JEPPESEN GENERAL AIRWAY MANUAL (Issue Date 1 JUL 21)

Table A2-3. Template for Advisory Message for Space Weather Information (continued)

Element

Detailed Content

Template(s)

Examples

1
3

Remarks (M)

Remarks, as neces-
sary

RMK: Free text up to

256 characters
or
NIL

RMK:

SWX EVENT
HAS CEASED
WWW.SPACE-
WEAT
HERPROVID-
ER.GOV
NIL

1
4

Next advisory
(M)

Year, month, day and
time in UTC

NXT
ADVI-
SO-
RY:

nnnnnnnn/nnnnZ
or
NO FURTHER
ADVISORIES
or
WILL BE ISSUED
BY nnnnnnnn/
nnnnZ

NXT
ADVI-
SORY:

20161108/0700Z
NO FURTHER
ADVISORIES

Used only when the message issued to indicate that a test or an exercise is taking place. When
the word “TEST” or the abbreviation “EXER” is included, the message may contain information
that should not be used operationally or will otherwise end immediately after the word ”TEST”.
[Applicable 7 November 2019]
Ficticious location.
One or more latitude ranges should be included in the space weather advisory information for
“GNSS” and “RADIATION”.

Example A2-3. Space Weather Advisory Message (GNSS and HFCOM effects)

DTG:

20161108/0100Z

SWXC:

DONLON

ADVISORY NR:

2016/2

NR RPLC:

2016/1

SWX EFFECT:

HF COM MOD AND GNSS MOD

OBS SWX:

08/0100Z HNH HSH E18000 - W18000

FCST SWX +6HR:

08/0700Z HNH HSH E18000 - W18000

FCST SWX + 12HR:

08/1300Z HNH HSH E18000 - W18000

FCST SWX + 18HR:

08/1900Z HNH HSH E18000 - W18000

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Example A2-3. Space Weather Advisory Message (GNSS and HFCOM effects) (continued)

FCST SWX +24HR:

09/0100Z NO SWX EXP

RMK

LOW LVL GEOMAGNETIC STORMING CAUSING IN-
CREASED AURORAL ACT AND SUBSEQUENT MOD
DEGRADATION OF GNSS AND HF COM AVBL IN THE
AURORAL ZONE. THIS STORMING EXP TO SUBSIDE IN
THE FCST PERIOD. SEE WWW.SPACEWEATHERPRO-
VIDER.WEB

NXT ADVISORY:

NO FURTHER ADVISORIES

Ficticious location

Example A2-4. Space Weather Advisory Message (RADIATION effects)

SWX ADVISORY
DTG:

20161108/0100Z

SWXC:

DONLON

ADVISORY NR:

2016/2

NR RPLC:

2016/1

SWX EFFECT:

RADIATION MOD

OBS SWX:

08/0100Z HNH HSH E18000 - W18000 ABV FL350

FCST SWX +6HR:

08/0700Z HNH HSH E18000 - W18000 ABV FL350

FCST SWX + 12HR:

08/1300Z HNH HSH E18000 - W18000 ABV FL350

FCST SWX + 18HR:

08/1900Z HNH HSH E18000 - W18000 ABV FL350

FCST SWX +24HR:

09/0100Z NO SWX EXP

RMK

RADIATION LVL EXCEEDED 100 PCT OF BACK-
GROUND LVL AT FL350 AND ABV. THE CURRENT
EVENT HAS PEAKED AND LVL SLW_RTN TO BACK-
GROUND LVL. SEE WWW.SPACEWEATHERPROVID-
ER.WEB

NXT ADVISORY:

NO FURTHER ADVISORIES

Ficticious location

Example A2-5. Space Weather Advisory Message (HFCOM effects)

SWX ADVISORY
DTG:

20161108/0100Z

SWXC:

DONLON

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Example A2-5. Space Weather Advisory Message (HFCOM effects) (continued)

SWX ADVISORY
ADVISORY NR:

2016/1

SWX EFFECT:

HF COM SEV

OBS SWX:

08/0100Z DAYLIGHT SIDE

FCST SWX +6HR:

08/0700Z DAYLIGHT SIDE

FCST SWX + 12HR:

08/1300Z DAYLIGHT SIDE

FCST SWX + 18HR:

08/1900Z DAYLIGHT SIDE

FCST SWX +24HR:

09/0100Z NO SWX EXP

RMK

PERIODIC HF COM ABSORPTION AND LIKELY TO
CONT IN THE NEAR TERM. CMPL AND PERIODIC LOSS
OF HF ON THE SUNLIT SIDE OF THE EARTH EXP.
CONT HF COM DEGRADATION LIKELY OVER THE NXT
7 DAYS. SEE WWW.SPACEWEATHERPROVIDER.WEB

NXT ADVISORY:

20161108/0700Z

Ficticious location

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Appendix 3. Technical Specifications related to Meteorological

Observations and Reports

Table A3-1. Template for the Local Routine (MET REPORT) and Local Special (SPECIAL)

Reports

Key:

inclusion mandatory, part of every message

inclusion conditional, dependent on meteorological conditions

inclusion optional

NOTE 1: The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in the local routine and
special reports are shown in Table A3-4 of this Appendix.
NOTE 2: The explanations for the abbreviations used can be found in the Procedures for Air Navi-
gation Services - ICAO Abbreviations and Codes (PANS-ABC, Doc 8400).

