JEPPESEN GENERAL AIRWAY MANUAL (Issue Date 1 JUL 21) - page 19

Table A6-1A. Template for SIGMET and AIRMET Messages (continued)

Element

Detailed

Content

SIGMET tem-

plate

AIRMET tem-

plate

SPECIAL

message ex-

amples

AIRMET mes-

sage examples

OR
Cancellation
of SIGMET/
AIRMET
(C)

29

Cancellation
of SIGMET/
AIRMET re-
ferring to its
identification

CNL SIGMET
[n][n]n
nnnnnn/
nnnnnn
or

27

CNL SIGMET
[n][n]n
nnnnnn/
nnnnnn
VA MOV TO
nnnn FIR

CNL AIRMET
[n][n]n
nnnnnn/nnnnnn

CNL SIGMET
2
101200/10160
0
CNL SIGMET
A13
251030/25143
0 VA MOV
TO YUDO FIR

2

CNL AIRMET 05
151520/151800

See 4.1
Fictitious location.
In accordance with 1.1.3 and 2.1.2.
See 2.1.3.
Used only when the message issued to indicate that a test or an exercise is taking place. When
the word "TEST" or the abbreviation 'EXER' is included, the message may contain information
that should not be used operationally or will otherwise end immediately after the word “TEST”.
[Applicable 7 November 2019]
In accordance with 1.1.4 and 2.1.4.
In accordance with 4.2.1 a).
In accordance with 4.2.4.
In accordance with 4.2.1 b).
In accordance with 4.2.2.
In accordance with 4.2.3.
Used for unnamed tropical cyclones.
In accordance with 4.2.5. and 4.2.6.
In accordance with 4.2.7.
In accordance with 4.2.8.
In accordance with 2.1.4.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

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In accordance with 4.2.1 c).
In accordance with 4.2.1 d).
The use of cumulonimbus (CB) and towering cumulus (TCU) is restricted to AIRMETs in
accordance with 2.1.4.
In the case of volcanic ash cloud or tropical cyclone covering more than one area within the
FIR, these elements can be repeated, as necessary.
A straight line is to be used between two points drawn on a map in the Mercator projection or
between two points which crosses lines of longitude at a constant angle.
The number of coordinates should be kept to a minimum and should not normally exceed
seven.
Only for SIGMET messages for tropical cyclones.
Only for SIGMET messages for radioactive cloud. When detailed information on the release is
not available, a radius of up to 30 kilometers (or 16 nautical miles) from the source may be
applied; and a vertical extent from surface (SFC) to the upper limit of the flight information
region/upper flight information region (FIR/UIR) or control area (CTA) is to be applied. [Applica-
ble 7 November 2019]
The elements "forecast time" and "forecast position" are not to be used in conjunction with the
element "movement or expected movement".
The levels of the phenomena remain fixed throughout the forecast period.
Only for SIGMET messages for volcanic ash.
To be used for two volcanic ash clouds or two centers of tropical cyclones simultaneously
affecting the FIR concerned.
End of the message (as the SIGMET/AIRMET message is being cancelled).

Table A6-1B. Template for Special Air-Reports (uplink)

Key:

M

=

inclusion mandatory, part of every message;

C

=

inclusion conditional, included whenever applicable;

 

=

=

a double line indicates that the text following it should be placed on the
subsequent line.

NOTE: The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in special air-reports are
shown in Table A6-4 of this appendix.

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

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Table A6-1B. Template for Special Air-Reports (uplink)

Element

Detailed Content

Template

1, 2

Examples

Identification (M)

Message identification ARS

ARS

Aircraft Identification
(M)

Aircraft radiotelephony
call sign

nnnnnn

VA812

3

Observed phenomen-
on (M)

Description of ob-
served phenomenon
causing the issuance
of the special air-re-
port

4

TS
TSGR
SEV TURB
SEV ICE
SEV MTW
HVY SS
VA CLD
VA [MT nnnnnnnnnn]
MOD TURB
MOD ICE

TS
TSGR
SEV TURB
SEV ICE
SEV MTW
HVY SS
VA CLD
VA
VA MT ASHVAL

5

MOD TURB
MOD ICE

Observation time (M) Time of observation of

observed phenomen-
on

OBS AT nnnnZ

OBS AT 1210Z

Location (C)

Location (referring to
latitudeand longitude
(in degrees and mi-
nutes)) of observed
phenomenon

NnnnnWnnnnn or
NnnnnEnnnnn or
SnnnnWnnnnn or
SnnnnEnnnnn

N2020W07005
S4812E01036

Level (C)

Flight level or altitude
of observed phenom-
enon

FLnnn or
FLnnn/nnn or
nnnnM (or [n]nnnnFT)

FL390
FL 180/210
3000M
12000FT

No wind and temperature to be uplinked to other aircraft in flight in accordance with 3.2.
See 3.1.
Fictitious call sign.
In the case of special air-report for volcanic ash cloud, the vertical extent (if observed) and
name of the volcano (if known) can be used.
Fictitious location.

1

2

3

4

5

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Table A6-2. Template for Aerodrome Warnings

Key:

M

=

inclusion mandatory, part of every message

C

=

inclusion conditional, included whenever applicable

NOTE 1: The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in wind shear warnings
are shown in Table A 6-4 of this Appendix.
NOTE 2: The explanations for the abbreviations can be found in the Procedures for Air Navigation
Services - ICAO Abbreviations and Codes (PANS-ABC, Doc 8400).

