wave off and pull.

TUMBLING

D-17. Jumpers relax, arch, keep head up, check hands and feet, and maintain altitude awareness. If unable

to maintain altitude awareness and still tumbling, jumpers wave off and pull.

ENTERING A CLOUD OR LOSS OF VISIBILITY

D-18. Jumpers stop all movement and return to a stable relaxed arch. Jumpers maintain altitude awareness

and pull at the prescribed altitude, even if still in the cloud.

RUCKSACK SHIFTS

D-19. Jumpers counter any turns by turning in the opposite direction. If the rucksack strap moves below the

knee, jumper makes one attempt to replace it while maintaining stability. If unsuccessful, jumper relaxes

and attempts to fly. If unable to maintain altitude awareness and gain control, jumper should wave off and

pull.

COLLISION AVOIDANCE

D-20. The lower jumper has the right-of-way. Jumpers must never get over the top of another jumper. The

jumper should use forward movement or side slide to get off another jumper’s back.

LOST OR LOOSE GOGGLES

D-21. Jumper makes one attempt to replace them. If unsuccessful, jumper continues the free fall as planned

and squints eyes in order to maintain vision. Jumper maintains altitude awareness and pulls at the

prescribed altitude. If unable to maintain altitude awareness, jumper waves off and pulls.

ALTIMETER FAILURE OR LOST ALTIMETER

D-22. If the altimeter fails or is lost prior to exit, jumper informs the primary jumpmaster and/or assistant

jumpmaster and the defective altimeter will be exchanged with an onboard spare. If the onboard spare is in

use or both altimeters fail prior to exit, the jumper will move forward, be seated, and air land.

D-23. If the altimeter fails or is lost during free fall, regardless of whether conducting day or night

operations, jumper immediately clears airspace, waves off, and pulls.

PULL

D-24. At the prescribed pull altitude, the jumper maintains his arch, looks at the main ripcord, and, with the

right hand, traces the main ripcord cable housing to the main ripcord handle while moving the left hand into

the counter position. The jumper pulls the ripcord to full-arm extension and raises his right shoulder to

ensure the pilot chute has launched and waits 2 seconds. Pull priorities are as follows:

Priority one—pull.

Priority two—never sacrifice altitude for stability.

ACTIONS UNDER CANOPY

D-25. The jumpmaster will explain the postopening procedures for actions under canopy that follow.

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Suggested Military Free-Fall Sustained Airborne Training

CHECK CANOPY

D-26. Jumper checks canopy and grasps the rear risers. Jumper checks canopy for the three Ss:

Square.

Stable.

Steerable.

LOCATE DROP ZONE

D-27. Jumper locates the DZ using the rear risers.

CLEAR AIRSPACE

D-28. Jumper clears his airspace using the rear risers to steer to avoid other canopies and turning right to

avoid collisions unless left is closer. Jumper activates strobe light at night.

GAIN CONTROL OF TOGGLES

D-29. Jumper unstows the brake lines and gains control of the canopy by pulling down on the steering

toggles to release the brakes.

CONDUCT CONTROLLABILITY CHECK

D-30. If canopy controllability is ever in question, jumper performs a canopy controllability check as

follows:

Release the brakes.

Look left, clear airspace, and turn left 90 degrees.

Look right, clear airspace, and turn right 90 degrees.

If the canopy requires more than 50-percent opposite toggle to counter a turn, the canopy is

uncontrollable.

Determine the stall point. If the canopy stalls prior to the

50-percent brake setting, it is

uncontrollable. The jumper should execute cutaway procedures and deploy the reserve

parachute.

WARNING

The jumper must avoid turbulent air directly behind and above

another ram-air parachute by flying offset to the parachute to his

front. The jumper must maintain 25 meters of separation to the

rear and above of other canopies. The jumper must not make

sharp turns (greater than

45 degrees) on the final approach

unless it is to avoid other jumpers or obstacles.

FLY THROUGH CLOUDS

D-31. Jumper stops all turns, stays alert, and flies straight through the cloud at half brakes.

CONDUCT LANDING PATTERN

D-32. Jumpers fly the downwind leg along the wind line, passing the target area approximately

1,000 feet AGL and offset about 45 degrees to the left or right of the target. The jumper continues the

downwind leg until approximately 750 feet AGL, where he gently turns into the base leg.

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D-9

Appendix D

D-33. Jumpers fly the base or crosswind leg across the wind line. This leg may be flown using the brakes,

depending on wind conditions. Jumpers may shorten or extend the base leg as necessary. When the jumper

reaches his turning altitude of approximately 500 feet AGL, he makes a braked turn toward the target.

D-34. Jumpers fly the final approach into the wind. At 200 feet, the jumper eases the toggles to full-flight

position to allow airspeed to build. At 10 to 15 feet AGL, the jumper conducts a flared landing by pulling

both toggles down to the full-brakes position. The jumper keeps his arms and elbows to his side and keeps

his feet and knees together in the event he needs to conduct a PLF.

WARNING

On a misjudged flare attempt or if the parachute enters a stall, the

jumper should hold the toggles in the flare position and be

prepared to perform a PLF. The canopy may travel backward

because of high winds.

PARACHUTE EMERGENCIES AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

D-35. The jumpmaster will explain the parachute emergencies and emergency procedures that follow.

PREMATURE ACTIVATION OF PARACHUTE INSIDE THE AIRCRAFT WITH THE RAMP

OR DOOR CLOSED

D-36. If a premature activation of the parachute occurs within the aircraft with the ramp or doors closed,

the procedures are as follows:

Shout “PILOT CHUTE” and contain the pilot chute.

Move the jumper to the front of the aircraft.

Notify the jumpmaster to ensure the ramp or doors are not opened.

D-37. If the pilot chute activates or container comes open, the container will be reclosed and the jumper

will be seated. The jumper WILL NOT jump unless ordered to bail out by the jumpmaster. If the D-bag and

the suspension lines fall out, the jumper will disconnect the RSL, and then cut away the main and place it in

the kit bag. The jumper will land with the aircraft.

D-38. If the reserve pilot chute is deployed, the procedures are as follows:

Shout “PILOT CHUTE” and contain the pilot chute.

Move the jumper to the front of the aircraft.

The jumper will remove his equipment and place the parachute system inside the kit bag. The jumper will

then be seated and fasten his seatbelt. The jumper will air land.

PREMATURE ACTIVATION OF PARACHUTE INSIDE THE AIRCRAFT WITH THE RAMP

OR DOOR OPEN

D-39. If a premature activation of the parachute occurs within the aircraft with the ramp or doors open, the

jumper will perform the same actions as with the ramp or door closed.

D-40. If the pilot chute or parachute is pulled outside the aircraft, the jumper and jumpers in front of that

jumper must exit immediately.

PREMATURE ACTIVATION OF PARACHUTE IN FREE FALL

D-41. In the event of a premature activation of a parachute in free fall, the jumper must first determine

which parachute has activated.

D-10

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Suggested Military Free-Fall Sustained Airborne Training

Main Parachute Only Deploys

D-42. If the main has activated, there will be a three-ring assembly on the risers, D-bag and pilot chute

trailing.

Reserve Parachute Only Deploys

D-43. If the reserve has activated, there WILL NOT be a three-ring assembly on the risers nor a pilot chute

trailing.

Both Main and Reserve Completely Deploy

D-44. In the event both the main and reserve canopies completely deploy, the jumper must identify the

scenario and separate the risers. The jumper ensures that his main and reserve risers are not entangled. If

they are entangled (or if the jumper is unsure), he should fly both canopies to the ground for landing using

the rear risers. Canopies should be kept touching one another (to avoid a down plane) by using rear risers.

If the risers are not entangled, the jumper may achieve canopy separation by reaching up and pulling down

on the front-left riser of the front canopy. The jumper maintains this front-left riser hold and, at the same

time, with his right hand, grabs the red cutaway pillow and executes cutaway procedures while

simultaneously releasing the left riser with his left hand. The jumper performs a controllability check and

continues to fly the reserve canopy for a landing on the intended DZ.

Main Parachute Fully Deploys and Reserve Parachute Partially Deploys

D-45. If the jumper has not released the brakes, he leaves them stowed. If brakes are released, the jumper

should release the toggles all the way up. The jumper should attempt to pull in the reserve deployment bag

and hold it between his legs. Should the reserve fully inflate, the jumper should wait for the reserve

parachute to rise above shoulder height and execute cutaway procedures.

CUTAWAY PROCEDURES

WARNING

Jumpers must cut away the main parachute before pulling the

reserve ripcord handle.

D-46. Once the jumper initiates the cutaway sequence, it must be continued through to completion.

Cutaway procedures are as follows:

Throw away the main ripcord.

Counter with the left hand.

Look to identify the red cutaway handle on the right main lift web, chest high, inboard.

Grab the red cutaway handle with the right hand.

Pull the red cutaway handle to a full-arm extension.

Throw away the red cutaway handle.

Counter with the right hand.

Look to identify the reserve ripcord handle on the left main lift web, chest high, inboard.

Grab the reserve ripcord handle with the left hand.

Pull the reserve ripcord handle to a full-arm extension.

Throw away the reserve ripcord handle.

Raise right shoulder to ensure the reserve pilot chute has launched.

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D-11

Appendix D

TOTAL MALFUNCTIONS

D-47. A total malfunction occurs when the ripcord has been pulled and the D-bag and canopy remain in the

container. Common total malfunctions are described below.

Hard Ripcord Pull

D-48. If the initial pull is unsuccessful, jumper reaches across with the left hand in a punching motion and

pushes the right hand and ripcord out. If this does not pull the ripcord, jumper executes cutaway

procedures.

Note: The first attempt is made during normal pull procedures.

Floating Ripcord or Unable to See Ripcord

D-49. Jumper arches, looks at the ripcord stow pocket, and locates the ripcord housing with the right hand.

If jumper cannot see the ripcord or it is floating, he locates the cable housing on the right shoulder with his

right hand. Jumper traces the cable housing down to where the ripcord cable protrudes out. He makes a

circle with his index finger and thumb, and pulls to full-arm extension. Jumper makes one attempt; if

unsuccessful, he performs cutaway procedures.

Pack Closure

D-50. If the jumper pulls the ripcord and raises his right shoulder, noting that no pilot chute deploys, the

jumper immediately raises the right shoulder again. If the problem is not corrected, the jumper must

execute cutaway procedures.

PARTIAL MALFUNCTIONS

D-51. A partial malfunction occurs when the container assembly opens and the canopy does not fully or

properly deploy. Common partial malfunctions are described below.

Note: Jumper makes only two attempts to clear partial malfunctions.

Horseshoe Malfunction

D-52. In the event of a horseshoe malfunction, jumper makes no attempt to clear the malfunction. He

immediately executes cutaway procedures.

Bag Lock

D-53. In the event of bag lock, jumper makes no attempt to clear the malfunction. He immediately executes

cutaway procedures.

Pilot Chute Hesitation

D-54. If, after pulling the ripcord, raising his right shoulder, and conducting a two-second count, the jumper

notes that the pilot chute is caught in the partial vacuum behind his body, the jumper will raise right

shoulder again in an attempt to disrupt the vacuum followed by another two-second count. If the main

parachute does not deploy, jumper executes cutaway procedures.

Snivels

D-55. Jumper reaches up and releases the brakes. He pulls both toggles down to the full-brakes position for

3 to 4 seconds, letting up slowly to the 50-percent brake setting, clearing the streamer. If unsuccessful,

jumper makes one more attempt with the same procedure. If the malfunction still has not cleared, jumper

performs cutaway procedures.

D-12

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Suggested Military Free-Fall Sustained Airborne Training

Hung Slider

D-56. If, after pulling the main ripcord, the jumper notes that the main parachute elongates from the bag but

the slider does not lower below the cascade point, he grasps the toggles and pulls down to a full-brakes

position for 3 to 4 seconds, and then releases the toggles to 50-percent brakes. If the slider does not descend

below the cascade point on the lines allowing the main parachute to fully inflate after two attempts, the

jumper executes cutaway procedures. If the slider does lower below the cascades but not all the way down,

jumper performs a canopy controllability check.