Table A3-1. Template for the Local Routine (MET REPORT) and Local Special (SPECIAL)

Reports

Element

as speci-

fied in

Chapter 4

Detailed

Content

Template(s)

Examples

Identifica-
tion of the
type of re-
port (M)

Type of re-
port

MET REPORT or SPECIAL

MET REPORT
SPECIAL

Location
indicator
(M)

ICAO loca-
tion indiac-
tor (M)

nnnn

YUDO

Time of the
observa-
tion (M)

Day and ac-
tual time of
the obser-
vation in
UTC

nnnnnnZ

221630Z

Identifica-
tion of an
automated
report (C)

Automated
report iden-
tifier (C)

AUTO

Surface
wind (M)

Name of
the element
(M)

WIND

WIND 240/4MPS
(WIND 240/8KT)

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Table A3-1. Template for the Local Routine (MET REPORT) and Local Special (SPECIAL)

Reports (continued)

Element

as speci-

fied in

Chapter 4

Detailed

Content

Template(s)

Examples

Runway
(O)

RWY nn[L] or RWY nn[C] or RWY nn[R]

Runway
section (O)

TDZ

WIND RWY 18 TDZ
190/6MPS
(WIND RWY 18 TDZ
190/12KT)

Wind direc-
tion (M)

nnn/

VRB BTN nnn/ AND
nnn/ or
VRB

CALM

WIND
VRB1MPS
(WIND
VRB2KT)
WIND
VRB BTN
350/ AND
050/1MPS
(WIND
VRB BTN
350/ AND
050/2KT)

WIND
CALM

Wind speed
(M)

[ABV]n[n][n]MPS (or [ABV]n[n]KT)

WIND 270/ABV49MPS
(WIND 270/ABV99KT)
WIND 120/3MPS
MAX9 MNM2
(WIND 120/6KT
MAX18 MNM4)

Significant
speed var-
iations (C)

MAX[ABV]nn[n] MNMn[n]

Significant
directional
variations
(C)

VRB BTN
nnn/ AND
nnn/

—

WIND 020/5MPS VRB
BTN 350/ AND 070/
(WIND 020/10KT VRB
BTN 350/ AND 070/)

Runway
sections
(O)

MID

WIND RWY 14R MID
140/6MPS
(WIND RWY 14R MID
140/12KT)

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Table A3-1. Template for the Local Routine (MET REPORT) and Local Special (SPECIAL)

Reports (continued)

Element

as speci-

fied in

Chapter 4

Detailed

Content

Template(s)

Examples

Wind direc-
tion (O)

nnn/

VRB BTN nnn/ AND
nnn/ or
VRB

CALM

WIND RWY 27 TDZ
240/8MPS
MAX14 MNM5 END
250/7MPS
(WIND RWY 27 TDZ
240/16KT
MAX28 MNM10 END
250/14KT)

Wind speed
(O)

[ABV]n[n][n]MPS (or [ABV]n[n]KT)

Significant
speed var-
iations (C)

MAX[ABV]nn[n] MNMn[n]

Significant
directional
variations
(C)

VRB BTN
nnn/ AND
nnn/

—

Runway
section (O)

END

Wind direc-
tion (O)

nnn/

VRB BTN nnn/ AND
nnn/ or
VRB

CALM

Wind speed
(O)

[ABV]n[n][n]MPS (or [ABV]n[n]KT)

Significant
speed var-
iations (C)

MAX[ABV]nn[n] MNMn[n]

Significant
directional
variations
(C)

VRB BTN
nnn/ AND
nnn/

—

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Table A3-1. Template for the Local Routine (MET REPORT) and Local Special (SPECIAL)

Reports (continued)

Element

as speci-

fied in

Chapter 4

Detailed

Content

Template(s)

Examples

Visibility
(M)

Name ot
the element
(M)

VIS

CAVOK VIS 350M

VIS 7KM
VIS 10KM

CAVOK

Runway
(O)

RWY nn[L] or RWY nn[C] or RWY
nn[R]

VIS RWY 09 TDZ
800M END 1200M
VIS RWY 18C TDZ
6KM RWY 27 TDZ
4000M

Runway
section (O)

TDZ

Visibilty (M) n[n][n][n]M or n[n]KM

Runway
section (O)

MID

Visibility
(O)

n[n][n][n]M or n[n]KM

Runway
section (O)

END

Visibility
(O)

n[n][n][n]M or n[n]KM

RVR (C)

Name of
the element
(M)

RVR

RVR RWY 32 400M
RVR RWY 20 1600M
RVR RWY 10L BLW
50M
RVR RWY 14 ABV
2000M
RVR RWY 10 BLW
150M
RVR RWY 12 ABV
1200M

Runway
(C)

RWY nn[L] or RWY nn[C] or RWY
nn[R]

Runway
section (C)

TDZ

RVR (M)

[ABV or BLW] nn[n][n]M

Runway
section (C)

MID

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Table A3-1. Template for the Local Routine (MET REPORT) and Local Special (SPECIAL)

Reports (continued)

Element

as speci-

fied in

Chapter 4

Detailed

Content

Template(s)

Examples

RVR RWY12 TDZ
1100M MID ABV
1400M
RVR RWY 16 TDZ
600M MID 500M END
400M
RVR RWY 26 500M
RWY 20 800M

RVR (C)

[ABV or BLW] nn[n][n]M

Runway
section (C)

END

RVR (C)