Table A6-2. Template for Aerodrome Warnings

Element

Detailed Content

Template

Example

Location indicator of
the aerodrome (M)

Location indicator of
the aerodrome

nnnn

YUCC

1

Identification of the
type of message (M)

Type of message and
sequence number

AD WRNG [n]n

AD WRNG 2

Validity period (M)

Day and time of validi-
ty period in UTC

VALID nnnnnn/nnnnnn VALID 211230/211530

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Table A6-2. Template for Aerodrome Warnings (continued)

Element

Detailed Content

Template

Example

IF THE AERODROME WARNING IS TO BE CANCELLED, SEE DETAILS AT THE END OF
THE TEMPLATE

Phenomenon (M)

2

Description of phe-
nomenon causing the
issuance of the aero-
drome warning

TC

3

 nnnnnnnnnn or

[HVY] TS or
GR or
[HVY] SN [nnCM]

3

 or

[HVY] FZRA or
[HVY] FZDZ or
RIME

4

 or

[HVY] SS or
[HVY] DS or
SA or
DU or
SFC WSPD nn[n]MPS
MAX nn[n]
(SFC WSPD nn[n]KT
MAX nn[n]) or
SFC WIND nnn/
nn[n]MPS
MAX nn[n]
(SFC WIND nnn/
nn[n]KT
MAX nn[n]) or
SQ or
FROST or
TSUNAMI or
VA[DEPO] or
TOX CHEM or
free text up to 32 char-
acters

5

TC ANDREW
HVY SN 25CM
SFC WSPD 20MPS
MAX 30
VA
TSUNAMI

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Table A6-2. Template for Aerodrome Warnings (continued)

Element

Detailed Content

Template

Example

Observed or forecast
phenomenon (M)

Indication whether the
information is ob-
served and expected
to continue, or forecast

OBS [AT nnnnZ] or
FCST

OBS AT 1200Z
OBS

Changes in intensity
(C)

Expected changes in
intensity

INTSF or
WKN or
NC

WKN

OR
Cancellation of aero-
drome warning

6

Cancellation of aero-
drome warning refer-
ring to its identification

CNL AD WRNG [n]n
nnnnnn/nnnnnn

CNL AD WRNG 2
211230/211530

6

Fictitious location.
One phenomenon or a combination thereof, in accordance with 5.1.3.
In accordance with 5.1.3.
Hoar frost or rime in accordance with 5.1.3.
In accordance with 5.1.4.
End of the message (as the aerodrome warning is being cancelled).

Table A6-3. Template for Wind Shear Warnings

Key:

M

=

inclusion mandatory, part of every message

C

=

inclusion conditional, included whenever applicable

NOTE 1: The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in wind shear warnings
are shown in Table A 6-4 of this Appendix.
NOTE 2: The explanations for the abbreviations can be found in the PANS-ABC (Doc 8400).

Table A6-3. Template for Wind Shear Warnings

Element

Detailed content

Template

Example

Location indicator of
the aerodrome (M)

Location indicator of
the aerodrome

nnnn

YUCC

1

Identification of the
type of message (M)

Type of message
and sequence num-
ber

WS WRNG [n]n

WS WRNG 1

1

2

3

4

5

6

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Table A6-3. Template for Wind Shear Warnings (continued)

Element

Detailed content

Template

Example

Time of origin and
validity period (M)

Day and time of is-
sue and, where ap-
plicable, validity peri-
od in UTC

nnnnnn [VALID TL nnnnnn]
or
[VALID nnnnnn/nnnnnn]

211230 VALID TL
211330
221200 VALID
221215/221315

IF THE WIND SHEAR WARNING IS TO BE CANCELLED, SEE DETAILS AT THE END OF
THE TEMPLATE
Phenomenon (M)

Identification of the
phenomenon and its
location

[MOD] or [SEV] WS IN
APCH or
[MOD] or [SEV] WS [APCH]
RWYnnn
or

WS APCH RWY12
MOD WS RWY34

[MOD] or [SEV] WS IN
CLIMB-OUT
or

WS IN CLIMB-OUT

[MOD] or [SEV] WS CLIMB-
OUT RWYnnn or
MBST IN APCH or
MBST [APCH] RWYnnn
or

MBST APCH
RWY26

MBST IN CLIMB-OUT or
MBST CLIMB-OUT RWYnnn

MBST IN CLIMB-
OUT

Observed, reported
or forecast phenom-
enon (M)

Identification wheth-
er the phenomenon
is observed or repor-
ted and expected to
continue or forecast

REP AT nnnn nnnnnnnn or
OBS [AT nnnn] or
FCST

REP AT 1510 B747
OBS AT 1205
FCST

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Table A6-3. Template for Wind Shear Warnings (continued)

Element

Detailed content

Template

Example

Details of the phe-
nomenon (C)

2

Description of phe-
nomenon causing
the issuance of the
wind shear warning

SFC WIND: nnn/nnMPS (or
nnn/nnKT) nnnM (nnnFT)-
WIND: nnn/nnMPS (or nnn/
nnKT)
or
nnKMH (or nnKT) LOSS
nnKM (or nnNM)
FNA RWYnn
or
nnKMH (or nnKT) GAIN
nnKM (or nnNM) FNA
RWYnn

SFC WIND:
320/5MPS
60M-WIND:
360/13MPS
(SFC WIND:
320/10KT
200FT-WIND:
360/26KT)
60KMH LOSS 4KM
FNA RWY13 (30KT
LOSS 2NM FNA
RWY13)

OR
Cancellation of wind
shear warning

3

Cancellation of wind
shear warning refer-
ring to its identifica-
tion

CNL WS WRNG [n]n
nnnnnn/nnnnnn

CNL WS WRNG 1
211230/2113303

3

Fictitious location.
Additional provisions in 6.2.3.
End of the message (as the wind shear warning is being cancelled).

Table A6-4. Ranges and Resolutions for the Numerical Elements included in Volcanic Ash

and Tropical Cyclone Advisory Messages, SIGMET/AIRMET Messages and Aerodrome and

Wind Shear Warnings

Element as specified in Appendices 2 and

6

Range

Resolution

Summit elevation:

M

FT

000 - 8100

000 - 27000

1
1

Advisory number:

for VA (index)

1

for TC (index)

1

000 - 2000

00 - 99

1
1

Maximum surface
wind:

MPS

KT

00 - 99

00 - 199

1
1

Central pressure:

hPa

850 - 1050

1

1

2

3

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Table A6-4. Ranges and Resolutions for the Numerical Elements included in Volcanic Ash

and Tropical Cyclone Advisory Messages, SIGMET/AIRMET Messages and Aerodrome and

Wind Shear Warnings (continued)

Element as specified in Appendices 2 and

6

Range

Resolution

Surface wind speed:

MPS

KT

15 - 49
30 - 99

1
1

Surface visibility:

M
M

0000 - 0750
0800 - 5000

50

100

Cloud: height of base:

M

FT

000 - 300

000 - 1000

30

100

Cloud: height of top:

M
M

FT
FT

000 - 2970

3000 - 20000

000 - 9900

10000 - 60000

30

300
100

1000

Latitudes:

° (degrees)

' (minutes)

00 - 90
00 - 60

1
1

Longitudes:

° (degrees)

' (minutes)

000 -180

00 - 60

1
1

Flight levels:

 

000 - 650

10

Movement:

KMH

KT

0 - 300
0 - 150

10

5

Non-dimensional.

