Military reference books and manuals (2009-2023, Volume 8)

Chapter 4

Example of Understanding

A PSYOP Soldier is pretesting a handbill. The handbill TA is “parents of school-age

children in the Adhamiya district,” the SPO is “TA increases reports of terrorist

activity,” the PSYOP arguments

(argument and technique) are based on an

argument that the terrorists do not discriminate and will not hesitate to kill children for

their cause, and the technique is a compare-and-contrast between the TA reporting

terrorist activity and the results if the TA does nothing. Pretest dialogue may follow

the following scenario:

PSYOP Soldier: “What does this handbill tell you to do?”

TA member: “It says that I should call this number to report terrorists.”

PSYOP Soldier: “Why does the handbill say you should do that?”

TA member: “Because my children are in danger from terrorists and if I do

nothing, they may die.”

The above illustrates that the PSYOP Soldier has strong evidence that the argument

is clearly delivered with this handbill. Consider the following negative or nonspecific

response:

TA member: “It says that children are going to die.”

PSYOP Soldier: “How will they die? Who will kill them?”

TA member: “I don’t know, it is not clear…in this picture everything is fine

and in this picture, children are dead.”

The PSYOP Soldier has evidence that the argument is not clearly understood and

the next question may be tailored to find out how to better deliver the argument:

PSYOP Soldier: “We want to show parents that life will be better and their

children safer if they report terrorist activity…how could we change this handbill to

show that?”

Acceptance of the PSYOP Argument

4-60. Given that the PSYOP argument is clearly understood by the TA, PSYOP Soldiers must ask if the

TA is likely to engage in the desired behavior and if the argument is persuasive enough to be effective.

Looking at the four components of the PSYOP argument (main argument, supporting arguments, appeals,

and the persuasion techniques), PSYOP Soldiers must determine if the product is strong enough to change

behavior. The most effective way to test for acceptance of the argument, such as determining TA

understanding of the PSYOP product’s message, is through the use of a series of straightforward, open-

ended questions:

“After reading/hearing/seeing this product, do you think that parents in Adhamiya will report

terrorist activity?” “Why?” “Why not?”

“What would be the main reason parents would report terrorist activity?”

4-61. The preceding questions are not aimed at the TA member’s behavior, but rather at the behavior of his

peers, which helps alleviate pressure on the TA member to answer positively and gives the TA member a

chance to safely project a personal opinion while attributing the answer to “others.” An example of

acceptance of the PSYOP arguments is on pages 4-25 and 4-26.

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Phase IV: Product Development and Design

Figure 4-11. Example of a message conveyed by a handbill

Example of Acceptance of the PSYOP Arguments

A PSYOP Soldier is pretesting a handbill. The handbill TA is “parents of school-age

children in the Adhamiya district,” the SPO is “TA increases reports of terrorist

activity,” the PSYOP arguments (argument, appeals, and technique) are based upon

an argument that the terrorists do not discriminate and will not hesitate to kill children

for their cause, and the technique is a compare-and-contrast between the TA

reporting terrorist activity and the results if the TA does nothing. Pretest dialogue may

follow the below scenario:

PSYOP Soldier: “After reading/hearing/seeing this handbill, do you think

that parents in Adhamiya will report terrorist activity?”

TA member: “Yes. Of course I would report any terrorists I saw, but many of

the people here are scared of the terrorists. If anyone reports to the police, they will

be killed by the terrorists. They will just keep their children inside and take their

chances.”

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Chapter 4

In this case, although the TA member answers “yes” for himself, he freely admits that

others will not report terrorists, evidence that the arguments may not be persuasive

enough to change the TA’s behavior. If this answer is common among those tested,

the PSYOP argument would require modification in the form of emphasis on a

terrorist reporting program run by coalition forces and that participation in the

program is anonymous. The PSYOP Soldier conducting the pretest requires more

information before drawing any conclusions and changing the PSYOP argument:

PSYOP Soldier: “What would be the main reason parents would report

terrorist activity?”

TA member: “The people hate the terrorists…we want to get rid of them, but

people are very scared. If people could give information without anyone knowing they

did it, they might. Also, this is a very poor area, and the terrorists pay many of the

young men to work for them. They bribe officials to stay quiet. Money is very

powerful. Is there a reward for the information?”

Through these questions, two clear motivators for the desired behavior have been

identified—anonymity and money. If this is a common result of pretesting, the

PSYOP argument should be modified to emphasize these two motivators.

Sample Size and Composition

4-62. Once a pretest questionnaire is developed from the pretest guidance in the PAW, a determination of

the pretest sample size and composition is required. Using proper survey sampling methodology to

maintain objectivity and attain a statistically valid response is desirable, but the sample size and

composition is largely dependent on mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available,

time available, civil considerations (METT-TC). There are some general guidelines, though, that will assist

in planning the pretest:

Ideally, a combination of a panel of experts, a panel of representatives, and as large a portion of

the TA as possible should be tested to provide accurate results. However, available time and

resources rarely allow thorough pretesting of any one PSYOP product.

The larger and broader the TA, the larger the survey sample. National-level products

disseminated to multiple TAs or across widespread geography should be tested across the major

demographic and geographic groups. This dissemination is more a problem of having too broad

and dissimilar of a TA and less an issue about numbers of the TA. Tactical-level products,

aimed at specific TAs in specific geographic locations, require a much smaller survey sample.

Findings should be reported in terms of numbers sampled by type (TA members, panel of

experts, panel of representatives) rather than percentage pretested. The survey sample is almost

never large or random enough to be statistically valid. The sample becomes misleading when

stated as “80 percent pretested understood the product” when the sample consisted of ten local

nationals from the camp cleaning crew. In this example, it is best stated as “eight of the ten local

nationals pretested understood the product.” In this way, the POTF can judge whether sufficient

pretesting has taken place and include this information during product approval.

Objectivity is highly desired, but is difficult to obtain. PSYOP Soldiers should choose quality

over quantity of testing; rely on interviewing different TA members, TA representatives, and

experts independently from one another; and look for similar comments and trends to keep the

pretest as objective as possible.

When pretesting PSYOP products, a useful technique is to have three variations of a product

with different appeals and/or influence techniques. After testing for understanding and

acceptance of the arguments, the TA can be asked which of the products is the most persuasive.

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Phase IV: Product Development and Design

EVALUATING TESTING RESULTS

4-63. The results of product pretesting are evaluated to determine improvements or other changes to the

product. The steps to evaluating pretesting results are—

Identify recurring comments or patterns in the results.

(Example: “7 of 10 TA members

interviewed mentioned that the TA would be too scared of reprisals to report terrorist activities,”

or “3 of 4 members of the panel of representatives recommended using the color green for the

banner instead of red.”)

Identify critical/major deficiencies by category (Understanding, Acceptance, and Exposure).

(Example: Understanding: “5 of 10 TA members did not understand the use of the before-and

after photos; they thought they showed two separate events.” Acceptance: “7 of 10 TA members

interviewed mentioned that the TA would be too scared of reprisals to report terrorist activities.”

Exposure: “0 of 10 TA members interviewed reported hearing the radio products for this

series.”)

Recommend changes. Based upon the recurring comments and patterns, the major deficiencies

can be identified, and from these deficiencies, modifications can be recommended. These

modifications usually fall into four major categories:

Change to a product/series. These are usually mechanical changes

(wording, colors,

symbols, images, and so on) to an individual product or throughout the series. They most

often are discovered from answers to the test questions for Understanding. (Example: From

our testing example, the TA member did not understand the compare-and-contrast pictures

intended to show the choices of reporting or not reporting terrorists. If this result were

common among several of the test interviews, a recommended change to that product, and

any similar products in that series, would be appropriate.)

Change to the PSYOP argument. These are fundamental changes to the PSYOP argument

that may require modification or a complete redesign of the PSYOP series. The need for

changes is most often discovered from answers to the test questions for acceptance of the

PSYOP argument. If recurring comments indicate that all or a portion of the PSYOP

argument (supporting arguments or persuasion technique) is not persuasive, it must be

considered for revision. (Example: From our testing example, the TA member indicated that

parents would be too scared to report terrorist activity. If this is a recurring comment, the

recommended change to the PSYOP argument might be to emphasize that reporting is

anonymous.)

Change to dissemination. These are changes in the dissemination time, frequency, or

method for a given product in a PSYOP series. They are usually discovered from answers to

the test questions for Exposure. If recurring comments indicate that certain products are not

reaching the TA, that dissemination method/time/frequency may need to be modified.

(Example: In the major deficiencies list above for Exposure, 0 of 10 TA members had heard

any of the radio products for the series. This situation may indicate a need to change the

radio station, change the air time, increase the frequency that they air, or discontinue radio

products and focus on other media. What type of change to dissemination is necessary

would also be determined by the test results.)

Refinement of TA. These are usually further divisions or qualifiers of the TA. They can be

discovered from answers to test questions for Exposure, Understanding, or Acceptance of

the PSYOP argument. Often the need for refinement becomes obvious when there are

disparate and conflicting testing results for the TA.

(Example: In the testing example

used—parents of school-age children in Adhamiya district—differing results fell right along

religious lines. Red Tribe TA members answered very differently than Blue Tribe members.

This result would indicate that the TA should be refined into two separate TAs: Red Tribe

parents and Blue Tribe parents.)

Summarize results. PSYOP Soldiers should summarize results of the pretest and include the

following: TA, SPO, Series #, sample size and composition, location of interviews, recurring

comments or patterns, critical/major deficiencies, and recommended changes. PSYOP Soldiers

should annotate this information on the TAAW.

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Chapter 4

INTERNAL REVIEW BOARD

4-64. Once a product or its prototype is developed and pretested, an internal review board is conducted.

The time for conducting the board is reverse-planned from the suspense date on the SEM. It is further

reverse-planned from the anticipated time to incorporate changes. The board looks at all the products

within a series and ensures that each accomplishes its intended goal. While reviewing each individual

product, the board reviews the series documentation and the TAAW to ensure continuity. The board also

ensures that each product reinforces each of the products in the series and that no contradictions exist. This

review is the last examination of the series before submission to the external approval authority, which is

Phase V (Approval) of the PSYOP process. The time necessary to incorporate changes may be brief, as in

the case of scripts, to approaching an equal time to that allowed for initial development, as in the case of

complex visual products. A review board should be composed of the following representatives:

Representatives from all sections of the PSYOP detachment and all sections of the TPDD.

Liaison officers from the dissemination battalion and contractors.

SSD representatives.

PDC or tactical Psychological Operations company (TPC) commander, first sergeant, and other

representatives.

SUMMARY

4-65. Phase IV (Product Development and Design) of the PSYOP process is a complex method that takes

guidance from planning, TAA, and series development to conceptualize and develop product prototypes

that are tailored for effecting behavior change in specified TAs. Product development and design applies

the documents from Phases II and III (TAAW, SCW, SDW, and SEM) to produce PAWs, which steer

product conceptualization and design, and provide guidance for pretest and posttest questionnaires. After

completing product development and design, pretest questionnaires are finalized and a pretest of products

is conducted, with PSYOP Soldiers making any necessary changes to the products based on pretest results.

Prototypes are then examined by an internal review board for further review. When done correctly, the

steps in this phase ensure that each product reinforces its corresponding PSYOP series and, ultimately, be

more effective in accomplishing the desired behavioral change. Upon completion of the internal review

board, finalized products are included with the series approval package discussed in Chapter 5, Phase V:

Approval.

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Chapter 5

Phase V: Approval

Once the PSYOP series product prototypes are pretested and any changes completed,

Phase V: Approval begins. During the approval process, the PSYOP series package is

assembled and an internal review board is conducted. Once PSYOP leaders review

and verify that all appropriate changes have been made, the PSYOP series package

(submitted as a Change to the PSYOP Tab/Appendix) is staffed out for review and

signature by the official approval authority. Once approved, the PSYOP series

becomes part of a fragmentary order (FRAGORD) issued and executed by the

supported units.

The series package provides the supported commander with a clearly articulated plan

detailing how PSYOP will support the achievement of his objectives. Submitting the

series package as a Change to the PSYOP Tab/Appendix, PSYOP Soldiers use the

military orders process to fully integrate PSYOP into the supported unit’s operations.

Phase V: Approval is one of the most challenging aspects of the PSYOP process.

PSYOP must be planned and conducted under a high level of scrutiny and to an

exacting standard due to potential far-reaching strategic effects of PSYOP products

and actions. However, without proactive and timely management of the series

approval process, PSYOP cannot remain effectively engaged in military operations.

At the end of Phase V, PSYOP Soldiers will have an approved PSYOP series ready

for execution that is coordinated and synchronized with ongoing military operations

and U.S. strategic communications.

PREAPPROVED PSYOP PROGRAMS

5-1. Preapproved PSYOP programs and clearly articulated product/series approval authorities are crucial

to executing timely, coordinated PSYOP series that are consistent with U.S. policy objectives and strategic

communications. (Chapter 1 contains more information on PSYOP programs and approval authorities.)

The United States Government (USG) regards PSYOP as a predominantly operational- and tactical-level

activity that can have strategic effects. As a result, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS)

regularly publishes and updates an instruction designed to clarify the PSYOP approval process. Chairman

of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction (CJCSI) 3110.05C outlines the specific processes necessary to gain

PSYOP approval authorities. Its purpose is to “establish CJCS policy and requirements for planning and

conducting joint psychological operations (PSYOP) across the entire range of military operations as

specified in the base JSCP” for each fiscal year. CJCSI 3110.05C applies to the joint staff, Military

Services, combatant commands, and all other DOD activities and agencies. As outlined in CJCSI

3110.05C, combatant commanders (CCDRs) and Service chiefs are responsible for incorporating PSYOP

into their deliberate and contingency planning cycles. This document is unclassified and is available on the

joint staff Web page through Army Knowledge Online. All PSYOP planners must be intimately familiar

with this document to effectively execute contingency and deliberate PSYOP planning in support of (ISO)

tactical- and operational-level PSYOP.

5-2. CJCSI 3110.05C is a powerful tool that grants preapproval of PSYOP programs for contingency use

during noncombatant evacuation operations, humanitarian operations, counterdrug operations,

humanitarian mine action operations, introduction of U.S. forces into an AOR/force protection operations,

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Chapter 5

and maritime interdiction operations/visit and shipboarding searches/seizures. In addition, CJCSI 3110.05C

covers PSYOP policy and planning guidance; PSYOP program, plan, and product approval process and

authorities; and C2 of PSYOP forces. These topics are covered within the frameworks of peacetime

employment of PSYOP, contingencies (lesser and complex), declared war, and interagency support.

PSYOP APPROVAL PROCESS

5-3. Operational and tactical PSYOP are similar in that, after pretesting, but before production and

dissemination, PSYOP products go through both an internal and external approval process (Chapter 4 has

specific information on pretesting). Once pretesting is complete and any needed corrections made, the

series is ready for internal review. This is the first step in the approval process. The product development

company (PDC) commander or the tactical Psychological Operations development detachment (TPDD)

officer in charge (OIC) usually chairs the internal review board, which has representatives from the various

sections. He convenes the board to assess each PSYOP product prototype, usually as part of an entire

series. An excellent resource to help the board judge series are members of the strategic studies detachment

(SSD) who can draw upon their regional cultural expertise during the internal review board process.

Reviewing products in this manner accomplishes several tasks. First, it allows the PDC commander to

evaluate the potential impact of the entire series, ensuring that each product reinforces the other supporting

products in that series. Secondly, the internal review board ensures the PSYOP argument is consistent

throughout the series and across all media. Finally, the pretesting results show how the TA reacts to the

product and how it potentially affects the targeted behavior. After considering the entire series, the PDC

commander decides whether to approve the series and individual products.

5-4. If approved, the series prototypes are sent to the Psychological Operations task force (POTF) or

Psychological Operations support element (PSE) commander (at the operational level) or to the tactical

Psychological Operations company (TPC) commander (at the tactical level) for consideration. At the

tactical level, if the TPC commander approves the series, the division IO chief and the division

commander, in that order, are generally the last two reviewers before the series is sent to the approval

authority. The supported unit may modify this chain at any time, and PSYOP Soldiers should have

contingency plans ready to ensure continuity of PSYOP support.

5-5. If disapproved, the series may be returned to the PSYOP development section for correction or

further refinement. If approved, the series will continue up the approval chain, eventually reaching the

division or joint task force (JTF) commander, who retains approval authority and makes a final decision.

He may decide to disapprove and return the series to the development section for extensive reworking,

approve the series provided the recommended changes are made, or approve the series over the objections

of his subordinates. Generally, if the changes are relatively minor, the commander will approve the series

with the guidance to make the necessary changes. Only if the series is fundamentally flawed (for example,

improper themes, messages, incorrect symbols/colors, or timing the release of products prior to production)

would outright disapproval likely result.

5-6. PSYOP planners work to ensure only required personnel are in the product approval chain. The

product approval chain starts with the PSE/PDC commander and ends with the appropriate supported

commander. Normally, the approval authority designates several key members of the staff to provide input

on PSYOP products. These key members may include the chief of staff (COS), G-3, G-7 IO, political

advisor, SJA, and possibly others.

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Phase V: Approval

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM

In Operation IRAQI FREEDOM II/III, a TPDD assigned to Multi-National Division

Baghdad supported a division with six brigades and attached tactical Psychological

Operations detachments (TPDs). In addition, it provided limited support to the corps

PSE, adjoining Marine forces to the south (one TPD), the combined joint special

operations task force, and a TPC operating out of Mosul. In such a demanding

scenario needing quick responses, the approval process had to be equally

responsive. To ensure timely approval, the chain consisted of the TPDD commander,

the TPC commander, the division IO chief, and the division commander. Judge

Advocate General legal advisors were also included in the review to ensure legal

compliance, but had no authority in the actual approval. From submission of

completed series to approval for production and dissemination, the entire approval

process could be completed in only a few hours, depending on operating tempo.

However, if the series was not a high priority and time was not an issue, 24 hours

was the customary time for the TPDD to receive a final decision.

5-7. Determining the approval process during Phase I of the PSYOP process has proven successful in

minimizing the time needed to staff PSYOP products. In addition, conducting simultaneous staffing is

simply the most efficient way of incorporating staff input in a timely manner. Having the products come

back to the POTF or PSE commander before being sent to the approval authority also allows the POTF or

PSE commander the opportunity to work through any staff comments or concerns as necessary prior to

submitting the product for approval to the appropriate general officer. Figure 5-1, pages 5-3 and 5-4, is an

example of an approval process explanation to a division or corps JTF OPORD. Paragraph 3A in this

sample appendix outlines the PSYOP approval process for the supported unit.

1. SITUATION. This appendix outlines the approval process within XXX HQ for the staffing and approval of

PSYOP activities and products.

2. MISSION. See Annex.

3. EXECUTION. See Annex.

A. Concept of the Operation.

(1) General. In order to make PSYOP a timely and responsive player in XXX operations, the staffing

and approval process must be responsive and expedited quickly. COMXXX, or his designated

approval authority, is the sole decision maker on the approval or disapproval of PSYOP activities

and products.

(2) Staffing/Approval Process.

a. Staffing. The POTF/PSE commander is responsible for the packaging, staffing, and final

disposition of all staffed PSYOP activities and products. POTF/PSE commander will conduct

staffing per SOP. All series approval requests are typically staffed simultaneously with the Chief

IO, political advisor, and SJA. These staffing agencies will not have approval/disapproval

authority over any PSYOP products or activities. For planned operations, the POTF/PSE

commander will submit PSYOP series staffing requests at 0800 each day. IF NO RESPONSE

IS RECEIVED BY CLOSE OF BUSINESS ON THE DAY OF SUBMISSION, CONCURRENCE

IS ASSUMED AND THE SERIES APPROVAL REQUEST WILL ENTER THE APPROVAL

CHAIN. After completion of the staffing process, the POTF/PSE commander will consolidate

comments and prepare the request for entry into the approval chain. Staffing sections will make

comments on the form provided or attach a point paper with their comments about the product.

SERIES STAFFING REQUESTS WILL NOT RETURN TO THE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

SECTION FOR CHANGES AT ANY POINT IN THIS PROCESS UNTIL FINAL

APPROVAL/DISAPPROVAL.

b. Approval. After all staffing actions are complete, PSYOP series approval requests will be

submitted to the G-3 for review and comment. All staffing sections’ comments will be available

for review with explanations/comments from the POTF/PSE commander. The G-3 will

recommend approval or disapproval and forward the request through the COS to the

commander.

Figure 5-1. Example of approval process explanation

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Chapter 5

c. Postapproval/disapproval actions. Following COMXXX's final decision, the POTF/PSE

commander will incorporate any changes directed by the approval chain and prepare the

product or activity for execution. If the product or activity is disapproved, the POTF/PSE

commander will file the request and determine if an alternate means to achieve the same

desired effect can be developed. All staffing and approval sheets will be maintained on file with

the POTF/PSE commander for the duration of the operation.