[ABV or BLW] nn[n][n]M

Present
weather
(C)

Intensity of
present
weather
(C)

FBL or
MOD or
HVY

—

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Table A3-1. Template for the Local Routine (MET REPORT) and Local Special (SPECIAL)

Reports (continued)

Element

as speci-

fied in

Chapter 4

Detailed

Content

Template(s)

Examples

Character-
istics and
type of
present
weather
(C)

DZ or RA
or
SN or SG
or
PL or DS
or
SS or
FZDZ or
FZUP

or FC

FZRA or
SHGR or
SHGS or
SHRA or
SHSN or
SHUP

or
TSGR or
TSGS or
TSRA or
TSSN or
TSUP

or UP

FG or BR or
SA or DU or
HZ or FU or
VA or SQ or
PO or TS or
BCFG or BLDU or
BLSA or BLSN or
DRDU or DRSA or
DRSN or FZFG or
MIFG or PRFG or
//

MOD RA
HVY TSRA
HVY DZ
FBL SN
HZ
FG
VA
MIFG
HVY TSRASN
FBL SNRA
FBL DZ FG
HVY SHSN BLSN
HVY TSUP
//

Cloud
(M)

Name of
the element
(M)

CLD

CLD NSC
CLD SCT 300M OVC
600M
(CLD SCT 1000FT
OVC 2000FT)
CLD OBSC VER VIS
150M

Runway
(O)

RWY nn[L] or RWY nn[C] or RWY
nn[R]

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Table A3-1. Template for the Local Routine (MET REPORT) and Local Special (SPECIAL)

Reports (continued)

Element

as speci-

fied in

Chapter 4

Detailed

Content

Template(s)

Examples

Cloud
amount (M)
or vertical
visibility
(O)

(CLD OBSC VER VIS
500FT)
CLD BKN TCU 270M
(CLD BKN TCU 900FT)
CLD RWY 08R BKN
60M RWY 26 BKN
90M)
(CLD RWY 08R BKN
200FT RWY 26 BKN
300FT)
CLD /// CB ///M (CLD ///
CB ///FT)
CLD /// CB 400M
(CLD /// CB 1200FT)
CLD NCD

FEW or
SCT or
BKN or
OVC
or ///

OBSC

NSC or
NCD

Cloud type
(C)

CB or
TCU
or ///

—

Height of
cloud base
or the value
of vertical
visibility
(C)

n[n][n][n]
M (or n[n]
[n][n] FT)
or ///M
(or ///
FT)

[VER
VIS n[n]
[n]M (or
VER VIS
n[n][n][n]
FT)] or
VER
VIS ///M
(or VER
VIS ///FT
)

Air temper-
ature (M)

Name of
the element
(M)

T17
TMS08

Air temper-
ature (M)

[MS]nn

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Table A3-1. Template for the Local Routine (MET REPORT) and Local Special (SPECIAL)

Reports (continued)

Element

as speci-

fied in

Chapter 4

Detailed

Content

Template(s)

Examples

Dew-point
tempera-
ture (M)

Name of
the element
(M)

DP15
DPMS18

Dew-point
temperature
(M)

[MS]nn

Pressure
values (M)

Name of
the element
(M)

QNH

QNH 0995HPA
QNH 1009HPA

QNH (M)

nnnnHPA

Name of
the element
(O)

QFE

QNH 1022HPA QFE
1001HPA
QNH 0987HPA QFE
RWY 18 0956HPA
RWY 24 0955HPA

QFE (O)

[RWY nn[L] or RWY nn[C] or RWY nn[R]]
nnnnHPA
[RWY nn[L] or RWY nn[C] or RWY nn[R]
nnnnHPA]

Supple-
mentary in-
formation
(C)

Significant
meteorolog-
ical phe-
nomena
(C)

CB or TS or MOD TURB or SEV TURB or
WS or GR or SEV SQL or MOD ICE or SEV
ICE or FZDZ or FZRA or SEV MTW or SS or
DS or BLSN or FC

FC IN APCH
WS IN APCH 60M-
WIND 360/13MPS
WS RWY 12

Location of
the phe-
nomenon
(C)

IN APCH [n[n][n][n]M-WIND nnn/n[n]MPS] or
IN CLIMB-OUT [n[n][n][n]M-WIND nnn/
n[n]MPS]
(IN APCH [n[n][n][n]FT-WIND nnn/n[n]KT] or
IN CLIMB-OUT [n[n][n][n]FT-WIND nnn/
n[n]KT] or RWY nn[L] or RWY nn[C] or RWY
nn[R]

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Table A3-1. Template for the Local Routine (MET REPORT) and Local Special (SPECIAL)

Reports (continued)

Element

as speci-

fied in

Chapter 4

Detailed

Content

Template(s)

Examples

Recent
weather
(C)

9, 10

RERASN or REFZRA or REDZ or RE[SH]RA
or RE[SH]SN or RESG or RESHGR or
RESHGS or REBLSN or RESS or REDS or
RETSRA or RETSSN or RETSGR or
RETSGS or REFC or REPL or REUP

REFZUP

or RETSUP

or RESHUP

REVA or RETS

REFZRA
CB IN CLIMB-OUT RE-
TSRA

Trend fore-
cast (O)

Name of
the element
(M)

TREND

TREND NOSIG
TREND BECMG FEW
600M
(TREND BECMG FEW
2000FT)

Change in-
dicator
(M)