Broken Suspension Lines (A, B, C, D)

D-57. If jumper has one broken suspension line, he will perform a controllability check. If the jumper

encounters two or more broken suspension lines, he will perform cutaway procedures.

WARNING

If ever canopy controllability is in question, jumpers must perform

a canopy controllability check. If the canopy is uncontrollable, the

decision to cut away must be made by 2,500 feet AGL. Jumpers

must not initiate cutaway procedures below 1,000 feet AGL. If the

malfunction cannot be resolved and cutaway procedures have not

been initiated by 1,000 feet AGL, the jumper must immediately

deploy his reserve parachute.

Broken Control Lines

D-58. If encountering broken control lines, jumper releases the brake and steers with the good toggle and

the rear riser of the side with the broken control line and continues with postopening procedures. Overuse

may fatigue the arms. The jumper determines the stall point at a safe altitude using the rear risers, and flares

the parachute for landing with both rear risers.

Note: The canopy responds much quicker when using the rear risers.

Pilot Chute Over the Nose of the Canopy or Through the Suspension Lines

D-59. Jumper performs postopening procedures and performs a canopy controllability check. If

uncontrollable, jumper executes cutaway procedures.

Closed End Cells

D-60. Jumper brings both toggles to the full-brakes position for 3 to 4 seconds and then lets the toggles up

slowly. This process may be repeated a maximum of two times. If this maneuver is unsuccessful, jumper

performs a canopy controllability check. If uncontrollable, he executes cutaway procedures.

Premature Brake Release

D-61. If one control line releases on opening, jumper immediately releases the other control line and

performs postopening procedures.

Line Twists

D-62. Jumper reaches up, grabs the risers (thumbs facing down), pulls the hands apart separating the risers,

and uses a kicking motion to untwist the suspension lines. Jumper does not unstow the brakes until line

twists are cleared, and he maintains altitude awareness while clearing line twists. If still hopelessly twisted

at 2,500 feet AGL, jumper must execute cutaway procedures.

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D-13

Appendix D

Holes or Tears

D-63. When performing postopening procedures, if the jumper notices that there is a hole or tear in the

lower skin of the canopy, he should perform a canopy controllability check. If uncontrollable, he executes

cutaway procedures. If there is a hole in the top skin of the canopy, the jumper must immediately execute

cutaway procedures.

Tension Knots

D-64. During postopening procedures, if the jumper notices a tension knot in his lines, he will reach up and

grab the affected line group and pull it down to his chest, releasing the lines in a snapping motion in an

attempt to clear the knot. Jumper will repeat only twice. If procedure fails to clear, he performs a

controllability check. If uncontrollable, jumper executes cutaway procedures.

CANOPY COLLISION AND ENTANGLEMENT EMERGENCIES

D-65. The jumpmaster will explain the canopy collision and entanglement emergencies that follow.

ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN TO AVOID AN ENTANGLEMENT WITH ANOTHER JUMPER

D-66. Jumper maintains a minimum of 25 meters horizontal and vertical separation from other jumpers.

The jumper attempts to steer clear by looking right, clearing right, and turning to the right unless the left is

closer. The lower jumper has the right-of-way.

ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN IF COLLISION IS IMMINENT

D-67. Jumper assumes the modified spread-eagle position with his left arm across his torso, protecting the

reserve ripcord handle and cutaway pillow. If the entanglement occurs, the jumper attempts to free himself.

CANOPY ENTANGLEMENT EMERGENCIES

D-68. If entanglement occurs, “positive” communication of altitude and intent is critical for a successful

disengagement. The jumper should never tell the other jumper to NOT do something by using such a word

as “don’t.” Jumpers should only use the words “cut away” if the intent is to have the other jumper execute

cutaway procedures.

D-69. Actions to be taken if the lower jumper becomes entangled with the higher jumper and the higher

jumper has a good canopy are described below.

Entanglements Above 2,000 Feet AGL

D-70. In such entanglements, the higher jumper attempts to clear the entanglement. If the lower canopy is

cleared, it should reinflate within 150 to 200 feet. If the lower canopy cannot be cleared, jumpers should

check their altitude. At 2,000 feet AGL or above, the lower jumper disconnects his RSL and executes

cutaway procedures.

D-71. If the lower jumper does not want to cut away, the higher jumper must make every effort to maintain

control of the lower jumper’s canopy. The lower jumper should jettison his combat equipment. The higher

jumper must fly the final approach at half brakes and land with half brakes. Both jumpers should be

prepared to perform a PLF.

WARNING

The lower jumper must disconnect the RSL prior to performing

cutaway procedures to prevent his reserve from deploying into

the entanglement.

D-14

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Suggested Military Free-Fall Sustained Airborne Training

Entanglements Between 1,000 and 2,000 Feet AGL

D-72. In such entanglements, the lower jumper has two options:

The lower jumper can execute cutaway procedures.

If the lower jumper does not want to cut away, the higher jumper must make every effort to

maintain control of the lower jumper’s canopy. The lower jumper should jettison his combat

equipment. The higher jumper must fly the final approach at half brakes and land with half

brakes. Both jumpers should be prepared to perform a PLF.

Entanglements Below 1,000 Feet AGL

D-73. In such entanglements, the higher jumper must make every effort to maintain control of the lower

jumper’s canopy. The lower jumper should jettison his combat equipment. The higher jumper should fly

the final approach and land with half brakes. Both jumpers conduct a PLF.

Two Bad Canopies

D-74. Jumpers take the following actions at any altitude if both jumpers become entangled and neither has

a good canopy:

The higher jumper has cutaway priority. He should clear himself of entangled lines and cut

away, altitude permitting.

The lower jumper should cut away after the higher jumper, altitude permitting. The higher

jumper may be fatally engulfed in the canopy if the lower jumper performs a cutaway first.

If all else fails and impact with the ground is imminent, both jumpers should deploy their reserve

parachutes by 1,000 feet AGL in an attempt to slow descent. If only one reserve parachute

deploys, the jumper with the good reserve must bring the other jumper to the ground.

If both reserves deploy, both jumpers must attempt to cut away the main parachutes.

Note: Communication between the jumpers and altitude awareness are critical for a successful

disengagement.

WARNING

Jumpers should not cut away the main parachute below 1,000 feet

AGL unless both reserves are fully deployed. There is insufficient

altitude or airspeed for the reserve parachute to properly deploy.

EMERGENCY LANDINGS

D-75. The jumpmaster will explain the various types of emergency landings that follow.

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D-15

Appendix D

ACTIONS FOR TREE LANDINGS

D-76. If a tree landing is expected, jumpers—

Jettison the rucksack if it has already been lowered. If the rucksack has not been lowered, it

should remain attached.

Continue wearing goggles over the eyes.

Keep the oxygen mask on, if worn.

Turn the canopy into the wind and attempt to land between the trees.

Control the parachute until landing. Vertical descent into the trees is desired and should be

accomplished with rear risers.

Assume a PLF position as the feet enter the branches, ensuring that the forearms are rotated in

front of the face for protection, and the feet and knees are kept together.

Prepare for a PLF in case there is a clear pass through the branches and contact with the ground

is made.

Signal for assistance if suspended in trees and wait for help.

ACTIONS FOR WIRE LANDINGS

D-77. Jumpers should avoid wires at all costs by using proper canopy-control techniques. Any other

landing, to include a downwind landing, is preferred to a wire landing. Jumpers should execute the

following actions:

After postopening procedures and prior to descending below 1,000 feet AGL, locate alternate

landing sites along their canopy route that will permit a safe into-the-wind landing.

Avoid crossing power lines while under canopy at an altitude below 1,000 feet AGL.

D-78. If contact with wires is expected, the jumper should—

Attempt to fly parallel with and pass through the wires.

Be prepared to flare and/or perform a PLF should he miss or pass through the wires.

If the canopy is entangled with the wires and contact with the ground is made, immediately cut

away from the main parachute and quickly move away from the wires.

If suspended in the wires, remain motionless and wait for help. The jumper should not let anyone

touch him and he should not cut away.

ACTIONS FOR WATER LANDINGS

D-79. If a water landing is expected, the jumper should—

Attempt to land as close to the shore as possible.

Jettison his helmet, rucksack, weapon, and oxygen equipment.

Unfasten waist straps, chest straps, and disconnect the RSL.

Attempt to land facing into the wind using normal canopy-control procedures, flaring the

parachute to land.

Be prepared to perform a PLF if the water is shallow.

Upon entering the water, release leg straps, remove harness, and swim upwind or upstream away

from the canopy.

If trapped under the canopy, follow a seam to the edge of the canopy.

Note: If the jumper lands with the harness attached and is being pulled through the water, he cuts

away the main canopy, releases the leg straps, and swims free of the harness.

D-16

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Suggested Military Free-Fall Sustained Airborne Training

ACTIONS FOR HIGH-WIND LANDINGS

D-80. The jumpers should always attempt to land into the wind with the canopy level with the ground.

When landing in high winds, the jumper should perform the following actions:

Once contact with the ground is made, release one toggle and pull down on the other.

Pivot in the direction of the toggle (for example, pull the right toggle down all the way and pivot

to the right).

Continue pulling the control line hand-over-hand until the canopy collapses.

D-81. To recover from a drag, the jumper releases one toggle completely and pulls the other control line

hand-over-hand until the canopy collapses. If unable to recover from a drag, the jumper disconnects the

RSL and cuts away the main.

ACTIONS FOR DUST DEVILS AND TURBULENT AIR

D-82. Jumpers should stay alert under canopy for signs of swirling or erratic wind conditions. The DZSO may

use red smoke or flares to warn of visible turbulence, such as dust devils. Jumpers avoid turbulence at all costs

by maneuvering away under canopy. If the jumper is unable to avoid the turbulence, he should maintain full

flight and remove all slack from the brake lines to prepare for a possible canopy collapse. If the canopy does

begin to collapse, the jumper should quickly conduct a 12 to 24-inch strike on the toggles to prevent collapse.

Depending on the altitude, the jumper should reattempt this procedure until the canopy reinflates or landing is

imminent. As the jumper approaches the ground, he should be prepared to conduct a PLF.

D-83. If the jumper lands and is overtaken by a dust devil, he should—

Try to gather up the canopy.

Lay down on top of the canopy.

If unable to control the canopy, disconnect the RSL and cut away.

ACTIONS FOR OFF-DROP-ZONE LANDINGS

D-84. If jumpers cannot make it to the DZ, they identify a landing area with enough altitude to permit a

safe into-the-wind landing. They land on high ground and avoid gullies, ravines, and landing uphill or

downhill. Jumpers land along the side of the slope. Then they gather their equipment and move in the

direction of the DZ or nearest road. If the road must be crossed, they cross on the high ground where traffic

can be observed.

ACTIONS FOR OTHER OBSTACLES

D-85. Jumpers should attempt to steer clear of all other obstacles, including trees, cacti, buildings, and

vehicles (on or off the DZ). If unable to avoid the obstacle, jumpers attempt to make contact with both feet

and perform a PLF. If a jumper lands on the road or field landing strip, he should gather the canopy and

evacuate the road or field landing strip immediately.

ACTIONS WHEN COMBAT EQUIPMENT IS USED

D-86. The jumpmaster will explain the actions when combat equipment is used that follow.

ACTIONS IN FREE FALL

D-87. When using combat equipment in free fall, the jumper should—

Fly body as usual, ensuring he maintains positive legs.

If the rucksack shifts and causes a turn, counter the turn by turning the opposite direction.

If the rucksack strap moves below the knee, make one attempt to replace it while maintaining

stability. If unsuccessful, relax and continue. Counter any turns by turning into the opposite

direction.

