Military reference books and manuals (2009-2023, Volume 7)

Army GEOINT Implementation

Dissemination Methods

5-31. There are differences in dissemination methods for national, commercial, and aircraft systems. The

Image Product Library and the USAF Geospatial Product Library provide standard GEOINT and USAF

produced GI&S data that may have been derived from all three sources. Separate systems exist as the

primary dissemination method for each collection system.

National Systems

5-32. The National Information Library is the primary online system for storage of information derived

from national imagery systems. The command information library is a system that allows higher echelons

to make their GEOINT data available to and accessible by lower echelons. Both systems are capable of

push and pull dissemination. WARP may be used to research and download NTM imagery. WARP is on

JWICS and SIPRNET.

Commercial Systems

5-33. There are several dissemination systems used to distribute information derived from commercial

overhead systems. NGA has created a system known as the WARP unclassified national information

library for commercial imagery dissemination. The WARP unclassified national information library can be

accessed at https://warp.nga.mil. NGA has made commercial imagery available to DOD organizations

through Web-enabled distribution systems like the Rapid Dissemination of Online GEOINT Program.

5-34. The WARP unclassified national information library electronically receives NGA-purchased imagery

from commercial data providers. Users may access the WARP unclassified national information library to

research commercial satellite imagery availability and then download their selections.

Aircraft Systems

5-35. The Distributed Common Ground System (DCGS) is a family of systems connected through

designated points of interoperability designed to provide aircraft system-derived, multi-intelligence

discipline, ISR task, post, process, and use capabilities at the JTF level and below through a combination of

reachback, forward support, and collaboration. DOD and Service architectures are integrated components

of this net-centric joint force intelligence processing and dissemination system. Data collected through

DCGS are also available on WARP and CALA and can be stored on the National Information Library and

command information libraries. CALA stores FMV and MI data streams in one- and six-minute clips for

retrieval. (See JP 2-03.)

EVALUATION AND FEEDBACK

5-36. Several GEOINT operations are a combination of individual intelligence products that are powerful

capabilities in and unto themselves; they provide a stronger capability when combined. It is imperative that

intelligence personnel and consumers at all levels provide honest, timely feedback, throughout the intelligence

process, on how well the various intelligence operations perform to meet commanders’ requirements.

ARMY ORGANIZATIONS

5-37. The following discussion focuses on GEOINT implementation and interoperability between echelons.

ARMY SERVICE COMPONENT COMMAND

5-38. At the ASCC level, GEOINT cells support the warfighting functions by performing imagery

exploitation and GI&S missions. GEOINT cells at the ASCC level—

Support corps levels by producing GEOINT data to satisfy GEOINT requirements.

Provide updates to the COP through GPCs, which incorporate these updates into the TGD to

ensure consistency of geospatial data from ASCC to corps levels.

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Support the ASCC’s planning and decisionmaking processes and operational requirements.

As the largest GEOINT personnel resource of the Service, support combatant commands or

geographic combatant commands via support to planning and operational requirements.

At a minimum, support the warfighting functions through the development of GEOINT

products.

5-39. The ASCC G-2/J-2 and engineer coordinator use geospatial companies to provide support for

missions outside the reasonable capacity of a GEOINT cell already dedicated to providing planning and

operational support to an ASCC commander and staff. Examples of geospatial company activities include

but are not limited to—

Combatant command or geographic combatant command requirements.

ASCC operational, forward, or contingency command posts.

Theater security posture and partnership operations.

Subordinate units or JTF operations or exercises.

5-40. Corps and subordinate units with TGD updates do not report data to the ASCC GEOINT cell;

instead, they provide these updates through GPCs. G-2s/J-2s and engineer coordinators in ASCCs without a

GEOINT cell or GPC use geospatial companies for these functions in addition to all warfighting functions.

5-41. Specialized GEOINT capabilities also exist at the ASCC for Army Forces Strategic Command with

its global areas of responsibility. These include deployable Army space support teams (ARSSTs), the

commercial imagery team and system deployed in the U.S. Central Command area of responsibility, and

the ASCC’s GEOINT division, a member of the Army’s AGI federation. ARSST members also contribute

to homeland defense support of civil authorities (DSCA) during times of domestic disasters to provide

space-related support.

ARMY CORPS

5-42. Army corps is a command and control headquarters that directs the operations of subordinate units.

The corps does not have an organic IMINT collection capability. It receives IMINT collection support from

NSG members, theater MI brigades, and battlefield surveillance brigades

(BFSBs). As part of its

intelligence staff, the corps has a GEOINT cell responsible for developing GEOINT products and

collection tasking to support corps operations.