4. SERVICE SUPPORT. See Annex.

5. COMMAND AND CONTROL. See Annex.

Figure 5-1. Example of approval process explanation (continued)

CHANGE TO THE PSYOP TAB/APPENDIX

5-8. The series approval package is submitted as a Change to the PSYOP Tab/Appendix (Figure 5-2,

pages 5-5 and 5-6). This Change to the PSYOP Tab/Appendix is issued in the standard five-paragraph

format, with seven enclosures or tabs. The format is as follows:

Paragraph 1 (Situation) of the Change contains any changes that have occurred in the PSYOP

situation (friendly, enemy, neutral, or attachments or detachments) since the last change or the

initial appendix was published. These variations in the situation may or may not be related to the

execution of the series.

Paragraph 2 (Mission) should not have any changes from the initial tab/appendix unless the POs

have changed.

Paragraph 3 (Execution):

Paragraph 3a (Scheme of PSYOP) identifies the series to be executed, the stages and

decision points (DPs) of that series, the SPO, the TA, the start and end dates, the types of

products to be used, the actions to be conducted, and the area where the series will be

executed.

Paragraph 3b (Tasks) assigns clear responsibility for all elements executing the series,

including the element that is writing the Change.

Paragraph 3c (Coordinating Instructions) discusses dissemination and usually references

Enclosure 2, Series Execution Matrix (SEM).

Paragraph

4 (Administration and Logistics) only contains changes if the series requires

additional service and support requirements (for example, contracting and distribution) that were

not covered in the initial appendix.

Paragraph 5 (Command and Control):

Paragraph 5a (Command) details any changes in reporting requirements or command

relationships—for example, placing additional TPTs with a different TPD for a specific

short-duration mission may not require attachment, but may require stating the support

relationship in the division order for the execution of the series.

Paragraph

(Control) typically references Enclosure

(Psychological Operations

Transmission Matrix [PTM]) for all PSYOP broadcasts occurring in the execution of the

series. The initial appendix that this change is referencing is located in Appendix B of this

manual.

Enclosure 1 - Executive Summary for the series.

Enclosure 2 - Series Execution Matrix (SEM).

Enclosure 3 - Product/Action Work Sheet (PAW) Index.

Enclosure 4 - Target Audience Analysis Work Sheet (TAAW).

Enclosure 5 - Series Concept Work Sheet (SCW).

Enclosure 6 - Series Dissemination Work Sheet (SDW).

Enclosure 7 - Psychological Operations Transmission Matrix (PTM).

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Phase V: Approval

XX PSYOP Company

XX, XX

DTG

Change 1 (Series XX04A02ka) to Tab D (Psychological Operations) to Appendix 3 (Information Operations)

to Annex C (Operations) to XX Operation Order Number X

Time Zone used throughout the order: Local.

1. SITUATION.

a. Hostile. Recent insurgent propaganda activity indicates that insurgents have acquired a limited, single-

color, mass print capability (30,000 per hour) employed in the XX area. Products produced by this

capability and used with insurgent actions indicate the enemy propaganda objective is to reduce the

effectiveness of the local XX government by exploiting the following arguments:

(1) The XX Government is a puppet for the U.S. occupiers.

(2) The XX Government cannot provide security for the citizens of XX.

(3) The XX Government cannot provide basic services for the citizens of XX.

b. Friendly. No change.

c. Neutral. Because of the deteriorating security situation, the Humanitarian Relief Commission has

suspended its information campaign in the XX ID AOR.

d. Attachments and Detachments. No change.

2. MISSION. No change.

3. EXECUTION.

a. Scheme of PSYOP (Add). Execute series XX04A02ka to increase the number of insurgent activities

reported by the parents of young XX children in XX. This series will be executed beginning NLT 1

September 2004 and ending no sooner than 1 October 2004. This series will be conducted in three

stages with two DPs. The execution of Stage II will be dependent upon success in Stage I, and the

execution of Stage III will be dependent upon success in Stage II. DP 1 is for the execution of Stage II

and will be NLT 181200Z SEP 04. DP 2 is for the execution of Stage III and will be NLT 251200Z SEP

04. This series will include the dissemination of handbills, radio broadcasts, loudspeaker broadcasts,

newspaper inserts or editorials, and face-to-face communication. Individual product translation,

pretesting, production, distribution, dissemination, and posttesting will be executed in accordance with

(IAW) the Series Execution Matrix (SEM) (Enclosure 2). Pretesting will be conducted using the panel of

representatives method. Posttesting will be conducted IAW instructions contained in the Enclosures to

Tab C of this change. Organic assets will produce audio and visual products. Distribution will be timely,

and both the sender and the receiver will confirm receipt of electronic transmissions.

b. Task to Subordinate Units.

(1) TPC HQ: No change.

(2) TPDD: Translate and produce audio and visual products IAW Enclosure 2.

(3) TPD XXX: Execute series XX04A02ka IAW attachments.

c. Coordinating Instructions.

(1) Presidential and SecDef themes. No change.

(2) PTAs. No change.

(3) Timelines for dissemination of PSYOP products will be IAW Enclosure 2 (SEM).

(4) Requests for PSYOP support. No change.

(5) Aerial delivery of PSYOP products. No change.

(6) SITREP format. No change.

Figure 5-2. Example of a Change to the PSYOP Tab/Appendix

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Chapter 5

4. SERVICE SUPPORT. No change.

5. COMMAND AND CONTROL.

a. Command. TPT XXX (X Brigade) and XXX (X Brigade) will be under OPCON of and receive logistics

support from X Brigade from 110001Z SEP 04 through 272359Z SEP 04.

b. Signal. Transmissions. See Enclosure 7.

Enclosure 1 - Executive Summary (example in Chapter 5)

Enclosure 2 - SEM (example in Chapter 3)

Enclosure 3 - PAW Index (example in Chapter 4)

Enclosure 4 - TAAW (example in Appendix B)

Enclosure 5 - SCW (example in Chapter 3)

Enclosure 6 - SDW (example in Chapter 3)

Enclosure 7 - PTM (example in Chapter 3)

Figure 5-2. Example of a Change to the PSYOP Tab/Appendix (continued)

HEADER CONVENTIONS

5-9. Figure 5-3 shows the succession of attachments and header conventions for a Change to the PSYOP

Appendix. Appendix 2 is the base document, which is being altered by the Change document. The Change

will include 7 tabs. Tab C is the only attachment that will have subsequent enclosures and expanding tabs.

Enclosures will be the PAWs themselves and the header convention is written as an Arabic number

beginning with

1. Each enclosure will reference the higher tab. The expanding tabs will be the

corresponding testing documents and the prototype or substitute for the PAW in the enclosure.

Figure 5-3. Example headers for Change to PSYOP Appendix

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR THE SERIES

5-10. The next step in preparing the series for approval is to write the executive summary for the series.

This summary describes the series concept for the supported commander. The executive summary should,

at a minimum, contain the PO, TA, behavior change (SPO), media used, units involved, schedule (stages

and DPs) for the series in general terms, and the geographic locations for the execution of the series. Figure

5-4 presents a brief example of an executive summary.

Enclosure 1 (Executive Summary) to Change 1 (Series XX06A02ka) to Tab D (Psychological Operations) to

Appendix 3 (Information Operations) to Annex C (Operations) to XX Operation Order Number X

Series XX06A02ka will help to set the conditions to reduce the effectiveness of insurgent activity through

increased reporting of insurgent activity by the parents of young children in XX. Series XX06A02ka will be

executed from 12 September 2006 through 29 September 2006 in three stages with two DPs. The first DP

(DP 1) is to execute Stage II and is not later than (NLT) 181200Z SEP 06. DP 1 depends on the TA

accepting that the XX Security Forces can and will arrest insurgents (Stage I) and will be determined by

posttesting of Stage I. The second DP (DP 2) is to execute Stage III and is NLT 251200Z SEP 06. DP 2

depends on the TA accepting that they can anonymously report insurgent activity to XX Security Forces

(Stage II) and will be determined by posttesting of Stage II. Stage III is getting the TA to accept that reporting

insurgents is in the best interest and safety of their children and that they can increase their family’s security

in so doing. Series XX06A02ka will include handbills, newspaper inserts, radio broadcasts (local radio

stations), loudspeaker broadcasts, and face-to-face communication, as well as one PSYACT by the XX

Security Forces. The evaluation criteria for Series XX06A02ka is the number of calls to the telephone number

provided exclusively for this series

(Stage II) from

19 September 2006 through 16 October 2006, as

measured weekly, as well as posttesting after the completion of each stage. To meet the planned timeline, as

articulated in the SEM (Tab B), this series must receive approval NLT 010001Z SEP 06.

WILLIAM J. REASON

MAJ, PO

Commanding

Figure 5-4. Example of an executive summary for the series

ENCLOSURE 3 (PRODUCT/ACTION WORK SHEET INDEX)

5-11. The PAW Index is Enclosure 3 (Figure 5-5) to the Change to the base PSYOP Tab/Appendix. This

enclosure will list the product numbers for all products in the series. The PAW for each product number

listed is a tab to Enclosure 3 (PAW Index). The number of products and actions in the series determines the

number of enclosures.

Enclosure 3 (Product/Action Work Sheet Index) to Change 1 (Series XX07A02ka) to Tab D (Psychological

Operations) to Appendix 3 (Information Operations) to Annex C (Operations) to XX Operation Order Number X

Product Numbers

Series XX07A02ka

Tab AA - XX07A02kaHB0001

Tab BB - XX07A02kaNP0002

Tab CC - XX07A02kaCB0001

Tab DD - XX07A02kaRD0001

Tab EE - XX07A02kaRD0002

Tab FF - XX07A02kaRD0003

Figure 5-5. Enclosure 3 (PAW Index) to Change 1 to Tab D (PSYOP)

5-12. Each tab to Enclosure 3 (PAW) will have three expanding enclosures that consist of the product

prototype or substitute, the pretesting results, and the posttesting questionnaire or survey. Expanding

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enclosures to a tab are written as double numbers with the first and second number being “1.” For

subsequent expanding enclosures, the first number remains constant, and the second number follows in

numerical order (1-1, 1-2, 1-3, and so on).

5-13. The final step in preparing the series for approval is preparing the input to the FRAGORD to the

supported unit’s base order. This input is normally in the form of identifying supported unit elements that

are required to execute the series and referencing them to the PSYOP Tab. This input should include

elements of the supported unit that are affected by changes in command relationship that are called for in

executing the series. When this step is complete, the series is prepared for approval.

5-14. Once the PSYOP approval authority approves the series, the supported unit’s operations section

issues the FRAGORD. This FRAGORD includes any changes to the PSYOP Tab/Appendix and orders the

execution of the series. The FRAGORD is an order to all elements of the supported command to execute

the series IAW the instructions contained in the Change to the PSYOP Tab and all of its attachments.

SUMMARY

5-15. Series approval is a detailed and focused task that, when done correctly, allows for the approval of a

complete plan that will enable PSYOP to help change TA behavior and facilitate the accomplishment of the

SPO. Approval of PSYOP programs and series will always receive a high level of scrutiny due to potential

far-reaching strategic effects of PSYOP products and actions. However, without proactive and timely

management of the series approval process, PSYOP cannot remain effectively engaged in military

operations. At the end of Phase V, PSYOP Soldiers will have an approved PSYOP series ready for

execution that is coordinated and synchronized with ongoing military operations and U.S. strategic

communications. Once series and/or product approvals are granted, and a FRAGORD is issued, Phase VI

of the PSYOP process begins.

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Phase VI: Production, Distribution,

and Dissemination

Once product approval is granted, Phase VI of the PSYOP process begins. Phase VI

can be considered the action phase, as PSYOP products are produced and delivered to

the intended target audience (TA) to achieve the desired effects. This phase consists

of the production, distribution, and dissemination of PSYOP products in a series, and

the subsequent posttesting of these products. The results of the posttesting are

analyzed in the Phase VII (Evaluation) phase, which is described in the following

chapter. The series execution matrix (SEM), the series dissemination work sheet

(SDW), and the change to the PSYOP appendix cover the timelines for Phase VI.

Accuracy and timeliness of the dissemination of a PSYOP series and the method

selected are critical in today’s rapidly evolving information environment. Whenever

possible, PSYOP forces must contract for use of local production assets and facilities

to ensure timely production of products in theater. In some cases, the host nation

government nationalizes fixed facilities during a crisis. The use of these facilities is

planned and coordinated in advance. In many situations, PSYOP forces may opt to

contract local companies to produce multimedia products or use organic assets when

available. Throughout the execution of this phase, the goals of quality assurance and

timeliness of the PSYOP series are paramount to successful PSYOP.

QUALITY CONTROL

6-1. Regardless of whether PSYOP forces use organic or nonorganic production assets, quality control

must be conducted. Generally, a member of the product development section/tactical Psychological

Operations development detachment (TPDD) and a translator will conduct a quality-control check. For

visual products, the product development section/TPDD must verify that the initial production run

corresponds with the original approved prototype. The translator must also verify that none of the

translated text has become obscured or distorted, or that any of the words have run together. For audio

products, the product development section/TPDD must ensure that the recording has no distortion and that

it is in the correct format. The translator is responsible for verifying that the audio recording is

understandable in the target language and the audio corresponds to the translated script. For audiovisual

products, the product development section/TPDD verifies that the product corresponds with the approved

storyboard, that the recording quality is good, and that it is produced in the correct format for broadcasting.

The translator checks the product to verify that it is understandable in the target language. The translator

and the PSYOP Soldier verify that there are no cultural discrepancies. Once the quality-control check is

completed, full-scale production begins and the required quantity is produced as stated on the SDW. The

SDW determines the location and time that each product will be disseminated.

PRODUCTION

6-2. After a series has been approved and any changes incorporated, the products go into production.

During series development, the products that go to production first, IAW the SEM, are determined. The

SEM allows the plans and programs section to time, synchronize, and deconflict translation, testing,

production, distribution, and dissemination within the series to maximize effects. The product/action work

sheet (PAW) also states the production means, which can be either organic or nonorganic assets. The

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production process ranges from simple to complex. An example of a simple production process is a

10-word, two-color leaflet for a target of opportunity. This product can be produced with organic assets

and may take a few hours to a few days from concept to production depending on the design of the leaflet.

Preparing a field video production to support a PSYOP series requires careful coordination between the

requesting PSYOP unit and the production facility, as well as significantly more man-hours in design,

editing, and production. For example, filming one hour of raw footage may take 8 man-hours. Therefore, 4

hours of raw footage will require 32 man-hours. Afterwards, editors condense the 4 hours of the raw video

footage to between 30 seconds and 2 minutes of finished video. Before choosing this media format to

disseminate messages, PSYOP planners must consider a variety of factors, some of which include

ensuring—

They have enough lead time to design/produce/disseminate the audiovisual product.

The message is of long-term value and will not be overcome by events.

Enough audiovisual dissemination platforms exist to cover the required area.

The intended TAs possess the radios or TVs needed to receive the transmissions in the first

place.

ORGANIC PRINT ASSETS

6-3. The Heavy Print Facility (HPF) is a large nondeployable system consisting of four Heidelberg

Quickmaster Direct Image Digital Presses (Figure 6-1). Each press is capable of print speeds up to 10,000

sheets per hour and the HPF can produce 800,000 four-color, two-sided leaflets in a 24-hour period. The

quality of work that these presses produce is comparable to the newspaper and film image-setting

industries. The Heidelberg presses are organic to the 4th POG(A), Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Print

personnel assigned to the HPF are trained in product layout and formatting, limited press repair, and are

capable of producing multicolor products of various sizes, such as business-card-sized hotline tips cards,

leaflets, posters, handbills, books, magazines, and tabloid newspapers.

Figure 6-1. Heidelberg Digital Press

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6-4. The Modular Print System contains three modules: A, B, and C (Figure 6-2). Module A contains

printing equipment that is no longer used. Module B consists of two expandable shelters, each containing one

Heidelberg GTOZP52 offset press that can print in two colors at one time or one color, front and back. The

maximum paper dimensions for this system is 14 inches by 20 inches, with the largest product measuring

13 3/8 inches by 20 inches, allowing for marginal areas. Module C is also expandable and contains a large

paper cutter, press plate marker, and a small light table. Modules B and C are capable of limited paper storage

space when expanded.

Figure 6-2. Modular Print System

6-5. The Risograph is a deployable digital duplicator that combines the basic output speed of a small press

(120 copies per minute) with the simplicity of a copier (Figure 6-3). It can produce up to 93,000 single-color

leaflets in a 24-hour period. Although Risographs do not require connection to a computer, a direct connection

to a computer does provide a better image quality and the ability to develop print products at the PDC or

TPDD, and produces print materials farther forward, thus reducing distribution and dissemination time.

Risographs are organic to some PSYOP units and are pre-positioned in many theaters of operations.

Figure 6-3. Risograph

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6-6. The Deployable Print Production Center is an M1037 high-mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle

(HMMWV)-mounted/transportable print system

(Figure

6-4). The print system includes a Product

Development Workstation (PDW)-Light, a high-speed digital duplicator (Risograph), an electric paper

cutter, a generator, and an environmental conditioning unit, some of which is mounted on a trailer for

transport. The PDW-Light is a system that provides forward-deployed units in the field limited PSYOP

product development (Figure 6-5). It also provides users the capability to electronically transmit and

receive PSYOP product files and related information via the product distribution system (PDS). The PDS

is a commercial off-the-shelf satellite communications earth terminal, Moving Picture Experts Group-2

encoder workstation, and a Windows NT server used for secure and nonsecure product distribution (Figure

6-6, page 6-5). The PDS transmits products via commercial/military satellite transmissions, single-channel

ground and airborne radio system radios, or through phone lines. The system consists of a ruggedized

laptop computer, removable hard drive, and printer. The PDW-Heavy is similar in concept to the PDW-

Light, but uses a desktop computer and color laser printer for increased printing quality.

Figure 6-4. Deployable Print Production Center

Figure 6-5. Product Development Workstation-Light

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Figure 6-6. Product Distribution System

NONORGANIC PRINT ASSETS

6-7. PSYOP Soldiers may have access to nonorganic assets that can be used for various product printing

requirements. These print assets may be privately owned by foreign nationals or may be part of coalition

members’ militaries. For example, the combined Psychological Operations task force (CPOTF) in the

Republic of Korea routinely exercises nonorganic printing assets by using both local national print assets

and print assets in the Korean Army.

Local National Print Facility Contracting

6-8. Contracting with a local national company during the initial stages of military operations is cost-

effective and allows for timely, responsive production of PSYOP products. This coordination will be made

through a contracting officer, usually through the supported unit or U.S. Embassy. An advantage to using

local national assets is that they are often more cost effective and will resonate more with the TA. When

contracting with a nonorganic asset, PSYOP forces must be aware of operational security issues and should

produce any sensitive products with organic assets. Local national assets are best suited for the production

of long-use products such as newspapers and magazines. In addition, local assets can be a viable source for

producing command and public information products. Additional consideration must be given to the fact

that some local national production facilities may not have the experience, knowledge, or resources to

maintain their equipment. Print and audiovisual specialists may assist in training local personnel on the

proper ways to repair and service their machines and equipment. This assistance may help establish rapport

with the local national facilities, thereby facilitating the production of PSYOP products.

Contracted Audiovisual Production Assets

6-9. In an effort to ensure the widest dissemination of audiovisual products, a contracting officer may be

able to establish contracts with one of the local TV stations to help produce, edit, and make copies of

approved products in correct formats for distribution and dissemination. Another asset to consider for

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audiovisual production is contracting with local acting or modeling companies for personnel to narrate or

to become a spokesperson or newscaster for PSYOP audiovisual products. A professional spokesperson

will catch the attention of the TA and will add credibility to the PSYOP message being aired.

OTHER PRODUCTION ASSETS

6-10. PSYOP forces conduct operations directed by the President and SecDef in close cooperation with

other Services and agencies. Occasionally, due to limited assets, PSYOP forces must make use of the

production assets and facilities of other Services and USG agencies.

Joint Combat Camera Center

6-11. The joint combat camera center (JCCC) focuses on photos that tell the Army story from an American

point of view. The photos must be carefully examined prior to use to ensure that they express a viewpoint

that is culturally relevant to the intended TAs. The JCCC coordinates inputs from the individual Services’

combat camera units. Combat camera units can be a valuable source of visual and audiovisual products.

Another option that may be researched is the coalition press information center. They may have

audiovisual capabilities in-theater that may be useful in making copies of approved products.

American Forces Information Service

6-12. The American Forces Information Service produces news, feature articles, and TV reports on all

aspects of military life. These products focus on what senior defense leaders are saying on all aspects of

military life. News and feature articles are uploaded throughout the day, seven days a week. TV news

reports are available daily on the Web and are broadcast on the Pentagon Channel

(http://dodimagery.afis.osd.mil/).

United States Navy

6-13. PSYOP forces can also use the experience and expertise of other Services within the U.S. military.

The Navy has the capability to produce audiovisual products from the Fleet Audio-Visual Command,

Pacific; Fleet Imagery Command, Atlantic; fleet combat camera groups; various film libraries; and Naval

Imaging Command. Naval assets have the capability to broadcast AM/FM radio from ships offshore, with a

range of up to 40 kilometers (km) inland, and produce documents, posters, articles, and other materials for

PSYOP. In addition, the Navy and Marine Corps EA-6B aircraft have the capability of broadcasting

prerecorded .wav files across a wide variety of communication systems, including FM radio.