1

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Example A6-1. SIGMET and AIRMET Message and the Corresponding Cancellations

SIGMET
YUDD SIGMET 2 VALID 101200/101600
YUSO - YUDD SHANLON FIR/UIR OBSC
TS FCST
S OF N54 AND E OF W012 TOP FL390
MOV E 20KT WKN

Cancellation of SIGMET
YUDD SIGMET 3 VALID 101345/101600 YUSO -
YUDD SHANLON FIR/UIR CNL SIGMET 2
101200/101600

AIRMET
YUDD AIRMET 1 VALID 151520/151800
YUSO - YUDD SHANLON FIR ISOL TS
OBS
N OF S50 TOP ABV FL100 STNR WKN

Cancellation of AIRMET
YUDD AIRMET 2 VALID 151650/151800 YUSO -
YUDD SHANLON FIR CNL AIRMET 1
151520/151800

Example A6-2. SIGMET Message for Tropical Cyclone

YUCC SIGMET 3 VALID 251600/252200 YUDO -
YUCC AMSWELL FIR TC GLORIA PSN N2706 W07306 CB OBS AT 1600Z WI 250NM OF TC
CENTER TOP FL500 NC FCST AT 2200Z TC CENTER N2740 W07345
Meaning:

The third SIGMET message issued for the AMSWELL

1

 flight information region (identified by

YUCC Amswell area control center) by the Donlon/International

1

 meteorological watch office

(YUDO) since 0001 UTC; the message is valid from 1600 UTC to 2200 UTC on the 25th of the
month; tropical cyclone Gloria at 27 degrees 6 minutes n011h and 73 degrees 6 minutes west;
cumulonimbus was observed at 1600 UTC within 250 nautical miles of the center of the tropical
cyclone with top at flight level 500; no changes in intensity are expected; at 2200 UTC the center
of the tropical cyclone is forecast to be located at 27 degrees 40 minutes north and 73 degrees
45 minutes west.

Fictitious locations.

1

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Example A6-3. SIGMET Message for Volcanic Ash

YUDD SIGMET 2 VALID 211100/211700 YUSO -
YUDD SHANLON FIR/UIR VA ERUPTION MT ASHVAL PSN S1500 E07348 VA CLD OBS AT
1100Z APRX 50KM WID LINE BTN S1500 E07348 - S1530 E07642 FL310/450 INTSF FCST AT
1700Z APRX 50KM WID LINE BTN S1506 E07500 - S1518 E08112 - S1712 E08330
Meaning:

The second SIGMET message issued for the SHANLON

1

 flight information region (identified by

YUDD Shanlon area control center/upper flight information region) by the Shanlon/International

1

meteorological watch office (YUSO) since 0001 UTC; the message is valid from 1100 UTC to
1700 UTC on the 21st of the month; volcanic ash eruption of Mount Ashval

1

 located at 15 de-

grees south and 73 degrees 48 minutes east; volcanic ash cloud observed at 1100 UTC in an
approximately 50 km wide line between 15 degrees south and 73 degrees 48 minutes east, and
15 degrees 30 minutes south and 76 degrees 42 minutes east; between flight levels 310 and
450, intensifying at 1700 UTC the volcanic ash cloud is forecast to be located in an approximate
50 km wide line between 15 degrees 6 minutes south and 75 degrees east, 15 degrees 18 mi-
nutes south and 81 degrees 12 minutes east, and 17 degrees 12 minutes south and 83 degrees
30 minutes east.

Fictitious locations.

Example A6-4. SIGMET Message for Radioactive Cloud

YUCC SIGMET 2 VALID 201200/201600 YUDO -
YUCC AMSWELL FIR RDOACT CLD OBS AT 1155Z WI S5000 W14000 - S5000 W13800 -
S5200 W13800 - S5200 W14000 - S5000 W14000 SFC/FL100 WKN FCST AT 1600Z WI S5200
W14000 - S5200 W13800 - S5300 W13800 - S5300 W14000 - S5200 W14000
Meaning:

The second SIGMET message issued for the AMSWELL

1

 flight information region (identified by

YUCC Amswell area control center) by the Donlon/International

1

 meteorological watch office

(YUDO) since 0001 UTC; the message is valid from 1200 UTC to 1600 UTC on the 20th of the
month; radioactive cloud was observed at 1155 UTC within an area bounded by 50 degrees 0
minutes south 140 degrees 0 minutes west to 50 degrees 0 minutes south 138 degrees 0 mi-
nutes west to 52 degrees 0 minutes south 138 degrees 0 minutes west to 52 degrees 0 minutes
south 140 degrees 0 minutes west to 50 degrees 0 minutes south 140 degrees 0 minutes west
and between the surface and flight level 100; the radioactive cloud is expected to weaken in in-
tensity; at 1600 UTC the radioactive cloud is forecast to be located within an area bounded by 52
degrees 0 minutes south 140 degrees 0 minutes west to 52 degrees 0 minutes south 138 de-
grees 0 minutes west to 53 degrees 0 minutes south 138 degrees 0 minutes west to 53 degrees
0 minutes south 140 degrees 0 minutes west to 52 degrees 0 minutes south 140 degrees 0 mi-
nutes west.

Fictitious location.