5-43. The corps is a consumer of GEOINT products produced by NGA, as well as other members of the

NSG, and develops GEOINT that assists theater, division, and BCT intelligence staffs in performing tasks

associated with IPB, I&W, situation development, ISR, and targeting.

5-44. The corps GEOINT cell, organized under its G-2, conducts analysis and develops intelligence based

on motion imagery video from BFSB and echelons-above-division imagery collection platforms. It also

conducts terrain analysis, developing specialized terrain products and imagery-based products to support

corps planning and operations.

5-45. At corps levels, GEOINT cells—

Leverage theater-level direct down links to satisfy GEOINT production requirements.

Support the warfighting functions by performing imagery exploitation, GMTI, and GI&S

missions.

Support the division by producing GEOINT data to satisfy GEOINT requirements.

Maintain awareness of the operational environment and provide updates to the GPC for

inclusion in the TGD, thereby ensuring consistency of geospatial data from ASCC to division.

At a minimum, support the warfighting functions through the development of GEOINT products

in accordance with Annex B (Intelligence).

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ARMY DIVISION

5-46. Army division is a command and control headquarters that directs the operations of subordinate

units. It receives imagery collection support from theater MI brigades and BFSBs. As part of its

intelligence staff, the division has a GEOINT cell responsible for developing GEOINT products to support

division operations.

5-47. The division is a consumer of GEOINT products produced by NGA as well as other members of the

NSG. It develops GEOINT that assists theater, division, and BCT intelligence staffs in performing those

tasks associated with IPB, I&W, situation development, ISR, and targeting.

5-48. The division’s GEOINT cell, organized under the G-2 staff, conducts analysis and develops

intelligence based on motion imagery video from BFSB and echelons-above-division imagery collection

platforms. The GEOINT cell conducts terrain analysis and develops specialized terrain and imagery-based

products to support division planning and operations.

5-49. At division levels, GEOINT cells—

Support the warfighting functions by performing imagery exploitation, GMTI, and GI&S missions.

Support the BCT by producing GEOINT data to satisfy GEOINT requirements.

Maintain the COP and update the TGD, ensuring consistency of geospatial data from corps to

BCT levels.

Support the warfighting functions through the development of GEOINT products.

THEATER MILITARY INTELLIGENCE BRIGADE

5-50. The theater MI brigade is an intelligence collection, analysis, and production organization that

collects combat information and intelligence using a UAS. Through its UAS, the theater MI brigade

collects FMV in use by theater, corps, and division staffs to produce GEOINT.

5-51. The theater MI brigade contains the GPC, which provides GI&S for a theater of operations, including

management of the TGD. It also has a GEOINT cell within its operations battalion. This element normally

deploys as part of an analysis and control element under the operational control of the ASCC.

5-52. The GEOINT cell conducts analysis and develops intelligence based on FMV from theater UASs as

well as from national and multi-Service imagery collection platforms. Additionally, the GEOINT cell

conducts terrain analysis and develops specialized terrain products to support theater planning and operations.

BATTLEFIELD SURVEILLANCE BRIGADE

5-53. The BFSB is a unique multifunctional support brigade that collects combat information and

intelligence using UASs, ground-based SIGINT sensors, HUMINT collection teams, long-range

surveillance teams, and ground reconnaissance assets. Through its UASs, the BFSB collects FMV in use by

corps and division staffs to produce GEOINT. The BFSB S-2 section has a GI&S cell that provides terrain

analysis and management and dissemination of GEOINT to support brigade planning and operations. The

BFSB is connected to the NSG through DCGS-Army (DCGS-A).

BRIGADE COMBAT TEAM

5-54. The BCT is a combat organization that collects combat information and intelligence to support its

own and supported headquarters operations using UASs, ground-based SIGINT sensors, HUMINT

collection teams, and ground reconnaissance assets. Through its UASs, the BCT collects FMV in use by the

brigade intelligence staff to produce GEOINT.

5-55. The BCT GEOINT cell conducts terrain analysis and develops imagery-based products from the

brigade’s organic UAS as well as from echelons-above-brigade imagery collection platforms.

5-56. The geospatial engineer team conducts terrain analysis and develops specialized terrain products to

support brigade planning and operations.

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5-57. At BCT levels, GEOINT cells focus on directly supporting commanders’ GEOINT requirements.