United States Air Force

6-14. The 193d Special Operations Wing of the United States Air Force (USAF) has as its primary mission

to broadcast on standard AM, FM, high frequency and high-frequency TV, and military communications

bands. Six EC-130E/J (COMMANDO SOLO) aircraft, assigned to the Pennsylvania Air National Guard,

broadcast PSYOP as their primary mission. COMMANDO SOLO flies during either day or night, and is

air-refuelable. Additionally, Air Force Special Operations Command is equipped with a number of aircraft

capable of accomplishing broadcast and leaflet operations.

PACKAGING

6-15. The final consideration for PSYOP product production is how the product will be packaged for

distribution and dissemination. Some questions to consider include—

How many separate elements are going to disseminate the products and in what quantities? Will

it be to the TPD or TPTs? How many? What is the distance to each of their locations?

How will the products be disseminated? Is it by paper, video, or audio for loudspeaker or radio

broadcast?

What environmental conditions will the products be exposed to during distribution? During

shipping, PSYOP Soldiers must ensure the packages can handle rough treatment, ensure that the

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print is in large legible letters and includes the unit location, point of contact, and phone number.

If the product is packaged and sent via the Internet, PSYOP Soldiers must ensure that the

appropriate security parameters are enforced, that the final approved product is being sent, and

that it is sent in the appropriate format for printing.

6-16. Packaging of leaflets for distribution is determined by the dissemination means. The standard static-

line box is 12 inches by 12 inches by 16 inches. Therefore, products by static-line leaflet dissemination are

packaged with approximately 25,000 per box.

6-17. Using leaflet bomb dissemination, the products are packaged with approximately 30,000 per box.

This arrangement saves significant man-hours in loading leaflet bombs, as each M129 holds about 60,000

leaflets and may contain two or more products. The two types of leaflet bombs are the—

M129 leaflet bomb, which holds about 60,000 leaflets and can be used to disseminate two or

more products simultaneously. The M129E1/E2 leaflet bomb is dropped from fixed-wing

aircraft. It requires two to four Soldiers to assist in the loading of PSYOP leaflets. Leaflets are

hand-rolled before placement inside the bomb. USAF personnel are responsible for loading the

bomb on the aircraft and fusing it. The M129E1/E2 can be used only on aircraft requiring forced

ejection for release from a bomb shackle. F-16, B-52, and FA-18 aircraft can carry the

M129E1/E2.

PDU-5/B, which is a modified MK-20 Rockeye II canister-type bomb designed to replace the

M129E1. It is used to drop leaflets from high-performance aircraft such as the F-16. Each

PDU-5/B can deliver about 45,000 leaflets in 20 rolls.

NOTE: Leaflets must be rolled into 20 uniform rolls to completely fill the PDU-5/B. This

process requires time and experienced leaflet-rolling personnel. Leaflets cannot be stacked in the

PDU-5/B as in the M129. Appendix D includes more information on leaflet bombs and aerial

dissemination.

DISTRIBUTION

6-18. Distribution is the movement of approved products, either physically or electronically, from the

production location to the point of dissemination. Distribution may also involve the temporary storage of

products for later dissemination. Timelines for distribution are determined during series development and

incorporated into the SEM. Product distribution within the theater often consists of using surface or air

assets for physical delivery of products to PSYOP units for dissemination to the intended TA, as directed

by the SEM. Military air assets may be used to distribute products, and are coordinated through the

operations section of the PSYOP unit’s higher HQ. Products that are distributed electronically are usually

transmitted via the SECRET Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNET). The use of the SIPRNET is

also facilitated by the Global Command and Control System (GCCS). The GCCS is a mobile and rapid-

deployable dissemination system. It consists of two flyaway transit cases containing two Nera international

maritime satellite M-4 phones, one Panasonic Toughbook, a Cisco router, Klas-TA Terminal, a Netgear

Switch, a KIV-7, a compact disc (CD) drive/burner, and a Sony video camera. It is designed to provide

secure data, voice, and video communications anywhere in the world by dialing into the GCCS base station

to access the file transfer protocol server at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. It provides video teleconferencing

capabilities through the use of NetMeeting. Additional computers and telephones can be connected to the

system so that a small voice and data network can communicate over a single secure satellite link.

REACHBACK

6-19. To make the best use of all available technologies and resources stateside at Fort Bragg, North

Carolina, such as the four stationary Heidelberg digital presses in the Media Operations Center (MOC) of

the 3d Dissemination Battalion, PSYOP elements may use reachback. The main capabilities required by the

deployed PSYOP element to implement reachback are access to the 4th POG(A) Web servers, point-to

point file transfer, access to SIPRNET and Non-Secure Internet Protocol Router Network (NIPRNET)

for file transfer and e-mail, and the intertheater distribution of PSYOP products. This concept allows a

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portion of PSYOP forces located at Fort Bragg to support forward-deployed elements with product

development, design, production, and distribution to the forward elements. Current and emerging

technologies (both military and commercial) support the reachback concept by providing secure, digital

communications paths for transferring PSYOP products between Fort Bragg and deployed PSYOP units.

These secure communication links include, but are not limited to, the SIPRNET, the PDS, and GCCS.

6-20. Under reachback, a portion of the PDC of the regional PSYOP battalion remains at Fort Bragg with

the MOC, depending on mission requirements. These personnel work on long-range planning, develop

products based on mission requirements, and then provide them to the forward-deployed forces. Deployed

forces will develop, produce, and disseminate products using internal assets or other military or civilian

assets in the AOR to support military operations at the tactical and operational levels.

CONTRACTED DISTRIBUTION

6-21. PSYOP Soldiers may use local national delivery companies to deliver products to various parts of an

area of operations (AO). Large quantities of magazines or posters can be delivered to different areas within

the country. PSYOP Soldiers may contract a local company for delivery on a weekly, biweekly, or a

monthly basis. This contract will ensure the delivery of the products without overburdening military

transportation assets or PSYOP Soldiers. The contracting officer works out all the legal issues concerning

payment, insurance, and the selection of delivery companies.

6-22. PSYOP Soldiers should strive to build bonds with the local nationals by working together with their

military, OGAs, or nongovernmental organizations

(NGOs). By working with the local military, if

available, or NGOs, PSYOP forces will be able to coordinate combined distribution efforts to many of the

areas that need to be reached, but exceed the organic dissemination capabilities of the PSYOP units and

personnel. This coordination helps establish a greater working relationship between PSYOP forces and the

local nationals, and places PSYOP in a positive light with the local populace.

LOCAL NATIONAL ASSETS

6-23. PSYOP Soldiers should consider employing locally available assets, whether commercial vendors,

nationalized enterprises, or nongovernment agencies, to maximize coverage of PSYOP products in the AO.

Existing broadcasting facilities may have the power and range required to reach the intended TA with radio

or TV. Programming can be introduced immediately without having to wait for the installation of organic

PSYOP transportable systems.

6-24. NGOs are not legal entities under international law as states are. An exception is the International

Committee of the Red Cross, which is based on the international humanitarian laws of the Geneva

Convention. NGOs are not directly affiliated with any national government but often have a significant

impact on the social, economic, and political activity of the country or region involved. Many of the

largest, most significant NGOs have relationships and sometimes official associative status with

intergovernmental organizations, such as the United Nations or the World Bank.

6-25. The list of NGOs in any given area may be quite extensive. The latest United Nations report on

global governance estimated that there are nearly 29,000 international NGOs. Many NGOs now prefer the

term private voluntary organization or private development organization. However, NGO remains the most

recognized and widely used label. Searching the Internet is one method to obtain information regarding

NGOs, including their profiles, operating in the target country. Some of the organizations that may be of

service are the—

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

International Police Task Force.

International Organization for Migration.

6-26. There are different types of NGOs, each having its own particular agenda. PSYOP Soldiers should

research a particular NGO prior to establishing contact. The United States Agency for International

Development (USAID) is the best source of information regarding NGOs. The USAID publishes a yearly

report entitled Voluntary Foreign Aid Programs. The PSYOP commander can obtain this report from the

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higher HQ or the USAID representative assigned to the U.S. Embassy. The USAID maintains an updated

database of the NGOs that are registered with the agency.

DISSEMINATION

6-27. Dissemination is the actual delivery of the PSYOP message to the TA. Giving out handbills while

conducting face-to-face communication with the TA, putting up a poster, speaking through a family-of

loudspeakers system, and leaflet drops in a section of a town or city are all examples of disseminating

products. Having multiple means of dissemination is preferred. Radio and TV broadcasts, leaflets,

loudspeakers, and other means are used throughout the world to disseminate PSYOP products. These

products are disseminated in timeless ways, such as by face-to-face and paper, and also by the Internet and

big-budget TV commercials.

DISSEMINATION FACTORS

6-28. In today’s Information Age, there is an increasing reliance on sophisticated, near-real-time media

dissemination. Information, or sometimes the withholding of information, is power. Once PSYOP

arguments and messages have been chosen, the PSYOP commander must decide the most effective way to

convey them to the TA. The state or entity most able to effectively control or manage information,

especially managing the perceptions of particular TAs, will be the most influential.

6-29. Using target audience analysis (TAA), PSYOP Soldiers determine the most effective means of

dissemination. By carefully considering the effects of these factors and using the delivery techniques of

each medium to its full extent, PSYOP units can disseminate PSYOP products effectively. To make this

determination, they must assess the following factors that may affect the selected means:

Political.

Military.

Physical conditions (geography and weather).

Opponent’s disruption capabilities.

TA’s comprehension level of selected media.

Communications infrastructure.

Availability of dissemination platforms.

Availability and credibility of media.

DISSEMINATION PLATFORMS

6-30. PSYOP forces have numerous platforms to disseminate approved PSYOP visual, audio, and

audiovisual products to specific TAs in a designated location. These dissemination systems include the

following:

Airborne, vehicle, or portable (manpack) loudspeaker systems.

Leaflet bombs.

Portable Amplitude Modulation Transmitter.

Transportable AM Transmitter.

Portable Frequency Modulation Transmitter.

Special Operations Media System-B.

NOTE: The Psychological Operations Handbook: Equipment Types, Specifications, and

Capabilities has specific information on these and other PSYOP-unique systems. As

technological advances are made and new equipment is fielded, this stand-alone publication is

updated.

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DISSEMINATION MEANS

6-31. PSYOP forces use numerous dissemination means to communicate a message. Each of these

methods is discussed in the following paragraphs.

Face-to-Face Communication

6-32. Face-to-face communication is the conveyance of a message by the sender in the sight or presence of

the receiver. Face-to-face communication ranges from two or more individuals in informal conversation to

planned persuasion among groups. The credibility of the PSYOP messages delivered by face-to-face

communication is increased when the communicator is known and respected. By disseminating through

face-to-face communication, PSYOP forces have the opportunity to interact with the local populace and get

direct and immediate feedback and reactions from the TA.

6-33. PSYOP Soldiers should consult with local leaders (key communicators) prior to disseminating

posters. These leaders can provide PSYOP Soldiers information as to the best locations to put up posters to

gain maximum visibility. Care should also be taken when placing posters at sensitive locations, such as

religious facilities. PSYOP Soldiers should check with the facility manager; there may be specific

guidelines for where, how, and when a poster is put up due to fears of retribution or other perceived

threats. PSYOP Soldiers may place posters up within their specific AO using tape, staples, poster paste, or

spray adhesive. Poster paste or spray adhesive is the preferred method since they make removing or

recycling the product as a counterpropaganda product more difficult.

6-34. Printing novelty items with the PSYOP message is an extremely effective means to reach people.

PSYOP Soldiers use novelty items, such as notebooks, soccer balls, pens and pencils, and T-shirts, all with

the PSYOP message printed on them. An effective dissemination technique is to hand out products at the

same time and place on a regular schedule in coordination with other activities such as MEDCAPs and

VETCAPs. When PSYOP Soldiers distribute these products, they inform the local populace that they will

be back on a certain date and time. This practice sets up a specific dissemination location where the TA

knows it will receive new products and information on a regular basis. (PSYOP Soldiers employ this

practice only in a secure theater and not in a hostile environment.) When passing out handbills and novelty

items, PSYOP Soldiers should take care to adhere to cultural norms. For instance, some cultures frown on

adults other than parents having direct contact with or talking to children. Cultural awareness is key to

gaining the trust and respect of the TA.

6-35. A keen awareness of the TA’s culture coupled with skillful face-to-face communication can lead to

successful PSYOP. PSYOP Soldiers can use face-to-face communication to present persuasive appeals and

complex material in detail. They can repeat portions of the communication as required and use slight

variations to influence a specific TA. The importance of appropriate gestures and physical posture in the

communication process must not be overlooked. What may be an appropriate gesture in one culture may be

viewed quite differently in another. The most important part of face-to-face communication is the

immediate feedback that can be obtained from the TA. PSYOP Soldiers can obtain valuable information

from this feedback and may realize the true meaning of the message that PSYOP Soldiers may have

overlooked due to a lack of political awareness or cultural differences. This information may change the

message intent or the message itself. PSYOP Soldiers should take every opportunity to hone and enhance

their ability to conduct effective face-to-face communication. PSYOP Soldiers need to rehearse face-to

face communication to practice favorable body language while eliminating unfavorable gestures and

posture. Body language is as important as the verbal message and should appear natural, not labored or

uncomfortable.

6-36. PSYOP Soldiers should use the Face-to-Face Encounter Outline (FFEO) to organize and plan their

encounters. The FFEO (Figure 6-7, page 6-11) addresses each of the four parts of the face-to-face

encounter: introduction and rapport building, presenting a PSYOP argument, answering questions/

overcoming objections, and the exit strategy/closing. The introduction and rapport-building section

includes a sample introduction and recommends culturally specific actions or conversation topics to put the

TA at ease and establish credibility and rapport. The PSYOP argument section takes the components of the

PSYOP argument—the arguments, appeal, and technique—and creates specific talking points with

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supporting facts and examples to assist the PSYOP Soldier in presenting the product. The answering

questions and overcoming objections section lists the most likely questions and objections that may arise

during the encounter, and, most importantly, provides a prepared response to each. By anticipating the

responses of the TA and developing effective responses in advance, the PSYOP Soldier greatly increases

his chances of success. The exit strategy or closing section provides sample closing remarks, lists any

actions that need to take place, and provides recommended plans of action if the encounter does not go

well. Once the FFEO is complete, the PSYOP Soldier can use the outline to rehearse and prepare his team

and interpreters. One effective rapport-building technique is called “mirroring.” Mirroring subtly mimics

another person’s body language and vocal qualities. People are naturally more comfortable around those

who seem the same as themselves. It is important to remember that mirroring must be subtle and appear

natural, and may not be appropriate in every culture or situation.

SPO - Specific behavior being sought.

Supporting Argument - Portion that will be used in this encounter.

A. Introduction and Rapport Building.

1. Introduce self and team.

2. Discuss the reason for being there.

3. Engage in culturally specific formalities, such as shaking hands, drinking tea, or conversing politely

(about weather, health, sports, and so on).

B. Presentation of Main and Supporting Arguments.

1. Main Argument.

a. Specific point or facts.

b. Specific point or facts.

2. Supporting Argument 1.

a. Specific point or facts.

b. Specific point or facts.

3. Supporting Argument 2.

a. Specific point or facts.

b. Specific point or facts.

C. Answers to Questions and Discussion to Overcome Objections.

1. Predict possible question or objection.

a. Answer with prepared response.

2. Predict possible question or objection.

a. Answer with prepared response.

3. Predict possible question or objection.

a. Answer with prepared response.

D. Exit Strategy or Closing.

1. Encounter has gone well.

a. Leave a deliverable, if appropriate.

b. Extract a commitment to behave in desired manner.

2. Encounter has gone poorly.

a. Exit quickly without escalation.

b. Determine if different approach would be successful. Document primary reason why encounter went

poorly.

Figure 6-7. FFEO format

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6-37. To learn more about gestures, posture, and other mannerisms used when communicating face-to

face, PSYOP Soldiers should consult individuals who have lived in the HN and are aware of these

customs. A good source of this information is to talk with and ask questions of the interpreters who are

assigned in the AO. Another source of additional information is the Do’s and Taboos Around the World

book, which contains chapters on hand gestures and body language, giving and receiving gifts, a quick

guide to the ways of the world, and information about the importance of colors, jargon, slang, and humor.

6-38. PSYOP forces should maintain a close working relationship with Civil Affairs (CA) personnel.

Working with CA personnel allows PSYOP to leverage the positive aspects of humanitarian assistance

projects that CA personnel typically get involved in. Through working with the CA units, PSYOP forces

can also coordinate the mutual dissemination of products.

6-39. There are many advantages of face-to-face communication. Some examples include the following:

Relationship. Face-to-face communication employs an interpersonal relationship.

Audience selection. The audience can be deliberately selected and the appeal directed and

tailored for the audience.

Assessment of impact. Feedback is immediate. The communicator can immediately assess the

impact of his message and adjust his approach to obtain the desired response.

Requirement for limited support. Limited technical and logistical support is required.

Credibility. Face-to-face communication can be more credible than other methods because the

TA can evaluate the source.

Presentation. Complex material can be presented in detail. Frequent repetition and slight

variations can be readily used to influence the audience.

Expeditious. In some instances, particularly in underdeveloped areas, face-to-face

communication may be the most timely or efficient method of disseminating messages or

command information.

6-40. There are also disadvantages of face-to-face communication. Some examples include the following:

Limited use in tactical situations. Use is limited in war due to the inaccessibility of the target

individual or group. Use is limited in combat since the PSYOP Soldier has little face-to-face

communication with the adversary until they are captured or they defect.

Close control necessary. Face-to-face dissemination must be controlled, especially at the lowest

levels where each communicator has the responsibility to interpret policy and objectives. The

control factor is best illustrated by trying to pass an oral message, one person at a time,

throughout a group. By the time the message reaches the end of the group, it does not resemble

the original message. Reinforcement by other media is necessary to eliminate this problem.

Limited use in secure areas. Security considerations limit the conduct of face-to-face

communications. As the security situation improves and more areas are secure, area coverage in

secure areas can be extended.

Limited range of voice. The range of the human voice and the need for visual contact limit this

method.

Broadcast Dissemination

6-41. PSYOP forces have numerous platforms to disseminate approved PSYOP audio products to

designated TAs within an AO or joint operations area (JOA). Organic radio broadcasting equipment

provides a variety of capabilities for the PSYOP force to meet their specific needs and the requirements of

the operation. Some equipment is designed specifically for ease of transport and operation. Other more

powerful systems, such as longer-range broadcast platforms, require multiple airlifts to transport and

several days to install. (The Psychological Operations Handbook: Equipment Types, Specifications, and

Capabilities include the specifications and capabilities of these systems.)

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Radio

6-42. Radio provides entertainment, news, and instructions along with the desired PSYOP message. Radio

broadcasts reach local audiences, cross international boundaries, and reach behind enemy lines. Although

the tactical situation may hinder radio broadcasts, they are not complete barriers. Since radio can reach

TAs quickly, it is useful for all types of PSYOP.

6-43. As with all other media, the selection of radio will depend greatly on the availability of, and access

to, radios by the TA, the tactical situation, and the ability of the radio signal to reach the TA. PSYOP

Soldiers can contact local radio stations to have a live on-air show that broadcasts weekly to speak with the

local populace, as a means to disseminate PSYOP messages and command information. In addition, they

can contact and coordinate with area commanders and key communicators for interviews on local radio

stations. This contact provides direct interaction with, and access to, the local populace and helps reinforce

the objectives of the area commander while adding credibility to the message. Advantages of radio

include—

Speed. Radio programs can be quickly prepared for broadcast. Speed is important when

attempting to capitalize on targets of opportunity.

Wide coverage. Radio programs can reach large and varied audiences simultaneously.

Ease of perception. When done correctly, radio programs require little or no effort on the part of

the listener to visualize the message. Illiteracy does not prevent the listener from forming his

individual image as he listens.

Versatility. Radio is easily adaptable to many types of programs, including drama, music, and

news.

Emotional power. A skilled radio announcer can exert tremendous influence on the listener

simply with pitch, resonance, inflection, or timing.

Availability of receivers. Where availability or ownership of receivers is common, listening to

radio is a habit. Ownership of receivers has increased greatly with the invention of transistors.

Disadvantages of radio include—

Enemy restrictions. The government may censor all media making it difficult to reach the TA,

thereby reducing the effectiveness of radio broadcasts.

Jamming possibilities. Jamming can prevent the TA from receiving radio broadcasts.

Technical problems. Technical problems include, but are not limited to, equipment

malfunctions, signal strength, and atmospheric conditions.

Lack of receivers. In certain areas, so few receivers are available that radio may not be an

effective medium.

Fleeting impressions. Oral media does not have the permanency of written media. Messages

may be quickly forgotten or distorted.

6-44. Radio programming consists of planning the schedule, content, and production of programs during a

stated period. Words, music, and sound effects are put together in various ways to produce the different

kinds of programs. Some of the major types of radio programs are—

Straight news reports (without commentary).

Musical (whatever genre is popular with the TA).

Drama.

Speeches, talks, discussions, or interviews.

Sports.

Special events, such as on-the-spot coverage of an election or the arrival of an important visitor.

Religious.

Variety—a combination including music, skits, or comedy.

Announcements.