1

1

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Example A6-5. SIGMET Message for Severe Turbulence

YUCC SIGMET 5 VALID 221215/221600 YUDO -
YUCC AMSWELL FIR SEV TURB OBS AT 1210Z N2020 W07005 FL250 INTSF FCST 1600Z S
OF N2020 E OF W06950
Meaning:

The fifth SIGMET message issued for the AMSWELL

1

 flight information region (identified by

YUCC Amswell area control center) by the Donlon/International

1

 meteorological watch office

(YUDO) since 0001 UTC; the message is valid from 1215 UTC to 1600 UTC on the 22nd of the
month; severe turbulence was observed at 1210 UTC 20 degrees 20 minutes north and 70 de-
grees 5 minutes west at flight level 250; the turbulence is expected to strengthen in intensity; at
1600 UTC the severe turbulence is forecast to be located south of 20 degrees 20 minutes north
and east of 69 degrees 50 minutes west.

Fictitious locations.

Example A6-6. AIRMET Message for Moderate Mountain Wave

YUCC AIRMET 2 VALID 221215/221600 YUDO -
YUCC AMSWELL FIR MOD MTW OBS AT 1205Z N48 E010 FL080 STNR NC
Meaning:

The second AIRMET message issued for the AMSWELL

1

 flight information region (identified by

YUCC Amswell area control center) by the Donlon/Intemational

1

 meteorological watch office

(YUDO) since 0001 UTC; the message is valid from 1215 UTC to 1600 UTC on the 22nd of the
month; moderate mountain wave was observed at 1205 UTC at 48 degrees north and 10 de-
grees east at flight level 080; the mountain wave is expected to remain stationary and not to un-
dergo any changes in intensity.

Fictitious locations.

1

1

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AERODROME WEATHER REPORT - METAR AND SPECI DECODE

IDENTIFICATION GROUPS

METAR or
SPECI

METAR - Aviation routine weather report code name
SPECI - Aviation special weather report code name

COR

COR - Code word used as appropriate

CCCC

ICAO four-letter location indicator

YYGGgg

In individual messages, day of the month and time of observation in
hours and minutes UTC

Z

Indicator of UTC

NIL

NIL - Code word used as appropriate

(AUTO)

Fully automated observation indicator

SURFACE WIND

ddd

Mean wind direction in de-
grees true rounded off to
nearest 10 degrees (

VRB =

VARIABLE when ff < 3kt)

00000 = calm

P199KMH (P99KT,
P49MPS) mean ff
or f

m

f

m

 = 200KMH

(100KT, 50MPS) or
more

ff

Mean wind speed (10-minute
mean or since discontinuity)

G

Indicator of 

Gust - if necessa-

ry

f

m

f

m

Maximum wind speed (gust) -
if necessary

KMH or KT or MPS

Wind speed units used

Followed when there is a variation in wind direction of 60° or more but less than 180° and wind
speed > 3KT by group below:
d

n

d

n

d

n

Extreme direction of wind

V

Indicator of 

Variability

d

x

d

x

d

x

Other extreme direction of wind (measured clockwise)

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PREVAILING VISIBILITY

VVVV

Prevailing visibility in meters or lowest visibility if visibility is not the
same and fluctuating and the prevailing visibility cannot be determined.
9999 = 10km or more

Followed when visibility is not the same and minimum visibility 

≠

 prevailing and visibility <

1500m or visibility < 50% of prevailing and less than 5000m by the group below:
V

n

V

n

V

n

V

n

Lowest visibility

NDV

Abbreviation for no directional variations.

Followed by
V

n

V

n

V

n

V

n

Lowest visibility

D

v

General direction of lowest visibility or most operationally significant if
minimum visibility observed in more than one direction.

RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE (RVR) WHERE REQUIRED, UP TO FOUR ACTIVE RUNWAYS

R

Indicator of RVR

D

R

D

R

Runway designator – for parallel runways may have 

LL, L, C, R or RR

appended (

L = left; C = center; R = right)

V

R

V

R

V

R

V

R

RVR (10-minute mean) at the touchdown zone P2000 = more than
2000m, M0050 = less than 50m

i

RVR tendency indicator over past 10 minutes. 

U = upward; D = down-

ward; 

N = no distinct change. Omitted if possible to determine

Replaced when there are significant variations in RVR by the group below:
R

Indicator of RVR

D

R

D

R

Runway designator – for parallel runways may have 

LL, L C, R or RR

V

R

V

R

V

R

V

R

RVR in meters (one-minute mean minimum value during last 10 mi-
nutes)

V

Indicator of significant 

Variation

V

R

V

R

V

R

V

R

RVR in meters (one-minute mean maximum value during last 10 mi-
nutes)

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RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE (RVR) WHERE REQUIRED, UP TO FOUR ACTIVE RUNWAYS

(continued)

i

RVR tendency indicator

Note:
25m STEP if RVR < 400m
50m STEP if 400 < RVR < 800m
100m STEP if RVR > 800m

PRESENT WEATHER

w’w’

Present weather (see table w’w’ at the end of this sequence)

CLOUDS*

N

s

N

s

N

s

Cloud amount:
FEW - FEW (1 - 2 oktas)
SCT - SCaTtered (3 - 4 oktas)
BKN - BroKeN (5 - 7 oktas)
OVC - OVerCast (8 oktas)

h

s

h

s

h

s

Height of base of clouds in units of 30m (100ft)

(CC)

Cloud type - only 

CB (cumulonimubs) or TCU (towering cumulus) indi-

cated or /// if it cannot be observed by automatic system

Replaced when sky is obscured and information on vertical visibility is available by the group
below:
VV

Indicator of 

Vertical Visibility

h

s

h

s

h

s

Vertical visibility in units of 30m (100ft) /// = vertical visibility unavailable

Replaced when there are no such clouds, no restriction on vertical visibility and CAVOK is not
appropriate by:
NSC

Nil Significant Cloud

Replaced when automatic system is used and no cloud detected by:
NCD

No Cloud Detected

* Clouds of operational significance (i.e. below 1500m (5000ft) or below the highest minimum
sector altitude, whichever is greater, and CB or TCU)

