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The m etal is work- hardened during d rawing and the work hardening must be eliminated before the subsequent draw. The parts are therefore annealed and pickled, after which the scale is removed by washing. D = d ( d + 4/t) . D = di + 21 (d1 + d2). a b c d e FIGURE 3 7 . Calculation of blank diameters for dra1"ing operations Material Brass L62 , tombac M ild steel TABLE 4 Draw coefficients First draw , m1 0 .50-0 .54 0 .52- 0.60 Subsequent draws, m, 0 .7 0- 0 .75 0 .72- 0 .8 0 Clearances between punch and die. The m agnitude of the clearance be tween the punch and the die depends on the blank thicknes s and on the type thickness of the material is not changed a clearance somewhat l arger than the s tock thicknes s is specified, so as to reduce the friction between the wrinkles and too s m all a clearance will lead to reduced wall thickness . The clearance for the cas e of unchanged thickness is determined from the formula l = A · s, whe re A = coefficient; s = s tock thickness . A is taken as 1 . 2 5 for s < 1 mm, and 1 . 1 for s > 1 m m . Radii of the die and punch. The radii of curvature o f the dies and punches are of great importance in drawing. Small radii produce high s tresses and can lead to tearing, while large radii may cause the metal to wrinkle . 8 1 |