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D-17

Appendix D

ACTIONS UNDER CANOPY

D-88. When using combat equipment under canopy, the jumper should—

Check canopy.

Gain canopy control using rear riser.

Clear airspace.

Orient himself to the wind cone.

Maintain air awareness and heading.

D-89. If jumping a PDB with HSPRs, the jumper——

Maintains left rear riser control.

Physically checks right equipment attachment snap by tracing the right main lift web, and

physically checks the lowering line.

Gains control of right-side rear riser.

Physically checks the left equipment attachment snap.

Gains control of toggles.

If needed, performs a controllability check.

Continues to fly normal pattern.

At 1,500 feet AGL, brings toggles to 25-percent brakes, performs grip switch into left hand, and

again physically checks lowering line with right hand.

Continues flying the canopy to the DZ.

Turns final approach at 500 feet AGL.

Looks below for fellow jumpers.

Pulls the yellow release handle so the PDB will fall. If the PDB does not fall, the jumper kicks

his legs in an attempt to free the PDB.

Note: All manipulation of the PDB must stop by 200 feet AGL.

Ensures he is at full flight and prepares to land.

Flares as normal for landing.

Performs PLF, if necessary.

Note: If the lowering line is observed to be disconnected, jumper reconnects it if it is accessible

and above 500 feet AGL. If not, jumper follows normal landing procedures and lands with his

PDB still connected. He flares as normal and conducts a PLF.

D-90. If jumping equipment using quick-release snaps, the jumper—

Maintains left riser control.

Physically checks the right quick-release snap (by tracing their right main lift web).

Physically checks the lowering line.

Loosens the right-side shoulder strap.

Gains control of the right-side rear riser.

Loosens the left-side shoulder strap.

Disconnects the left quick-release snap.

Gains control of toggles.

Continues to fly normal pattern.

At 1,500 feet AGL (prior to entering downwind leg), crosses his legs and brings toggles to

25-percent brakes (eye level).

Performs grip switch into his left hand.

Using his right hand, physically checks the lowering line.

D-18

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M

24 October 2014

Suggested Military Free-Fall Sustained Airborne Training

Disconnects the right-side quick-release snap.

Catches the PDB between his legs.

Flies normal approach pattern.

At 500 feet, looks below for fellow jumpers, uncross his legs, and lowers the PDB off his feet.

Flares as normal for landing.

ACTIONS IF COMBAT EQUIPMENT WILL NOT LOWER

D-91. If combat equipment will not lower, jumpers maintain altitude awareness under canopy. If the jumper

cannot lower his equipment to his feet by 500 feet AGL, he ensures he is facing into the wind and makes

one attempt to free the equipment by kicking his legs. If still unable to free the equipment, the jumper will

land with his equipment. The jumper flies his canopy and flares as normal (during daylight) or at

50-percent brakes (during night hours) into the wind. The jumper should be prepared to perform a PLF.

Note: All manipulation of the PDB must stop at 200 feet AGL. The jumper must ensure he is at

full flight and be prepared to land and conduct a PLF, if necessary. Any controllability issues or

malfunctions take precedence over lowering procedures.

GROUPING PROCEDURES

D-92. In order to perform grouping procedures, jumpers—

Exit as per primary jumpmaster instructions.

Maintain 25-meter separation. Jumpers must never get over another jumper’s back.

Apply positive legs; jumpers must not backslide.

At the designated altitude, turn 180 degrees away from the group and forward glide to increase

separation.

Conduct pull procedures at prescribed altitude.

While the canopy is opening, grab the rear risers and check canopy.

Clear the airspace in all directions. If a jumper is heading toward another jumper, he should use

his rear risers to turn away.

Perform postopening procedures and get into the canopy formation.

Maintain 25-meter separation.

If unable to see the group leader, follow the lower jumper to the front. If a jumper becomes the

low man, he should assume group-lead position and follow landing procedures as prescribed in

sustained airborne training.

Follow the group to the designated landing area.

Note: Jumpers must not perform 360-degree turns.

HIGH-ALTITUDE HIGH-OPENING PROCEDURES

D-93. Jumpers perform HAHO procedures as follows:

Exit single file at one-arm interval in accordance with the group leader’s instructions.

Pull at the designated pull altitude or time delay, as briefed.

While the canopy is opening, grab the rear risers and check canopy, and then clear the airspace

in all directions. If jumper is heading toward another jumper, he uses his rear risers to turn away.

Perform postopening procedures and assume position in the canopy formation.

Maintain 25-meter vertical and horizontal separation.

D-94. The group leader or low man leads the formation to the intended landing area.

18 August 2016

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M, C2

D-19

Appendix D

NIGHT MILITARY FREE-FALL OPERATIONS

D-95. Jumpers conducting night MFF operations illuminate chemlights just prior to receiving a JMPI unless

directed otherwise. At the 10-minute warning, all jumpers ensure their chemlights are visible. A minimum of

three chemlights must be worn—one on the altimeter and two additional lights (placed in accordance with

unit SOP).

D-96. If jumpers cannot determine the proper flare altitude, they should go to 50-percent brakes, keep their

feet and knees together, and be prepared to conduct PLFs. This technique is recommended for night

landings.

D-97. During nontactical night jumps, if a jumper lands in the lights, he should quickly move away from

the lights so other jumpers may land near them. If a jumper disturbs the lights, he should quickly return the

lights to their original position.

D-98. If a jumper lands off of the DZ, he should—

Attempt to land facing into the wind according to the direction of the wind arrow or briefed wind

direction.

Attempt to locate a landing area that is free of obstacles (that is, open areas away from roads).

Jumpers must remember that many roads have power lines running parallel which are difficult to

see at night.

D-99. In a nontactical environment, the jumper—

Attempts to move toward the DZ.

If unsure of the DZ location or if there is no means of radio contact, moves to the nearest trail,

road, or high ground, and reestablishes contact according to unit SOP.

If he does not have his equipment, marks the place on the trail where he entered it using his

second chemlight.

D-100. In a tactical environment, the jumper conducts linkup procedures according to the premission brief.

RECOVERY PROCEDURES FOR ADMINISTRATIVE MILITARY

FREE-FALL OPERATIONS

D-101. Jumpers must daisy-chain the lines while walking toward the parachute without pulling the

parachute toward themselves. Jumpers—

Gather up the canopy with the D-bag and pilot chute.

Move to the DZSO while keeping a sharp lookout for landing parachutists.

Report to the DZSO.

If making multiple jumps from the same location, repack the parachute and reset the CYPRES.

After the last jump of the day, turn off the CYPRES. Place the canopy in the kit bag first,

daisy-chain the suspension lines, then place the container inside the kit bag and snap it closed.

Failure to turn off the CYPRES could result in a reserve deployment.

Account for all their equipment. Report any missing equipment to the jumpmaster immediately.

Leave the altimeters on their wrists until returning to the packing and/or recovery area.

INJURIES

D-102. All injuries must be reported immediately to the DZSO, primary jumpmaster, and/or medic.

Jumpers must take all necessary precautions to prevent all injuries. Information on injuries must be

reported on DA Form 285-AB (U.S. Army Abbreviated Ground Accident Report). For more information,

see DA Pamphlet 385-40.

D-103. Jumpers must remember the basic rules of the air:

Stay off other jumpers’ backs.

The lower jumper has the right-of-way.

Pull at the prescribed altitude.

Land into the wind.

When in doubt, apply half brakes and perform a PLF.

D-20

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M, C2

18 August 2016

Appendix F

High-Altitude Release Point Calculation

The effects of variable wind directions and speed must be accounted for when

determining the HARP for each MFF mission. Accurate wind data is essential to

calculate the HARP precisely. Commanders are cautioned against planning pinpoint

landings on targets when wind data is questionable due to the source, timeliness of

reporting, or other dynamic meteorological conditions (for example, thunderstorms or

changing fronts). Wind will affect the parachutist during free fall and canopy

performance after deployment.

OBTAINING WIND DATA

F-1. Military airfields, civilian airports or weather services, artillery meteorological sections, or pilot

teams in the operational areas can provide wind data. Aircrew personnel can also determine wind data

during flight as the aircraft passes through different flight levels. (It is not advisable to use this technique

for actual infiltrations, as the data obtained en route to the objective area may not reflect conditions at the

objective area.)

RECORDING WIND DATA

F-2. The jumpmaster records the reported wind data according to altitude in feet, direction in degrees

(true), and speed (velocity) in knots as follows:

HALO. He records the wind data for canopy flight every 1,000 feet of altitude from surface to

pull altitude and every 2,000 feet of altitude from pull altitude to exit altitude for free fall.

Note: If the pull altitude is greater than 6,000 feet AGL, the jumpmaster will record the winds

for, and calculate for, a HAHO operation.

HAHO. He records the wind data for canopy flight every 1,000 feet of altitude from surface to

10,000 feet and every 2,000 feet of altitude from 10,000 feet to exit altitude.

CALCULATING AND PLOTTING THE HIGH-ALTITUDE

RELEASE POINT

F-3. The jumpmaster calculates and plots the HARP’s location in reverse sequence (Figure F-1, page F-2).

First, he calculates the distance and direction from the desired impact point to the parachute opening point.

Second, he calculates the distance and direction from the parachute opening point to the preliminary release

point. Third, he calculates the distance and direction from the release point (to compensate for forward

throw) to the HARP.

F-4. Calculation of the HARP during HAHO operations may or may not require calculation of free-fall

drift, depending upon the length of free fall required. For HAHO missions requiring less than 2,000 feet of

free fall, the jumpmaster disregards free-fall drift.

F-5. When plotting the HARP on a map, the jumpmaster converts the wind direction from True North to a

grid azimuth using the declination diagram.

24 October 2014

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M

F-1

High-Altitude Release Point Calculation

Table F-1. HAHO K factors for Department of Defense Ram-Air Personnel Parachute Systems

K-Factor

Parachute Systems

Remarks

MC-4, MC-5, MJ-1, MT-2XX/SL

Large High-Glide RAPPS

MT-1SS, PD230

Small Low-Glide RAPPS

TP-400

Tandem Offset Resupply Delivery System

MP-360

Large High-Glide Zero-Porosity RAPPS

HG-380

Operations in High-Glide Mode

HG-380

Operations in Parachute Mode

NOTE: The jumpmaster always calculates for the lowest performance parachute (largest K factor) to be used

on that MFF operation.

CALCULATING HALO FREE-FALL DRIFT AND DIRECTION

F-8. To determine the parachutist’s drift in free fall, the jumpmaster calculates the average wind speed

(velocity) and average wind direction from the exit to the opening altitude. Opening altitude (4,000 feet in

this example) is not included since that is where the free fall stops. The wind data from 4,000 feet to 1,000 feet

is calculated using the canopy drift constant.

EXAMPLE: Altitude

Velocity

Direction

20,000

160

18,000

160

16,000

165

14,000

165

12,000

155

10,000

150

8,000

185

6,000

190

435 knots

1330 degrees

The jumpmaster determines the averages by—

Determining the total free-fall distance from the exit (20,000) to the opening (4,000).

A = 20,000 - 4,000 = 16,000, or A = 16.

Dividing the sum of the wind velocities (435) by the number of velocities (8).

V = 435 ÷ 8 = 54.375, or V = 54 (rounded to nearest whole number) knots average wind speed

(velocity).

Dividing the sum of the wind directions (1330) by the number of directions (8).

Direction = 1330 ÷ 8 = 166.25, or Direction = 166 degrees (rounded to nearest whole number)

average wind direction.

Note: Jumpmasters use the following rounding guidelines:

0.0 to 0.4: Round down to the nearest whole number.

0.5 to 0.9: Round up to the nearest whole number.

F-9. The jumpmaster substitutes the numerical values for the letters of the D = KAV formula.

D = (3) (16) (54).

D = 2,592 meters at 166 degrees (True North).