METEOROLOGY SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR

NAVIGATION

591

AERODROME WEATHER REPORT

CAVOK

Ceiling And Visibility OK. Replaces visibility RVR, present weather and cloud if:
(1)

Visibility is 10km or more

(2)

No cumulonimbus, towering cumulus and no other cloud below 1500m (5000ft) or below
the highest minimum sector altitude, whichever is greater, and

(3)

No significant present weather (see table w’w’ at the end of this sequence)

TEMP AND DEW POINT

T’T’

Temperature in whole degrees Celsius (if below 0°C preceded by 

M)

T’

d

T’

d

Dew-point temperature in whole degrees Celsius (if below 0°C preceded
by 

M)

PRESSURE

Q

Indicator of 

QNH in hectopascals. If Q = A then QNH is in inches

P

H

P

H

P

H

P

H

QNH rounded down to the whole nearest hectopascal or to tenths and
hundreths of an inch, depending on indicator

 

 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

RECENT WEATHER
RE

Indicator of 

REcent weather

w’w’

REcent weather since previous report (intensity NOT to be reported)

WIND SHEAR
WS

Wind Shear

R

RUNWAY

D

R

D

R

Runway designator – for parallel runways, may have 

LL, L, C, R or RR

appended (

L = left; C = center; R = right)

Replaced when all runways are affected by wind shear by: WS ALL RWY
STATE OF THE SEA / SURFACE TEMP
W

Group indicator letter

T

s

T

s

Temperature in whole degrees Celsius

S

Indicator of state of the sea

S’

State of water surface

METEOROLOGY SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR

NAVIGATION

592

AERODROME WEATHER REPORT

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION (continued)

S’

STATE OF THE SEA

Code figure

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Descriptive terms

Calm (glassy)

Calm (rippled)

Smooth (wavelets)

Slight

Moderate

Rough

Very rough

High

Very high

Phenomenal

STATE OF THE RUNWAY **
RD

R

D

R

Indicator of runway

E

R

Runway deposits

C

R

Extent of runway contamination

e

R

e

R

Depth of deposit

B

R

B

R

Friction coefficient/breaking action

** State of the runway to be provided by appropriate airport authority

TREND FORECAST - TWO HOURS FROM TIME OF OBSERVATION

CHANGE INDICATORS
TTTTT or NOSIG

BECMG

BECoMinG, used where changes are expected to reach or
pass through specified values at a regular or irregular rate

TEMPO

TEMPOrary fluctuations of less than one hour and in ag-
gregate less than half the period indicated by YYGG/
Y

e

Y

e

G

e

G

e

NOSIG

NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGE

CHANGE AND TIME
TT

Can be 

AT or FM = FROM or TL = TILL

GGgg

Associated time group in hours and minutes UTC

METEOROLOGY SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR

NAVIGATION

593

AERODROME WEATHER REPORT

TREND FORECAST - TWO HOURS FROM TIME OF OBSERVATION (continued)

FORECAST WIND
ddd

Forecast mean wind direction in degrees true,
rounded to nearest 10 degrees (

VRB =

VARIABLE)

00000 = calm

ff

Forecast mean wind speed

G

Indicator of 

Gust

f

m

f

m

Forecast maximum wind speed (gust)

KMH or KT or MPS

Wind speed units

FORECAST VISIBILITY
VVVV

Forecast prevailing visibility in meters 9999 = 10km or more

FORECAST WEATHER
w’w’

Forecast significant weather (see table w’w’ at the edn of this sequence)

Replaced when significant weather ends by:
NSW

Nil Significant Weather

FORECAST CLOUDS OF OPERATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OR VERTICAL VISIBILITY
N

s

N

s

N

s

Forecast cloud amount

h

s

h

s

h

s

Forecast height of base of cloud

(CC)

Cloud type - only 

CB

Replaced when sky expected to be obscured and vertical visibility forecasts are undertaken by:
VV

Indicator of 

Vertical Visibility

h

s

h

s

h

s

Vertical visibility in units of 30m (100ft)

Replaced when a change to clear sky forecast by:
SKC

SKy Clear

Replaced when no cumulonimbus, towering cumulus and no other cloud below 1500m (5000ft)
or highest minimum sector altitude, whichever is greater, are forecast and 

CAVOK is not appro-

priate by:
NSC

Nil Significant Cloud

RMK
Information included by national decision but not disseminated internationally

METEOROLOGY SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR

NAVIGATION

594

AERODROME WEATHER REPORT

w’w’ SIGNIFICANT PRESENT, FORECAST AND RECENT WEATHER

QUALIFIER

WEATHER PHENOMENA

Intensity of

Proximity

1

Descriptor

2

Precipitation

3

Obscuration

4

Other

5

–

Light
Moderate
(no qualifi-
er)

MI
BC

Shallow
Patches

DZ
RA

Drizzle
Rain

BR
FG

Mist
Fog

PO Dust/sand

whirls (dust
devils)

+

Heavy or
well-de-
veloped in
the case
of 

PO and

FC

PR

Partial (cover-
ing part of the
aerodrome)

SN
SG

Snow
Snow grains

FU
VA
DU

Smoke
Volcanic
ash
Widespread
dust

SQ
FC

Squalls
Funnel
cloud(s)
(tornado or
waterspout)

VC

In the vi-
cinity

DR
BL

Low drifting
Blowing

PL

Ice pellets

SA
HZ

Sand
Haze

SS
DS

Sandstorm
Duststorm

 

 

SH

Shower(s)

GR Hail

 

 

 

 

 

 

TS

Thunderstorm

GS Small hail

and/or snow
pellets

 

 

 

 

 

 

FZ

Freezing (su-
percooled)

UP

Unknown
Precipitation

 

 

 

 

NOTES: 1.

The w’w’ groups are constructed by considering columns 1 to 5 in the table
above in sequence, that is intensity, followed by description, followed by weather
phenomena. An example could be: 

+ SHRA (heavy shower(s) of rain).

 

2.

A precipitation combination has dominant type first.

 

3.