NOSIG

BECMG or TEMPO

TREND TEMPO
250/18MPS MAX25
(TREND TEMPO
250/36KT MAX50)

Period of
change (C)

FMnnnn and/or TLnnnn or
ATnnnn

Wind (C)

nnn/[ABV]n[n][n]MPS
[MAX[ABV]nn[n]] (or nnn/
[ABV]n[n]KT [MAX[ABV]nn])

Visibility
(C)

VIS n[n][n][n]M or
VIS n[n]KM

CAVOK TREND BECMG

AT1800 VIS 10KM
NSW
TREND BECMG
TL1700 VIS 800M FG
TREND BECMG
FM1030 TL1130 CAV-
OK

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Table A3-1. Template for the Local Routine (MET REPORT) and Local Special (SPECIAL)

Reports (continued)

Element

as speci-

fied in

Chapter 4

Detailed

Content

Template(s)

Examples

Weather
phenomen-
on intensity
(C)

FBL or
MOD or
HVY

—

NS
W

TREND TEMPO
TL1200 VIS 600M
BECMG AT1230 VIS
8KM NSW CLD NSC

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Table A3-1. Template for the Local Routine (MET REPORT) and Local Special (SPECIAL)

Reports (continued)

Element

as speci-

fied in

Chapter 4

Detailed

Content

Template(s)

Examples

Weather
phenomen-
on: charac-
teristics and
type (C)

9, 10,

DZ or
RA or
SN or
SG or
PL or
DS or
SS or
FZDZ or
FZRA or
SHGR
or
SHGS
or
SHRA or
SHSN or
TSGR or
TSGS or
TSRA or
TSSN

FG or
BR or
SA or
DU or
HZ or
FU or
VA or
SQ or
PO or
FC or
TS or
BCFG
or
BLDU
or
BLSA
or
BLSN
or
DRDU
or
DRSA
or
DRSN
or
FZFG
or
MIFG
or
PRFG

TREND TEMPO
FM0300 TL0430 MOD
FZRA
TREND BECMG
FM1900 VIS 500M
HVY SNRA
TREND BECMG
FM1100 MOD SN
TEMPO FM1130 BLSN
TREND BECMG AT
1130 CLD OVC 300M
(TREND BECMG AT
1130 CLD OVC
1000FT)
TREND TEMPO
TL1530 HVY SHRA
CLD BKN CB 360M
(TREND TEMPO
TL1530 HVY SHRA
CLD BKN CB 1200FT)

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Table A3-1. Template for the Local Routine (MET REPORT) and Local Special (SPECIAL)

Reports (continued)

Element

as speci-

fied in

Chapter 4

Detailed

Content

Template(s)

Examples

Name of
the element
(C)

CLD

Cloud
amount and
vertical visi-
bility (C)

9, 14

FEW or
SCT or
BKN or
OVC

OBSC NSC

Cloud type
(C)

9, 14

CB or
TCU

—

Height of
cloud base
or the value
of vertical
visibility
(C)

9, 14

n[n][n][n]
M (or
n[n][n][n]
FT)

[VER
VIS
n[n]
[n]M
(or
VER
VIS
n[n][n]
[n] FT)]

Fictitous location.
Optional values for one or more runways.
Optinal values for one or more sections of the runway.
To be included in accordance with 4.1.5.2 c).
To be included in accordance with 4.1.5.2 b) 1).
To be included if visibility or RVR < 1500m.
To be included in accordance with 4.3.6.4 d)
To be included in accordance with 4.3.6.4 c).
To be included whenever applicable.
One or more, up to a maximum of three groups, in accordance with 4.4.2.9 a), 4.8.1.1 and
Appendix 5, 2.2.4.3.
Precipitation types listed under 4.4.2.3 a) may be combined in accordance with 4.4.2.9 c) and
Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1. Only moderate or heavy precipitation to be indicated in trend forecast in
accordance with Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1.

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For automated reports only.
Heavy used to indicate tornado or waterspout; moderate used to indicate funnel cloud not
reaching the ground.
Up to four cloud layers in accordance with 4.5.4.3 e).
Abbreviation plain language may be used in accordance with 4.8.1.2.
To be included in accordance with Chapter 6, 6.3.2.
Number of change indicators to be kept to a minimum in accordance with Appendix 5, 2.2.1,
normally not exceeding three groups.

Table A3-2. Template for METAR and SPECI

Key:

inclusion mandatory, part of every message

inclusion conditional, dependent on meteorological conditions or method of
observation

inclusion optional

NOTE 1: The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in METAR and SPECI
are shown in Table A3-5 of this Appendix.
NOTE 2: The explanations for the abbreviations used can be found in the PANS-ABC (Doc 8400).