24 October 2014

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M

F-3

Appendix F

Note: If the jumpmaster uses wind directions from 271 degrees to 089 degrees to calculate the

average wind direction, incompatible averages may result. (All rules for erroneous winds and

doglegs apply.) To compensate, the jumpmaster adds

360 degrees to directions of

001 to 089 degrees and averages the wind direction. If the resulting average is greater than

360 degrees, the jumpmaster subtracts 360 to obtain the correct average wind direction.

EXAMPLE: Direction (incorrect) Direction (correct) Direction (average greater than 360 degrees)

345

350

355

345

005 (+ 360) = 365

010

010 (+ 360) = 370

020 (+ 360) = 380

015

015 (+ 360) = 375

025 (+ 360) = 385

350

035 (+ 360) = 395

1415 degrees

2135 degrees

2225 degrees

Direction = 1415 ÷ 6 = 235.83 degrees or D = 236 degrees (incorrect).

Direction = 2135 ÷ 6 = 355.83 degrees or D = 356 degrees (correct).

Direction = 2225 ÷ 6 = 370.83 degrees or D = 371 (- 360) = 011 degrees.

CALCULATING CANOPY DRIFT

F-10. To determine the parachutist’s drift under canopy, the jumpmaster calculates the average wind speed

(velocity) and direction from 1,000 feet to the opening altitude.

EXAMPLE: Altitude

Velocity

Direction

4,000

190

3,000

220

2,000

205

1,000

220

835

Note: Disregard surface winds for calculation. Winds from 1,000 feet to surface are not used to

allow the parachutist to maneuver in the landing pattern.

The jumpmaster determines the averages by—

Dividing the sum of the velocities (49) by the number of velocities (4).

V = 49 ÷ 4 = 12.25, or V = 12 (rounded to nearest whole number) average wind speed (velocity).

Dividing the sum of the wind directions (835) by the number of directions (4).

Direction = 835 ÷ 4 = 208.75 degrees, or 209 degrees (rounded to the nearest whole number)

average wind direction.

The jumpmaster substitutes the numerical values for the letters of the D = KAV formula.

D = (25) (4) (12).

D = 1,200 meters at 209 degrees (True North).

CALCULATING FORWARD THROW

F-11. Compensation must be made for the distance a parachutist’s body initially travels into the direction

of flight due to forward speed (velocity). The forward throw distances used in HALO and HAHO are—

300 meters for a high-performance aircraft with exit speeds above 120 knots.

150 meters for a low-performance aircraft with exit speeds below 120 knots.

F-4

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M

24 October 2014

High-Altitude Release Point Calculation

CALCULATING DOGLEGS

F-12. A dogleg is a situation in which the wind direction changes 90 degrees or more for two (or more)

consecutive recorded altitudes. Doglegs require separate calculations from the altitude where the wind

direction changes.

Note: A single 90-degree or greater change in wind direction is treated as an erroneous wind and

will not be included in wind direction or velocity calculations; the altitude will still be included

in the D = KAV formula.

CALCULATING THE HAHO HIGH-ALTITUDE RELEASE POINT

F-13. To calculate the HAHO HARP, the jumpmaster uses the modified D = KAV formula, as the intention

is to maximize the linear distance traveled using the gliding capability of the RAPPS.

Note: For doglegs with less than 6,000 feet of vertical descent, the jumpmaster may use the

standard D = KAV formula; however, it will be less accurate.

The jumpmaster uses the following HAHO gliding distance formula:

D = (A - SF) (V + 20.8)

D = gliding distance in nautical miles.

A = altitude in thousands of feet.

SF = safety factor in thousands of feet.

V = average wind speed (velocity) in knots.

20.8 = canopy speed constant.

K = 48 (canopy drift constant).

Note: Jumpmasters use the following rounding guidelines:

0.0 to 0.4: Round down to the nearest whole number.

0.5 to 0.9: Round up to the nearest whole number.

F-14. The jumpmaster calculates the safety factor, which provides a buffer area after exit to permit the

parachutists to assemble under canopy and to establish the landing pattern over the DZ. For example, the

element commander desires 1,000 feet for canopy assembly after exit and 2,000 feet to establish the

landing pattern. The safety factor is 3,000 feet. Therefore, SF = 3.

F-15. The jumpmaster calculates the total canopy gliding distance in nautical miles. He does not round up

or down. Instead, he truncates the result to the tenth of a nautical mile; for example, 12.666 = 12.6 and

18.37486 = 18.3. To convert nautical miles to kilometers, the jumpmaster multiplies by 1.85 and again

truncates the result.

F-16. When an element exits the aircraft in stick formation, the jumpmaster compensates for dispersion

between the parachutists. He obtains this figure by dividing the total number of parachutists by 2 and then

multiplying the result obtained by 50 meters. He plots the calculated distance back into the aircraft’s line of

flight. This procedure places the middle of the stick on the desired opening point.

F-17. The jumpmaster plots back into the aircraft’s line of flight to compensate for forward throw

(300 meters for high-performance aircraft and 150 meters for low-performance aircraft). The following are

examples of HAHO HARP calculations.

24 October 2014

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M

F-5

Appendix F

EXAMPLE 1: HAHO HARP Calculation

Situation. The exit altitude is 14,000 feet. Twelve parachutists will exit the aircraft in stick formation. The

element commander desires 1,000 feet for canopy assembly and a 1,000-foot arrival altitude over the DZ.

Wind speed and direction at altitude are—

Altitude

Velocity

Direction

14,000

090

12,000

080

10,000

090

9,000

090

8,000

085

7,000

080

6,000

080

5,000

085

4,000

080

3,000

075

2,000

080

1,000

080

210 knots

995 degrees

F-18. The jumpmaster—

Determines the average wind speed: V = 210 ÷ 12 = 17.50, or V = 18 (rounded to nearest whole

number) average wind speed.

Determines the average wind direction: D = 995 ÷ 12 = 82.91, or D = 83 (rounded to nearest

whole number) degrees (True North) average wind direction.

Determines the safety factor is 2 (minimum).

Substitutes the numerical values for the letters of the formula:

D = (12 - 2) (20.8 + 18) ÷ 48.

D = (10) (38.8) ÷ 48.

D = 388.0 ÷ 48.

D = 8.0 nautical miles at 83 degrees (True North).

Determines the gliding distance: 8.0 nautical miles x 1.85 = 14.8 kilometers.

Determines dispersion: (12 ÷ 2) x 50 = 300 meters.

Determines forward throw: 300 meters.

Converts the average wind direction from degrees (True North) to a grid azimuth and plots it on

the map to determine the canopy opening point.

Plots the dispersion and forward throw from the preliminary release point to determine the

HARP.

Determines the grid azimuth from the opening point to the desired impact point. Converts the

grid azimuth to a magnetic azimuth. The magnetic azimuth is the compass heading followed by

the parachutists to the DZ.

Note: If there is no free fall prior to canopy deployment, the opening point is the preliminary

release point.

F-6

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24 October 2014

High-Altitude Release Point Calculation

EXAMPLE 2: HAHO HARP Calculation With a Dogleg.

Situation. The exit altitude is 15,000 feet. Twelve parachutists exit the aircraft in stick formation. The

element commander desires 1,000 feet for canopy assembly and a 2,000-foot arrival altitude over the DZ. A

change of wind direction creates a dogleg at 9,000 feet AGL. Wind speed and direction at altitude are—

Altitude

Velocity

Direction

14,000

210

12,000

210

10,000

180

92 knots

600 degrees

9,000

075

8,000

080

7,000

085

6,000

090

5,000

090

4,000

085

3,000

090

2,000

085

1,000

080

154 knots

760 degrees

JUMPMASTER CALCULATIONS (BELOW THE DOGLEG

FROM 9,000 TO 1,000 FEET)

F-19. The jumpmaster calculates the gliding distance and direction from the desired impact point to the

dogleg at 9,000 feet. He—

Determines that the average wind speed

(velocity) from

1,000 feet to

9,000 feet is

17.11 or V = 17 (rounded to the nearest whole number) knots average wind speed.

Determines that the average wind direction from 1,000 feet to 9,000 feet is 84.44 or 84 (rounded

to the nearest whole number) degrees (True North).

Determines that the safety factor is 3. He must remember that in a formula for a HAHO dogleg,

the safety factor is 2 on the base leg and 1 on the dogleg to equal a total safety factor of 3.

Establishes that altitude = 9,000 feet, or A = 9.

Substitutes the numerical value for the letters of the formula:

D = (9 - 2) (20.8 + 17) ÷ 48.

D = (7) (37.8) ÷ 48.

D = 264.6 ÷ 48 = 5.5 nautical miles x 1.85 = 10.1 kilometers gliding distance at

84 degrees (True North).

JUMPMASTER CALCULATIONS (ABOVE THE DOGLEG

FROM 10,000 TO 14,000 FEET)

F-20. The jumpmaster calculates the gliding distance and direction from 10,000 feet to the exit altitude.

He—

Determines that the average wind speed (velocity) from 10,000 feet to 15,000 feet is 30.66 or 31

(rounded to the nearest whole number) knots.

Determines that the average wind direction from 10,000 feet to 15,000 feet is 200 degrees

(True North).

Determines that the safety factor is 1.

24 October 2014

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F-7

Appendix F

Establishes that altitude = 5,000 feet, or A = 5.

Substitutes the numerical value for the letters of the formula:

D = (5 - 1) (20.8 + 31) ÷ 48.

D = (4) (51.8) ÷ 48.

D = 207.2 ÷ 48 = 4.3 nautical miles x 1.85 = 7.9 or 8 kilometers (rounded to the

nearest whole number) gliding distance at 200 degrees (True North).

F-21. The jumpmaster converts the True North azimuths to grid azimuths. He plots the glide path from the

desired impact point to the dogleg, and plots the glide path from the dogleg to the opening point. He

calculates the dispersion for 12 parachutists (300 meters) and plots the preliminary release point from the

opening point. The jumpmaster compensates for forward throw and plots the HARP.

F-22. The jumpmaster determines the grid azimuth from the opening point to the desired impact point. He

converts the grid azimuth to a magnetic azimuth. The magnetic azimuth is the compass heading followed to

the DZ. By holding a single compass heading, the parachutist will maintain direction and follow a curving

path from the opening point to the DZ, rather than a path with distinct turns.

Note: The safety factor above the dogleg and below the dogleg, when combined, mathematically

incorporates the desired effect over the complete group.

F-8

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M

24 October 2014

Appendix G

Jumpmaster Personnel Inspection

Before each MFF parachute operation, the jumpmaster conducts a systematic

inspection of each parachutist’s parachute and combat equipment for proper wear, fit,

and attachment. All equipment being airdropped will receive a JMPI. The jumpmaster

must never sacrifice safety for speed.

DANGER

Improper or incomplete JMPIs may result in DEATH, serious

injury, or equipment loss and damage.

WARNING

Changes to the JMPI procedures may change as new equipment

and procedures are developed. Jumpmasters should ensure that

they are using the latest JMPI procedures taught at the

USAJFKSWCS MFF school when conducting JMPIs.

JUMPMASTER PERSONNEL INSPECTION OF THE MC-4 HARNESS

AND CONTAINER SYSTEM

G-1. The jumpmaster uses the following sequence to detect and identify deficiencies. With hands and eyes

working together, he starts at the front of the parachutist and moves to the rear, from top to bottom, right

side to left side (Figure G-1, page G-2).

Note: If making an oxygen jump, the jumpmaster first performs the oxygen inspection sequence

on page G-6. Then he continues with the following:

Note: If jumping in the vicinity of a water hazard, the jumpmaster follows the inspection

sequence for flotation devices on page G-9. Then he continues with the following:

Harness: Checks for proper fit before continuing the JMPI.

Helmet and goggles:

Uses correct helmet: MC-3, Gentex HGU-55/P, Gentex lightweight parachutist helmet,

Bell helmet, Protec with free-fall liner, ACH helmet, MICH, or OPSCORE.