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Radio principles include the following factors:

Regularity is an essential element of programming. The radio programmer must create habitual

program patterns to build a regular audience. Content, style, and format should follow an

established pattern.

Radio programming builds listenership by following a set time schedule. Listeners must know

when they can tune in for the programming they want to hear. This time schedule allows the TA

to form a regular habit of listening to the program. If the time schedule varies on a daily basis,

listeners will become frustrated and turn to another station.

Repetition is necessary for oral learning; therefore, repeating key themes, phrases, or slogans

will ensure the TA gets the desired message. If a certain message airs only once, or is only aired

at one time every day, the listener has a good chance of missing the information.

The radio program must suit the taste and needs of the audience. Program style and format

should follow the patterns to which the audience is accustomed.

Announcers with attractive voice features are essential to successful radio operations. Some

factors to consider include—

The emotional tone conveyed by the voice, which may influence the listener more than the

logic of arguments.

Avoiding announcers whose accents are similar to those of unpopular individuals or groups.

Television

6-45. TV is a proven means of persuasion worldwide and is a vital asset in PSYOP dissemination. TV

appeals to a number of senses, making it the closest medium to face-to-face communication. TV has been

responsible for swaying the opinion of entire nations. A thoroughly prepared PSYOP TV product can be

extremely effective if PSYOP planners fully understand the unique properties of TV and do not limit their

imagination in its use. TV, including videotape recording, is one of the most effective mediums for

persuasion. TV offers many advantages for PSYOP, and its wide application in other fields contributes to

its acceptance and use. TV is appropriate for use across the range of military operations. In places where

TV is not a common communication medium, receivers may be distributed to public facilities and selected

individuals. A possible limitation in enemy countries is that TV receivers may be set to allow reception on

only one or two channels under government control. TV is an all-encompassing mass communication

medium. Like radio, TV makes use of the sense of hearing to convey an idea. Like printed material, TV

makes use of the sense of sight, adding the element of motion. Moreover, like the motion picture, TV

combines sight, sound, and motion. TV is immediate; in effect, it places the viewer in two locations

simultaneously, creating the illusion of participating in a distant event.

6-46. PSYOP forces have several dissemination platforms for approved PSYOP audiovisual products to

designated TAs within an AO or JOA. These dissemination systems are transportable and consist of

multiple broadcast and production subsystems. (The Psychological Operations Handbook: Equipment

Types, Specifications, and Capabilities includes specifications and capabilities of these systems.)

6-47. There are many advantages of broadcasting PSYOP messages via TV. Some examples include—

Speed. TV programs can reach large segments of the TA rapidly. The transmission of events can

be instantaneous.

Audience illiteracy. Illiteracy is not a barrier; an audience need not be able to read.

Unification. TV brings people in widely separate locations closer together by exposing them

visually to the same ideas and concepts.

Aural-visual effect. TV appeals to two senses—hearing and seeing, with each reinforcing the

other, and gives the viewer a sense of involvement.

6-48. There are also disadvantages of TV. Some examples include—

Range. Geography and atmospheric conditions affect the strength and range of the signal. The

signal may, however, be boosted with relay stations, airborne transmitters, or satellite relay to

increase the transmission range. Airborne antenna relay domes extend the range of a central

transmitter, but at great expense.

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Reception. TV sets are unevenly distributed throughout the world. Messages disseminated by

TV will normally be received only by those within an above-average income range and

economic class in many areas of the world, particularly in developing nations. In some

developing nations, however, group listening and viewing centers may be available, negating the

link between income and access to TV. The association should be carefully determined for each

target country.

Equipment incompatibility. Receivers in the target area may not be compatible with the

transmission equipment.

Power. Most TV receivers require an outside source of electric power. Many areas of the world

lack this power. The introduction of self-contained power packs partially eliminates this

problem. If broadcasts are to be made from areas lacking power facilities, special generators and

a fuel supply may be needed.

Vulnerability. Equipment and parts are fragile and extremely vulnerable to damage. Stations are

easily identified and make excellent targets. Receivers are difficult to hide.

Program requirements. A substantial production staff and supporting equipment are required to

produce daily programs. Each day’s operation requires a large amount of film, videotape, and

live programming to sustain a program schedule.

Maintenance. Maintenance is highly technical, requiring trained and skilled technicians and

engineers; such people are difficult to find.

Personnel. TV is a complicated communication medium, demanding specialized personnel with

a wide range of scarce skills.

Audience accessibility. Difficulty in reaching audiences in hostile areas due to incompatibility of

receivers, extreme distortions caused by multiple transmitters on the same wavelength, jamming,

and censorship limit the use of TV broadcasts.

6-49. To take full advantage of TV as a medium, PSYOP Soldiers must realize that TV has always been

primarily a means of entertainment. However, the vast majority of viewers accept events seen on the TV

screen as fact. The implied actions of the characters seen on the TV screen manipulate viewers’

understanding of what they see. This impact is what sets TV apart from all other media. Before selecting

TV as a PSYOP medium, PSYOP Soldiers must determine the degree of credibility TV holds for the TA

and its degree of access. The TA’s accessibility to TV may be limited by many factors, including religious,

economic, and geographic. In remote areas, videotape or DVD may be the proper alternative to TV.

Advantages of these formats include the following:

The results of the “take” can be seen immediately; if editing is necessary prior to release to the

audience, the editing can be done electronically as the material is being produced.

Videotape or DVD can be reused a number of times, erasing itself as it is run through the

recorder, or it can quickly be erased on equipment made for that purpose, and then reused.

Videotapes and DVDs are virtually indestructible and can be used in almost any environment.

Videotape can be placed on readily available videocassette players that feed directly into

commercial TV receivers. With special equipment, videotaped scenes can be projected onto

large motion picture viewing screens. The requirement for special projection equipment is not

unique, as special equipment is also required to project filmed scenes on TV screens.

Videotapes and DVDs can instantaneously project scenes in black and white or color, with

natural or dubbed sound, on open (public) or closed (limited audience) circuits.

Scenes may be recorded for a permanent record or for future use.

Disadvantages of videotape are the same as those inherent in the TV medium.

6-50. An analysis of TV in the area of intended PSYOP provides valuable information about its specific

regional characteristics. Popular programs provide models for PSYOP TV products and help keep the

message subtle. Before developing or producing a new product, PSYOP Soldiers should ensure that they

research the information about a nation’s popular TV programs and shows. This research may provide

answers and insight into what is credible within that AO. PSYOP Soldiers should also seek the opinions of

interpreters, as they may be able to give thorough insight into the views of the TA. PSYOP Soldiers may

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research information in the libraries and universities, as well as the local marketing companies that do

market research in the AO. Area studies produced by universities are valuable, along with information

from religious organizations with missionaries in the host or target nation. PSYOP Soldiers can also

determine a great deal of information through research about literacy rate, viewing habits, opinions,

distribution of TV sets, and political views. The local marketing companies can be extremely useful by

gathering survey information and categorizing by demographics, age, location, most frequently viewed

program, best times to air, and so on. Using the information that is available through research and

investigation, PSYOP elements are capable of producing relevant and sophisticated products. A thoroughly

prepared PSYOP TV product can be extremely effective if PSYOP planners fully understand the unique

properties of TV and do not limit their imagination in its use.

Aerial Dissemination

6-51. Another means available for the dissemination of a product to areas that are difficult to reach is the

leaflet. PSYOP Soldiers must determine which method will be used—surface delivery or air-to-ground

delivery. Coordination must be made with the unit’s air operations personnel for scheduling the proper

aircraft. When preparing for leaflet dissemination, the method of delivery depends on a variety of factors.

PSYOP Soldiers should examine the following items for their effect on the mission:

Political or military denial to the TA.

Opponent or enemy countermeasure capabilities.

TA population density.

Geographical denial.

Number and size of printed material.

Availability of delivery devices.

Availability of air sorties.

Weather.

Multiple leaflet dissemination.

Production time.

Mixed media requirements.

Product priority.

6-52. Paper quality affects the drift of airdropped leaflets. If a leaflet, which offers little or no wind

resistance, is dropped from a flying aircraft, the leaflet will be blown at about the same speed and direction

as the wind. If there are updrafts or downdrafts, the leaflet will still follow the general direction of the

wind. In areas of no turbulence, the constant pull of gravity acting upon the leaflet will cause it to fall at a

fairly constant rate. The basic objective of leaflet drops is to place sufficient leaflets on the ground to

ensure that every member of the TA will see (not necessarily possess) a leaflet. PSYOP Soldiers use

several air-to-ground delivery methods:

Aerial dissemination. Leaflets printed or distributed in areas of high humidity tend to stick

together. Ruffling one or both ends of the leaflet stack ensures complete dispersion.

Airdrop by hand (low altitude). Leaflets are dropped by hand through aircraft doors or ports in

areas where low-level delivery is feasible. Leaflets should be dropped in small quantities at very

close intervals. This method results in an almost continuous release of leaflets evenly distributed

downwind and parallel to the flight of the aircraft. Two Soldiers can dispense thousands of

leaflets per minute using this efficient technique.

High altitude. Leaflets are dispensed from aircraft flying at altitudes up to 15,000 meters

(50,000 feet). This technique is well suited for leaflet drops directed at large general target areas.

This technique requires long-range planning and preparation to ensure prompt reaction to

favorable wind conditions.

Static-line technique. At high altitudes, the use of leaflet bundles or boxes opened by static line

has proven effective. Through use of rollers on the deck of the aircraft, boxes weighing up to

110 pounds (50 kilograms) can be ejected with minimum exertion. The box is rolled out of the

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aircraft, and as the container comes to the end of the static line, the sides of the box split. In

effect, the box is turned inside out and the leaflets fall away followed by the empty box.

Leaflet bomb (M129E1 and M129E2). The M129E1 and M129E2 leaflet bombs are Air Force

items, obtained through Air Force ordnance channels. Each leaflet bomb weighs about 115

pounds (52 kilograms) empty and about 225 pounds (100 kilograms) when loaded. The leaflet

bomb can carry approximately 60,000 leaflets. Before the leaflets are placed in the bomb, the

Air Force or Navy munitions experts place the detonating cord in the seam between the two

halves. When the bomb is released, the fuse functions at a predetermined time, detonating the

primer cord separating the two body sections, detaching the fins, and releasing the leaflets.

Leaflet bomb (PDU-5/B). The PDU-5/B leaflet bomb (SUU-76C/B without leaflet payload) is an

Air Force item, obtained through Air Force ordnance channels. It weighs about 140 pounds (64

kilograms) empty and has a maximum carrying capacity of 152 pounds (69 kilograms). The

PDU-5/B can be loaded with 20 rolls of 3- x 6-inch leaflets. Each leaflet roll will measure 11

inches in diameter, and total fiber tube weight (with leaflet rolls) must be between 148 and 152

pounds. Other leaflet sizes include—

3 x 4 inches, 20 rolls, weighing 7.5 pounds per roll.

4 x 4 inches, 15 rolls, weighing 10 pounds per roll.

6 x 6 inches, 10 rolls, weighing 15 pounds per roll.

NOTE: Appendix F consists of conversion tables that may be used to convert measurements

from U.S. standard terms to metric when mission requirements or environments change.

Digital Dissemination

6-53. The Internet has become an integral part of U.S. and other societies, and has become a preferred

source of information in many regions of the world. The PSYOP officer can coordinate with the IO

section, which may have greater resources available to establish Web sites to disseminate information. The

IO section may have a Web site already established.

6-54. PSYOP Soldiers must ensure that they check Web sites that are posting propaganda to gain a better

understanding of enemy capabilities or opposing information. Viewing Internet propaganda will assist

PSYOP Soldiers in developing quality products that will resonate with the TA. The PSYOP operations

officer can obtain Web sites by contacting either the G-2 section or the IO section, and should be able to

assist in the search for such Web sites.

CONTRACTED DISSEMINATION

6-55. The PSYOP contracting officer will help establish external means of dissemination within the AO to

maximize the effectiveness of the PSYOP message to the TA. Using all necessary means of external media

available, PSYOP Soldiers can ensure the dissemination of products reaches the widest range of the TA.

The contracting officer will establish contracts with local newspapers, radio stations, TV stations, and

billboard companies. The contracting officer will work out the legal issues with payment and establishment

of purchasing times and space with each of the media assets. By maximizing all media assets within the

AO and contracting with local companies, PSYOP Soldiers will expand their range of dissemination to

reach the TA and influence attitudes and behavior.

POSTTESTING

6-56. PSYOP Soldiers conduct posttesting at key decision points during the development of PSYOP series

and directly following series execution. During posttesting, PSYOP Soldiers assess TA exposure to the

PSYOP series, as well as the understanding and acceptance of the PSYOP argument. Essentially,

posttesting helps the PSYOP Soldiers determine which products in the series are reaching the TA, what

portions of the PSYOP argument are resonating with the TA, and what degree of influence the PSYOP

series has on the TA. Unlike pretesting, which focuses on individual PSYOP products, posttesting assesses

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the effect of the PSYOP argument on the intended TA. Also, although a pretest can be conducted with the

TA, a panel of experts, or a panel of representatives, posttesting must be conducted with members of the

TA. (More information on pretesting and test groups is in Chapter 4.)

SAMPLE SIZE AND COMPOSITION

6-57. It is desirable to conduct a number of posttests to increase the reliability of the data. The ultimate

sample size of respondents to a posttest largely depends on METT-TC. The larger the TA, the larger the

sample needs to be. National-level products should be tested across the major demographic and geographic

groups. Tactical-level products, aimed at specific TAs in specific locations, require a smaller sample. The

outcome is usually described in terms of the numbers sampled and the composition of the group surveyed;

for example, “8 of 10 local nationals interviewed understood the PSYOP argument.”

CONDUCTING THE POSTTEST

6-58. When conducting posttesting, PSYOP Soldiers keep in mind the main components universal to all

communication: the sender, the receiver, and the message. The sender of the message asks the following

basic questions:

Was the message received by the receiver?

Was the message understood?

Will or did the receiver comply with the message?

All three of these questions apply to posttesting of the PSYOP series and are designed to solicit the

following information:

Exposure: Has the TA read/heard/seen any of the PSYOP series? To what extent?

Understanding: Are the key messages conveyed by the PSYOP series clearly understood by the

TA?

Acceptance of the PSYOP argument: Is the TA likely to engage in the desired behavior as a

result of the PSYOP argument presented in the series?

6-59. Questions designed to gauge the exposure of the TA to a series are usually asked first during

posttesting and may include questions such as—

“Have you seen any of these products? (Displaying series products) Where? When?”

“What have you heard about coalition forces’ efforts to… on the radio? Where? When?”

This information helps the PSYOP Soldier determine the proper media to increase the TA’s exposure to the

PSYOP argument. Asking members of the TA straightforward, open-ended questions is the best way to test

exposure.

Example of Exposure

A PSYOP Soldier is conducting a posttest of a PSYOP series urging the TA to report

insurgent activity to the security forces. A posttesting interview (testing for exposure)

could begin like this:

PSYOP Soldier: “What kind of announcements have you seen or heard

about a campaign for people in Adhamiya to report insurgent activity?”

TA member: “The police are asking for this on the radio.”

PSYOP Soldier: “Have you heard this message anywhere else?”

TA member: “Oh, yes. There are posters all over the streets and in the shop

windows. I have seen announcements from the American forces on the national TV

channel.”

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PSYOP Soldier:

(Pulling out prepared folder)

“Are any of these the

announcements that you have seen?”

TA member: “Yes, that one…the poster with the policeman and the children,

and also the one with the terrorist blowing up the school from TV.”

PSYOP Soldier: “How often have you seen the TV spot?”

TA member: “I see it all the time. At night when we eat, it is on after the

news.”

PSYOP Soldier: “How about the poster—where did you see it?”

TA member: “It is all over the place. When I go to the Kabeer Market, it is

posted on many of the shops there.”

From this series of questions, the PSYOP Soldier has now established what products

in the series the TA member has seen, and where, when, and a general idea of how

often. Through several such interviews, patterns of exposure can be identified and

changes made as required.

UNDERSTANDING: PSYOP Soldiers test for understanding by using

straightforward, open-ended questions, such as “What did the radio/TV message

say? What did the poster/handbill/leaflet tell you to do? What does it say? What does

this mean to you?” From such responses, the PSYOP Soldier may continue with

more specific follow-up questions to ensure that the TA understood the PSYOP

argument. These questions confirm the pretesting results, ensuring that the message

received by the TA is understood as intended by PSYOP. This information is

particularly important if the TA was unavailable for pretesting. (More information on

testing for understanding is in Chapter 4.)

ACCEPTANCE: After confirming understanding, Soldiers test to determine if the

PSYOP argument has been accepted. The TA accepts the PSYOP argument by (1)

agreeing with the main/supporting arguments, and (2) indicating they did/will engage

in the desired behavior. The following questions might be asked to verify the level of

acceptance:

“Do you think the drug cartels are ruining the integrity of Patriotsville?”

(supporting argument)

“Do you feel it is your duty to report drug smugglers to the police?”

(supporting argument)

“Do you think conditions in Patriotsville would improve for you and your

family if the drug cartels were gone?” (main argument)

“Do you think that your neighbors would report drug smuggling activity to

the Patriotsville police?” (desired behavior [SPO])

EVALUATING TESTING RESULTS

6-60. The results of posttesting are evaluated to determine if PSYOP series require improvements or

modifications. Steps include identifying recurring comments or patterns in the results, identifying

deficiencies by category

(understanding, acceptance, and exposure), and recommending changes.

Recommended changes usually fall into four major categories: change to a product/series, change to the

PSYOP argument, change to dissemination, and refinement of the TA. (More information on evaluating

testing results is in Chapter 4.) Through posttesting, PSYOP series are assessed and changes are recommended

to improve the future effectiveness of the PSYOP effort.

6-61. Figure 6-8, page 6-20, is an example of a series execution matrix (SEM). In this figure, Series

XX07A02ka consisted of 14 PSYOP products and 1 PSYOP action executed during a two-month period.

TPTs conducted posttesting immediately following product dissemination when possible, and the PSYOP

company summarized and reviewed results at each of three decision points (I, II, III).

30 August 2007

FM 3-05.301

6-19

Phase VI: Production, Distribution,

and Dissemination

Figure 6-9. Example of a product from Series XX07A02ka

1. Pretest Guidance: Methodology: Simple random sample XX citywide. Fifty parents drawn equally from

all city school districts. Rapport questions: Number of children? Ages of children? Extracurricular

activities? Personal exposure to harm from terrorists? Survey section questions: Critical elements: Does

subject believe terrorists are chief threat to children? Does subject believe XX Security Forces can

defeat or destroy the terrorists? Does subject believe XX Security Forces will act upon reports? Bottom-

line questions: Do you understand what is being said? Will you report terrorists? Will end to insurgency

make you safer? Future direction questions: Do you like receiving informational flyers (handbills)?

Reporting guidance: Electronic filing of compiled questionnaire results will be sent not later than (NLT)

7 September 2007 via SIPRNET to POTF S-3. Paper copies of questionnaire will be sent to POTF S-3

NLT 9 September 2007.

2. Posttest Guidance: Posttesting of this product will be with all other Stage I products

(XX07A02kaFF0001, XX07A02kaRD0001, XX07A02kaLS0001, and XX07A02kaAC0001) and must

determine if TA has accepted supporting argument one of the PSYOP argument to support DP 1.

Methodology: Simple random sample XX citywide. Fifty parents drawn equally from all city school

districts. Rapport questions: Pretest questions unchanged. Additionally: Knowledge of AC0001 and

other arrests. Survey section questions: Same as pretest. Bottom-line questions: Same as pretest.

Additionally: Have you reported terrorists? Future direction questions: Do you like receiving

informational flyers (handbills)? Reporting guidance: Electronic filing of compiled questionnaire results

will be sent NLT 17 September 2007 via SIPRNET to POTF S-3. Paper copies of questionnaire will be

sent to POTF S-3 NLT 20 September 2007.

Figure 6-10. Example of pretest and posttest guidance from the PAW

6-63. Based upon the posttesting guidance, 50 members of the TA were selected using simple random

sampling. They were interviewed with emphasis placed upon discovering the degree of exposure to the

PSYOP series and their acceptance of the supporting arguments.

6-64. Figure 6-11, page 6-22, is an example of a posttest questionnaire used for the series. As the example

shows, this questionnaire was conducted during Phase I of the series, after the dissemination of handbill

XX07A02kaHB0001. After several rapport-building questions, the interviewer asks the TA several

30 August 2007

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6-21

Chapter 6

questions regarding exposure to the PSYOP products and tests for acceptance of the supporting arguments

for the PSYOP argument. The interviewer then confirms the TA understanding of the product, and ends

with questions regarding the desired behavior (SPO).