Table A3-2. Template for METAR and SPECI

Element

as speci-

fied in

Chapter 4

Detailed

Content

Template(s)

Examples

Identifica-
tion of the
type of re-
port (M)

Type of re-
port (M)

METAR, METAR COR, SPECI or SPECI
COR

METAR
METAR COR
SPECI

Location
indicator
(M)

ICAO loca-
tion indicator
(M)

nnnn

YUDO

Time of the
observa-
tion (M)

Day and ac-
tual time of
the observa-
tion in UTC
(M)

nnnnnnZ

221630Z

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Table A3-2. Template for METAR and SPECI (continued)

Element

as speci-

fied in

Chapter 4

Detailed

Content

Template(s)

Examples

Indentifica-
tion of an
automated
or missing
report (C)

Automated or
missing re-
port identifier
(C)

AUTO or NIL

AUTO
NIL

END OF METAR IF THE REPORT IS MISSING.
Surface
wind (M)

Wind direc-
tion (M)

nnn

VRB

24004MPS
(24008KT)
19006MPS
(19012KT)
00000MPS
(00000KT)
140P149M
PS
(140P99KT
)

VRB01MPS
(VRB02KT)

Wind speed
(M)

[P]nn[n]

Significant
speed varia-
tions (C)

G[P]nn[n]

12003G09MPS
(12006G18KT)
24008G14MPS
(24016G28KT)

Units of
measurement
(M)

MPS (or KT)

Significant di-
rectional var-
iations (C)

nnnVnnn

–

02005MPS 350V070
(02010KT 350V070)

Visibility
(M)

Prevailing or
minimum visi-
bility (M)

nnnn

CAVOK 0350

7000
9999
0800

CAVOK

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Table A3-2. Template for METAR and SPECI (continued)

Element

as speci-

fied in

Chapter 4

Detailed

Content

Template(s)

Examples

Minimum visi-
bility and di-
rection of the
minimum visi-
bility (C)

nnnn[N] or nnnn[NE] or nnnn[E]
or nnnn[SE] or nnnn[S] or
nnnn[SW] or nnnn[W] or
nnnn[NW]

2000 1200NW
6000 2800E
6000 2800

RVR (C)

Name of the
element (M)

R32/0400
R12R/1700

Runway (M)

nn[L]/ or nn[C]/ or nn[R]/

R10/M0050
R14L/P2000

RVR (M)

[P or M]nnnn

R16L/0650 R16C/0500
R16R/0450 R17L/0450

RVR past
tendency (C)

U, D or N

R12/1100U
R26/0550N R20/0800D
R12/0700

Present
weather
(C)

2, 9

Intensity or
proximity of
present
weather (C)

- or +

—

Characteris-
tics and type
of present
weather
(M)

DZ or
RA or
SN or
SG or
PL or
DS or
SS or
FZDZ
or
FZRA
or
FZUP

FG or
BR or SA or
DU or HZ or
FU or VA or
SQ or PO or
TS or
BCFG or
BLDU or
BLSA or
BLSN or
DRDU or
DRSA or

FG or
PO or
FC or
DS or
SS or
TS or
SH or
BLSN
or
BLSA
or

RA
+TSRA
+DZ
-SN

VCFG
VCSH

VCTS

VCBLS

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Table A3-2. Template for METAR and SPECI (continued)

Element

as speci-

fied in

Chapter 4

Detailed

Content

Template(s)

Examples

SHGR
or
SHGS
or
SHRA
or
SHSN
or
SHUP

or
TSGR
or
TSGS
or
TSRA
or
TSSN
or
TSUP

or UP

DRSN or
FZFG or
MIFG or
PRFG or
//

BLD
U or
VA

+TSRASN
-SNRA
DZ FG
+SHSN BLSN
UP
FZUP
TSUP FZUP
//

Cloud
(M)

Cloud
amount and
height of
cloud base or
vertical visi-
bility (M)

FEWnn
n or
SCTnn
n or
BKNnn
n or
OVCnn
n or
FEW///

SCT///

BKN///

VVnnn or
VV///

NSC
or
NCD

FEW015 VV005

OVC030 VV///

NSC

SCT010
OVC020

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Table A3-2. Template for METAR and SPECI (continued)

Element

as speci-

fied in

Chapter 4

Detailed

Content

Template(s)

Examples

OVC///

or ///
nn

or //////

BKN/// ///015

Cloud Type
(C)

CB or
TCU
or ///

—

BKN009TCU

NCD

SCT008
BKN025CB
///CB

BKN025
///

Air and
dew-point
tempera-
ture (M)

Air and dew-
point temper-
atures (M)

[M]nn/[M]nn

17/10
02/M08
M01/M10

Pressure
values (M)

Name of the
element (M)

Q0995
Q1009
Q1022
Q0987

QNH (M)

nnnn

Supple-
mentary in-
formation
(C)

Recent
weather (C)

RERASN or REFZRA or REDZ or
RE[SH]RA or RE[SH]SN or RESG or
RESHGR or RESHGS or REBLSN or
RESS or REDS or RETSRA or RETSSN
or RETSGR or RETSGS or RETS or
REFC or REVA or REPL or REUP

REFZUP

or RETSUP

or RESHUP

REFZRA
RETSRA

Wind shear
(C)

WS Rnn[L] or WS Rnn[C] or WS Rnn[R]
or WS ALL RWY

WS R03
WS ALL RWY
WSR18C

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Table A3-2. Template for METAR and SPECI (continued)

Element

as speci-

fied in

Chapter 4

Detailed

Content

Template(s)

Examples

Sea-surface
temperature
and state of
the sea or
significant
wave height
(C)

W[M]nn/Sn or W[M]nn/Hn[n][n]

W15/S2
W12/H75

Sta
te
of
the
run
wa
y

Runway
designa-
tor (M)

Rnn[L]/ or
Rnn[C]/ or
Rnn[R]/

R/SNOCLO

R99/421594
R/SNOCLO
R14L/CLRD//

Runway
deposits
(M)

n or /

CLRD//

Extent
of run-
way
contami-
nation
(M)

n or /

Depth of
deposit
(M)

n or //

Friction
coeffi-
cient or
braking
action
(M)

n or //

Trend fore-
cast (O)