Makes sure helmet fits properly and is serviceable.

Uses approved goggles (Kroop; military-issue sun, wind, and dust goggles; or Gentex only).

Makes sure the lenses are clear and not cracked or scratched.

Makes sure the goggle strap is secured if worn outside of helmet.

Checks that bayonet receivers are present and securely attached.

Makes sure the two adjustment screws are present on the receiver covers.

Checks chin strap for proper attachment and serviceability, with excess stowed.

Right riser: Makes sure no twists are present in front or rear riser from riser cover to

3-ring release assembly.

18 August 2016

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M, C2

G-1

Jumpmaster Personnel Inspection

Right main canopy release cable and cable housing:

Inspects for tacking and proper routing.

Makes sure the 3-ring locking loop is through the small ring and the grommet on the riser

and the eye on the cable housing (without any twists or frays).

Rotates riser toward the parachutist’s neck, ensuring the release cable is routed through the

locking loop and the running end is stowed in the stowage flute.

Main ripcord assembly:

Makes sure the housing is tacked properly.

Makes sure there are no broken strands on main ripcord cable.

Makes sure the two swage balls are present on the end of the ripcord cable.

Checks that the main ripcord handle is properly seated in the elastic pocket.

Note: The jumpmaster resumes JMPI sequence of the center-mounted weapons harness after

inspection of the main canopy release handle (page G-10, JMPI for the MC-4 RAPPS using the

center-mounted weapons harness).

Cutaway handle (main canopy release ripcord):

Makes sure that the cutaway cables are not twisted more than 180 degrees.

Checks that the handle is seated in its pocket and the Velcro is properly mated.

Chest strap:

Makes sure there are no twists and it is properly routed

(to include the chest strap

extension).

Makes sure the excess is rolled under and stowed in the slack retainer.

Makes sure it is properly routed through the friction adapter.

Note: If jumping with a weapon, jumpmaster follows the inspection sequence on page G-10.

Then he continues with the following:

Reserve ripcord:

Makes sure it is properly seated in the elastic pocket.

Checks that the two swage balls are present on end of the reserve ripcord cable.

Makes sure there are no broken strands.

Makes sure the cable is properly routed to the cable housing.

Makes sure the cable housing is tacked.

Makes sure RSL is free and clear of reserve ripcord cable (first free and clear).

Left riser: Makes sure there are no twists in the front or rear riser from the riser cover to the

3-ring release assembly.

Left 3-ring release assembly:

Checks for correct assembly—small ring, medium ring, and base ring (elongated snowman

effect).

Gives the small and medium rings a one-quarter turn to check for free movement.

Left main canopy release cable and cable housing:

Inspects for tacking and proper routing.

Makes sure the 3-ring locking loop is through the small ring and the grommet on the riser

and the eye on the cable housing (without any twists or frays).

Rotates riser toward parachutist’s neck, making sure the release cable is routed through the

locking loop and the running end is stowed in the stowage flute.

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G-3

Appendix G

Reserve static line:

Makes sure the RSL quick-release lanyard is attached and snapped.

Makes sure the RSL loop is attached to the release shackle and routed correctly.

Makes sure RSL is free and clear of canopy release cable housing (second free and clear).

Left main lift web:

Checks that the large equipment attachment ring and V-ring are present.

Makes sure the running end of the adjustment strap is rolled and stowed in the slack

retainer.

Makes sure there are no twists.

Note: If jumping with a rucksack, jumpmaster follows the inspection sequence on page G-11.

Then he continues with the following:

Right main lift web:

Checks that the large equipment attachment ring and V-ring are present.

Makes sure the running end of the adjustment strap is rolled and stowed in the slack

retainer.

Makes sure there are no twists.

Checks free-floating strap and oxygen fitting block for proper attachment, and makes sure

the four screws are present on the back of the fitting block.

Waistband, waistband extension, and kit bag handles (rear-mounted):

Makes sure the right wing flap is secured to the waistband.

Checks that there are no twists from its attachment point on the right side of container to the

left wing flap.

Makes sure the excess is rolled under and stowed in the slack retainer.

Checks for proper routing through the waistband extension friction adapter.

Checks the waistband extension is routed through the kit bag handles (rear-mounted).

Checks the kit bag is positioned between the jumper’s back and the main pack tray.

Makes sure waistband is routed over all equipment.

Right leg strap, kit bag handle (front-mounted):

Makes sure the snap hook gate closes and has proper spring tension.

Makes sure the excess is rolled under and stowed in the slack retainer.

Checks for correct routing, with no twist in leg strap or saddle.

Ensures the leg strap is routed through one kit bag carrying handle (front-mounted).

Left leg strap, kit bag handle (front-mounted):

Makes sure the snap hook gate closes and has proper spring tension.

Makes sure the excess is rolled under and stowed in the slack retainer.

Checks for correct routing, with no twist in leg strap or saddle.

Ensures the leg strap is routed through one kit bag carrying handle (front-mounted).

Altimeter, MA2-30:

Makes sure it is located on parachutist’s left wrist, that it fits snugly, and it is properly

attached (with 0 to the top).

Checks for proper free-fall altimeter setting.

Tells the parachutist to turn and continues the JMPI.

Altimeter, MA-10:

Makes sure it is located on parachutist’s left wrist, that it fits snugly, and it is properly

attached (with 0 to the top).

Looks at the altimeter and ensures the altimeter is on (steady yellow light).

Checks for proper free-fall altimeter setting.

G-4

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24 October 2014

Jumpmaster Personnel Inspection

Tells the parachutist to turn and continues the JMPI.

Reserve container:

Peels open the reserve ripcord protective flap.

Makes sure the reserve ripcord cable housing is tacked down.

Checks that the RSL is routed correctly, and that the reserve ripcord cable runs through the

RSL guide and assist ring.

Reserve ripcord cable:

Checks that the reserve ripcord cable has no broken strands.

Makes sure it is routed on the left side of the grommets.

Makes sure the top pin is inserted at a 45-degree angle.

Makes sure the closing loops are not frayed.

Makes sure both pins are not seated past their shoulders.

Tells the parachutist to bend.

Main container:

Opens both protective flaps.

Makes sure the closing flaps are closed in the proper sequence (bottom, left, right, top).

Makes sure the main ripcord cable housing is tacked.

Checks that main ripcord cable and EAAD and/or ARR power cable are not twisted around

each other.

Makes sure the 2-inch cable extension with swage ball is at the 12 o’clock position (top).

Makes sure the closing loop is not frayed.

Makes sure the main pin is not seated past its shoulder.

The Military CYPRES 2: Jumpmaster does the normal JMPI sequence through the inspection of

the parachutist’s altimeter. After the altimeter inspection, the jumpmaster continues with the

following:

Opens the reserve protector flap and pins it up and out of the way.

Traces the control cable and inspects for any damage and proper routing.

Makes sure the control cable is properly routed through the binding tape guide.

Makes sure the binding tape is properly tacked to the reserve top-closing flap.

Makes sure the control unit is set at the proper default for the current free-fall operation.

Makes sure the control unit light-emitting diode indicator light is not lit.

Checks that the control unit digital readout screen shows the proper millibar setting or 0▼.

Inspects the reserve ripcord cable for proper routing and no broken strands.

Makes sure the reserve ripcord cable runs through the assist ring (little ring) of the RSL and

then through the guide ring (big ring).

At the top reserve locking pin, ensures the reserve ripcord cable is to the right of the

grommet.

Inspects the pin to make sure it is not shouldered inside the grommet and the pin is not bent.

Makes sure the continuous Military CYPRES 2 closing loop of the reserve is not frayed.

Continues to inspect the reserve ripcord cable to the bottom locking pin, making sure it is

properly routed and there are no broken strands.

At the bottom reserve locking pin, inspects the pin to make sure it is not shouldered inside

the grommet and the pin is not bent.

Makes sure the continuous Military CYPRES 2 closing loop of the reserve is not frayed.

Makes sure the closing flaps are closed in the proper sequence (bottom, left, right, top).

Makes sure the main ripcord cable housing is tacked.

Inspects the cable for proper routing and no broken strands.

Continues past the locking pin and inspects the 2-inch extension for proper routing and no

broken strands.

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G-5

Appendix G

Ensures the 2-inch extension terminates with a single steel swage ball.

Pinches the swage ball to ensure the main locking pin does not come loose.

Inspects the pin to make sure it is not shouldered inside the grommet and the pin is not bent.

Makes sure the main closing loop is not frayed.

Slaps the bottom of the container to indicate completion of the JMPI.

JMPI FOR THE MC-4 RAPPS WITH THE 106-CUBIC-INCH

PORTABLE BAILOUT OXYGEN SYSTEM

G-2. The jumpmaster inspects the entire oxygen system before inspecting the harness and/or container

system. The recommended inspection sequence for the MC-4 RAPPS with the oxygen system follows

(Figure G-2, page G-7):

Inspects the inside of the mask, making sure there is no debris, the four self-sealing screws are

present, the combination valve retainer is present, and the portion that matches with the

parachutist’s face is not torn or damaged in any way that would cause the parachutist to have an

improper seal or fit.

Attaches the mask to the left-side bayonet receiver.

Checks for proper fit and seal. Makes sure there is no damage to the hard-shell or soft-shell

portion of the mask. Makes sure the four capped tee nuts secure the four attaching straps to the

hard-shell portion of the mask, and the excess is either taped or tacked. Checks that the

combination valve is of the correct type (green exhalation port flaps only), the delivery tube

clamp is present and attached properly, and there is no damage to the delivery tube at its

attachment point to the combination valve.

Detaches the oxygen mask from the left-side bayonet receiver. Inspects the oxygen mask

delivery tube to make sure there is no damage (checks for holes, discoloration, or deterioration).

Makes sure the delivery tube retainer is present and attached correctly. Checks that the elastic

slack retainer is around the chest strap and that the Velcro is mated around the delivery tube.

Moves to the quick-disconnect assembly. Inspects the delivery tube clamp to make sure that it is

present and attached properly. Makes sure there is no damage to the delivery tube at its

attachment point to the quick disconnect. Disconnects the delivery tube from the AIROX VIII.

Inspects the quick disconnect to make sure that there is no debris inside the quick disconnect and

that the antisuffocation valve moves freely, has correct spring tension, and returns to the closed

position. Inspects the gasket (O-ring) to make sure it is present and the beveled lip portion is up

(not reversed).

Inspects the AIROX VIII. Disconnects the oxygen mask delivery tube. Makes sure the dust

cover is present and serviceable. Checks that the debris screen is present and is not damaged or

corroded. Checks that there is no debris inside the AIROX VIII. Reconnects the oxygen mask

delivery tube, making sure the quick-disconnect assembly is fully seated.

Grasps the AIROX VIII and moves the entire assembly gently up and down to check that the

dovetail mounting plate is correctly mated with the oxygen fitting block. Inspects the oxygen

fitting block to make sure it is assembled correctly and the four attachment screws are present

and secure on the back of the oxygen fitting block.

Checks the ambient air port of the AIROX VIII. Visually inspects the inside of the ambient air

port to make sure the debris screen is present and is not damaged or corroded. Checks that there

is no debris inside the ambient air port. Inspects the antisuffocation valve to make sure it has

correct spring tension and returns to the closed position. Inspects the gasket (O-ring) to make

sure it is present and that the beveled lip portion is up (not reversed).

Inspects the blue antitamper seal (blue dot of paint). Makes sure it is present and aligned.

Checks to ensure both flow indicator windows are not damaged.

Grasps the “B” nut, giving it a slight turn to make sure it is tight. (The “B” nut attaches the

delivery hose [medium pressure] to the AIROX VIII.)