Tab AC (Posttest Questionnaire Stage 1 XX07A02kaHB0001) to Enclosure 1 (Product/Action Work Sheet

XX07A02kaHB0001) to Tab C (Product/Action Work Sheet Index) to Change 1 (Series XX07A02ka) to

Appendix

(PSYOP) to Annex P

(Information Operations) to XX Operation Order

Number

Posttest Questionnaire

Product/Action Number: Stage 1 XX07A02kaHB0001

Interview Date:

Interview Location:

Interviewer:

Subject:

Rapport Questions:

1. How many children do you have?

2. How old are the children?

3. What schools do they go to?

4. Has anyone you know, or even someone in your family, been harmed by the insurgents?

5. What have you heard about the XX Security Forces raid near the market on September 12th?

6. What have you heard about the arrests of insurgents?

7. Have you seen this handbill before?

Survey Questions:

1. What do you think are the main threats to the safety of your children?

2. How effective are the XX Security Forces at fighting the insurgents?

3. If you reported a suspected insurgent, what do you think the XX Security Forces would do?

4. What does this handbill say to you?

5. Have you or any of your neighbors reported any suspicious characters?

6. What do you think your neighbors would do if they saw insurgents or insurgent activity?

7. How would you feel if the insurgents left this area?

8. What is your opinion of this handbill and handbills like this in general?

Figure 6-11. Posttest questionnaire example

6-65. Series XX07A02ka posttesting results for Phase I products demonstrated a distinct

lack

confidence in XX Security Forces’ ability and willingness to engage and defeat insurgent fighters. This

conclusion was reached based upon survey sample responses to two questions:

How effective are the XX Security Forces at fighting the insurgents?

If you reported a suspected insurgent, what do you think the XX Security Forces would do?

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30 August 2007

Phase VI: Production, Distribution,

and Dissemination

6-66. Questionnaire results showed that 67 percent of all respondents answered negatively to one or both

questions. Based upon this feedback, PSYOP Soldiers determined that the TA had not accepted Supporting

Argument 1, “XX Security Forces will arrest identified insurgents.” Further review of the questionnaire

responses showed a trend in the answers given by respondents responding negatively to one or both

questions:

82 percent of negative responses cited the lack of ability/training of XX Security Forces

(ineptitude).

58 percent of negative responses cited the corruption of XX Security Forces.

47 percent of negative responses cited ethnic prejudices of XX Security Forces (will only

protect their own).

6-67. After careful review of these posttesting results, PSYOP Soldiers briefed the supported unit

commander and made the following recommendations:

Increase joint coalition/XX Security Forces “presence” patrols in Nashburg during the month of

November to boost TA confidence (coordinated PSYACTs.)

Develop new Phase I PSYOP products highlighting accomplishments and training of XX

Security Forces.

Reset timeline execution for revised PSYOP Series XX07A02ka to begin Phase I in the second

and third weeks of November, capitalizing on increased presence patrols.

6-68. Figure 6-12 is an example of a revised product for Series XX07A02ka and Figure 6-13, page 6-24, is

the revised SEM. As most of the products were already developed, only the production of the new revised

Phase I products are shown.

Eight insurgents captured

in Nashburg raid

XX Security Forces captured eight

suspected insurgents in a daring late night

raid in the Rubayallah district of Nashburg.

Acting on an anonymous call placed to the

Nashburg Security Forces information

hotline, security forces quickly mobilized

and executed an assault on the insurgent

safe house.

“We train for this action every day, but it

would not have been possible without the

cooperation of the community,” stated

Colonel Saleem Hiyad, Nashburg Security

Forces commander. “We stand ready to

fight these murderers, and will stop them,

God willing,” continued Colonel Hiyad.

The captured men were taken to a holding

facility and will face charges for crimes

against the state.

Figure 6-12. Revised Product XX07A02kaNP0004

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FM 3-05.301

6-23

Chapter 6

Figure 6-13. Revised SEM for XX07A02ka

6-69. Posttesting is usually conducted by organic PSYOP forces, but is best conducted by individuals other

than the military to ascertain unbiased responses from the sample TA. Many times local nationals are

employed in conjunction with PSYOP Soldiers to conduct posttesting. Local national marketing and

advertising firms may also be employed to conduct the posttest. The U.S. Embassy is often an excellent

source of information on local nationals that conduct this type of research for businesses. An additional

area of focus for posttesting is discovering through what means (media type and products) and how often

the TA was exposed to the PSYOP argument. Posttesting is conducted in Phase VI, but the results of

posttesting are analyzed in Phase VII.

SUMMARY

6-70. Phase VI of the PSYOP process covers product production, distribution, dissemination, and

posttesting. Timely production, distribution, and dissemination of PSYOP products are essential to the

success of PSYOP series. Conducting the PSYOP process requires the careful planning and execution of

the production, distribution, and dissemination phases as laid out in the SEM. PSYOP Soldiers must be

flexible and adaptable in selecting the best means available to disseminate a series to the TA in the

timeliest manner. PSYOP Soldiers have various organic assets to produce, distribute, and disseminate

products, but they may have to rely on existing local national assets to accomplish the mission.

Increasingly, PSYOP Soldiers will need to conduct unit-level training or use outside vendors to train on

TV and radio program management. PSYOP Soldiers also need to use existing DOD contractor training to

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30 August 2007

Chapter 7

Phase VII: Evaluation

PSYOP evaluation is the process for evaluating achievement of SPOs and assessing

the overall impact of PSYOP series on TA behavior. At any given time, a PSYOP

series is only one of numerous competing influences on a TA’s behavior.

Consequently, assessment of the impact of PSYOP on TA behavior is complex and

requires that objective measures be supplemented by a degree of subjective analysis.

This chapter discusses the methodology for conducting evaluation of PSYOP.

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM

During Operation IRAQI FREEDOM, the 307th Tactical Psychological Operations

Company (TPC) conducted a PSYOP series to influence Baghdad citizens to

“increase reporting of insurgent activities.” Prior to the execution of the PSYOP

series, the Tips Hotline established by the Coalition Provisional Authority received

only one or two calls per day. The 307th TPC executed a comprehensive PSYOP

series informing the population of the Tips Hotline and emphasizing the anonymous

nature of the calls. Using billboards, posters, wallet cards, and radio and TV spots,

and using local news media to publicize the program’s successes, the Tips Hotline

received enormous exposure throughout the Baghdad area. Within the first months

of the PSYOP series, the call volume rose from its baseline of 1 or 2 a day to a range

of 6 to 8 a day, a 688 percent increase in calls. Posttesting results showed that the

Tips Hotline cards, able to be placed into a pocket and easily carried or hidden, were

by far the most successful product. Consequently, the initial printing of 400,000 was

ultimately increased to more than 1 million. Reports of billboards being burned or

otherwise destroyed, and posters being ripped down were further evidence of the

success of the program, and the fear generated within the insurgent groups of this

PSYOP series. As the series continued, the 307th TPC worked with the supported

unit to continuously track the call volume. Increasing and decreasing trends in call

volume were compared to significant events in the area. In the days immediately

following a high-profile insurgent attack on Iraqi citizens, the call volume would

increase and then decline. As the 30 January elections drew closer, the call volume

increased dramatically, peaking at 17 calls in one day. When a new competing tip

hotline that covered the entire nation was implemented, the call volume on the

Baghdad Tips Hotline began to decline.

The 307th TPC received widespread praise for the success of the Tips Hotline,

culminating with the 1st Cavalry Division commanding general personally thanking

each Soldier in the company for his vital contribution, and presenting each with his

commander’s coin of excellence. By establishing solid assessment criteria and

closely monitoring the progress of their efforts, the 307th TPC was able to make

adjustments as needed and capitalize on developments on the ground, thereby

achieving and exceeding the objective and winning the trust and confidence of the

supported unit commander.

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7-1

Chapter 7

OVERVIEW

7-1. PSYOP evaluation begins with the development of the initial assessment criteria during Phase I,

Planning. Initial assessment criteria provide guidance in developing intelligence requirements and

coordinating collection with the supported unit’s intelligence assets. In the example, the initial assessment

criteria developed by the 307th TPC revolved around collection of any reports of insurgent activity. During

Phase II, TAA, the initial assessment criteria are refined to specific, measurable, and observable TA

behaviors. For the 307th TPC, the initial assessment criterion “any reports of insurgent activity” was

refined to

“calls to the Baghdad Tips Hotline reporting insurgent activity.” Initial answers to the

assessment criteria are collected prior to series execution to serve as baseline data against which future

behavior change will be measured. In the above example, the baseline was the 1 to 2 calls a day coming in

to the hotline. PSYOP testing and evaluation personnel conduct evaluation but rely heavily on information

provided through the supported unit’s intelligence-collection assets. The 307th TPC, working with the

supported unit, monitored the call volume at regular intervals, and analyzed this information along with

other possible events and external influences affecting TA behavior. Through this evaluation, the 307th

was able to gauge the impact of the PSYOP series on TA behavior. There are four primary components of

PSYOP evaluation:

PSYOP assessment criteria.

Impact indicators.

Spontaneous events.

Posttesting results.

PSYOP ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

7-2. PSYOP assessment criteria are the objective measures used to monitor and assess changes in TA

behavior over time. These behavioral trends are then analyzed in relation to PSYOP series execution.

Monitoring a TA’s behavior is essential in determining the overall achievement of the SPO; however,

PSYOP are just one of many influences on a TA’s behavior. Friendly, neutral, and hostile actions and other

unforeseen events also exert influence on TA behavior. Therefore, PSYOP are not solely responsible for

behavior change, but just one tool that the supported unit commander possesses to influence TA behavior

in order to achieve his objectives. PSYOP assessment criteria support the commander’s measures of

effectiveness (MOEs), which are more definitive tools used to measure results achieved in the overall

mission and execution of assigned tasks.

7-3. PSYOP assessment criteria are written as questions. Initially developed during planning and refined

during TAA, these questions are based upon the specific, measurable, and observable desired behaviors

that PSYOP forces want to influence. (Chapters 1 and 2 include further discussion on developing initial

evaluation criteria and refinement.) The following are examples of PSYOP assessment criteria:

“How many IEDs were placed along coalition routes in Nashburg during the month of June, and

how many injuries/deaths resulted?”

“How many Red Tribe members voted in the Patriotsville national elections in July?”

“How many reports of insurgent activity were made in June to the coalition Hotline?”

“How many vehicle accidents involving coalition forces and local nationals occurred on Route

Nashville in April?”

IMPACT INDICATORS

7-4. Impact indicators are the answers to the PSYOP assessment criteria questions. They are specific,

measurable, and observable behaviors performed by the TA. These indicate behavioral change. Analysis of

the impact indicators over time will show behavior trends, which determine whether the SPOs are being

achieved. The following are examples of impact indicators.

7-2

FM 3-05.301

30 August 2007

Phase VII: Evaluation

SPO: TA decreases emplacement of IEDs along coalition routes.

PSYOP Assessment Criteria: “How many IEDs were placed along coalition routes in Nashburg during

the month of X, and how many injuries/deaths resulted?”

Impact Indicators: In May, there were 92 IEDs, resulting in 48 injuries and 13 deaths.

In June, there were 74 IEDs, resulting in 22 injuries and 12 deaths.

In July, there were 110 IEDs, resulting in 60 injuries and 13 deaths.

SPO: TA enlists in national security forces.

PSYOP Assessment Criteria: “How many Blue Tribe members 18-25 years old enlisted in the National

Guard in Birmingville for the month of X?

Impact Indicators: In September, 874 Blue Tribe members 18-25 years old enlisted.

In October, 1,013 Blue Tribe members 18-25 years old enlisted.

In November, 1,176 Blue Tribe members 18-25 years old enlisted.

SPONTANEOUS EVENTS

7-5. Many of the events that influence TA behavior or indicate PSYOP success or failure are

unanticipated and outside the control of PSYOP. These spontaneous events must be taken into

consideration when assessing the impact of PSYOP. Spontaneous events include any friendly, neutral, or

hostile actions that affect the TA’s behavior (other than the PSYOP series), or any events that demonstrate

the impact of a specific PSYOP series. Spontaneous events must be considered along with the impact

indicators when determining to what degree PSYOP are influencing the TA’s behavior. Examples

include—

Fatwa issued by Grand Mullah of Brcko in August declaring coalition an “ally of God.”

Two coalition soldiers accused of manhandling a Brcko native.

Recent rash of kidnappings spurring sectarian violence.

Bombing of a sacred mosque by extremists resulting in renewed sectarian violence.

Manufacturing plant shutdown causing widespread unemployment.

TPT pelted with rocks by an angry crowd while distributing wanted posters.

7-6. Spontaneous events may have a positive or negative effect on the TA behavior. PSYOP series can be

negated by unanticipated events. When this occurs, the TAA must be reviewed because conditions and the

resulting vulnerabilities have changed. Because of these unplanned changes, PSYOP Soldiers may need to

modify the series or develop a completely new series to achieve the objective.

POSTTESTING RESULTS

7-7. Testing is discussed in detail in Phase IV and Phase VI. Posttesting is primarily conducted to

determine what portions of the PSYOP arguments have been accepted and if the PSYOP series need any

adjustments to be more successful. The results of testing are reported to the testing and evaluation section

where PSYOP Soldiers analyze the data and take the appropriate action.

7-8. For the purposes of PSYOP evaluation, the posttesting results help assess the degree of influence of

the PSYOP series on TA behavior. When assessing this influence, PSYOP Soldiers must analyze

posttesting results to determine the following:

To what degree the TA has been exposed to the PSYOP series.

How well the arguments were understood.

To what degree the TA accepted the arguments.

If the TA indicated that they would engage in the desired behavior.

7-9. By analyzing posttesting results along with the impact indicators and spontaneous events, PSYOP

Soldiers can better explain TA behavior and draw conclusions as to the overall influence of the PSYOP

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FM 3-05.301

7-3

Chapter 7

series. PSYOP Soldiers determine if the posttesting results are consistent with the observed behavior

(impact indicators) and why or why not.

ANALYSIS OF SERIES RESULTS

7-10. PSYOP forces execute a series of products and actions to influence a TA’s behavior. Various means

are employed (PSYOP units or ISR assets) to obtain impact indicators. All impact indicators are then

analyzed in relation to the products disseminated and the PSYACTs conducted to see if there is a

correlation between the PSYOP series timeline and the behavior exhibited by the TA. Through this

analysis, the PSYOP commander or officer in charge (OIC) can evaluate to what extent he has or has not

achieved his objectives and determine whether an adjustment of resources or TTP is necessary.

7-11. The determination as to whether PSYOP forces are being effective can only be assessed after an

analysis of impact indicators and the impact of spontaneous events over a specified duration of time. This

evaluation will indicate to the PSYOP commander and the supported unit commander the degree to which

the SPO, and ultimately the PO, is achieved.

7-12. In Figure 7-1, page 7-5, two TAs have been initially identified for SPOs 1 and 2, and a PSYOP

assessment criterion has been determined for each TA. The PSYOP assessment criteria (questions), when

answered over time, give insight into whether behavior has changed. The first impact indicators collected

are for the first week of July. This data is considered the baseline data against which future behavior is

measured. PSYOP forces will execute PSYOP series in an attempt to increase enlistments in the armed

forces and increase reporting of insurgent activities to the local authorities. The PSYOP assessment criteria

are collected at regular intervals (weekly, in this example) so that PSYOP forces can monitor behavior

change over time—before, during, and following the PSYOP series.

7-13. For SPO 1, the impact indicators show that the number of enlistments in the armed forces has

gradually increased since the first week of July, with the exception of the fourth week when a spontaneous

event occurred in the Red Tribe area—a suicide bombing at a recruiting station. For SPO 2, the impact

indicators show little change in reports and arrests the first two months, then a significant jump in the

second two months. Another spontaneous event is noted when the local news ran a story regarding the

success of the local police, with the cooperation of the townspeople in the reporting and arrest of

insurgents. Taking the impact indicators and the spontaneous events and assessing them against the

PSYOP series dissemination timeline and posttest results will provide some indication of the effects

PSYOP are having on a particular TA for a given SPO.

7-14. When analyzing the PSYOP assessment criteria for SPO 1, “TA enlists in the armed forces,” the

impact indicators show that the number of enlistments is increasing, except for the bombing of the

recruiting station in the Red Tribe area, which likely accounts for the recruiting drop in the fourth week.

The impact indicators for the PSYOP assessment criteria for SPO 2, “TA reports insurgent activities to

local authorities,” show a significant increase in the number of reports over a period of four months, and a

spike after a news story regarding the success of cooperation between residents and local authorities to

locate insurgents. Considering all these impact indicators and spontaneous events, and assessing them

against the PSYOP series execution timeline, allows the PSYOP force to evaluate if they have succeeded

over the last month in increasing enlistments in the armed forces and the reporting of insurgents over a

period of months.

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FM 3-05.301

30 August 2007

Phase VII: Evaluation

Figure 7-1. Example of PSYOP assessment criteria

MECHANICS OF EVALUATION

7-15. As demonstrated in the previous examples, the impact indicators and spontaneous events must be

compared to the series conducted to determine the correlation between PSYOP and the TA’s behavior. The

SPO is the lowest-level objective for PSYOP forces, so the evaluation process attempts to determine to

what extent each SPO has been achieved. To accomplish this, each series is evaluated separately and the

results are combined to evaluate how successful PSYOP have been in relation to a given SPO. The

evaluation is conducted at the lowest level to determine which series are being effective. To evaluate the

SPOs, PSYOP forces must have the various series dissemination graphics, impact indicators, spontaneous

events, and posttesting results that relate to the SPO being evaluated. Figure 7-2, page 7-6, is an example of

a PSYOP assessment matrix that collates all this data, so that the relationship between the TA’s behavior

and PSYOP can be determined. Making a similar grid for each series within a SPO allows the PSYOP

force to identify the series that are working and the ones that are not, and the reasons why.

30 August 2007

FM 3-05.301

7-5

PSYOP Assessment Matrix

PO A: Increase support for the provisional government.

SPO #1: TA enlists in the armed forces.

Assessment Criteria

Jul week 1

Jul week 2

Jul week 3

Jul week 4

Total

How many enlisted in the armed forces in the

Dubai province last week?

TA 1: Red Tribe males ages18+

TA 2: Blue Tribe males ages 18+

Aug week 1

Aug week 2

Aug week 3

Aug week 4

Spontaneous Events

Date

Suicide bombing of Nashburg

19 July

recruiting office

Call from Grand Mullah to stop

5 September

violence

New recruiting office opens

14 August

Sep week 1

Sep week 2

Sep week 3

Sep week 4

External Influences

Date

National election

16 August

Birthday of prominent religious

10 October

Oct week 1

Oct week 2

Oct week 3

Oct week 4

leader

SPO #2: TA reports insurgent activities to local authorities.

Assessment Criteria

July

August

September

October

Total

How many reports of insurgent activity were

made to local authorities last week, and how

many arrests were made?

TA 1: Mothers of school-age children

2/0

9/5

11/15

24/20

TA 2: Residents of Nashburg village

0/0

1/0

6/2

12/6

19/8

Spontaneous Events

Date

News story on local authorities

15 September

rounding up and arresting local

insurgents.

External Influences

Date

Increased coalition presence

1 August

patrols.

Figure 7-2. PSYOP assessment matrix example

7-16. To evaluate the SPO, PSYOP Soldiers must monitor behavior change and template each series

together. After each series is analyzed, the effectiveness of the PSYOP effort is assessed and series that

need to be allocated more time and resources are identified.

7-17. PSYOP progress can be reported in an objective summary statement and/or with a spreadsheet.

Figure 7-3, page 7-7, is a sample format for a PSYOP evaluation report. The first paragraph is written in

the bottom line up front

(BLUF) format. The report details the results of a PSYOP series, draws

conclusions about the overall impact on TA behavior, and makes recommendations for future PSYACTs.

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FM 3-05.301

30 August 2007

Phase VII: Evaluation

1) Header (PO, SPO, PSYOP series, period of evaluation, and date of report).

2) BLUF statement (short summary of results and conclusions).

3) PSYOP series information (execution windows, TAs, overview of dissemination area).

4) Roll-up of PSYOP assessment criteria/impact indicators before, during, and following execution time frame.

5) Relevant spontaneous events affecting behavior; review of posttesting results (brief discussion).

6) Conclusion (and optional—suggested actions).

Figure 7-3. Format for the evaluation report

7-18. A complete evaluation report can be written up using the format shown in Figure 7-3. Figure 7-4,

pages 7-7 and 7-8, provides an example of an evaluation report.

EVALUATION REPORT

PO: Increase support for provisional government

SPO: TA reports insurgent activity

TA: Mothers of school-age children

PSYOP Series: AZ06001

Period of evaluation: 1 July-31 October 06

Date of report: 10 November 06

SUMMARY STATEMENT: There is an increase in support for the new provisional government. From July

through October, there was a significant increase in the reporting of insurgent activity to local authorities and

subsequent arrests made. Reporting went from 2 per month to over 11 per month, and arrests went from

zero to 15.

PSYOP SERIES: AZ06001 targeted mothers of school-age children in the Anhar province. The series was

executed from 1 July through 31 October. Series AZ06001 included the PSYACTs that involved arrests of

known insurgents and several MEDCAPs in the Nashburg area. (See attached Series Execution Matrix.)

PSYOP ASSESSMENT CRITERIA/IMPACT INDICATORS

*JUL

AUG SEP OCT

% CHANGE

REPORTS

(450%)

ARRESTS

(200%)

* = Baseline Data

SPONTANEOUS EVENTS

12 JUL 06 - Two coalition soldiers accused of assaulting local national.

24 JUL 06 - Bombing of local market kills 10 local nationals and injures 27 (attack linked to

anticoalition forces [ACF]).