Change indi-
cator (M)

NOSIG BECMG or TEMPO

NOSIG

BECMG
FEW02
0

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Table A3-2. Template for METAR and SPECI (continued)

Element

as speci-

fied in

Chapter 4

Detailed

Content

Template(s)

Examples

Period of
change (C)

FMnnnn and/or TLnnnn or
ATnnnn

Wind (C)

nnn[P]nn[n][G[P]nn[n]]MPS (or
nnn[P]nn[G[P]nn]KT)

TEMPO 25018G25MPS
(TEMPO 25035G50KT)

Prevailing
visibility (C)

nnnn

CAVOK BECMG FM1030 TL1130

CAVOK
BECMG TL1700 0800 FG
BECMG AT1800 9000
NSW
BECMG FM1900 0500
+SNRA
BECMG FM1100 SN
TEMPO FM1130 BLSN
TEMPO FM0330 TL0430
FZRA
TEMPO TL1200 0600
BECMG AT1200 8000
NSW NSC
BECMG AT1130 OVC010
TEMPO TL1530 +SHRA
BKN012CB

Weather phe-
nomenon: in-
tensity (C)

- or +

—

NSW

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Table A3-2. Template for METAR and SPECI (continued)

Element

as speci-

fied in

Chapter 4

Detailed

Content

Template(s)

Examples

Weather phe-
nomenon:
characteris-
tics and type
(C)

2, 9, 11

DZ or
RA or
SN or
SG or
PL or
DS or
SS or
FZDZ
or
FZRA
or
SHGR
or
SHGS
or
SHRA
or
SHSN
or
TSGR
or
TSGS
or
TSRA
or
TSSN

FG or
BR or
SA or
DU or
HZ or
FU or
VA or
SQ or
PO or
FC or
TS or
BCFG
or
BLDU
or
BLSA
or
BLSN
or
DRDU
or
DRSA
or
DRSN
or
FZFG
or
MIFG
or
PRFG

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Table A3-2. Template for METAR and SPECI (continued)

Element

as speci-

fied in

Chapter 4

Detailed

Content

Template(s)

Examples

Cloud
amount and
height of
cloud base or
vertical visi-
bility (C)

2, 14

FEWnn
n or
SCTnn
n or
BKNnn
n or
OVCnn
n

VVnnn
or
VV///

NSC

Cloud type
(C)

2, 14

CB or
TCU

—

Fictitous location.
To be included whenever applicable.
To be included in accordance with 4.1.5.2 c).
To be included in accordance with 4.1.5.2 b) 1).
To be included in accordance with 4.2.4.4 b).
To be included in accordance with 4.2.4.4 a).
To be included if visibility or RVR <1500m; for up to a maximum of four runways in accordance
with 4.3.6.5 b).
To be included in accordance with 4.3.6.6.
One or more, up to a maximum of three groups, in accordance with 4.4.2.9 a), 4.8.1.1 and
Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1.
To be included whenever applicable; no qualifier for moderate intensity in accordance with
4.4.2.8.
Precipitation types listed under 4.4.2.3 a) may be combined in accordance with 4.4.2.9 c) and
Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1. Only moderate or heavy precipitation to be indicated in trend forecast in
accordance with Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1.
For automated reports only.
Heavy used to indicate tornado or waterspout; moderate (no qualifier) to indicate funnel cloud
not reaching the ground.
Up to four cloud layers in accordance with 4.5.4.3 e).
To be included in accordance with 4.8.1.5 a).
To be included in accordance with 4.6.1.5 b) until 3 November 2021.

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To be included in accordance with Chapter 6, 6.3.2.
Number of change indicators to be kept to a minimum in accordance with Appendix 5, 2.2.1,
normally not exceeding three groups.

Table A3-3. Use of Change Indicators in Trend Forecast

Change Indicator

Time Indicator and Pe-

riod

Meaning

NOSIG

—

no significant changes are forecast

BECMG

FMn

TLn

the change is
forecast to

commence at n

UTC

and be completed by n

UTC

TLnnnn

commence at the beginning of
the trend forecast period and
be completed by nnnn UTC

FMnnnn

commence at nnnn UTC and
be completed by the end of the
trend forecast period

ATnnnn

occur at nnnn UTC (specified
time)

—

a. commence at the begin-

ning of the trend forecast
period and be completed
by the end of the trend
forecast period; or

b. the time is uncertain

TEMPO

FMn

TLn

temporary fluctu-
ations are fore-
cast to

commence at n

UTC

and cease by n

UTC

TLnnnn

commence at the beginning of
the trend forecast period and
cease by nnnn UTC

FMnnnn

commence at nnnn UTC and
cease by the end of the trend
forecast period

—

commence at the beginning of
the trend forecast period and
cease by the end of the trend
forecast period

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Tables A3-4. Ranges and Resolutions for the Numerical Elements included in Local Re-

ports

Elements as specified in Chapter 4

Range

Resolution

Runway

(no

units)

01 - 36

Wind direction

°true

010 - 360

Wind speed

MPS

1 - 99

1 - 199

1
1

Visibility

M
M

KM
KM

0 - 750

800 - 4900

5 - 9

10 -

100

0 (fixed value: 10KM)

Runway visual range

M
M
M

0 - 375

400 - 750

800 - 2000

25
50

100

Vertical visibility

M
M

FT
FT

0 - 75

90 - 600

0 - 250

300 - 2000

15
30
50

100

Clouds: height of cloud base

M
M

FT
FT

0 - 75

90 - 3000

0 - 250

300 - 10000

15
30
50

100

Air temperature;
Dew-point temperature

°C

-80 - +60

QNH; QFE

hPa

0500 - 1100

There is no aeronautical requirement to report surface wind speeds of 50m/s (100kt) or more;
however, provision has been made for reporting wind speeds up to 99m/s (199kt) for non-aero-
nautical purposes, as necessary.
Under circumstances as specified in 4.5.4.2; otherwise a resolution of 30m (100ft) is to be
used.