G-6

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24 October 2014

Appendix G

Pushes up on the bottom of the oxygen bottle pocket with the left hand while the right hand is on

the manifold and pulls the bottles away from the parachutist’s body. Moves to the overpressure

relief valve making sure it is seated by pushing in on the cap. While in this position with the

oxygen bottles away from the parachutist’s body, inspects the waistband from its point of

attachment on the container to the right wing flap friction adapter. Makes sure the waistband is

not twisted and the waistband is routed through both of the center loops on the oxygen bottle

pocket. Checks that the oxygen system is between the waistband and right wing flap.

Tells the parachutist to bend. Inspects the filler port cap making sure it is present and finger-

tight. Checks that the oxygen pressure gauge indicates adequate pressure. The needle on the

oxygen pressure gauge must be on the number 1 of 1800 psi or higher to be correct.

Tells the parachutist to stand erect. Turns the ON/OFF control valve on and listens for a flow of

oxygen out of the oxygen mask. Makes sure the ON/OFF control valve can be locked in the ON

position. Turns the ON/OFF control valve off, making sure it can be locked in the OFF position.

G-3. This sequence completes the JMPI of the 106-cubic-inch portable bailout oxygen system. The

jumpmaster returns to the normal JMPI sequence for the MC-4 RAPPS.

JMPI FOR THE POM MFF MASK AND JUMP BOTTLE SYSTEM

G-4. The jumpmaster begins the inspection by reaching, with his right hand, the pressure reducer on the

bottle and turning the ON/OFF toggle switch to the ON position. Then he continues with the following:

Moves to the front of the jumper and visually checks that the mask is attached to the left side of

the jumper’s helmet.

With his right hand, grasps the mask on the outside portion on the hard shell and rotates the

mask making the inside visible. Visually inspects the inside to ensure cleanliness. Looks for the

presence of the pressure-demand relief valve (brass ring), microphone element, exhalation valve,

and antisuffocation valve.

Using his left index finger as a guide, places it inside the mask at the top and rotates it in a

clockwise direction while peeling back the lip and exposing the inside of the mask. He should be

inspecting for tears, dirt, or damage to the inner soft-shell portion. He continues this process

until he comes back up to the 12 o’clock position. Then he does another sweep on outer portion

of the inner soft shell making sure there are no damages to the mask that would hinder a good

seal to the jumper’s face.

With his right hand, gently pulls out and rotates the mask on the jumper’s face. With the left

hand, attaches the bayonet fitting into the receiver on the right side of the jumper’s helmet and

seats it with two clicks.

From the nose of the jumper, looks in a clockwise direction around the mask and inspects for

any problems with fit and the mask edges are not pinched or rolled over the jumper’s face. Gives

the mask a shake ensuring a good seal and sounds off with key word “PROPER FIT.”

Brings his right index finger to the friction buckle at the 2 o’clock position on the mask. Makes

sure it is present and excess webbing of the attaching strap is stowed properly by either tape or

tacking. In a clockwise motion, inspects the remaining three buckles and attaching straps and

sounds off with key words “BUCKLE TAPE” (four times).

Inspects the hard shell for cracks and ensures exhalation valve cover is secure. Visually looks

under the cover for the spring and the overall cleanliness. Ensures intercom block on the top of

the mask has two screws present and the intercom cord is attached if necessary. Checks regulator

for damage and cleanliness, and gently shakes to ensure it is secure.

Places his right hand to the right of the quick-disconnect fitting on the regulator. Grasps and

pushes the hose toward the mask to ensure it is properly seated. Pulls on the hose to make sure

that it is securely attached and sounds off with key words “PUSH IN - PULL OUT.” Instructs

the jumper to breathe in and out, listens for oxygen flow (it should stop when the jumper

exhales). Next, he moves to the union elbow and with his left hand, grasps it; with his right

hand, he grasps the blue “B” nut and attempts to turn it to the right ensuring tightness, sounding

off with key word “TIGHT.”

G-8

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24 October 2014

Jumpmaster Personnel Inspection

Leaving his right hand in place on the union elbow, seeks out the securing lanyard and gives it a

tug with his left index finger. Inspects the securing lanyard, ensuring it is attached to the mask

on the jumper’s left bottom attaching strap and ensuring the chinstrap is routed through the

securing lanyard.

From the mask end, traces the medium-pressure delivery hose as it routes behind the jumper’s

neck. The hose should be routed through the heavyweight retainer band that is half-hitched to the

carrying handle on the top center of the jumper’s container. Moves to the right side of the

jumper. The hose should be seen running from the carrying handle to and through a half-hitched

retainer band attached to the equipment tie-down loop. Traces the hose from the retainer to the

top of the swivel “T.”

Grasps the nut that connects the medium-pressure delivery hose to the swivel “T” and ensures it

is connected and that the unit rotates freely.

Places his left hand on the bottom of the bottles. At the same time, places his right hand on the

manifold at the top of the bottles and lifts up and out.

While pulling out on the bottles, looks behind them to visually inspect the origin. Places his right

hand behind the bottles and sweeps the waistband to ensure there are no twists and it routes

through the middle loops on the oxygen pouch. Sounds off with key word “ORIGIN.”

Rotates the bottles forward and with his left hand checks for the presence of the filler cap and

ensures it is tight.

Looks at the bottle gauge and states in reference to the 1800 on the gauge face, key words

“ONE,” or “ABOVE” or “BELOW ONE.”

Rotates the switch to the OFF position and sounds off with key word “LOCK OFF.”

Removes the mask from the jumper’s face and starts his inspection of the jumper’s parachute as

normal.

JMPI FOR THE MC-4 RAPPS WITH FLOTATION DEVICES

G-5. The recommended JMPI sequence for the MC-4 with flotation devices follows (Figure G-2, page G-7):

B-7 Life Preserver and Life Preserver Unit-10/P:

Checks that the life preserver straps are over the uniform and under the parachute harness

(B-7 chest strap fastened with a quick release).

Ensures flotation packets fit under the armpits, with the flaps to the outside, and the toggles

down and to the front. Makes sure no part of the flotation packet is under the parachute

harness.

Underwater demolition team life vest:

Makes sure the life vest is worn around the neck with all straps under the parachute harness,

including the parachute harness chest strap. The vest is secured with a rubber band to

prevent interference with the cutaway handle and the reserve ripcord.

Makes sure the inflatable portion of the vest does not go under the chest strap.

Unscrews the CO2 cartridge to make sure it has not been fired. Reinserts the cartridge into

its fitting and ensures it is finger-tight. Makes sure the protective flap does not cover the

toggle.

G-6. Jumpmaster returns to the normal JMPI sequence for the MC-4 RAPPS.

JMPI FOR THE MC-4 RAPPS WITH WEAPON (M16A1/A2 AND M4A1)

G-7. The jumpmaster follows the normal JMPI sequence until he encounters the weapon sling over the

chest strap extension. The recommended inspection sequence for the MC-4 RAPPS with weapon follows

(Figure G-3, page G-10):

Makes sure the sling is routed over the chest strap extension and under the left main lift web.

Makes sure the sling is routed over the parachutist’s shoulder.

Checks that the weapon tie-down is secured around the weapon sling about 6 inches from the

swivel on the stock of the weapon.

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G-9

Jumpmaster Personnel Inspection

Note: In all Category B weapons—M24, M249, M240B, and AT-4—the chest strap must be

routed through the sling and secured with the chest strap excess to prevent the sling from

interfering with the cutaway pillow or reserve ripcord handle.

Ensures the weapon’s sling is routed under the chest strap on the main ripcord side and over the

chest strap on the reserve ripcord side. Jumpmaster states the key words, “Under, Over.”

Traces the weapon’s sling from the chest strap down to the sling tie-down point and ensures that

it is secured to the weapon and all excess webbing has been taped or secured using a

heavyweight retainer band.

At the point of attachment, ensures the weapon’s muzzle is oriented to the jumper’s left, the

sling is routed in front of the weapon, and the main lift web attachment buckle is outboard of the

left main lift web. Jumpmaster states the key words, “Muzzle Left Outboard.”

Traces the weapons system ensuring that the forward assist and charging handle are located

away from the jumper, the waistband is behind the weapon, and the harness is securely attached

to the weapon.

Note: When jumping weapons that have bipods and/or feed tray covers, the weapon’s

attachment straps must cover and secure these components to mitigate an inadvertent release.

Upon reaching the right main lift web, ensures the main lift web attaching point is rotated

outboard of the right main lift web. Jumpmaster states the key word, “Outboard.”

Upon reaching the right sling attachment point, traces the sling ensuring proper routing and all

excess material is secured using tape or a heavyweight retainer band, and the sling is routed

behind the chest strap.

G-9.

The jumpmaster goes to the reserve ripcord handle and continues the normal JMPI.

JMPI FOR THE MC-4 RAPPS WITH REAR- OR FRONT-MOUNTED

COMBAT PACK (RUCKSACK)

G-10. The recommended inspection sequence for the MC-4 parachute assembly with the combat pack

(rucksack) follows (Figures G-3 [front-mounted], page G-10, and G-4 [rear-mounted], page G-12). The

jumpmaster follows the normal JMPI sequence until he arrives at the equipment attachment ring on the left

main lift web. Then the jumpmaster—

Makes sure the left quick-release snap hook has proper spring tension and that the gate is closed.

Makes sure the quick-release is seated. Follows the left attachment strap around to the improved

equipment attachment sling, making sure it is not routed under any portion of the MC-4 harness

or rucksack frame.

Makes sure the right quick-release snap hook has proper spring tension and that the gate is

closed. Makes sure the quick-release is seated. Follows the right attachment strap around to the

improved equipment attachment sling, making sure it is not routed under any portion of the

MC-4 harness or rucksack frame.

Inspects the HPT lowering line assembly at its point of attachment on the right V-ring. Makes

sure the gate on the quick-ejector release is closed and that the locking arm is locked. Checks the

routing of the tubular nylon to the nylon duck container (stow pocket), making sure it is routed

free of any portion of the MC-4 parachute system or the rucksack frame and is located between

the parachutist’s leg and the shoulder strap of the rucksack.

Checks the running end of the HPT lowering line for proper attachment. Makes sure it is

attached between the lateral locking straps where the diagonal straps cross. Checks that the

running end of the lowering line passes through its own loop and is tightened down.

Grasps both shoulder straps and pulls to the outside of the parachutist’s legs to make sure they

are attached correctly and that the parachutist has a leg through each shoulder strap.

G-11. Jumpmaster returns to the JMPI inspection sequence at the left main lift web large equipment ring.

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G-11

Appendix G

JMPI WITH NIGHT VISION GOGGLES (WITH AND WITHOUT

OXYGEN)

G-12. The jumpmaster will conduct a general visual inspection of the helmet and NVGs to ensure overall

serviceability, suitability, and proper fit.

G-13. The jumpmaster will ensure the NVGs are properly mounted and secured, as well as verify that the

NVGs function as designed; for example, power on and off, and flip up and down freely. If the NVGs have

an external battery pack and power cables, the jumpmaster will inspect to ensure the battery pack and

power cables are secured to the helmet and properly stowed.

G-14. The jumpmaster will trace the bungee cord to ensure it is routed through the retention loops with a

not less than

4-mm-diameter bungee cord, but not larger than a 6-mm-diameter bungee cord. The

jumpmaster will also ensure the hook is no more than 2 inches long. The jumpmaster will continue to trace

the bungee cord to the termination point where it will be attached to the 550 cord loop on the NVG. The

jumpmaster will then complete the bungee inspection by verifying that the bungee hook is closed with one

turn of paper masking tape with a quick release. The chin strap and oxygen system will be inspected in

accordance with current JMPI standards.

Figure G-4. Jumpmaster personnel inspection with the rear-mounted rucksack

and/or parachutist drop bag

G-12

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18 August 2016

Appendix J

Joint Precision Airdrop System

This appendix discusses the new JPADS, which uses the GPS, steerable parachutes,

and an onboard computer to steer loads to a designated point of impact on a DZ.