26 AUG 06 - Mullah Council statement denouncing market bombing.

14 SEP 06 - ACF propaganda discovered denouncing coalition information efforts; refers to

PSYOP products (Series AZ06001).

29 SEP 06 - Coalition raid captures three high-level ACF leaders and several documents.

12-18 OCT 06 - Dust storms sweep through Anhar and Barundi provinces.

Figure 7-4. Example of evaluation report

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FM 3-05.301

7-7

Chapter 7

POSTTESTING RESULTS

Exposure

51 of 65 Red Tribe members interviewed recognized products from the PSYOP series

Understanding

44 of 51 interviewed demonstrated understanding of the products and portions of the argument

presented

Acceptance

32 of 51 interviewed indicated that their community would engage in the desired behavior

CONCLUSION

The coalition is making progress toward achievement of the SPO. The PSYOP series appears to be having

an impact on TA behavior, significantly aided by recent events turning popular sentiment against the ACF as

well as recent military successes in capturing members of their leadership. PSYOP forces recommend that

another series be developed to capitalize on this turn of events.

Figure 7-4. Example of evaluation report (continued)

SUMMARY

7-19. Ultimately, PSYOP evaluation is about trend analysis. First, PSYOP Soldiers closely monitor TA

behavior before, during, and after the PSYOP series, looking for trends. (Is the desired behavior increasing

or decreasing?) Second, PSYOP Soldiers look at posttesting results and spontaneous events to explain why

these trends occurred. PSYOP evaluation allows PSYOP forces to monitor behavior change in foreign TAs

and provides vital feedback to guide the PSYOP effort. PSYOP evaluation is challenging and success

relies heavily on comprehensive planning, research, coordination, and analysis.

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30 August 2007

Appendix A

PSYOP Mapping Symbols

Table A-1 consists of mapping symbols used for PSYOP (friendly sources). Table A-2,

page A-2, consists of mapping symbols used for propaganda (hostile, neutral, and

unknown sources).

Table A-1. Mapping symbols for PSYOP

Symbol Title

Description

Symbol

Psychological

The location of PSYOP unit.

Operations (PSYOP)

The location for hand dissemination of PSYOP leaflets, handbills,

PSYOP Written

flyers, and posters.

PSYOP Leaflets,

The location for the helicopter dissemination center of impact

Helicopter

area of PSYOP leaflets.

(Rotary-Wing)

The area for the airborne dissemination center of impact area of

PSYOP Leaflets,

PSYOP leaflets. Military or commercial fixed-wing aircraft may

Aerial (Fixed-Wing)

make delivery.

PSYOP Target

The location of a PSYOP target audience.

Audience Location

PSYOP Loudspeaker

The location of a ground-based mounted PSYOP loudspeaker

Broadcast, Wheeled-

broadcast event or loudspeaker team.

Vehicle Mounted

PSYOP Loudspeaker

The location of a helicopter- (rotary-wing) mounted loudspeaker,

Broadcast, Helicopter

PSYOP broadcast mission or event, or a helicopter loudspeaker

(Rotary-Wing)

system or unit.

Mounted

PSYOP Broadcast,

The location of an aerial broadcast transmitted over radio or

Aerial (Fixed-Wing)

television frequencies, or a location of an aerial broadcast

Station

PSYOP system or unit.

PSYOP Radio

The location of a civilian- or military-operated radio broadcast

Broadcast

tower or station used to broadcast PSYOP messages.

PSYOP Television

The location of a civilian- or military-operated TV broadcast tower

Broadcast

or station used to broadcast PSYOP messages.

The location of direct face-to-face of tactical PSYOP, used in

PSYOP Face-to-Face

establishing legitimacy and credibility of messages with foreign

populations.

PSYOP Printing

The location of a civilian- or military-operated print facility used to

Service

print PSYOP messages.

The location of a civilian- or military-operated distribution facility

PSYOP Distribution

or area used as a holding or distribution point for PSYOP

Center

messages.

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A-1

Appendix A

Table A-2. Mapping symbols for propaganda

Symbols

Symbol Title

Description

Hostile

Neutral

Unknown

Propaganda

The location of propaganda.

The location for hand dissemination of

Propaganda Written

propaganda leaflets, handbills, flyers, and

posters.

Propaganda

The location for the helicopter

Leaflets, Helicopter

dissemination center of impact area of

(Rotary-Wing)

propaganda leaflets.

The area for the airborne dissemination

Propaganda

center of impact area of propaganda

Leaflets, Aerial

leaflets. Military or commercial fixed-wing

(Fixed-Wing)

aircraft may make delivery.

Propaganda Target

The location of a propaganda target

Audience Location

audience.

Propaganda

The location of a ground-based mounted

Loudspeaker

propaganda loudspeaker broadcast event

Broadcast, Wheeled-

or loudspeaker team.

Vehicle Mounted

Propaganda

The location of a helicopter- (rotary-wing)

Loudspeaker

mounted loudspeaker, propaganda

Broadcast,

broadcast mission or event, or a

Helicopter (Rotary-

helicopter loudspeaker system or unit.

Wing) Mounted

The location of an aerial broadcast

Propaganda

transmitted over radio or television

Broadcast, Aerial

frequencies, or a location of an aerial

(Fixed-Wing) Station

broadcast propaganda system or unit.

The location of a civilian- or military-

Propaganda Radio

operated radio broadcast tower or station

Broadcast

used to broadcast propaganda messages.

The location of a civilian- or military-

Propaganda

operated TV broadcast tower or station

Television Broadcast

used to broadcast propaganda messages.

The location of direct face-to-face of

Propaganda Face-

tactical propaganda, used in establishing

to-Face

legitimacy and credibility of messages with

foreign populations.

The location of a civilian- or military-

Propaganda Printing

operated print facility used to print

Service

propaganda messages.

The location of a civilian- or military-

Propaganda

operated distribution facility or area used

Distribution Center

as a holding or distribution point for

propaganda messages.

A-2

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Appendix B

Sample PSYOP Formats

PSYOP planners will write the PSYOP Tab to the supported unit’s OPLAN. At the

joint force level (JTF, joint force land component commander, joint force maritime

component commander, joint special operations task force [JSOTF]), the PSYOP

planner writes the PSYOP Tab (Tab D) to the IO Appendix (Appendix 3) to the

Operations Annex (Annex C) to the supported unit’s plan. Figure B-1, pages B-1

through B-5, provides an example of a PSYOP Tab D. At the Service level, the

PSYOP planner writes the PSYOP Appendix (Appendix 2) to the IO Annex (Annex

P). Figure B-2, pages B-5 and B-6, provides an example of the PSYOP SITREP.

Figure B-3, pages B-6 and B-7, provides a trip report format. Figure B-4, pages B-7

through B-9, provides a PSYOP estimate format. Figure B-5, pages B-9 and B-10,

provides an example of the TAAW checklist. Figure B-6, pages B-11 through B-15,

provides the TAAW example. Table B-1, pages B-16 through B-22, provides an MDMP

checklist designed to assist the PSYOP planner during the supported unit’s MDMP.

CLASSIFICATION

TAB D (PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS) TO APPENDIX 3 (INFORMATION OPERATIONS) TO ANNEX

C (OPERATIONS) TO OPERATION ORDER NUMBER X

1. SITUATION:

a. Hostile: Insurgent forces in the metropolitan areas around XXX, XXX, and XXX have propaganda

capability. Primary capability is rudimentary visual production. Recent propaganda found in XXX has

had the primary objective of trying to convince the populace that local and national governments are

unable to protect the citizens.

b. Friendly: X TPC supporting X Division. XX POB supporting XX. POTF supporting JTF XXX. No PSYOP

programs are being conducted in the area of interest at this time. COMMANDO SOLO and print

facilities aboard naval vessels are available to support the production and dissemination of PSYOP

products. These capabilities are coordinated for through the POTF (see paragraph 3c[4]).

c. Neutral: XXXX TV network. Has ability to be either pro- or anti-U.S. policy. Tends to broadcast material

detrimental to U.S. objectives.

d. Attachments and Detachments:

(1) One Deployable Audio Production System (DAPS) team attached.

(2) TPD XXX is detached from X TPC effective date-time group (DTG) and attached to the JSOTF

effective DTG.

(3) TPD XXX is detached from X POB effective DTG, and further attached to 3d Brigade XX effective

DTG. Responsible for the distribution and dissemination of audio, visual, and audiovisual products

within their AO. Responsible for series testing within their AO.

(4) TPD XXX attached to 2d Brigade XX effective DTG. Responsible for the distribution and

dissemination of audio, visual, and audiovisual products within their AO. Responsible for series

testing within their AO.

CLASSIFICATION

Figure B-1. PSYOP Tab example

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FM 3-05.301

B-1

Appendix B

CLASSIFICATION

(5) TPD XXX attached to 1st Brigade XX effective DTG. Responsible for the distribution and

dissemination of audio, visual, and audiovisual products within their AO. Responsible for series

testing within their AO.

2. MISSION: X TPC conducts PSYOP in support of XX Division within AO XXXX by increasing participation

in democratic institutions, reducing effectiveness of insurgent activity, and decreasing casualties due to

mines and UXO no earlier than DTG.

3. EXECUTION:

a. Scheme of PSYOP: X TPC will conduct PSYOP by executing series that support each SPO (see Tab

A).

b. Tasks to Subordinate Units:

(1) TPC HQ: Responsible for the distribution of the series to the TPDs.

(2) TPDD: Responsible for all contracts for airtime of audio and audiovisual products. Responsible for

the development of PSYOP series.

(3) DAPS team: Reports to the TPDD OIC.

c. Coordinating Instructions:

(1) Presidential and SecDef themes to stress or avoid:

(a) Themes to stress:

• Coalition forces will act decisively in response to attacks upon its forces, installations, or

civilian agencies operating under International sanction.

• Coalition forces are operating under robust rules of engagement (ROE) and have the

authorization and capability to respond rapidly and proportionately in response to any acts

of violence.

• Coalition forces will take every precaution to minimize collateral damage and will act only

as a last resort to prevent violence or loss of life.

• Continued violence will not accomplish the objective of any organization or group.

• Coalition forces are professional, subordinate to internationally recognized codes of conduct.

• Commitment to peace is in the best long-term interests of the region.

• Those who advocate continued violence are acting against the interest of the citizens of

XXXXX.

(b) Themes to avoid:

• Any theme that implies support for or legitimizes the XXX Regime.

• References to coalition forces as an occupying Army.

• Minority group independence.

• Portrayal of all religious leaders as terrorist supporters.

• Any reference to religious affiliations.

• Any ultimatum that cannot be immediately carried out.

• Portrayal of favoritism or special treatment for a particular group.

(2) SEM will be published once a series is approved. The SEM will be placed on the division’s shared

drive and updated daily.

(3) Reachback will be used for the distribution of products not produced in theater. The TPDD may

coordinate directly with the corps PSE for reachback support.

CLASSIFICATION

Figure B-1. PSYOP Tab example (continued)

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Sample PSYOP Formats

CLASSIFICATION

(4) TPDD will coordinate for support from assets referenced in paragraph 1b through the POTF S-3.

(5) All propaganda will be reported to the TPDD for immediate analysis. This will be accomplished

through the unit’s supporting PSYOP forces and S-2 channels. If a supporting PSYOP force is not

available, propaganda will be reported to the division through S-2 and G-2 channels.

(6) Additional POs, SPOs, PTAs, TAs, and MOEs can be added through a change to this appendix as

necessary.

(7) Any targets nominated by subordinate commands for engagement by a PSYOP capability must be

vetted through the TPC before engagement. This lead time will allow for development of PSYOP

series to support these target nominations.

4. SERVICE SUPPORT:

a. Command-Regulated Classes of Supply: Additional printing and audio materials will be requested

through the G-4 and purchased through contracts.

b. Supply Distribution Plan: XX supply channels will provide all Army common items. PSYOP-peculiar

equipment will be requested through PSYOP channels to the ALE. Division logistical network will be

used to distribute PSYOP series whenever possible.

5. COMMAND AND SIGNAL:

a. Command:

(1) Succession of command is X TPC commander, TPDD commander, TPD XXX commander, TPD

XXX commander, and TPD XXX commander. TPC HQ and TPDD are collocated with XX.

(2) PSYOP approval process is outlined in Tab B. Tactical PSYOP elements, when necessary, can

create impromptu provisional loudspeaker and face-to-face products concerning only deception,

force protection, or civilian noninterference.

b. Signal: Division communication support will be provided for all subordinate PSEs. Daily SITREPs will

be digitally sent through S-3 channels and to the TPDD by 1900 Zulu each day.

Enclosure 1 - PSYOP Objectives, Supporting PSYOP Objectives, Potential Target Audiences, and PSYOP

Evaluation Criteria

Enclosure 2 - PSYOP Approval Process

Enclosure 3 - PSYOP SITREP

TAB A

DTG

PO A - Decrease violence in the AO.

SPOs:

1. TA decreases acts of interethnic violence.

a. PTAL: Red Tribe, Blue Tribe, Green Tribe, Orange Tribe.

b. Initial PSYOP Assessment Criteria: How many acts of interethnic violence occurred each week, and

how many injuries/deaths resulted?

2. TA decreases acts of criminal violence.

a. PTAL: Red Tribe youth, Red Tribe adults, Green Tribe youth, Green Tribe adults, Orange Tribe youth,

Orange Tribe adults.

b. Initial PSYOP Assessment Criteria: How many acts of criminal violence occurred last month, and how

many injuries/deaths resulted?

CLASSIFICATION

Figure B-1. PSYOP Tab example (continued)

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FM 3-05.301

B-3

Appendix B

CLASSIFICATION

PO B - Decrease casualties due to mines and UXO.

SPOs:

1. TA increases reporting of the location of mines and UXO.

a. PTAL: Blueland school-age children, postal workers, school teachers, farmers.

b. Initial PSYOP Assessment Criteria: How many mines/UXO were reported each week?

2. TA decreases handling of mines and UXO.

a. PTAL: Blueland school-age children, farmers, school teachers.

b. Initial PSYOP Assessment Criteria: How many reported injuries due to handling each week?

PO C - Increase participation in democratic institutions.

SPOs:

1. TA increases voting registration.

a. PTAL: Orange Tribe males, Orange Tribe females, Red Tribe males, Red Tribe females.

b. Initial PSYOP Assessment Criteria: How many registered to vote on a daily basis?

2. TA increases voting in elections.

a. PTAL: Orange Tribe males (18+), Orange Tribe females (18+), Red Tribe males (18+), Red Tribe

females (18+), Green Tribe males (18+), Green Tribe females (18+).

b. Initial PSYOP Assessment Criteria: How many voted in the most recent election?

TAB B

DTG

PSYOP APPROVAL PROCESS

1. SITUATION: This appendix outlines the internal approval process within XX HQ for the staffing and

approval of PSYOP series.

2. MISSION: See base appendix.

3. EXECUTION:

a. Concept of the Operation: To make PSYOP timely and responsive in XX operations, the internal

staffing and approval process must be as quick and simple as possible. Commander XX, or his

designated approval authority, is the sole decision maker on the approval or disapproval of PSYOP

series.

b. Where Approval Maintained at the XX Level:

c. Staffing and Approval Process:

(1) Staffing: The A/9POB TPDD Commander is responsible for the packaging, staffing, and final

disposition of all staffed PSYOP series. The A/9POB TPDD commander will conduct internal

staffing per SOP and then staff all series approval requests, simultaneously, with the information

operations coordinator, SJA, and public affairs officer. These staffing agencies will not have

approval or disapproval authority over any PSYOP series. For planned operations, the A/9POB

TPDD commander will submit PSYOP series staffing requests at 0800. IF NO RESPONSE IS

RECEIVED BY CLOSE OF BUSINESS ON THE DAY OF SUBMISSION, CONCURRENCE IS

ASSUMED AND THE SERIES APPROVAL REQUEST WILL ENTER THE APPROVAL CHAIN.

After completion of the staffing process, the A/9POB TPDD commander will consolidate comments

and prepare the request for entry into the approval process. Staffing sections will make comments

CLASSIFICATION

Figure B-1. PSYOP Tab example (continued)

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FM 3-05.301

30 August 2007

Sample PSYOP Formats

CLASSIFICATION

on the form provided or will attach a point paper with their comments about the series. SERIES

STAFFING REQUESTS WILL NOT RETURN TO THE TPDD FOR CHANGES AT ANY POINT IN

THIS PROCESS UNTIL FINAL APPROVAL OR DISAPPROVAL. After completion of the staffing

process, the A/9POB TPDD commander will consolidate comments and prepare the request for

entry into the approval process, including any considerations of nonconcurrence as a result of

staffing.

(2) Approval: After all staffing actions are completed, PSYOP series approval requests are submitted

to the G-3 for review and comment. All staffing sections’ comments will be available for review with

explanations or comments from the A/9POB TPDD commander. The G-3 recommends approval

or disapproval and forwards the request through the chief of staff to the XX commander or his

designated approval authority for final approval.

(3) Postapproval or disapproval actions: Following the XX commander‘s final decision, the A/9POB

TPDD commander will incorporate any changes directed by the approval chain and will prepare

the series for execution. If the series is disapproved, the A/9POB TPDD commander will file the

request and determine if an alternate means to achieve the same desired effect can be

developed. All staffing and approval sheets will be maintained on file with the A/9POB TPDD

commander for the duration of the operation.

4. SERVICE SUPPORT: See base appendix.

5. COMMAND AND SIGNAL: See base appendix.

TAB C

DTG

CLASSIFICATION

Figure B-1. PSYOP Tab example (continued)

CLASSIFICATION

PSYOP SITREP

MISSION: Operation RAGING EAGLE

SUBJECT: TPD SITREP Number

PERIOD COVERED:

1. PSYOP FORCES: Include status of personnel here; ensure that total numbers are included. Include

PSYOP support systems and sensitive items—such as weapons, night vision goggles, protective masks,

loudspeakers, Risographs, print presses, or radio stations, by element.

a. Deployed.

b. Attached.

c. Detached.

d. Principal Duty.

2. PAST OPERATIONS: Summarize the key activities of the last 24 hours in which PSYOP forces

participated. Do not provide details here, as they will be covered elsewhere.

3. CURRENT OPERATIONS: List the major focus of ongoing and planned PSYOP the next 24 hours.

4. FUTURE OPERATIONS: List any missions that are upcoming in the next 48 hours that PSYOP will be

supporting. Inform higher HQ if there will be any problems with executing PSYOP series as directed.

CLASSIFICATION

Figure B-2. PSYOP SITREP example

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FM 3-05.301

B-5

Appendix B

CLASSIFICATION

5. IMPACT INDICATORS AND SUMMARY: Detail the results of any patrols, dissemination missions,

surveys, media meetings, and any impact indicators (answers to PSYOP evaluation criteria). Also attach

any requested pretest and posttest results in tabular data here. This paragraph is the location to detail

any PSYOP-relevant information for future use. List all products disseminated, locations of dissemination,

and quantities of products disseminated per location.

6. LOGISTICS:

a. Maintenance Status: Identify any non-mission-capable equipment here. If needing help with

maintenance, request that here.

b. Supply Status: List any supplies needed here, by quantity and priority.

c. Available Assets: All available PSYOP assets—such as loudspeakers, radio equipment, and vehicles.

d. Sensitive Items Report: Initial report: Entire inventory, by serial number. Subsequent reports: Status

only.

7. PRODUCT REQUEST: Identify any products needed from the existing inventory in this location. Request

products by product number and quantity.

8. COMMANDER’S COMMENTS: The senior PSYOP representative makes any necessary comments here.

CLASSIFICATION

Figure B-2. PSYOP SITREP example (continued)

Trip Report

Unit Attention

Line Date_________

MEMORANDUM THRU Commander, Product Development Company, XXX Psychological Operations

Battalion (Airborne), Fort Bragg, NC 28310 [if applicable] Commander, XXX Psychological Operations

Battalion (Airborne), ATTN: S-3, Fort Bragg, NC 28310

Commander, Xth Psychological Operations Group (Airborne), ATTN: S-3, Fort Bragg, NC 28310 FOR

Commander, United States Army

SUBJECT: Trip Report, ______________________

1. REFERENCES: (Examples are JCET joint mission commander’s responsibilities, other related message

traffic, initiating directives, and so on.)

2. MISSION: (PSYOP-specific mission.)

3. TASK ORGANIZATION: (Show where/how PSYOP fit into the exercise organization.)

4. CONCEPT OF OPERATION:

a. Overview. (In one paragraph, provide a synopsis of the mission. Synopsis will cover all events from

start to finish.)

b. Phases. (Break down exercise into phases specific to PSYOP Soldiers.)

c. PSYOP Training. (Briefly describe PSYOP-specific training that is planned.)

Figure B-3. Trip report format

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FM 3-05.301

30 August 2007

Sample PSYOP Formats

5. SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES:

a. Itinerary. (In chronological order, list the major/significant events or activities that occurred during the

conference.)

b. Highlights of Coordination Activities. (This area will be specific. Write as if someone else will attend the

next event. Write as if you are taking over a new mission in mid-stream and this document is the only

continuity/handoff you will receive. Subparagraphs can include, but are not limited to, military

interdepartmental purchase request

(MIPR)/budget requirements, communications, transportation,

memorandums of agreement, programs of instruction, training locations/facilities, billeting,

rations/meals, laundry, medical facilities, or future planning conferences.)

c. Points of Contact. (List POCs with job title, phone, address, and e-mail.)