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Table A3-5. Ranges and Resolutions for the Numerical Elements included in METAR and

SPECI

Element as specified in Chapter 4

Range

Resolution

Runway

(no

units)

01 - 36

Wind direction

°true

000 - 360

Wind speed

MPS

00 - 99

00 - 199

1
1

Visibility

M
M
M
M

0000 - 0750
0800 - 4900
5000 - 9000

10000 -

100

1000

0 (fixed value: 9999)

Runway visual range

M
M
M

0000 - 0375
0400 - 0750
0800 - 2000

25
50

100

Vertical visibility

30's M

(100's

FT)

000 - 020

Clouds: height of cloud base

30's M

(100's

FT)

000 - 100

Air temperature; Dew-point temper-
ature

°C

-80 - +60

QNH

hPa

0850 - 1100

Sea-surface temperature

°C

-10 - +40

State of the sea

(no

units)

0 - 9

Significant wave height

0 - 999

0.1

State of the run-
way

Runway desig-
nator:

(no

units)

01-36; 88; 99

Runway deposit:

(no

units)

0-9

Extent of run-
way contamina-
tion:

(no

units)

1; 2; 5; 9

—

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Table A3-5. Ranges and Resolutions for the Numerical Elements included in METAR and

SPECI (continued)

Element as specified in Chapter 4

Range

Resolution

Depth of depos-
it:

(no

units)

00-90; 92-99

Friction coeffi-
cient/braking ac-
tion:

(no

units)

00-95; 99

Example A3-1. Routine Report

a. Local routine report (same location and weather conditions as METAR):

MET REPORT YUDO 221630Z WIND 240/4MPS VIS 600M RVR RWY 12 TDZ 1000M
MOD DZ FG CLD SCT 300M OVC 600M T17 DP16 QNH 1018 HPA TREND BECMG
TL1700 VIS 800M FG BECMG AT1800 VIS 10KM NSW

b. METAR for YUDO (Donlon/International)

METAR YUDO 221630Z 24004MPS 0600 R12/1000U DZ FG SCT010 OVC020 17/16
Q1018 BECMG TL1700 0800 FG BECMG AT1800 9999 NSW

Meaning of both reports:

Routine report for Donlon/International

issued on the 22nd of the month at 1630 UTC; surface

wind direction 240 degrees; wind speed 4 meters per second; visibility (along the runway(s) in
the local routine report; prevailing visibility in METAR) 600 meters; runway visual range repre-
sentative of the touchdown zone for runway 12 is 1000 meters and the runway visual range val-
ues have shown an upward tendency during previous 10 minutes (RVR tendency to be included
in METAR only); and moderate drizzle and fog; scattered cloud at 300 meters; overcast at 600
meters; air temperature 17 degrees Celsius; dew-point temperature 16 degrees Celsius; QNH
1018 hectopascals; trend during next 2 hours, visibility (along the runway(s) in the local routine
report; prevailing visibility in METAR) becoming 800 meters in fog by 1700 UTC; at 1800 UTC
visibility (along the runway(s) in the local routine report; prevailing visibility in METAR) becoming
10 kilometers or more and nil significant weather.
NOTE: In this example, the primary units "meter per second" and "meter" were used for wind
speed and height of cloud base, respectively. However, in accordance with Annex 5, the corre-
sponding non-SI alternative units "knot" and "foot" may be used instead.

Fictitious location.

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Example A3-2. Special Report

a. Local special report (same location and weather conditions as SPECI):

SPECIAL YUDO 151115Z WIND 050/25KT MAX37 MNM10 VIS 1200M RVR RWY 05
ABV 1800M HVY TSRA CLD BKN CB 500FT T25 DP22 QNH 1008 HPA TREND TEMPO
TL1200 VIS 600M BECMG AT1200 VIS 8KM NSW NSC.

b. SPECI for YUDO (Donlon/International

SPECI YUDO 151115Z 05025G37KT 3000 1200NE+TSRA BKNO05CB 25/22 Q1008
TEMPO TL1200 0600 BECMG AT1200 8000 NSW NSC

Meaning of both reports:

Selected special report for Donlon/International

issued on the 15th of the month at 1115 UTC;

surface wind direction 050 degrees; wind speed 25 knots gusting between 10 and 37 knots (min-
imum wind speed not to be included in SPECI) visibility 1200 meters (along the runway(s) in the
local special report); prevailing visibility 3000 meters (in SPECI) with minimum visibility 1200 me-
ters to north east (directional variations to be included in SPECI only); RVR above 1800 meters
on runway 05 (RVR not required in SPECI with prevailing visibility of 3000 meters); thunderstorm
with heavy rain; broken cumulonimbus cloud at 500 feet; air temperature 25 degrees Celsius;
dew-point temperature 22 degrees Celsius; QNH 1008 hectopascals; trend during next 2 hours,
visibility (along the runway(s) in the local special report; prevailing visibility in SPECI) temporarily
600 meters from 1115 to 1200, becoming at 1200 UTC visibility (along the runway(s) in the local
special report; prevailing visibility in SPECI) 8 kilometers, thunderstorm ceases and nil significant
weather and nil significant cloud.
NOTE: In this example, the non-SI alternative units "knot" and “foot" were used for wind speed
and height of cloud base, respectively. However, in accordance with Annex 5, the corresponding
primary units "meter per second" and "meter" may be used instead.