This does not exclude GEOINT cells from providing support to other elements within the BCT. GEOINT

cells use standard unit table of organization and equipment (TO&E) and modified table of organization and

equipment (MTOE) to satisfy mission requirements.

5-58. At BCT levels, the GEOINT cell in its most basic form encompasses the existing GMTI mission,

imagery analysis mission, and geospatial support to unified battle commands, including the maintenance of

the COP. At a minimum, GEOINT cells support the warfighting functions through the development of

GEOINT products.

ARMY SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES

5-59. Army special operations forces have GEOINT cells. Civil affairs brigades have geospatial engineers;

whereas, special operations aviation regiments have imagery analysts. Each of the above elements has an

NGA geospatial analyst; whereas, the ranger and special operations aviation regiments also have NGA

imagery analysts.

5-60. Through its UASs, the groups and regiments collect FMV in use by intelligence staffs to produce

GEOINT.

5-61. The GEOINT cell conducts topographic analysis and develops imagery-based products from the

organic UAS FMV, as well as from JTF and higher imagery collection platforms.

5-62. Geospatial engineers and imagery analysts provide support to unit planning and operations—

geospatial engineers through terrain analysis and development of specialized terrain products, and imagery

analysts through imagery exploitation and the development of unique imagery derived products.

5-63. GEOINT cells focus on directly supporting commanders’ GEOINT requirements. GEOINT cells use

standard equipment within the unit TO&E to satisfy mission requirements.

PERSONNEL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

5-64. The G-2/S-2 directs all intelligence activities in the headquarters, including GEOINT. Additionally,

The G-2/S-2 is the principle staff officer responsible for gathering and analyzing knowledge on threat,

terrain, weather, and civil considerations for the commander. The G-2/S-2 leads the staff in the IPB process

and assists the G-3/S-3 in developing and executing the ISR plan. The G-2/S-2 also provides intelligence

support to lethal and nonlethal targeting operations, ensuring targeting priorities are developed based on

intelligence threat assessments and included in the ISR plan. The G-2/S-2 is the principle advisor to the

commander regarding the intelligence warfighting function. G-2/S-2 key responsibilities related to

GEOINT include—

Providing guidance on the production of terrain analysis products to support IPB, ISR, and

targeting.

Prioritizing requests for GEOINT support from the staff and subordinate commands.

Providing quality control over GEOINT products, databases, and data files.

Ensuring GEOINT support is performed in accordance with established battle rhythm.

Coordinating digital logistics with the G-6/S-6 for GEOINT support (storage, dissemination,

retrieval, and streaming).

Developing GEOINT collection tasking to support operational requirements.

Identifying threat electronic warfare

(EW) capabilities, which may impede GEOINT, with

assistance from the EW officer.

Coordinate EW support to GEOINT.

5-65. If a division or corps is functioning as a JTF, the G-2 assumes the role of the J-2. The primary

function of the G-2 when acting as a JTF J-2 is supporting the combined joint task force (CJTF) and staff

by ensuring the availability of reliable intelligence and timely I&W on the threat situation in the joint

operational area. Additionally, the JTF J-2 provides support to the CJTF force protection mission. The J-2

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is responsible for providing the CJTF, JTF staff, and JTF components and subordinate task forces with the

complete air, space, ground, and maritime threat situation by integrating threat assessments developed by

the combatant commander’s intelligence organization. (See JP 2-03 for information on joint GEOINT

operations.)

STAFF COORDINATION

5-66. GEOINT cells require staff coordination to identify and properly task members comprising the cell.

Forming an effective GEOINT cell and synchronizing its efforts requires teamwork between the

intelligence and engineer staffs. The G-2/S-2 is responsible for the GEOINT cell and collaborates with the

engineer coordinator to capture geospatial requirements. The G-2/S-2 and the engineer coordinator must

coordinate with their respective technicians and the G-3/S-3 to ensure clearly established priorities for the

geospatial effort throughout the operations process.

GEOINT CELL MANNING

5-67. The following MOSs comprise personnel manning the GEOINT cell. Personnel function under the

G-2/S-2 in respective teams—the IMINT team and the geospatial engineer team.

Imagery Intelligence Team

5-68. Army IMINT teams provide exploitation and imagery analysis. The team comprises an IMINT

technician (military occupational specialty [MOS] 350G) and multiple imagery analysts (MOS 35G).

Imagery Intelligence Technician

5-69. IMINT technicians are warrant officers that administer, manage, maintain, and operate IMINT

analytical and exploitation systems across Army operations. IMINT technicians—

Provide expert technical advice and input in all matters involving IMINT.