6. ISSUES: (Summary of issues. Be specific.)

a. Issue: #1.

(1) Discussion.

(2) Recommendation.

b. Issue: #2.

(1) Discussion.

(2) Recommendation.

7. EXERCISE MILESTONES: (In chronological order, list all relevant dates, conferences, suspenses, and so

on. Publish subsequent milestones as truth changes.)

8. POINT OF CONTACT AND PHONE NUMBER:

Signature Block

Enclosures (Can include, but are not limited to, memorandums of understanding, MIPR requests, operating

fund requests, calendars, and so on.)

Figure B-3. Trip report format (continued)

Headquarters

Place

Date, time, and zone

PSYOP ESTIMATE OF THE SITUATION NO._______

(U) REFERENCES:

a. ( ) List maps and charts.

b. ( ) Include other relevant documents (SPSs, SPAs, and intelligence estimates).

(1) ( ) When the PSYOP estimate is distributed outside the issuing HQ, the first line of the heading is

the official designation of the issuing command, and the final page of the estimate is modified to

include authentication by the originating section, division, or other official, according to local

policy.

(2) ( ) Normally, PSYOP estimates are numbered sequentially within a calendar year. The estimate is

usually distributed as an appendix to the operations annex.

Figure B-4. PSYOP estimate format

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FM 3-05.301

B-7

Appendix B

1. ( ) MISSION.

a. ( ) Supported unit’s restated mission resulting from mission analysis.

b. ( ) PSYOP mission statement. Describe the PSYOP mission to support the maneuver commander’s

mission.

2. ( ) SITUATION AND CONSIDERATION.

a. ( ) Characteristics of the AO.

(1) ( ) Weather. How will weather affect the dissemination of PSYOP products and access to TAs?

(Winds - leaflet drops; precipitation - print products.) End Product - PSYOP Weather Overlay.

(2) ( ) Terrain. How will terrain affect dissemination of PSYOP products and movement of tactical

PSYOP elements? End Product - PSYOP Terrain Overlay.

(3) ( ) Analysis of media infrastructure. (Location and broadcast range of radio and TV broadcast

facilities, retransmission towers, print facilities, distribution and dissemination nodes;

identification of denied areas [not accessible by particular medium].) End Product - PSYOP

Media Infrastructure Overlay.

b. ( ) Key target sets. (Note: These sets will be further refined into a PTAL. The TAs will then be analyzed

and further refined during the TAA process.) (Reason: FM 101-5 labels this section “Enemy Forces.”

This is not the only target set that PSYOP Soldiers will have to deal with. To fully support the

supported unit commander, PSYOP Soldiers must consider all key target sets, not solely enemy

forces.) PSYOP key target set overlays (hostile, friendly, neutral) include the following:

(1) ( ) Hostile target sets. For each hostile target set, identify strength, disposition, composition,

capabilities (ability to conduct propaganda, ability to help or hinder the PSYOP effort), and

probable COAs as they relate to PSYOP.

(2) ( ) Friendly target sets. For each friendly target set, identify strength, disposition, composition,

capabilities (ability to conduct propaganda, ability to help or hinder the PSYOP effort), and

probable COAs as they relate to PSYOP.

(3) ( ) Neutral target sets. (Include target sets whose attitudes are unknown.) For each neutral target

set, identify strength, disposition, composition, capabilities (ability to conduct propaganda, ability

to help or hinder the PSYOP effort), and probable COAs as they relate to PSYOP.

c. ( ) Friendly forces.

(1) ( ) Supported unit COAs. State the COAs under consideration and the PSYOP-specific

requirements needed to support each COA.

(2) ( ) Current status of organic personnel and resources. State availability of organic personnel and

resources needed to support each COA under consideration. Consider PSYOP-specific

personnel, other military occupational specialties (MOSs), and availability of PSYOP-specific

equipment.

(3) ( ) Current status of nonorganic personnel and resources. State availability of nonorganic

resources needed to support each COA. Consider linguistic support, COMMANDO SOLO,

leaflet-dropping aircraft, and USAR PSYOP forces.

(4) ( ) Comparison of requirements versus capabilities and recommended solutions. Compare PSYOP

requirements for each COA with current PSYOP capabilities. List recommended solutions for

any shortfall in capabilities.

(5) ( ) Key considerations (evaluation criteria) for COA supportability. List evaluation criteria to be

used in COA analysis and COA comparison.

d. ( ) Assumptions. State assumptions about the PSYOP situation made for this estimate. (For example,

Assumption: Enemy propaganda broadcast facilities will be destroyed by friendly forces not later

than [NLT] D+2.)

3. ( ) ANALYSIS OF COAs.

a. ( ) Analyze each COA from the PSYOP point of view to determine its advantages and disadvantages

for conducting PSYOP. The level of command, scope of contemplated operations, and urgency of

need determine the detail in which the analysis is made.

Figure B-4. PSYOP estimate format (continued)

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Sample PSYOP Formats

b. ( ) The evaluation criteria listed in paragraph 2.c.(5) above establish the elements to be analyzed for

each COA under consideration. Examine these factors realistically and include appropriate

considerations that may have an impact on the PSYOP situation as it affects the COAs.

(Throughout the analysis, the staff officer must keep PSYOP considerations foremost in his mind.

The analysis is not intended to produce a decision, but to ensure that all applicable PSYOP factors

have been considered and are the basis of paragraphs 4 and 5.)

4. ( ) COMPARISON OF COAs.

a. ( ) Compare the proposed COAs to determine the one that offers the best chance of success from the

PSYOP point of view. List the advantages and disadvantages of each COA affecting PSYOP.

Comparison should be visually supported by a decision matrix.

b. ( ) Develop and compare methods of overcoming disadvantages, if any, in each COA.

c. ( ) State a general conclusion on the COA that offers the best chance of success from a PSYOP

perspective.

5. ( ) RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS.

a. ( ) Recommended COA based on comparison (most supportable from the PSYOP perspective). Rank

COAs from best to worst.

b. ( ) Issues, deficiencies, and risks for each COA, with recommendations to reduce their impact.

(signed) _____________________

G-3/G-7 PSYOP Officer

ANNEXES:

DISTRIBUTION:

Figure B-4. PSYOP estimate format (continued)

Header Data:

a. Include date and analyst name.

b. Define supporting PSYOP objective.

c. Define target audience.

d. Include classification.

Effectiveness:

a. Define the specific desired behavior.

b. Consider TA’s authority, power, and control.

c. Consider any restrictions on TA.

d. Consider how success with the TA would affect overall SPO.

e. Rate on scale of 0 to 5.

If effectiveness rating is 0, 1, or 2, stop analysis and select another TA.

Conditions:

a. Identify conditions by using cause-and-effect analysis.

b. Define the TA’s current behavior.

c. Identify the motivations and consequences of the TA’s current behavior.

d. Understand that conditions can be internal and external.

e. Categorize causes as Economic, Political, Social/Cultural, Environmental/Physical, or

Military/Security.

Understand that Effects/Consequences are positive, negative, and secondary.

Figure B-5. TAAW checklist

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FM 3-05.301

B-9

Appendix B

g. Number sequentially.

h. Note sources.

Note assumptions.

Vulnerabilities:

a. Define as characteristics, motives, or conditions of the TA that can be used to influence behavior.

b. Derive four types of vulnerabilities: motives, psychographics, demographics, and symbols.

c. Understand that vulnerabilities may not be directly related to SPO behavior, but evoke a

consistent/predictable emotional or behavioral response from the TA.

d. Cite any conditions linked to each motive.

Susceptibility:

a. Define as likelihood that the TA will be open to persuasion.

b. Assess Perceived Risks, Perceived Rewards, and Consistency with values and beliefs for the TA to

engage in the desired behavior.

c. Rate on scale of 1 to 5.

d. Make recommendation on how to proceed with the TA, focusing on a PSYOP argument or

PSYACTs, or combination of both, and possibly other TAs to target first or simultaneously.

Accessibility:

a. List each medium individually.

b. Give each medium its own rating from 1 to 5.

c. Explain each rating—pros and cons.

PSYOP Argument/PSYACTs:

a. Include guidance for the development of a PSYOP series of products and actions.

b. Include a main argument, supporting arguments, appeal, and techniques for the PSYOP argument.

c. Understand that the main argument is the conclusion that PSYOP Soldiers want the TA to reach.

d. Understand that supporting arguments lead to a conclusion and are derived from vulnerabilities and

conditions.

e. Understand that techniques are persuasion and influence tactics that PSYOP Soldiers can use to

deliver the supporting arguments.

Consider vulnerabilities when recommending techniques and when developing specific products and

actions.

g. Understand that PSYACTs are actions taken by other than PSYOP forces to influence TA behavior.

h. Derive recommended PSYACTs from vulnerabilities and consequences with the intent of changing

conditions of the TA.

Understand that PSYACTs are recommended and coordinated by PSYOP Soldiers, but planned

and executed by the supported unit/other agency.

Refined Assessment Criteria:

a. Refine the Initial PSYOP Assessment Criteria determined during planning.

b. Include measurable and observable impact indicators based upon the current/desired behavior of

the TA.

c. Phrase as a question that when answered, over time, will assist in determining achievement of the

SPO.

Figure B-5. TAAW checklist (continued)

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Sample PSYOP Formats

Enclosure 4 (Target Audience Analysis Work Sheet) to Change 1 to Tab D (Psychological Operations) to

Appendix 3 (Information Operations) to Annex C (Operations) to XX Operation Order Number X

TARGET AUDIENCE ANALYSIS WORK SHEET

Analyst Name: SGT Smith

Date: 15MAY06

SPO: TA votes in June national elections

TA: Red Tribe Males Age 18+ in Nashburg

1) EFFECTIVENESS

Desired Behavior: Red Tribe males (voting age) register to vote and vote in upcoming June national

elections.

What degree of power, control, or authority does the TA have in regard to the targeted behavior?

The TA has the undisputed right to register and vote in the national election, and has free access to

registration and voting sites. Traditionally, males are considered the head of household and make decisions

for the family. Therefore, if members of the TA decide to vote, they are likely to influence female members of

their household to vote as well.

What restrictions affect the TA in regard to the targeted behavior?

The Red Tribe leadership has announced that they are boycotting the elections. In the TA’s culture,

emphasis is placed on obeying the leaders of their tribe. Most TA members will feel compelled to obey their

tribal leaders, and may be shunned (social restriction) by other members of the tribe if they vote in defiance

of the boycott.

If the TA takes the desired action, what is the overall effect on the SPO?

While the Red Tribe only makes up 20 percent of the overall population in Nashburg, they are the largest

ethnic group actively boycotting the elections. If the TA is convinced to vote, this will have a significant effect

on the overall accomplishment of the SPO. Additionally, some White Tribe members may end their opposition

to the elections as well.

RATING: 3 (Moderately effective)

2) CONDITIONS

Current Behavior: Red Tribe

males in Nashburg are refraining from registering to vote and are threatening

to boycott upcoming government elections.

CAUSES

External:

(1) Red Tribe political party candidate, Abu Hasan Al Hussein, withdrew from the election race in April,

citing threats against him and his family, evidently from militia groups loosely linked to Sheik Khaled

Kasim, Blue Tribe leader and current province governor. (Intel report 345-03)

(2) A long history of ethnic discrimination exists between the Red Tribe and members of the Blue Tribe;

ongoing ethnic tensions have resulted in numerous incidents between the two groups. (SPA dated

04APR06)

(3) Drought conditions in and around the Nashburg area for the last 2 years has caused widespread

hunger leading to discontent with the provisional government among the TA. (SPA page 3 dated

12MAY06)

(4) Prior to coalition operations, the Red Tribe dominated Nashburg government. With the fall of the old

regime, Blue Tribe, the clear majority, has gained significant power in the provisional government.

Red Tribe members are increasingly disenfranchised with the political process, disgruntled by their

loss of power in the region, and concerned about their tribe’s future prosperity. (SPA page 8 dated

20MAY06)

(5) Unemployment rate for the TA is estimated at 35 percent. (Provisional government report dated

03AUG 06)

Figure B-6. TAAW example

30 August 2007

FM 3-05.301

B-11

Appendix B

Internal:

(6) TA believes that Blue Tribe members are taking all the good-paying jobs in the area. (Nashburg

Times news article dated 04JUL06, TPT 952 SITREP 12JUL06)

(7) TA believes that only candidates from their own tribe would represent them fairly if elected.

(Statements by tribal leadership reported in Nashburg Times article dated 14JUL06)

(8) TA perceives the new government as a puppet of the coalition. (Statement by Red Tribe Leader Sheik

Omar Hussein following installment of provisional government, 04MAY06)

(9) TA believes that Blue Tribe leadership has taken control of election process, and widespread “ballot

box stuffing” can be expected, consequently Red Tribe has no chance for a fair election. (Statements

taken from meeting between COL Jones and Grand Sheik Mahmoud, Red Tribal Supreme Elder,

28APR06)

(10) TA perceives that their participation does not matter, because they are such a small minority. The

only position that will matter is the Prime Minister, and he will be from the Blue Tribe (Interviews with

TA, TPT 345 SITREP dated 08MAY07.)

EFFECTS

Positive Consequences:

(11) TA avoids potential retribution from Blue Tribe militia groups. (Interviews with TA, TPT 345 SITREP

dated 08MAY07.)

(12) They are following the guidance of respected tribal leaders… doing the “right thing.” (Assumption)

(13) Gain/maintain respect of peers for following tribal leadership. (Assumption)

(14) By not participating, delegitimizes the election results. (AP news story, 07MAY06)

(15) Act of defiance. (Statements by tribal leadership reported in Nashburg Times article dated 14JUL06.)

Negative Consequences:

(16) Red tribe will have no representation in the new government of Nashburg. (Assumption)

(17) Increased disenfranchisement of TA from the political process. (Assumption)

(18) Blue Tribe will further dominate government positions in Nashburg, gain more power and influence.

(Assumption)

Secondary Consequences:

(19) White Tribe boycotting elections after Red Tribe leaders announced their boycott. (INTSUM 234-12)

(20) Weakening of the provisional government’s authority/legitimacy in the international community.

(Reuters article 09MAY06)

(21) United Nations sending delegation to oversee and evaluate election preparations and voting

procedures (CCDR Brief dated 12MAY06)

3) VULNERABILITIES

Motives

(1) TA wants equal representation in the government. (Conditions 4/7/9)

(2) TA wants increased power and influence in Nashburg. (Condition 4)

(3) TA wants security from Blue Tribe militia intimidation. (Conditions 1/2)

(4) TA wants jobs/employment. (Conditions 3/5/6)

Demographics

(1) Members of the TA over age 50 have lived through the last three civil wars and, consequently, are

highly cynical of efforts by the new government to establish a democratic system. (Interviews with TA,

TPT 345 SITREP dated 08MAY07.)

(2) The TA lives in an extremely remote and mountainous region, and information from the outside is

very scarce. Consequently, the TA is very open to any sources of information and will actively seek

out any sources available. (SPA, JUN 05)

(3) TA has an 85 percent literacy rate. (Central Intelligence Agency World Fact Book, 2006)

Psychographics

(1) TA considers any effeminate characteristics/actions by males to be very shameful/embarrassing. This

includes crying, caring for children, housework, and physical displays of affection such as holding

hands and hugging between men. (SPS, NOV 2001)

Figure B-6. TAAW example (continued)

B-12

FM 3-05.301

30 August 2007

Sample PSYOP Formats

(2) Red Tribe males are expected to work outside the home and provide for their immediate family and

often other elderly/infirm members of their extended family. (SPS dated 20NOV01)

(3) TA places a high value on education and will make great sacrifices to ensure the best education for

their children.

(4) TA is frustrated by the lack of access to quality medical care. (Interviews with TA, TPT 345 SITREP

dated 08MAY07.)

(5) TA is frustrated by lack of progress on reconstruction efforts, particularly in districts of Nashburg

dominated by Red Tribe. (Interviews with TA, TPT 345 SITREP dated 08MAY07.)

Symbols

(1) A red lion standing on top of a mountain conjures feelings of pride and honor. (Interviews with TA,

TPT 345 SITREP dated 08MAY07.)

(2) Any symbols that contain a large lidless eye are considered to be associated with witchcraft/evil,

which the TA finds highly disturbing. (SPA, dated MAY 06)

(3) Clasped hands, one on top of the other (see attached image) is a “universal” sign in the AO of unity

and agreement. (Interviews with TA, TPT 345 SITREP dated 08MAY07.)

(4) Image of Ameer Al Kareem, former monarch in the 1930s. His image is closely associated with the

“golden years” of Patriotsville, when the area was very prosperous, and Red, White, and Blue Tribes

were relatively united. (Interviews with TA, TPT 345 SITREP dated 08MAY07.)

(5)

“Lone Branch” (see attached image) is the symbol of loneliness, solitude. This is a negative image,

most often associated with someone who has been cast out or forced out of the tribe. (SPA dated

15MAY06)

5) SUSCEPTIBILITY

What are the perceived risks (negative consequences) by the TA to engage in the desired behavior?

If they vote, they disobey the will of their tribal leadership, and risk social criticism and diminished social

status in the community. Since they believe that the election will not be fair, if they vote, they feel they will be

legitimizing the new government, which is dominated by the rival Blue Tribe and the “puppet” of the coalition.

(Moderate risk)

What are the perceived rewards (positive consequences) by the TA to engage in the desired

behavior?

This is the difficulty… there is little perceived reward for the TA to vote, based upon their existing beliefs that

the elections will be corrupted,

and that their minority status denies them any real voice in the new

government. TA must believe that elections will be fair, and that the TA will be duly represented in the new

government system. (Low-to-moderate rewards)

How consistent is the desired behavior with the values and beliefs of the TA?

Voting in a democratic election

is very consistent with the values and beliefs of the TA. Tribal law states that

every man in the tribe has a voice at community meetings, and democratic ideals have been debated in the

society for decades. However, acting against the will of tribal leaders is NOT consistent with values and

beliefs. Several traditional “moral” stories among the Red Tribe center around a similar storyline, “the young

not obeying/listening to the tribal elders, and getting into trouble.” (Somewhat consistent)

RATING: 3

RECOMMENDATION: TA is mainly lacking information on the measures being taken to ensure fair elections,

the benefits of voting, and the new government structure. A PSYOP series focused mainly on informational

products could be very influential; however, the Red Tribe leadership’s support is crucial to influencing this

TA to vote. Recommend PSYACTs focused on drawing leadership into political process, and perhaps a

separate PSYOP series for the TA: Nashburg Red Tribe leadership.

6) ACCESSIBILITY

Radio: Nashburg has three radio stations that operate: IKJF, IABC, and ILVM. IKJF broadcasts at 91.5

megahertz (MHz) from a 10 kilowatt (kW) transmitter located at BD23679754. IABC broadcasts at 880

kilohertz (kHz) from a 5 kW transmitter located at BD23729688. ILVM broadcasts at 98.5 MHz from a 15 kW

transmitter located at BD25049563. The three radio stations operate from 0600 until 2200. Approximately 85

percent of the adult population listens to at least 2 hours of programming per day that is commonly a mix of

morning hour and evening hour entertainment. The most common programming is entertainment. This

entertainment is almost exclusively music consisting of both regional and modern western formats. All three

stations are known to be moderately antigovernment.

Figure B-6. TAAW example (continued)

30 August 2007

FM 3-05.301

B-13

Appendix B

Advantages: High percentage of TA has access to and receives information from radio broadcasts.

Disadvantages: TA listens mostly for entertainment; therefore, lengthy advertisements or other

announcements may cause the TA to change the station or turn off its radios.

Rating: 4

Newspapers: Two newspapers are currently produced and in circulation within Nashburg.

(1) The Nashburg Times is a moderately coalition-supportive publication that is a semiweekly. Circulation

for The Nashburg Times is estimated at 10,000 copies per edition. It is generally disseminated

throughout the day near marketplaces and public buildings and areas by hand (such as the street

corner paperboy of the early 1900s in the United States). This publication is almost exclusively black

and white. When color is used, it is only to add importance and to draw the attention of the reader.

Pages one and two of the paper are local news articles that are of major interest; the TA is actively

engaged in this portion of the paper, especially letters to the editors.

(2) The Nashburg Voice is an anticoalition publication that is biweekly. This publication is almost

exclusively black and white. When color is used, it is only to add importance and to draw the attention

of the reader. Circulation for The Nashburg Voice is estimated at 3,500 copies per edition. The

publication is generally disseminated within specific neighborhoods known to be supportive of Red

militia activities. When and how dissemination is conducted is unknown.

Advantages: Both papers are widely read beyond actual distribution numbers. Both papers have relatively

low-cost advertising rates.

Disadvantages: Neither paper is capable of full color. The Nashburg Voice is unlikely to publish anything

procoalition regardless of proposed monetary compensation. The Nashburg Times, although procoalition, is

regarded as having slightly suspect credibility with the TA.