DR (low drifting) less than two meters above ground, BL (blowing) two meters or
more above ground.

 

4.

GR is used when hailstone diameter is 5mm or more. When less than 5mm, GS
is used.

 

5.

BR - visibility at least 1000m but not more than 5000 m. FG - visibility less than
1000m.

 

6.

VC – between approximately 8km and 16km from the aerodrome reference
point.

METEOROLOGY SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR

NAVIGATION

595

AERODROME WEATHER REPORT

AERODROME WEATHER FORECAST - TAF DECODE

IDENTIFICATION GROUPS

TAF or
TAF AMD or
TAF COR

Code names for aerodrome forecast,
amended aerodrome forecast and
corrected aerodrome forecast, respectively

CCCC

ICAO four-letter location indicator

YYGGgg

Date and time of issue of forecast in UTC

Z

Indicator of UTC

NIL

Indicator of missing forecast

Y

1

Y

1

G

1

G

1

/Y

2

Y

2

G

2

G

2

Period of validity, beginning on Y

1

Y

1

 day of month at G

1

G

1

 (UTC) and

ending on Y

2

Y

2

 day of month at G

2

G

2

 (UTC)

CNL

Indicator of cancelled forecast

FORECAST SURFACE WIND

ddd

Mean wind direction in
degrees true rounded
to nearest 10ºC
(

VRB=VaRiaBle when

ff < 3kt)

00000 = calm

 

ff

Mean wind speed

P199KMH (P99KT,
P49MPS) mean f

m

f

m

 =

200KMH (100KT,
50MPS) or more

G

Indicator of 

Gust

f

m

f

m

Maximum wind speed
(gust)

KMH or KT or MPS

Wind speed units used

FORECAST PREVAILING VISIBILITY

VVVV

Prevailing visibility in metres
9999 = 10km or more

METEOROLOGY SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR

NAVIGATION

596

AERODROME WEATHER FORECAST

w’w’ FORECAST SIGNIFICANT WEATHER

QUALIFIER

WEATHER PHENOMENA

Intensity of

Proximity

1

Descriptor

2

Precipitation

3

Obscuration

4

Other

5

–

Light
Moderate
(no qualifi-
er)

MI
BC

Shallow
Patches

DZ
RA

Drizzle
Rain

BR
FG

Mist
Fog

PO Dust/sand

whirls (dust
devils)

+

Heavy or
well-de-
veloped in
the case
of 

PO and

FC

PR

Partial (cov-
ering part of
the aero-
drome)

SN
SG

Snow
Snow grains

FU
VA
DU

Smoke
Volcanic
ash
Widespread
dust

SQ
FC

Squalls
Funnel
cloud(s)
(tornado or
waterspout)

VC

In the vi-
cinity

DR
BL

Low drifting
Blowing

PL
GR

Ice pellets
Hail

SA
HZ

Sand
Haze

SS
DS

Sandstorm
Duststorm

 

 

SH
TS

Shower(s)
Thunder-
storm

GS Small hail

and/or snow
pellets

 

 

 

 

 

 

FZ

Freezing (su-
percooled)

UP

Unknown
Precipitation

 

 

 

 

Replaced when significant weather phenomenon forecast to end by:
NSW

Nil Significant Weather

NOTES: 1.

The w’w’ groups are constructed by considering columns 1 to 5 in the table
above in sequence, that is intensity, followed by description, followed by weather
phenomena. An example could be: 

+ SHRA (heavy shower(s) of rain).

 

2.

A precipitation combination has dominant type first.

 

3.

DR (low drifting) less than two metres above ground, BL (blowing) two metres or
more above ground.

 

4.

GR is used when hailstone diameter is 5mm or more. When less than 5mm, GS
is used.

 

5.

BR – visibility at least 1000m but not more than 5000m. FG – visibility less than
1000m.

 

6.

VC – between approximately 8km and 16km from the aerodrome reference
point.

METEOROLOGY SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR

NAVIGATION

597

AERODROME WEATHER FORECAST

FORECAST CLOUD AMOUNT AND HEIGHT*

N

s

N

s

N

s

Cloud amount:
FEW - FEW (1-2 oktas)
SCT - SCaTtered (3-4 oktas)
BKN - BroKeN (5-7 oktas)
OVC - OVerCast (8 oktas)

h

s

h

s

h

s

Height of base of cloud in units of 30m (100ft)

(cc)

Cloud type - only 

CB (cumulonimbus) is indicated

Replaced when sky is expected to be obscured and information on vertical visibility is available
by:
VV

Indicator of 

Vertical Visibility

h

s

h

s

h

s

Vertical visibility in units of 30m (100ft)

Replaced when no cumulonimbus , towering cumulus and no other cloud below 1500m (5000ft)
or below the highest minimum sector altitude, whichever is greater, are forecast and 

CAVOK

and 

SKC are not appropriate by:

NSC

Nil Significant Cloud

*

Clouds of operational significance (i.e. below 1500m (5000ft) or below highest minimum
sector altitude, whichever is greater, and CB or TCU)

CAVOK

Ceiling And Visibility OK. Replaces visibility, weather and cloud if:
(1)

Visibility is forecast to be 10km or more

(2)

No cumulonimbus cloud and no other cloud forecast below 1500m
(5000ft) or below the highest minimum sector altitude, whichever is
greater, and

(3)

No significant weather forecast (see table w’w’ above)

SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN FORECAST CONDITIONS INDICATED BY:

PROBABILITY
PROB

PROBability

C

2

C

2

Only 30 or 40 used, indicating 30% or 40%

METEOROLOGY SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR

NAVIGATION

598

AERODROME WEATHER FORECAST

SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN FORECAST CONDITIONS INDICATED BY:

DATE AND TIME
YYGG/Y

e

Y

e

G

e

G

e

Beginning day and time (UTC) YYGG and end day and time (UTC)
Y

e

Y

e

G

e

G

e

 of forecast period

Probability is used to indicate the probability of occurence of:
(a)
(b)

an alternative element or elements
temporary fluctuations

CHANGE
TTTTT

Type of significant change:
BECMG

BECoMinG, used where changes are expected to reach or pass
through specified values at a regular or irregular rate

TEMPO

TEMPOrary fluctuations of less than 1 hour and in aggregate
less than half the period indicated by YYGG/Y

e

Y

e

G

e

G

e

DATE AND TIME
YYGG/Y

e

Y

e

G

e

G

e

Beginning day and time (UTC) YYGG and end day and time (UTC)
Y

e

Y

e

G

e

G

e

 of forecast period

OR
If one set of weather conditions is expected to change more or less completely to a different set
of conditions, thus indicating the beginning of another self-contained part of the forecast, by:
TTYYGGgg

This takes the form 

FMYYGGgg where FM is the abbreviation for FroM and YYGGgg is the day

of month and time in hours and minutes UTC. All forecast conditions before this group are super-
seded by conditions indicated after the group.