Manage and direct the imagery analysis process.

Provide input to the aircraft ISR planning process and imagery collection planning.

Coordinate with other IMINT producers to ensure imagery data and information flow remain fluid.

Imagery Analyst

5-70. Imagery analysts provide input based on imagery interpretation or analysis for the COP and the

commander’s MDMP process. Imagery analysts—

Exploit, interpret, analyze, and disseminate imagery from satellite and aircraft systems to

provide IMINT support to military, civil affairs, and military information support operations.

Assist and recommend in the planning and use of imaging sensors.

Are responsible for detecting, locating, and tracking ground targets, also known as MTIs.

Advanced Geospatial Intelligence Analyst

5-71. AGI analysts—

Discover, process, retrieve, and conduct analysis of AGI data using national databases and

appropriate exploitation tools.

Create, write, and quality-check graphical and textual reports.

Publish reports to the AMRDS.

Train imagery analysts in AGI and IMINT exploitation tactics and techniques.

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Geospatial Engineer Team

5-72. Army geospatial engineer teams provide terrain analysis, terrain visualization, digitized terrain

products, tailored map products, map production, geospatial data management, and support to the

integration of other geospatial information requirements for the force at large. The team comprises a

geospatial engineering technician (MOS 125D) and multiple geospatial engineers (MOS 12Y).

Geospatial Engineering Technician

5-73. Geospatial engineering technicians are warrant officers and the Army’s terrain analysis and GI&S

experts. The technician’s primary function is to assist the commander and staff in understanding the

physical environment aspect of the operational environment. Geospatial engineering technicians do this

through assimilation and integration of large volumes of geospatial information and transforming it into

visualization, information, and knowledge of the terrain’s effects on friendly and threat operations. As an

integral part of the planning staff, the geospatial engineering technician participates in each step of the

MDMP to understand the mission and the commander’s intent. Geospatial engineering technicians

collaborate with imagery analysts to produce GEOINT, and may serve as the officer in charge of the

GEOINT cell, as required.

Geospatial Engineer

5-74. Geospatial engineers manage geospatial foundation data, from which all other information about the

physical environment is referenced to form the COP. Geospatial engineers use analysis and visualization

capabilities to integrate terrain, weather, people, processes, and tools, using multiple information resources

and collaborative analysis to build a shared knowledge of the physical environment to support the unit’s

mission and commander’s intent.

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GEOINT Support to Planning and Operations

During planning, geospatial engineers and imagery analysts are responsible for

developing a specific set of terrain and imagery-based products within the confines of

well-defined guidance and timelines. Terrain-related products produced by GEOINT

cells, as part of their continuous analysis of the AO within IPB, have a significant

role in targeting and ISR operations.

SUPPORT TO PLANNING

6-1. To effectively assist in planning, imagery analysts and geospatial engineers—

Must understand—

The purpose, environment, and characteristics of the planning process as described in FM 5-0.

The IPB process as described in FM 2-01.3.

IPB tactics, techniques, and procedures as described in FMI 2-01.301.

Intelligence analysis as described in TC 2-33.4.

Should have a thorough understanding of the products, support, and capabilities provided by

commercial satellite collectors available through the NGA commercial imagery office.

Must understand—

Enemy tactics and operational art.

The fundamentals of full spectrum operations described in FM 3-0.

The art of tactics described in FM 3-90.

Must be familiar with the operations process (plan, prepare, execute, and assess).

Must understand how mission command, the commander’s visualization of the situation and

exercise of command and control, influence planning.

6-2. During planning, geospatial engineers are responsible for developing a specific set of terrain and

imagery-based products within the confines of well-defined guidance and timelines. Formal planning begins

with the receipt of the mission from higher headquarters or as directed by the commander. However, before

formal planning, GEOINT cells have a vast amount of preparation and data processing for mission analysis.

6-3. Before formal planning, the GEOINT cell must develop an understanding of terrain aspects of the

operational environment. Equally as important, the GEOINT cell must have constructed or received digital

terrain and imagery-based products necessary to support terrain analysis during IPB. Once the orders

process begins, time constraints might hinder building these products before the mission analysis briefing

or during the rest of the MDMP. The construction of digital overlays is an example of this. Additionally,

the amount of time the staff requires to build detailed terrain overlays in order to perform planning is

significant; the staff requires even more time to build the overlays necessary for urban operations.

Note. Although the GEOINT cell receives this information from its higher headquarters, it may

not be in the format needed to perform planning. Text, graphic, and spreadsheet products may

require transformation into digital products that can be used by staff elements in the

headquarters.