Rating: 3

TV: ICBS is the only TV station available in XX. It leans toward the progovernment side. It airs from 0700 to

2200 daily. News programming dominates the time slots from 0700 to 1000 and from 1800 to 2000. All other

time slots are entertainment-based, carrying multiple shows via satellite from other countries. Men who are

employed generally view the TV between 0700 and 0800, and from 1800 to 2000 for the news. Those who

are unemployed generally watch

the TV off and on throughout the day. Commercials are shorter than the

common blocks found in U.S. programming. Each commercial is generally 20 seconds long, with a total

commercial block of 1 minute. The government is currently using commercials to disseminate civic-action

program information. The TA does not turn to the TV for editorial-type programming. It seems to be more

concerned with gathering information that will improve the quality of life.

Advantages: There is a large viewership during the evening hours. ICBS is generally eager to air any

information that is helpful to the citizens.

Disadvantages: Credibility is still questioned by the TA. Under the previous regime, information was

routinely censored and manipulated. Any information disseminated via TV must be true and accurate.

Anything offered or promised that is not exact will increase the lack of trust.

Rating: 3

Handbills: TA is used to seeing handbills in the range of 5 inches by 7 inches, up to 7 inches by 9 inches.

They are normally used by religious leaders to provide information about celebrations or ceremonies and

commonly disseminated at locations such as the marketplace. The literacy rate in adults (age 16 and over) is

75 percent (82 percent for males, 68 percent for females). Complex thoughts, words, and sentence structures

are frequently used. Most of the handbills the TA has seen are of photocopy quality. Most are strictly black

and white with only a few religious symbols on them. Color is not used as a general rule because of a lack of

color copiers. A prototype may be printed in color; however, mass production is usually done through a copy

machine.

Advantages: Handbills are long-term. There is a sense of permanency because they are easy to store and

keep. This may allow the TA to be exposed to the same PSYOP arguments several times by the same

product, thus reinforcing the arguments. The TA generally trusts the handbills as a source of accurate

information, especially when the TA receives the handbills from a respected religious leader or

representative.

Figure B-6. TAAW example (continued)

B-14

FM 3-05.301

30 August 2007

Sample PSYOP Formats

Disadvantages: The relatively small size does not allow for much explanation of the PSYOP arguments.

Product text must be short and to the point. There is a risk of reprisals if the TA is caught with them.

Rating: 4

Face-to-Face Communication: Face-to-face communication is a common method for the TA to convey

opinions and other types of information. Whether it is through loudspeakers or public address systems

(common means of dissemination used at marketplaces or public gatherings), or through speeches, debates,

or general conversation, the TA seems to enjoy engaging others. Religious leaders and representatives are

highly regarded and often address groups of people. The TA’s culture lends itself to face-to-face

communication, as it feels it can see through the words and truly judge the message by the appearance of

the communicator.

Advantages: TA will readily engage in conversation when it does not feel threatened. This method of

dissemination allows for questions and further explanation. This in turn allows for the TA to obtain more

information that can be tailored individually to convey the idea presented.

Disadvantages: The TA may be leery of engaging U.S. or coalition forces due to the fear of reprisals. Use of

translators without rehearsals can also lead to confusion in the conversation. This method also can allow the

TA to dwell on a single thought, which can become a roadblock to moving the conversation toward a goal.

Rating: 4

7) ARGUMENTS/PSYACTs

Main Argument: Red Tribe members voting in secure and fair elections will lead to a truly representative

government for Patriotsville and a better future for the Red Tribe.

Supporting Arguments:

(1) Coalition forces and Patriotsville security forces will ensure the safety of all voters.

(2) United Nations advisors will be overseeing the election and working to ensure fair results.

(3) Government representation

(through voting) will improve Red Tribe’s power and influence in

Nashburg.

(4) Newly elected government will represent all citizens of Patriotsville.

(5) By not voting, Red Tribe influence will continue to diminish, while the Blue Tribe grows in power and

prestige.

(6) Although the Red Tribe

a minority, each tribe gets to elect several delegates regardless of the

overall numbers.

(7) Government representation will result in government support for medical care, reconstruction,

employment, and education.

Appeal: Self-interest (appeal to loss).

Techniques: Common man and compare and contrast.

Recommended PSYACTs:

(1) Arrange meeting between Red Tribe leadership and provisional government.

(2) Coordinate media events

(with public affairs) putting out information on how new government

structure will represent all tribes.

8) REFINED ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

Desired behavior: Red Tribe males (voting age) in Nashburg register to vote and cast ballots in upcoming

June national elections.

Current behavior: Red Tribe males in Nashburg are refraining from registering to vote and are threatening

to boycott upcoming government elections.

Initial assessment criteria: How many citizens voted in the elections?

Refined assessment criteria: How many Red Tribe males 18+ registered and voted in the June elections?

Figure B-6. TAAW example (continued)

30 August 2007

FM 3-05.301

B-15

Appendix B

Table B-1. Quick-reference guide to PSYOP input to the MDMP

Information Sources

MDMP Task

(Inputs)

PSYOP Actions

PSYOP Results

RECEIPT OF

• Higher HQ

•

Understand higher HQ

• General overview

MISSION—

OPLAN/OPORD.

of current situation.

PHASE 1

• Commander’s initial

•

Receive the commander’s

• PSYOP input to

guidance.

initial guidance.

initial WARNORD.

• Higher HQ PSYOP

•

Perform an initial PSYOP

• PSYOP estimate

estimate.

assessment. (What can

is begun.

PSYOP do to support?)

• SPA, SPS, and PSYOP

appendix.

•

Prepare for planning.

•

Allocate time to perform

PSYOP tasks.

MISSION

• Higher HQ

•

Understand higher

• Higher HQ mission

ANALYSIS—

OPLAN/OPORD

commander’s intent and

is understood.

(particularly the PSYOP

concept of operation.

ANALYZE THE

• PSYOP-related

HIGHER HQ

Appendix/Tab).

•

Analyze the mission from

tasks assigned to

ORDER—

• Commander’s intent two

a PSYOP perspective.

the unit.

PHASE 2

echelons up.

•

Determine PSYOP-related

(STEP 1)

• Commander’s initial

tasks assigned to the unit

PSYOP guidance.

by higher HQ.

MISSION

• Higher HQ IPB.

•

Perform PSYOP input to

• Weather analysis.

ANALYSIS—

• Higher HQ staff

IPB.

• Terrain analysis.

CONDUCT IPB—

estimates.

•

Identify initial key target

• Media

PHASE 2

sets.

• Higher HQ

infrastructure

(STEP 2)

OPLAN/OPORD.

•

Analyze weather and

analysis.

• SPAs, SPSs, and SSD

terrain as it pertains to

• Target groups

dissemination.

input.

overlay.

• Analyze media

• Other PSYOP IPB

• Nominations to

infrastructure.

sources: Internet, OGAs,

high-value target

HN assets.

• Conduct cultural/religious

(HVT) list for lethal

assessment.

and nonlethal

attack (targeting).

• Initiate PSYOP estimate.

MISSION

• Specified and implied

• Identify specified and

• Initial PSYOP POs,

ANALYSIS—

PSYOP-related tasks

implied PSYOP-related

SPOs, and PTAL.

DETERMINE

from higher HQ

tasks in the higher HQ

• Provide critical

SPECIFIED,

OPLAN/OPORD.

asset list to G-3.

IMPLIED, AND

• Higher HQ estimates.

• Begin development of

• PSYOP input to the

ESSENTIAL

POs, SPOs, and PTAL.

• SPAs, SPSs and SSD

command targeting

TASKS—

input.

• Identify potential

guidance.

PHASE 2

• Other PSYOP IPB

PSYACTs.

(STEP 3)

sources.

• Develop PSYOP input to

the command targeting

guidance.

MISSION

• Current PSYOP force

• Identify organic PSYOP

• List of available

ANALYSIS—

structure.

assets and resources.

PSYOP assets and

REVIEW

capabilities

• PSYOP unit capabilities.

• Identify nonorganic/HN

AVAILABLE

(PSYOP estimate).

additional resources (such

• Complexity of proposed

ASSETS—

as print support assets)

• Submission of

operation/mission.

PHASE 2

needed to execute

requests for

(STEP 4)

• Nonorganic PSYOP

PSYOP.

additional PSYOP

support assets.

resources needed.

• Compare available assets

and resources to PSYOP-

related tasks.

B-16

FM 3-05.301

30 August 2007

Sample PSYOP Formats

Table B-1. Quick-reference guide to PSYOP input to the MDMP (continued)

Information Sources

MDMP Task

(Inputs)

PSYOP Actions

PSYOP Results

MISSION

• Commander’s initial

• Identify constraints

• List of constraints

ANALYSIS—

guidance.

(requirements and

on PSYOP.

DETERMINE

prohibitions) on PSYOP.

• Higher HQ

• Development of

CONSTRAINTS—

OPLAN/OPORD.

• Determine

plan on how to

PHASE 2

Cultural/Religious No-

overcome or

• Availability of resources.

(STEP 5)

Go Areas/Options and

mitigate constraint

• PSYOP-specific ROE

Targeting Restrictions.

issues.

(for example, State

Department

prohibitions/limitations).

MISSION

• Higher HQ

• Identify facts and

• List of facts and

ANALYSIS—

OPLAN/OPORD with

assumptions concerning

assumptions

IDENTIFY CRITICAL

assumptions.

PSYOP elements.

pertinent to

FACTS AND

PSYOP elements

• Commander’s initial

• Submit PSYOP IRs that

ASSUMPTIONS—

(PSYOP estimate).

guidance.

will confirm or disprove

PHASE 2

facts and assumptions.

• Staff estimates.

(STEP 6)

MISSION

• Higher HQ

• Identify and assess

• List of assessed

ANALYSIS—

OPLAN/OPORD.

hazards associated with

hazards to

CONDUCT RISK

conducting PSYOP.

PSYOP.

• IPB.

ASSESSMENT—

• Identify physical threats

• PSYOP input to risk

• Commander’s initial

PHASE 2

to PSYOP forces.

assessment.

guidance.

(STEP 7)

• Begin to determine initial

• List of provisional

PSYOP assessment

PSYOP measures.

criteria.

• Establish provisional

PSYOP measures.

MISSION

• PSYOP IRs.

• Determine information

• PSYOP IRs

ANALYSIS—

needed to make critical

nominated as

DETERMINE

PSYOP decisions or to

CCIR.

INITIAL CCIR—

assess PSYOP actions.

• Initial PSYOP

PHASE 2

(Initial PSYOP

Assessment

(STEP 8)

assessment criteria).

Criteria by SPO

• Identify PSYOP IRs to be

and PTA.

recommended as CCIR.

MISSION

• Initial IPB.

• Identify gaps in

• Submission of any

ANALYSIS—

information needed to

additional PSYOP

• PIR/PSYOP IR.

DETERMINE

support PSYOP planning

IRs.

INITIAL

and to support execution

• Coordination for

RECONNAISSANCE

and assessment of early-

intelligence assets

AND

initiation actions.

that can assist in

SURVEILLANCE

• Confirm that the initial

identifying PSYOP

ANNEX—PHASE 2

reconnaissance and

impact indicators.

(STEP 9)

surveillance annex

includes PSYOP IRs.

30 August 2007

FM 3-05.301

B-17

Appendix B

Table B-1. Quick-reference guide to PSYOP input to the MDMP (continued)

Information Sources

MDMP Task

(Inputs)

PSYOP Actions

PSYOP Results

MISSION

• Revised G-3 time plan.

• Determine time required

• PSYOP timeline

ANALYSIS—

to accomplish PSYOP

(provided to G-3),

PLAN USE OF

tasks (PSYACTs, series

with emphasis on

AVAILABLE TIME—

development, and

the effect of

PHASE 2

analysis).

PSYOP on long

(STEP 10)

lead-time events.

• Compare time available

to accomplish essential

PSYOP tasks within the

higher HQ timeline and

the adversary timeline

developed during IPB.

• Refine initial time

allocation plan.

MISSION

• Initial PSYOP mission.

• Ensure PSYOP

• PSYOP-related

ANALYSIS—WRITE

considerations have

essential tasks.

• Initial PSYOP

THE RESTATED

been included in

objectives.

• Restated PSYOP

MISSION—PHASE 2

restated mission.

mission.

(STEP 11)

MISSION

• PSYOP estimate.

• Prepare to brief PSYOP

• Updated PSYOP

ANALYSIS—

portion of mission

estimate briefed.

• Unit SOP.

CONDUCT MISSION

analysis, much of which

ANALYSIS BRIEFING

is in the PSYOP

—PHASE 2

estimate.

(STEP 12)

• Brief PSYOP estimate.

MISSION

• Restated mission.

• Receive and understand

• None.

ANALYSIS—

the approved mission

• Mission analysis

APPROVE THE

statement.

briefing.

RESTATED

MISSION—PHASE 2

(STEP 13)

MISSION

• Higher HQ

• Develop recommended

• Recommendation

ANALYSIS—

commander’s intent.

PSYOP input to the

of PSYOP input to

DEVELOP INITIAL

commander’s intent.

the commander’s

• Results of mission

COMMANDER’S

intent.

analysis.

INTENT—

PHASE 2

• PSYOP estimate.

(STEP 14)

MISSION

• Higher HQ

• Receive commander’s

• Prepare to develop

ANALYSIS—ISSUE

OPLAN/OPORD.

guidance and

PSYOP input to

COMMANDER’S

understand it as it

COAs that are in

• Mission statement.

GUIDANCE—

pertains to PSYOP.

line with

PHASE 2

• Commander’s intent.

commander’s

• Develop recommended

(STEP 15)

guidance.

PSYOP input to the

commander’s guidance.

• Recommended

PSYOP input to the

commander’s

guidance.

• Recommended

PSYOP targeting

guidance.

B-18

FM 3-05.301

30 August 2007

Sample PSYOP Formats

Table B-1. Quick-reference guide to PSYOP input to the MDMP (continued)

Information Sources

MDMP Task

(Inputs)

PSYOP Actions

PSYOP Results

MISSION

• Commander’s

• Prepare input to the

• WARNORD sent

ANALYSIS—ISSUE

restated mission,

WARNORD. Input may

to unit preparing

WARNING ORDER —

guidance, and intent.

include—

for mission.

PHASE 2

Develop early taskings

(STEP 16)

to subordinate units.

Reconnaissance and

surveillance taskings.

MISSION

• Commander’s

• Review PSYOP facts and

• Updated facts

ANALYSIS—REVIEW

guidance and intent.

assumptions.

and

FACTS AND

assumptions.

• Approved restated

• Write initial PSYOP mission

ASSUMPTIONS—

mission.

statement for appendix or

• PSYOP mission

PHASE 2

tab.

statement to

(STEP 17)

• PSYOP estimate.

supported unit’s

plan.

COA

• IPB.

• Analyze PSYOP effects on

• Determination of

DEVELOPMENT—

TAs.

potential impact

• Task organization.

ANALYZE RELATIVE

• Determine what/where

of PSYOP and

COMBAT POWER—

• PSYOP estimate.

supported unit

PSYOP must be conducted

PHASE 3

to achieve commander’s

actions.

(STEP 1)

objectives and/or counter

enemy actions.

• Analyze psychological/

cultural/ religious impact of

proposed supported unit

actions on TAs.

COA

• Commander’s

• Develop different ways for

• Determination of

DEVELOPMENT—

guidance and intent.

PSYOP to support each

PSYOP concept

GENERATE

COA.

of support for

• IPB.

OPTIONS—

• Determine the appropriate

each COA.

PHASE 3

• PSYOP estimate.

PSYOP forces needed to

(STEP 2)

accomplish each task.

• Determine how to focus

PSYOP on the objective.

• Determine the role of PSYOP

in the decisive and shaping

operations of each COA.

COA

• Mission statement.

• Allocate assets to each

• Initial PSYOP

DEVELOPMENT—

PSYOP concept of support.

asset locations.

• Commander’s

ARRAY INITIAL

• Identify requirements for

• Submission of

guidance and intent.

FORCES—

additional resources.

additional PSYOP

PHASE 3

• IPB.

resource

• Consider if a “deception

(STEP 3)

requirements.

story” needs to be

developed.

• Deception story

proposed to

commander.

30 August 2007

FM 3-05.301

B-19

Appendix B

Table B-1. Quick-reference guide to PSYOP input to the MDMP (continued)

Information Sources

MDMP Task

(Inputs)

PSYOP Actions

PSYOP Results

COA

• COAs.

For each COA—

DEVELOPMENT—

• Ensure all PSYOP elements’

• IPB.

• PSYOP-related

DEVELOP SCHEME

actions are coordinated.

HPT nominations

OF MANEUVER—

• Determined PSYOP

• Nominate selected HVTs as

are submitted.

PHASE 3

support concept.

high-payoff targets (HPTs).

• PSYOP execution

(STEP 4)

• PSYOP estimate.

• Refine PSYOP risk

timeline is

assessment.

determined.

• Develop initial PSYOP task

• PSYOP input to

execution timeline.

risk management

• Develop initial assessment

plan is submitted.

criteria for PSYOP support

• Initial PSYOP

to each COA.

assessment criteria

• Consider any support

are determined.

required for PSYOP to

• Support request is

execute its mission.

prepared to submit

• Develop PSYOP

if COA is chosen.

assessment plan.

• Conduct a risk assessment

for each PSYOP COA.

COA

•

IPB.

• Develop task-organization

• Submission of

DEVELOPMENT—

recommendation for

task-organization

•

COA with its

ASSIGN

PSYOP units.

recommendation

corresponding

HEADQUARTERS—

for PSYOP units

PSYOP support

PHASE 3

and resources to

concept.

(STEP 5)

tasks assigned.

•

PSYOP estimate.

•

PSYOP tasks by

element.

COA

•

COA statement.

• Prepare input for each COA

• Submission of

DEVELOPMENT—

statement/sketch to G-3.

input for each COA

•

PSYOP concepts of

PREPARE COA

statement/sketch.

support for each

• Prepare PSYOP concept of

STATEMENTS AND

COA.

support sketch for each

SKETCHES—

COA, if needed.

PHASE 3 (STEP 6)

COA ANALYSIS—

• COAs.

• Develop evaluation criteria

• An evaluation of

PHASE 4

for each COA.

each PSYOP COA

• IPB.

in terms of criteria

• Synchronize PSYOP

• PSYOP input work

established before

activities with supported

sheets.

the war game.

unit activities.

• PSYOP execution

For each COA—

• Synchronize PSYOP tasks

timeline.

performed by different

• Refined PSYOP

• PSYOP estimate.

PSYOP elements.

CONOPS.

• War-game friendly PSYOP

• Refined POs.

capabilities against

• Refined PSYOP

adversary vulnerabilities.

tasks.

• War-game cultural/religious

• Refined PSYOP

impact on operations.

input to attack

guidance matrix

and target

synchronization

matrix.

B-20

FM 3-05.301

30 August 2007

Sample PSYOP Formats

Table B-1. Quick-reference guide to PSYOP input to the MDMP (continued)

Information Sources

MDMP Task

(Inputs)

PSYOP Actions

PSYOP Results

COA ANALYSIS—

• War-game adversary

• PSYOP IRs and

PHASE 4

propaganda capabilities

requests for

(CONTINUED)

against friendly

information

vulnerabilities, cultural/

identified during

religious use as enemy

war game.

force multiplier.

• Refined EEFI and

•

Refine and synchronize

PSYOP

PSYOP targeting guidance

vulnerabilities.

and HPT list.

• Completion of

•

Ensure PSYOP elements

paragraph 3,

have required time and

PSYOP estimate.

resources for each COA.

• Submission of

•

Determine decision points

PSYOP input

and coordination

to G-3

requirements for executing

synchronization

PSYOP measures.

matrix.

•

Ensure COA is consistent

• Submission of

with higher PSYOP plans.

PSYOP input to

HPT list.

COA

• COA evaluations from

•

Compare the COAs with

• PSYOP advantages

COMPARISON—

COA analysis.

each other to determine the

and disadvantages

PHASE 5

advantages and

for each COA.

• COA evaluation

disadvantages of each.

criteria.

• Determination of

Cultural/religious feasibility/

which COA

• PSYOP estimate.

acceptability/suitability.

is most supportable

•

Determine which COA is

from a PSYOP

most supportable from a

perspective.

PSYOP perspective.

• PSYOP COA

•

Determine which COA

decision matrix.

contributes most to

• Completion of

achievement of the most

paragraph 4,

critical SPOs.

PSYOP estimate.

COA

• Results from COA

•

Provide PSYOP input to

• Finalized PSYOP

APPROVAL—

comparison.

COA recommendation.

CONOPS to

PHASE 6

approved COA.

• Recommended COA.

•

Reevaluate PSYOP input to

the commander’s guidance

• Finalized POs,

• PSYOP estimate.

and intent; refine PSYOP

SPOs, PTAL, and

concept of support, POs,

Initial PSYOP

SPOs, and PSYOP tasks for

Assessment

selected COA.

Criteria.

• PSYOP input to

•

Prepare PSYOP input to

WARNORD.

the WARNORD.

•

Participate in COA decision

briefing.

30 August 2007

FM 3-05.301

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Military reference books and manuals (2009-2023, Volume 8) - page 7