BY REGIONAL AGREEMENT

FORECAST TEMPERATURE
TX, TN

TX, TN Indicators of maximum and minimum forecast temperatures, respec-
tively

YYT

F

T

F

YYT

F

T

F

 Date and forecast temperature at G

F

G

F

 Temperatures below 0°C

preceded by 

M

Y

e

Y

e

G

F

G

F

Y

e

Y

e

G

F

G

F

 Date and time UTC to which forecast temperature refers

Z

Z Indicator of UTC

METEOROLOGY SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR

NAVIGATION

599

AERODROME WEATHER FORECAST

FORECAST TURBULENCE CONDITIONS (OPTIONAL)

Six digits for all turbulence groups, first digit always 5

Second dig-
it

Turbulence type

0

None

1

Light turbulence

2

Moderate turbulence in clear air, occasional

3

Moderate turbulence in clear air, frequent

4

Moderate turbulence in cloud, occasional

5

Moderate turbulence in cloud, frequent

6

Severe turbulence in clear air, occasional

7

Severe turbulence in clear air, frequent

8

Severe turbulence in cloud, occasional

9

Severe turbulence in cloud, frequent

Third to fifth digit: height of lowest turbulence layer in units of 30m (100ft) above the aerodrome
Sixth digit

Thickness of layer

0

Up to top of cloud

1

300m/1000ft

2

600m/2000ft

3

900m/3000ft

4

1200m/4000ft

5

1500m/5000ft

6

1800m/6000ft

7

2100m/7000ft

8

2400m/8000ft

9

2700m/9000ft

FORECAST ICING CONDITIONS (OPTIONAL)

Six digits for all icing groups, first digit always 6

METEOROLOGY SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR

NAVIGATION

600

AERODROME WEATHER FORECAST

Second dig-
it

Icing type

0

No icing

1

Light icing

2

Light icing in cloud

3

Light icing in precipitation

4

Moderate icing

5

Moderate icing in cloud

6

Moderate icing in precipitation

7

Severe icing

8

Severe icing in cloud

9

Severe icing in precipitation

Third to fifth digit: height of lowest turbulence layer in units of 30m (100ft) above the aerodrome
Sixth digit

Thickness of layer

0

Up to top of cloud

1

300m/1000ft

2

600m/2000ft

3

900m/3000ft

4

1200m/4000ft

5

1500m/5000ft

6

1800m/6000ft

7

2100m/7000ft

8

2400m/8000ft

9

2700m/9000ft

METEOROLOGY SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR

NAVIGATION

601

AERODROME WEATHER FORECAST

Meteorology

Meteorological Operational

Telecommunications Network -

Europe (RODEX) Broadcast

Information

ENCODING SCHEME FOR RUNWAY CONDITIONS

Information of runway conditions will be expressed by means of the figure group RD

R

D

R

/

E

R

C

R

e

R

e

R

B

R

B

R

 where:

R

denotes the runway indicator

D

R

D

R

denotes the runway designator

E

R

denotes the runway deposits

C

R

denotes the extent or runway contamination

e

R

e

R

denotes the depth of deposit on the runway

B

R

B

R

denotes the friction coefficient or braking action on the runway

The following explanations govern the composition and use of this ten-figure group, or in the case
of several parallel runways, eleven-figure group:

RUNWAY DESIGNATOR

The message is preceded by indicator R followed by the threshold designator (D

R

D

R

). This will be

expressed as two digits corresponding to the runway designator, e.g. R09/, R27/, R35/, etc. Paral-
lel runways are designated by the letters L (left), C (center) and R (right runway).
NOTE: The information to be included in runway state messages will be for the main instrument
runway or runway(s) in use. When parallel runways are in use, information on both runways will
be included or, where this is not possible, the information given may not alternate between the
two runways, but should be given for the runway with the best surface conditions.

RUNWAY DEPOSITS

The type of deposits on the RWY will be indicated by the digits 0 to 9 or a slash (/) in accordance
with the following scale as follows:

0

=

Dry and clear of deposits

1

=

Damp

2

=

Wet or water patches

3

=

Rime or frost (Depth normally less than 1mm)

4

=

Dry snow

5

=

Wet snow

6

=

Slush

7

=

Ice

8

=

Compacted or rolled snow

METEOROLOGICAL OPERATIONAL

TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK - EUROPE

(RODEX) BROADCAST INFORMATION

603

DECODE OF EIGHT FIGURE GROUP APPENDED TO MOTNE/OPMET BROADCASTS

9

=

Frozen ruts

/

=

Type of deposit not reported (e.g., due to runway clearance in progress).

EXTENT OF RUNWAY CONTAMINATION

The extent of contamination through deposits on the runway is indicated in percentages in
accordance with the following scale: It will be expressed as a single digit:

1

=

up to 10% of runway contaminated (covered)

2

=

more than 10% to 25% of runway contaminated (covered)

5

=

more than 25% to 50% of runway contaminated (covered)

9

=

more than 50% to 100% of runway contaminated (covered)

/

=

not reported (e.g., due to runway clearance in progress).