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6-4. Generate intelligence knowledge is one of five subtasks of the intelligence task support to force

generation. (See FM 2-0.) The end state of the generate intelligence knowledge task is the development of

four general baseline datasets—threat, terrain, weather, and civil considerations.

6-5. The GEOINT cell is responsible for the terrain dataset and provides support to the all-source or

fusion cell for the civil considerations dataset. To accomplish this, the G-2/S-2, based on guidance from the

commander, focuses garrison GEOINT operations on specific threat forces worldwide, continually

gathering and refining data throughout the Army force generation

(ARFORGEN) cycle. Thus, the

intelligence staff is as prepared as it can be to begin planning upon receipt of mission.

SUPPORT TO OPERATIONS

6-6. A thorough mission analysis is crucial to planning. Both the process and products of mission analysis

help commanders to refine their situational understanding and determine their mission. Accurate situational

understanding enables commanders to better visualize the operation.

6-7. There are 17 separate tasks associated with mission analysis; the GEOINT cell is involved in almost

all of them. Generally, the intelligence portion of mission analysis is an evaluation of the following mission

variables: enemy, terrain, weather, and civil considerations. Additionally, mission analysis includes an

analysis of the plan and order of higher headquarters to determine—

Critical facts and assumptions.

Specified, implied, and essential tasks.

Constraints affecting ISR operations.

6-8. The end state includes—

The development of an initial ISR plan.

The commander refining the commander’s visualization based on a clear understanding of the

situation.

The staff refining staff running estimates based on that same understanding of the situation.

6-9. See appendix B and FM 5-0 for additional information on the conduct of mission analysis.

OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

6-10. Offensive operations are combat operations conducted to defeat and destroy threat forces and seize terrain,

resources, and population centers (FM 3-0). Offensive operations at all levels require effective intelligence to

help the commander avoid the threat’s main strength and to deceive and surprise the threat. During offensive

operations, GEOINT must provide the commander with timely updated IPB products and products that support

the intelligence running estimate in order for the commander to significantly affect the threat.

6-11. GEOINT supports the S-2’s development of IPB products to assist the commander in identifying all

aspects within the AO or area of interest that can affect mission accomplishment. The entire staff, led by

the echelon intelligence staff, uses the IPB process to identify any aspects of the AO or area of interest that

affect threat, friendly, and third party operations.

6-12. Organic imagery collection supports the commander’s use of unit ISR assets to analyze the terrain

and confirm or deny the threat’s strengths, dispositions, and likely intentions. The G-2/S-2, in coordination

with the staff, develops an integrated ISR plan using imagery collection to satisfy the commander’s

maneuver, targeting, and information requirements.

6-13. In offensive operations, the commander’s information requirements tasked to GEOINT often include

but are not limited to—

Locations, composition, equipment, strengths, and weaknesses of the defending threat force,

including high-payoff targets and threat ISR capabilities.

Locations of possible threat assembly areas.

Locations of threat indirect fire weapon systems and units.

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Locations of gaps and assailable flanks.

Locations of areas for friendly and threat air assaults.

Locations of threat air defense gun and missile units.

Locations of threat EW units.

Effects of terrain, weather, and civil considerations on current and projected operations.

Numbers, routes, and direction of movement of displaced civilians.

Withdrawal routes of threat forces.

Locations of threat command and control and ISR systems.

Locations of potential integrated threat or civilian assembly areas.

Locations of friendly force assembly areas.

DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS

6-14. Defensive operations are combat operations conducted to defeat an enemy attack, gain time,

economize forces, and develop conditions favorable for offensive or stability operations (FM 3-0). The

immediate purpose of defensive operations is to defeat a threat attack. Commanders defend in order to—

Buy time.

Hold key terrain.

Hold the threat in one place while attacking in another.

Destroy threat combat power while reinforcing friendly forces.

6-15. Intelligence should determine the threat’s strength, COAs, and location of follow-on forces.

Defending commanders can then decide where to arrange their forces in an economy-of-force role to

defend and shape the operational environment. Intelligence support affords commanders the time necessary

to commit the striking force precisely.

6-16. In defensive operations, the commander’s information requirements tasked to GEOINT often include

but are not limited to—

Locations, composition, equipment, strengths, and weaknesses of the advancing threat force.

Locations of threat command posts, fire direction control centers, early warning sites, and target

acquisition sensors.

Locations of possible threat assembly areas.

Locations of threat indirect fire weapon systems and units.

Locations of gaps, assailable flanks, and other threat weaknesses.