AUTONOMOUS BUNDLE OPERATIONS

J-1. New and emerging technologies are now allowing for the deployment of GPS-guided bundles that

can carry an ever-increasing load to pinpoint grid coordinates. This new technology will greatly increase

mission capabilities and allow for more than just personnel to be delivered to the objective area via the

RAPPS.

J-2. In recent years, GPS-guided RAPPSs render more flexibility to load drops. Since

2004, the

U.S. Marine Corps has been using Sherpa TM and/or MC GPS-guided parachutes in Iraq, dropping one-ton

loads within 70 meters from their designated target point. In August 2006, the first “Screamers” were tested

in Afghanistan, dropping container-delivery-system bundles containing food, water, ammunition, and other

supplies, weighing 500 to 2,200 pounds (0.2 to 1 ton) to troops on the ground.

J-3. Precision airdrop for special operations has been chosen among the ten highest priority areas defined

for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s defense against terrorism effort. The purpose of the defense

against terrorism program is to develop new, cutting-edge technology to protect troops and civilians against

terrorist attacks. Precision airdrop capabilities will enhance the capability of North Atlantic Treaty

Organization forces to deliver personnel or equipment stealthily and precisely under all weather conditions,

wherever they may be needed. This capability will also support the increasing deployment of troops to

long-distance out-of-area contingency operations, which have lately become in vogue.

J-4. High-altitude precision airdrop is expected to be a key enabling technology for future forces’

deployment. Such capabilities will facilitate rapid strategic and tactical deployment of forces, supported

“just in time,” with supplies delivered precisely to any location throughout the world. The increased

accuracy and ability to drop to more than one location simultaneously means that Soldiers on the ground

can recover the cargo quickly and know exactly where it will land. Such capability is providing military

planners with the capability of strategically and covertly positioning equipment and supplies for rapidly

moving ground and special operations forces.

J-5. Aimed at supporting ground troops with essential supplies, the U.S. Army Natick Soldier Center has

teamed with the USAF Air Mobility Command to develop new airdrop capabilities, first pushing

immediately essential supplies, such as ammunition, water, fuel, and medical supplies to forward-deployed

troops. The medium and heavy systems will be fielded at a later phase and will enable precision airdrop of

loads ranging from 20,000 to 60,000 pounds (9 to 27 tons) of cargo, more than enough to deliver the

Army’s eight-wheel 19-ton Stryker combat vehicle. As the Army transforms to the Future Combat System,

JPADS will provide the just-in-time logistics needed. The ultimate goal is to resupply troops anywhere in

the world within 24 hours with supplies directly flown from the U.S. bases. JPADS will satisfy four “gaps”

identified in the current airdrop capability:

Increased ground accuracy.

Standoff delivery.

Increased air carrier survivability.

Improved effectiveness of airdrop mission operations.

J-6. The JPADS family of systems consists of “self-guided” cargo parachute systems with navigation aids

for MFF parachute systems all linked to a common mission planning and weather system. The JPADS is

intended to be deployed as a containerized-delivery-system bundle via static-line deployment. The JPADS

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J-1

Appendix J

uses a ram-air parachute canopy for the entirety of the descent, and is controlled by an Autonomous

Guidance Unit. The canopy is deployed directly off the ramp of the aircraft and the opening is

slider-controlled. The system is designed for operation up to

24,500 feet MSL and offset up to

25 kilometers from the target, providing a high standoff delivery and aircraft survivability. Minimum

release altitude during combination drops is 5,000 feet AGL. The JPADS uses Military Global Positioning

System (GPS) sensor data for navigation to waypoints and accurate soft landings within 150 meters from

the designated impact point. The weight classes are as follows:

Micro lightweight: 10 to 150 pounds.

Ultra lightweight: 250 to 700 pounds.

Extra light (also known as 2K): 700 to 2,200 pounds.

Light: 5,000 to 10,000 pounds.

Medium: 15,000 to 30,000 pounds.

J-7. All systems will be required to hit a preplanned GPS ground target within 50 meters, cleared for

high-altitude drop from 24,500 feet MSL, and capable of being deployed from at least 8 kilometers

horizontal offset from the ground target. Using a portable mission-planning tool and wireless

communications, loadmasters will be able to update the mission plans uploaded to the rigged JPADS before

the flight with last minute changes of DZ location, threats, and so on.

RIGGING

J-8. Because of the complexities of JPADS rigging, joint airdrop inspection is required for all JPADSs

and is only conducted by qualified personnel.

J-9. As early as possible, personnel should try to identify the type of aircraft and style of rollers that they

are using for delivery. It is crucial that the rollers are wide enough to accept the skid plate. If the rollers are

too thin, then the load may roll off of the rollers during deployment. C-130 rollers are too thin to accept the

Tandem Offset Resupply Delivery System (round) bundle, but work well with square loads.

J-10. Square loads are tied down with a minimum of two cargo straps ensuring the handles are forward of

the load so the bundle safety can manipulate them without getting between the ramp and the bundle. A

chain bridle with four cargo straps works best for the Tandem Offset Resupply Delivery System bundle.

PERSONNEL AND JPADS COMBINATION AIRDROP OPERATIONS

J-11. MFF parachutists exiting directly following JPADS bundles are restricted to HAHO operations only.

Combination drops will only be conducted with extra light, ultra lightweight, and micro lightweight

systems.

J-12. Minimum pull altitude for jumpers conducting combination airdrops (MFF and/or JPADS) is

1,000 feet from drop altitude.

J-13. The limiting factor for combination airdrops is the jumper. The JPADS generally has a greater glide

distance and should easily make the DZ during combination airdrops using the more restrictive personnel

release point.

J-14. Jumpers must realize the JPADS is robotic in nature and will normally have an increased forward

airspeed and a slightly increased rate of descent compared to a typical MFF parachutist. Figure J-1, page

J-3, depicts personnel and JPADS combination airdrop operations. The following paragraphs discuss

considerations that must be taken into account when conducting combination airdrops using JPADS.

J-2

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24 October 2014

Appendix J

CANOPY FLIGHT CONSIDERATIONS

J-18. The JPADS will normally be the lowest canopy in the stack. All parachutists should use prebriefed

grouping procedures to get into a stacked formation and exercise added caution to ensure they maintain

separation with the JPADS and other jumpers while joining the stack.

J-19. The jumpers will accomplish standard postopening procedures, build the initial canopy formation

behind the bundle, and begin flying the intended flight route.

J-20. Jumpers should become familiar with and consider using trim tabs to stay with the bundle and to

alleviate arm fatigue from excessive front riser use. Jumpers must avoid radical canopy maneuvers while

following a JPADS.

J-21. In the event that jumpers lose visual contact with the bundle, or cannot acquire the Autonomous

Guidance Unit after exit, they should keep scanning and attempt to locate the bundle system. After

completing postopening procedures, all jumpers should turn to the briefed heading and continue scanning,

keeping a sharp lookout during the entire descent in an attempt to visually reacquire the bundle system.

COLLISION OR ENTANGLEMENT WITH THE BUNDLE

J-22. These procedures are intended to correspond with personnel entanglement emergency procedures so

individual jumpers will not have to memorize a different set of emergency procedures if entanglement

occurs with a JPADS or bundle:

If jumper’s canopy is entangled with the JPADS and the JPADS has a good canopy, jumper

should cut away no lower than 1,000 feet AGL.

If jumper has a good canopy but the JPADS canopy is entangled with the jumper, the jumper

should clear the canopy entanglement from himself and his equipment.

If jumper and JPADS are entangled and neither has a good canopy, jumper should clear himself

from the entanglement and cut away regardless of position in the entanglement.

If impact with the ground is imminent, jumper should deploy the reserve in an attempt to slow

his descent.

DUTY POSITIONS

J-23. The bundle safety is responsible for ensuring the bundle is programmed, rigged, loaded, and

deployed correctly.

J-24. The bundle pusher is responsible for verifying the bundle is programmed, rigged, loaded, and

deployed correctly. It is also his primary responsibility to deploy and follow the load out of the aircraft and

lead the stack to land in close vicinity of the bundle by using proper canopy control techniques.

BUNDLE OPERATIONS

J-25. During night operations, the bundle will be marked in accordance with a published unit SOP. It is

recommended that all MFF jumpers conducting combination drops with JPADS utilize available NVG

technology to maintain continuous visual contact with the system. For night operations, it is recommended

that the bundle be marked as follows:

One strobe light on each side and one on the top.

All strobe lights should be secured with HPT.

Overt or covert markings should reflect mission profile.

J-26. The bundle should be placed as close as possible to the ramp hinge, with ratchet portion of cargo

strap facing the ramp, so the safety releasing the cargo strap does not interfere with the jumper controlling

the bundle. The bundle should be rigged with the static line on the port side of the aircraft, but the overall

rigging will depend on the aircraft.

J-4

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M

24 October 2014

Joint Precision Airdrop System

J-27. Time warnings for bundle operations are as follows:

10 Minutes. All jumpers will put rucksacks on and perform buddy checks of equipment. The

safety turns on the JPADS GPS.

6 Minutes. Aircraft will be flat and level on heading for jump run.

4 Minutes. All jumpers stand up and perform pin checks.

3 Minutes. Lead jumper controls bundle and Safety disconnects cargo strap. All jumpers are

ready with eyes on the jumpmaster. The jumpmaster will call for the ramp after the safety’s

thumbs-up signal. The ramp will not be opened until both jumper and safety have positive

control of the bundle.

2 Minutes. The bundle will be moved to the ramp hinge. Lead jumper and safety will maintain

control.

1 Minute. With the ramp open, the bundle will be moved by the lead jumper with the assistance

of the Safety halfway to the ramp edge.

Stand By. Lead jumpers will move the bundle to the ramp edge. The safety at this time will

control the static line of the bundle and assist the lead jumper in any way necessary.

Go. Lead jumper will push the bundle. After the bundle is pushed, the lead jumper will delay

5 to 10 seconds to ensure the bundle has a good canopy and the GPS guidance system has found

its heading.

J-28. In the event of a mishap with the bundle guidance unit, it is recommended that the stack follow the

bundle until the low man decides the bundle is not flying to its intended landing point.

JUMPER ACTIONS ON EXIT, UNDER CANOPY, AND UPON LANDING

J-29. Exit procedures for jumpers are as follows:

After the bundle is pushed, the lead jumper will delay 5 to 10 seconds ensuring the bundle has a

good canopy and the GPS guidance system has found its heading.

On exit, all jumpers will exit the aircraft immediately, turn toward the DZ, and deploy the main

canopy.

Pull procedures are as normal with NVGs; these pull procedures are as follows:

The jumper will “ARCH,” look under the NVGs at the ripcord housing and ripcord,

“TRACE” ripcord housing, “GRAB” ripcord, “PULL” ripcord, and “RAISE” right arm and

shoulder.

The jumper’s counter hand is moved past the jumper’s head, exaggerating the counter.

To clear the partial vacuum, the jumper will raise his right arm and shoulder to disrupt the

vacuum.

After deploying the main canopy, jumpers will orient in the direction of the DZ and check in on

the radio in exit number order.

J-30. The lead jumper’s responsibility is to maintain visual contact with the bundle and set up a safe

landing pattern for the remainder of the formation. The second jumper and the last jumper (jumpmaster)

should be primary for navigation. In addition, these jumpers should use the GPS (Parachutist Navigation

System) mounted to the jumpers’ equipment.

J-31. The last jumper (jumpmaster) should be the stack commander; his responsibility is to maintain stack

integrity and to relay any directions to all jumpers in the stack.

J-32. All jumpers not using the computer GPS should use compass boards with a marine compass and a

commercial-brand GPS.

J-33. At 2,000 feet AGL, the lead jumper should call by radio the landing pattern to the remainder of the stack.

J-34. All jumpers will land as normal; once on the ground, jumpers will turn off strobe lights and rally on

the low man.