DEPTH OF DEPOSIT ON THE RUNWAY

The depth of deposit is indicated by two digits in accordance with the following scale:

0

=

less than 1mm

1

=

1mm

2

=

2mm

etc.
10

=

10mm

etc.
15

=

15mm

etc.
20

=

20mm

etc. up to
90

=

90mm

Thereafter, the depth is indicated by:

92

=

10cm

93

=

15cm

94

=

20cm

95

=

25cm

96

=

30cm

METEOROLOGICAL OPERATIONAL

TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK - EUROPE

(RODEX) BROADCAST INFORMATION

604

DECODE OF EIGHT FIGURE GROUP APPENDED TO MOTNE/OPMET BROADCASTS

97

=

35cm

98

=

40cm or more

99

=

runway or runways non-operational due to snow, slush, ice, large drifts or runway
clearance

//

=

depth of deposit operationally not significant or not measurable

NOTE 1: This does not necessarily require depth to be measured to a millimeter unit. Larger inter-
vals up to 90 can be expressed by using the above direct-reading scale.
NOTE 2: Where depth is measured at a number of points along a runway the average value
should be transmitted or, if operationally significant, the highest value.
NOTE 3: Code figure 91 is not used. Code figures 92 to 98 permit the depth of deposit (in cm) to
be derived by multiplying the last digit by 5 (e.g. 94 = 4 x 5 = 20).
NOTE 4: If deposits of the type reported by the code figures 3, 7, 8 and 9 of code E

R

 are reported,

the depth of deposits is normally not significant and two oblique strokes (//) will be reported. Simi-
larly, the depth of standing water will only be reported if an accurate and representative measure-
ment is guaranteed.

FRICTION COEFFICIENT OR BRAKING ACTION ON THE RUNWAY

The friction coefficient is denoted by two digits or, if the coefficient is not available, the estimated
braking action is denoted by two digits.

a. Friction coefficient

EXAMPLE 1: 28 = Friction coefficient 0.28
EXAMPLE 2: 35 = Friction coefficient 0.35

b. Braking action

95 = Good
94 = Medium / Good
93 = Medium
92 = Medium / Poor
91 = Poor
99 = Unreliable
// = Braking action not reported; Runway not operational, Aerodrome closed; etc.

METEOROLOGICAL OPERATIONAL

TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK - EUROPE

(RODEX) BROADCAST INFORMATION

605

DECODE OF EIGHT FIGURE GROUP APPENDED TO MOTNE/OPMET BROADCASTS

Friction coefficient for compacted snow- and/or ice-covered runways

Measured coefficient

Estimated braking action

Code

0.40 and above

0.39 to 0.36
0.35 to 0.30
0.29 to 0.26

0.25 and below

Good

Medium to good

Medium

Medium to poor

Poor

5
4
3
2
1

NOTE 1: Where braking action is assessed at a number of points along a runway, the mean value
will be transmitted or, if operationally significant, the lowest value.
NOTE 2: If measuring equipment does not allow measurement of friction with satisfactory reliabil-
ity, which may be the case when a runway is contaminated by wet snow, slush, or loose snow,
the figures 99 will be used.
NOTE 3: If the braking conditions cannot be reported (e.g. due to runway clearance in progress,
runway not operational, runway conditions not watched during airport closure, etc.) two oblique
strokes (//) will be entered.

EXAMPLES

NOTE: The occasion may arise when a new report or a valid report is not available in time for
dissemination with the appropriate METAR message. In this case, the previous runway state
report will be repeated, as indicated by the figures R99/ in place of the runway designator.
R99/421594 – Dry snow covering 11% to 25% of the runway: depth 15mm; braking action
medium to good.
R14L///99// – Runway 14L non-operational due to runway clearance in progress.
R14L////// – Runway 14L contaminated but reports are not available or are not updated due to aer-
odrome closure or curfew, etc.
R88/////// – All runways are contaminated but reports are not available or are not updated due to
aerodrome closure or curfew, etc.
R14L/CLRD// – Runway 14L contamination has ceased to exist.
(No further reports will be sent unless recontamination occurs).

METEOROLOGICAL OPERATIONAL

TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK - EUROPE

(RODEX) BROADCAST INFORMATION

606

DECODE OF EIGHT FIGURE GROUP APPENDED TO MOTNE/OPMET BROADCASTS

AERODROME PAVEMENT CONDITION REPORTS THROUGH

SNOWTAM/RODEX

During winter period information on runway condition for the listed airports is published via
SNOWTAM or is included at the end of METAR (RODEX) messages.
Following countries do not specify the airports providing this information: Bosnia-Herzegovina,
Cyprus, Gibraltar, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malta, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Slov-
enia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, United Kingdom and Uzbekistan.

ALBANIA
Tirana

ARMENIA
Gyumri (Shirak)
Yerevan (Zvartnots)

AUSTRIA
Graz
Hohenems (Dornbirn)
Innsbruck
Klagenfurt
Linz
Salzburg
St Johann/Tirol
Vienna (Schwechat)
Voslau
Wels
Wiener Neustadt/Ost
Zell Am See

AZERBAIJAN
Baku (Heydar Aliyev Intl)
Gabala
Ganja
Lenkoran

METEOROLOGICAL OPERATIONAL

TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK - EUROPE

(RODEX) BROADCAST INFORMATION

607

AERODROME PAVEMENT CONDITION REPORTS (THROUGH SNOWTAM/MOTNE)

AZERBAIJAN
Nakhchivan
Zagatala

BELARUS
Brest
Homiel
Hrodna
Mahiliou
Minsk (Minsk-2)
Viciebsk

BELGIUM
Antwerp (Deurne)
Brussels (National)
Charleroi (Brussels South)
Liege
Oostende-Brugge (Oostende)

BULGARIA
Burgas
Gorna Oryahovitsa
Plovdiv
Sofia
Varna

CROATIA
Dubrovnik (Cilipi)
Osijek (Klisa)
Zagreb (Franjo Tudjman)
Split (Kastela)

METEOROLOGICAL OPERATIONAL

TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK - EUROPE

(RODEX) BROADCAST INFORMATION

608

AERODROME PAVEMENT CONDITION REPORTS (THROUGH SNOWTAM/MOTNE)