Fictitious location.

Example A3-3. Volcanic Activity Report

VOLCANIC ACTIVITY REPORT YUSB

231500 MT TROJEEN

VOLCANO N5605 W12652

ERUPTED 231445 LARGE ASH CLOUD EXTENDING TO APPROX 30000 FEET MOVING SW
Meaning:
Volcanic activity report issued by Siby/Bistock meteorological station at 1500 UTC on the 23rd of
the month. Mt. Trojeen volcano 56 degrees 5 minutes north 126 degrees 52 minutes west erup-
ted at 1445 UTC on the 23rd; a large ash cloud was observed extending to approximately 30
000 feet and moving in a south-westerly direction.

Fictitious location.

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Appendix 4. Technical Specifications related to Aircraft Observations

and Reports

(See Chapter 5 of this Annex.)

CONTENTS OF AIR-REPORTS

ROUTINE AIR-REPORTS BY AIR-GROUND DATA LINK

1.1.1 When air-ground data link is used and automatic dependent surveillance (ADS-C) or SSR
Mode S is being applied, the elements contained in routine air-reports shall be:
Message type designator
Aircraft identification

Data block 1

Latitude
Longitude
Level
Time

Data block 2

Wind direction
Wind speed
Wind quality flag
Air temperature
Turbulence (if available)
Humidity (if available)

NOTE: When ADS-C or SSR Mode S is being applied, the requirements of routine air-reports may
be met by the combination of the basic ADS-C/SSR Mode S data block (data block 1) and the
meteorological information data block (data block 2), available from ADS-C or SSR Mode S
reports. The ADS-C message format is specified in the PANS-ATM (Doc 4444), 4.11.4 and Chap-
ter 13 and the SSR Mode S message format is specified in Annex 10, Volume III, Part I, Chapter
5.
1.1.2 When air-ground data link is used while ADS-C and SSR Mode S are not being applied,
the elements contained in routine reports shall be:
Message type designator

Section 1 (Position information)

Aircraft identification
Position or latitude and longitude

1.1

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Time
Flight level or altitude
Next position and time over
Ensuing significant point

Section 2 (Operational information)

Estimated time of arrival
Endurance

Section 3 (Meteorological information)

Air temperature
Wind direction
Wind speed
Turbulence
Aircraft icing
Humidity (if available)

NOTE: When air-ground data link is used while ADS-C and SSR Mode S are not being applied,
the requirements of routine air-reports may be met by the controller pilot data link communication
(CPDLC) application entitled "Position report". The details of this data link application are speci-
fied in the Manual of Air Traffic Services Data Link Applications (Doc 9694) and in Annex 10,
Volume III, Part I.

SPECIAL AIR-REPORTS BY AIR-GROUND DATA LINK

When air-ground data link is used, the elements contained in special air-reports shall be:
Message type designator
Aircraft identification

Data block 1

Latitude
Longitude
Level
Time

Data block 2

Wind direction
Wind speed
Wind quality flag

1.2

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Air temperature
Turbulence (if available)
Humidity (if available)

Data block 3

Condition prompting the issuance of a special air-report (one condition to be selected from
the list presented in Table A4-1).

NOTE 1: The requirements of special air-reports may be met by the data link fight information
service (D-FIS) application entitled "Special air-report service". The details of this data link appli-
cation are specified in Doc 9694.
NOTE 2: In the case of a special air-report of pre-eruption volcanic activity, volcanic eruption or
volcanic ash cloud, additional requirements are indicated in 4.2.

SPECIAL AIR-REPORTS BY VOICE COMMUNICATIONS

When voice communications are used, the elements contained in routine air-reports shall be:
Message type designator

Section 1 (Position information):

Aircraft identification
Position or latitude and longitude
Time
Level or range of levels

Section 3 (Meteorological information):

Conditions prompting the issuance of a special air-report, to be selected from the list presen-
ted in Table A4-1.

NOTE 1: Air-reports are considered routine by default. The message type designator for special
air-reports is specified in the PANS-ATM (Doc 4444), Appendix 1.
NOTE 2: In the case of a special air-report of pre-eruption volcanic activity, volcanic eruption or
volcanic ash cloud, additional requirements are indicated in 4.2.

CRITERIA FOR REPORTING

GENERAL

When air-ground data link is used, the wind direction, wind speed, wind quality flag, air tempera-
ture, turbulence and humidity included in air-reports shall be reported in accordance with the fol-
lowing criteria.

WIND DIRECTION

The wind direction shall be reported in terms of degrees true, rounded to the nearest whole
degree.

1.3

2.1

2.2

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JEPPESEN GENERAL AIRWAY MANUAL (Issue Date 1 JUL 21) - page 17