Locations of areas for threat rotary wing and parachute assaults.

Locations of artillery and air defense gun and missile units.

Locations of threat EW units.

Locations of civilian populations.

Effects of terrain and weather and civil considerations on current and projected operations.

Likely withdrawal routes for threat forces.

Numbers, routes, and direction of movement of displaced civilians.

Locations of potential integrated threat or civilian assembly areas.

Locations of friendly force assembly areas.

Weaknesses of defensive structure.

Threat force disposition.

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STABILITY OPERATIONS

6-17. Stability operations encompass various military missions, tasks, and activities conducted outside the

United States in coordination with other instruments of national power to maintain or reestablish a safe and

secure environment, provide essential governmental services, emergency infrastructure reconstruction, and

humanitarian relief (JP 3-0).

6-18. Missions where stability operations predominate are often more complex than those where offensive

and defensive operations are dominant; therefore, obtaining the intelligence required is often more

complicated. In stability operations, commanders often require more detailed intelligence and IPB products

to determine how best to conduct operations and influence the local populace to enhance regional stability.

6-19. The identification and analysis of the threat, terrain and weather, and civil considerations are critical

in determining the most effective missions, tasks, and locations to conduct stability operations. A lack of

knowledge about insurgents, local politics, customs, and culture, as well as how to differentiate between

local combatants, often leads to U.S. actions that result in unintended and disadvantageous consequences

(such as attacking unsuitable targets or offending or causing mistrust among the local population). This

lack of knowledge could potentially threaten mission accomplishment.

6-20. Commander information requirements for GEOINT mirror those of offensive and defensive

operations. Additionally they may include—

Graphic overlays that provide information on the physical construction of buildings, as well as

accessibility, potential vulnerabilities, and production capacity of urban areas.

Analysis of telecommunications infrastructure, underground facilities and caves, industries, and

energy capabilities.

Geodetic, hydrographic, geomagnetic, and gravity surveys; medical facility information; and

blue force tracking.

Graphic overlays and products for use in target folders of high-value targets.

Imagery analysis to determine change detection.

Creation of or obtaining GEOINT base for contingency operations preassembled packages of selected

maps, charts, and other geographic materials of various scales to support mission planning.

Analysis of public health infrastructure, such as water facilities, waste management, food

provisions, and medical treatment facilities.

Humanitarian Assistance

6-21. GEOINT information and visualization are critical components of humanitarian assistance (HA) or

disaster relief

(DR) operations in which the environment or catastrophic event is the initial focus. A

noncombatant evacuation operation is the most common HA or DR operation. The noncombatant

evacuation operation assists the Department of State and the host nation in evacuating U.S. citizens, host-

nation nationals, and other designated foreign nationals to safety.

6-22. A noncombatant evacuation operation can be conducted in passive or nonpermissive environments,

which can increase the size of on-the-ground footprints involved during the operation. GEOINT provides

the foundation for initial HA or DR operation decisions, such as—

Locations for establishing points of entry, extraction sites, and immediate need areas.

Infrastructure assessments.

Displaced people camps and activities.

Current host-nation and nongovernmental organization operations.

Availability of lines of communications for critical insertion of supplies and services.

6-23. GEOINT support comprises—

Locating existing and possible future refugee camps.

Locating water resources and their conditions.

Identifying possible positions for water treatment assets and distribution points.

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6-24. Imagery and terrain studies can determine—

Soil permeability for effective fields and public sanitation.

Environmental resource availability for cooking and rebuilding needs.

Land availability.

Local agricultural capabilities for food production.

6-25. Additionally, GEOINT supports the identification and conditions of ports, airfields, highways, and

railroads for the HA or DR operation. GEOINT is used throughout HA or DR operations to provide—

Visual assessments of progress, growth, or reduction in refugee or displaced people camps.

Impacts to the environment and areas of concern.

Restart of economic activity and monitoring of host-nation

(military and government) or

nongovernmental organization activities.

6-26. Continuous imagery collection supports both military and Department of State development of

policies and procedures affecting the situation and supportive materials for guidance.

Environmental Assistance

6-27. GEOINT can provide environmental assistance, such as damage assessment, environmental

monitoring, and maintaining situational awareness. Imagery and geospatial information are critical to the

successful mitigation of environmental destruction caused by natural and manmade events. GEOINT

answers questions regarding the extent of damage, the potential for further damage, and the progress of

repairs. Terrain assessment is key to the accurate assessment of environmental issues, providing essential

knowledge and evidence to address environmental assistance requirements.