24 October 2014

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M

J-5

Glossary

SECTION I - ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ACH

advanced combat helmet

ACH-ARC

advanced combat helmet-accessory rail connector

ADRP

Army doctrine reference publication

AF IMT

Air Force information management tool

AFI

Air Force instruction

AFMAN

Air Force manual

AGL

above ground level

ALICE

all-purpose, lightweight, individual carrying equipment

Army regulation

ARC

accessory rail connector

ARR

automatic ripcord release

ATP

Army techniques publication

CYPRES

Cybernetic Parachute Release System

Department of the Army

DACO

departure airfield control officer

DAF

departure airfield

Department of Defense

DODD

Department of Defense directive

drop zone

DZSO

drop zone safety officer

DZSTL

drop zone support team leader

EAAD

electronic automatic activation device

field manual

GPS

Global Positioning System

GTA

graphic training aid

HAHO

high-altitude high-opening

HALO

high-altitude low-opening

HARP

high-altitude release point

HPT

hook-pile tape

HSPR

harness, single-point release

JMPI

jumpmaster personnel inspection

joint publication

JPADS

joint precision airdrop system

MFF

military free fall

MICH

modular integrated communication headset

malfunction officer

MSL

mean sea level

NVG

night vision goggle(s)

18 August 2016

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M, C2

Glossary-1

Glossary

PDB

parachutist drop bag

PLF

parachute landing fall

POM

Parachutist Oxygen Mask

psi

pounds per square inch

RAPPS

Ram-Air Personnel Parachute System

RSL

reserve static line

SARPELS

Single-Action Release Personal Equipment Lowering System

SCAR

Special Operations Forces Combat Assault Rifle

SOP

standard operating procedure

training circular

TFSS

Tactical Flotation Support System

technical manual

U.S.

United States

USAF

United States Air Force

USAJFKSWCS

United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School

USASOC

United States Army Special Operations Command

USMC

United States Marine Corps

USN

United States Navy

USSOCOM

United States Special Operations Command

VDZ

virtual drop zone

SECTION II - TERMS

departure airfield

An airfield on which troops and/or materiel are enplaned for flight. (JP 3-17)

drop zone

A specific area upon which airborne troops, equipment, or supplies are airdropped. Also called DZ.

(JP 3-17)

jumpmaster

The assigned airborne qualified individual who controls paratroops from the time they enter the aircraft

until they exit. (JP 3-17)

special tactics team

An Air Force task-organized element of special tactis that may include combat control, pararescue,

tactical air control party, and special operations weather personnel. (JP 3-05)

Glossary-2

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M, C2

18 August 2016

References

REQUIRED PUBLICATIONS

These documents must be available to intended users of this publication.

ADRP 1-02, Terms and Military Symbols, 7 December 2015.

JP 1-02, Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms,

8 November 2010.

RELATED PUBLICATIONS

These documents contain relevant supplemental information.

AIR FORCE PUBLICATIONS

Most Air Force publications are available online on the Air Force e-Publishing Web site

(www.e-publishing.af.mil ).

AFI 11-409, High Altitude Airdrop Mission Support Program, 1 December 1999.

AFI 11-410, Personnel Parachute Operations, 4 August 2008.

AFI 13-217, Drop Zone and Landing Zone Operations, 10 May 2007.

ARMY PUBLICATIONS

Most Army doctrinal publications are available online on the Army Publishing Directorate

Web

site

(www.apd.army.mil).

AR 59-4, Joint Airdrop Inspection Records, Malfunction/Incident Investigations, and Activity

Reporting, 8 April 2008.

AR 70-62, Airworthiness Qualification of Aircraft Systems, 21 May 2007.

ATP 3-18.10, Special Forces Air Operations, 24 February 2016.

DA Pamphlet 385-40, Army Accident Investigations and Reporting, 18 March 2015.

FM 3-21.38, Pathfinder Operations, 25 April 2006.

GTA 31-01-003, Detachment Mission Planning Guide, 30 July 2012.

TB 43-0001-80, Technical Bulletin Army Equipment Data Sheets Personnel Parachute Authorized for

Use List, 1 July 2011.

TC 3-21.220, Static Line Parachuting Techniques and Training, 28 April 2014.

TM 1-1680-377-13&P-5, Technical Manual Operator’s, Unit, and Direct Support Maintenance

Manual, Including Repair Parts and Special Tools List for Helicopter Oxygen Systems

(UH-60), 23 March 2012.

TM 1-4220-252, Maintenance Instructions With Illustrated Parts Breakdown USAF Flotation

Equipment LRU-1/P, F-2B, 20-Man VPLR, and 25-Man Life Rafts LPU-3/P, LPU-6/P,

LPU-10/P, A-A-50652, and MB-1 Life Preservers, 31 January 2005.

TM 10-1670-287-23&P, Unit and Direct Support Maintenance Manual Including Repair Parts and

Special Tools List for MC-4 Ram Air Free-Fall Personnel Parachute System,

30 July 2003.

TM 10-1670-300-20&P, Unit and Direct Support Maintenance Manual Including Repair Parts And

Special Tools List For Ancillary Equipment For: Military Free-Fall System, Helmet, Free-

Fall, Parachutists, Type I, NSN 8415-01-018-4911) (8415-01-018-4912) (8415-01-018-4913)

Helmet, Free-Fall, Parachutists, Type II (8415-01-018-4914) (8415-01-018-4915) Goggles

(8465-01-328-8268) Altimeter, Parachutists (6660-01-213-9035) Sling Assembly, Equipment

Attaching (1670-01-008-7755) Line, Equipment Lowering (P/N 11-1-2530-2) Release

Assembly, Ripcord, Automatic, Type FF2 (1670-01-213-8145) Release, Automatic Ripcord

18 August 2016

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M, C2

References-1

References

AR2, Model 451 (1670-01-508-9015) Drop Bag, Parachute w/15-Foot Lowering Line

(1670-01-508-9053) Harness, Single Point Release Assembly, 31 July 2004.

TM 10-8470-204-10, Operator’s Manual for Advanced Combat Helmet (ACH), 17 May 2010.

TM 55-1660-247-12, Operation, Fitting, Inspection and Maintenance Instructions With Illustrated

Parts Breakdown for MBU-12/P Pressure-Demand Oxygen Mask, 1 April 1981.

USASOC Policy 20-10, Wear of Night Vision Devices During Military Free-Fall Operations,

1 September 2010.

https://usasoc.soc.mil/FormsPubs/Shared%20Documents/Forms/Publication.aspx

USASOC Regulation 350-2, Airborne Operations, 12 July 2010.

https://usasoc.soc.mil/FormsPubs/Shared%20Documents/Forms/Publication.aspx

MARINE CORPS PUBLICATIONS

Most Marine Corps publications are available online at https://www.doctrine.usmc.mil.

USMC TM 10121A-12&P, Single-Action Release Personal Equipment Lowering System (SARPELS),

30 September 1997.

USMC TM 70244A-OI, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures Manual for U. S. Marine Corps Military

Free-Fall Operations, July 2006.

NAVY PUBLICATIONS

U.S. Navy Diving Manual, 15 April 2008.

https://www.supsalv.org/00C3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PUBLICATIONS

Most Department of Defense issuances are available online at http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/index.html.

DODD 5100.01, Functions of the Department of Defense and Its Major Components,

21 December 2010.

JOINT PUBLICATIONS

Most JPs are available online at www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jointpub.htm.

JP 3-05, Special Operations, 16 July 2014.

JP 3-17, Air Mobility Operations, 30 September 2013.

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

National-Geospatial Intelligence Agency, List of Lights, Radio Aids, and Fog Signals, 2012.

http://msi.nga.mil/NGAPortal/MSI.portal?_nfpb=true&_st=&_pageLabel=msi_portal_page_6

2&pubCode=0007

Standardization Agreement 3570, Drop Zones and Extraction Zones—Criteria and Markings,

27 March 1998.

PRESCRIBED FORMS

None.

REFERENCED FORMS

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE FORMS

Unless otherwise indicated, AF IMT forms are available on the Air Force e-Publishing

Web site (www.e-publishing.af.mil ).

AF IMT Form 1274, Physiological Training.

AF IMT Form 3823, Drop Zone Survey.

References-2

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M, C2

18 August 2016

Index

aircraft procedure signals, 6-1,

emergency procedures, xv,

oxygen console, 4-11, 4-22,

D-4, D-5

3-11, 5-41, 5-58, 7-5, 8-5,

4-23, 4-24, 4-26, 4-28, 6-11,

all-purpose lightweight,

9-1, 9-2, 9-3, 10-2, 10-4,

6-13, D-5

individual, carrying

10-8, 10-9, 10-13, 10-17,

oxygen mask, 2-11, 2-12, 2-20,

equipment (ALICE) pack,

12-3, B-1, B-2, C-3, D-1,

2-23, 4-2, 4-6, 4-7, 4-8, 4-10,

5-26, 5-28, 5-40

D-4, D-10, J-4

4-12, 4-13, 4-15, 4-16, 4-25,

altimeter, 1-7, 2-12 through

6-1, 9-10, 10-8, 10-12,

2-15, 2-19, 3-9, 3-10, 3-14,

10-17, D-16, G-6, G-8

harness, single-point release

3-15, 3-25 through 3-28, 5-1,

(HSPR), 5-1, 5-25 through

7-1, 7-5, 7-9, 8-20, 8-24, 9-3,

5-32

9-4, 10-7, 10-17, 12-3,

Parachutist Oxygen Mask

14-10 through 14-13, 14-20,

(POM), 4-6 through 4-10,

14-28, C-4, D-8, D-20, G-4,

4-12 through 4-16, 4-20,

jump commands, 6-1, 6-3, 6-4,

G-5

4-21, 4-26, 4-30, 10-8, G-8

6-10, 13-2, B-1, D-4, D-5,

aviator’s kit bag, 2-23, 5-7, 5-8

portable bailout oxygen

D-7

system, 4-6, 4-16 through

jumpmaster personnel

4-20, G-8

inspection (JMPI), 2-22,

calculations, 3-6, 3-7, 3-9,

2-23, 6-1, 13-3, A-2, A-3,

3-10, 3-15, 3-16, 14-2, 14-3,

D-5, D-20, G-1, G-3, G-4,

14-36, F-5

ram-air personnel parachute

G-5, G-6, G-8 through G-13

system (RAPPS), xv, 1-1,

canopy control, xv, 5-15, 8-1,

2-1 through 2-5, 2-20, 2-22,

8-8, 8-9, 8-10, 8-18, 10-2,

2-23, 4-18, 4-19, 4-20, 4-21,

10-17, 14-25, B-2, C-2, C-4,

life preserver, 5-56, 5-59, 5-60,

5-1, 5-3, 5-5, 5-23, 8-1, 9-1,

C-5, D-18, J-4

12-5, G-9

10-1, 10-2, 12-3, 12-5, 13-2,

controllability check, 8-9, 8-13,

A-1, A-2, A-3, F-2, F-3, F-5,

9-4, 9-5, 9-7, 9-8, D-9, D-11,

G-3, G-6, G-8 through G-11,

D-13, D-14, D-18

main parachute, 2-12, 3-1, 3-2,

G-12, J-1

5-43, 7-1, 8-2, 8-3, 9-2, 9-3,

CYPRES calculator, 3-26,

reserve parachute, 3-1, 3-2,

9-6, 10-1, 10-2, 10-4, 10-8,

3-27, 3-29

3-8, 3-9, 3-11, 3-12, 3-13,

10-12, D-7, D-11, D-12,

3-16, 8-5, 8-6, 9-2, 9-9, 12-5,

D-13, D-15, D-16

D-7, D-9, D-11, D-13, D-15,

F-2

24 October 2014

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Index-1

ATP 3-18.11 Special Forces Military Free-Fall Operations (October 2014) - page 4