CIVIL SUPPORT OPERATIONS

6-28. Civil support is Department of Defense support to U.S. civil authorities for domestic emergencies,

and for designated law enforcement and other activities (JP 3-28). Civil support includes operations that

address the consequences of natural or manmade disasters, accidents, terrorist attacks, and incidents within

the United States and its territories. Army forces conduct civil support operations when the size and scope

of an incident exceed the capabilities or capacities of domestic civilian agencies. Army civil support

operations include a range of activities involving support to law enforcement agencies and planned support

as part of large-scale events.

6-29. GEOINT products that support civil support operations include but are not limited to—

Detailed terrain analysis that incorporates weather to assist in determining potential COAs.

Change detection products that track the extent of damage (including environmental).

Updated imagery of the AO for use by all agencies involved in supporting operations to monitor

and assess the situation.

Geodetic and hydrographic surveys, medical facility information, and blue force tracking.

Analysis of public health infrastructure, such as water facilities, waste management, food

provisions, and medical treatment facilities.

Provision of damage and updated maps of the affected local area.

6-30. Support to civil operations may require completion of a Proper Use Memorandum before collection

can be authorized. (See appendix E.)

SUPPORT TO ADDITIONAL OPERATIONS

6-31. Special, joint, and multinational operations and operations that support host nations realize the same

benefits of GEOINT through visualization, analysis, and a tailorable view of the operational environment.

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SUPPORT TO SPECIAL OPERATIONS

6-32. Special operations forces are specifically organized, trained, and equipped to conduct operations

independently or in conjunction with the operations of Army conventional, joint, or combined forces.

Special operations forces use GEOINT for target analysis, infiltration and extraction, general

reconnaissance, humanitarian assistance, military information support operations, or area orientation. The

results of the exploitation and the annotated images may be incorporated into an all-source product that

focuses on a given threat target, target type, or activity.

6-33. GEOINT products that support special operations forces include but are not limited to—

Comprehensive, historical, and current imagery in hard and digitized form.

Detailed facility analysis.

Development of graphic depictions of the operational environment for the commander and staff.

Geospatial databases and imagery product libraries that are built and maintained to manage

geospatial information.

Annotated maps, 3D representations of buildings and targets, modeling and simulation products,

3D fly-throughs, imagery, and target graphics that support recognition, identification, location,

description, and reporting of objects, activities, and terrain from a variety of geospatial and

imagery-based products.

Secondary Imagery Dissemination System imagery of targets and key terrain.

Prestrike and poststrike imagery-based products with corresponding reports on the functionality

of the target to support combat assessment.

Highly accurate imagery-based object measurement support.

SUPPORT TO JOINT OPERATIONS

6-34. The objective of joint intelligence operations is to integrate service and national intelligence

capabilities into a unified effort that surpasses any single organizational effort and provides the most

accurate and timely intelligence to commanders. GEOINT support to joint operations includes the ability to

rapidly respond to worldwide threats by providing geo-referenced visual and data products that serve as a

foundation and common frame of reference for any joint operation.

6-35. GEOINT support includes but is not limited to—

Traditional and specialized hardcopy geospatial products and electronic data. An example of

specialized products would be those developed using AGI techniques.

Safety of navigation products and services.

Populating and maintaining national databases that provide the visualization and analytical

framework to support decisionmaking.

Managing the acquisition of commercial and foreign government geospatial and remote sensing

data for DOD users.

Maintaining crisis-specific GEOINT products and data on NGA Web sites posted on JWICS and

SIPRNET to complement direct support activities.

6-36. GEOINT provides a common framework for supporting joint operations to better enable mission

accomplishments across the operational themes—from peacetime military engagement to major combat

operations. GEOINT support to joint operations is the multidirectional flow and integration of geospatially

referenced data from all sources to achieve shared situational awareness of the operational environment,

near real-time tracking, and collaboration between forces. The GEOINT cell contains geospatial and

imagery competencies required to oversee GEOINT support to the joint force. The GEOINT cell at the

combatant command coordinates closely with the JFC GEOINT cell to ensure continuity of operations

across all functions, organization levels, and levels of war.

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Note. Army GEOINT cells, as referenced outside this chapter, differ in scope and control from

those in joint publications and other DOD guidance.

6-37. The GEOINT cell interfaces directly with mission customers to define user requirements. It then

interfaces with the NSG to obtain and provide the best quality GEOINT directly to the joint warfighter in

fulfillment of the broad range of requirements depicted by various mission functions. The GEOINT cell

supports joint operations with the following five activities:

Define GEOINT requirements.

Obtain mission-essential GEOINT.

Evaluate GEOINT content and form.

Use and share GEOINT.

Maintain GEOINT data.

Define GEOINT Requirements

6-38. The GEOINT cell collects and prioritizes GEOINT mission requirements, which employ a

standardized process that defines the following:

Mission partners and other trusted data sources.

Baseline data layers that form the starting point for analysis, visualization, and sharing scenario-

dependent layers that typically change frequently or are somewhat specialized.

Search parameters.

Forms.

Geographic area coverage requirements to support Annex B

(Intelligence)

(see FM 5-0,

appendix E).

Obtain Mission-Essential GEOINT

6-39. The GEOINT cell uses technological advances and improved metadata tagging on NSG products,

enabling the joint warfighter to efficiently search geospatial databases to—

Identify geospatial information sources, imagery, and sensors.

Access unified operations directories, catalogs, or web mapping services and libraries.

Evaluate GEOINT Content and Form

6-40. In this operational flow, the evaluate GEOINT content and form activity includes subactivities, as

needed to—

Conflate.

Augment and value-add.

Manage production.

Put into usable form and format.

6-41. The next subactivity is the identification of gaps in coverage, existing sources, and planned-source

acquisition. The results are evaluated to determine if data is available, meets requirements, and in the

required form. In the event the required GEOINT does not exist or does not fully meet the stated

requirements, GEOINT may need to be generated, and the GEOINT cell may monitor and track capabilities

of providers and the capacity of distribution channels. The JFC GEOINT cell employs standardized

processes enabling the joint warfighter to make decisions about the most effective approach for meeting the

requirements within specified timelines. From available NSG assets, the GEOINT cell may—

Submit collection requests to NGA via combatant commands and DIA in accordance with NSG

processes. This ensures requirements are documented in the appropriate GEOINT system.

Collect geospatial data using organic assets and exploit this data to extract the required

geospatial information.

Request combatant command support in tasking other assets within the NSG.

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Use and Share GEOINT

6-42. The ultimate objective of GEOINT in joint operations is enabling the joint warfighter to use

GEOINT to more efficiently complete the assigned mission. GEOINT is shared with the NSG, combatant

commands, and across the JTF down to the lowest tactical level to achieve shared awareness of the

operational environment. GEOINT developed below the JTF level is made available to the JTF and

combatant command to augment the TGD and NSG library holdings. Theater-level storage, retrieval, and

production capability is required for all components of GEOINT.

Maintain GEOINT Data

6-43. As changes and updates are received, relevant GEOINT must be kept current and continuously

validated for accuracy and consistency. Data element changes must be conflated with current data and

shared across forces to maintain consistency in the shared awareness of the operational environment. The

GEOINT cell, in conjunction with NGA, may—

Receive updated GEOINT.

Purge databases and archive deleted holdings as necessary.

Establish version control and naming conventions.

Check reliability, availability, metadata, and authentication.

Monitor and track holdings throughout the command to ensure use of the most current and

relevant GEOINT in accordance with mission requirements.

SUPPORT TO MULTINATIONAL OPERATIONS

6-44. Multinational operations are operations conducted by forces of two or more nations, usually

undertaken within the structure of a coalition or alliance (JP 3-16). Multinational operations have a unique

operational environment due to the nature of the mission. The purpose of the operations and participants

involved determines the GEOINT products needed. Multinational operations require interoperable

GEOINT data (geospatial information and imagery), applications, and data exchange capabilities.

Participants should agree to collaborate with a standard datum and ensure all products use that datum. A

multinational GEOINT plan must coordinate all products for use by member forces, including disclosure

and release issues, accessibility approval and procedures, and the blending of assets into a cohesive

production program.

6-45. GEOINT products that support commanders in multinational operations include but are not limited to—

MTI that provides I&W.

Planning maps, nautical and aeronautical charts, imagery, and digital data.

Preassembled packages of selected maps, charts, and other geographic materials of various

scales to support the planning and conduct of noncombatant evacuation operations in selected

countries or areas.

Aeronautical products that include aim point graphics, automated air facilities information files,

aeronautical charts and graphics, and airfield products.

Nautical or hydrographic products that include digital nautical charts, digital bathymetric

databases, hydrographic charts, and port graphics.

Geospatial products that include compressed arc-second raster chart digitized (ARC) raster

graphics, CIB, digital terrain elevation data, shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM) elevation

data, mission specific data sets, tactical terrain data (TTD), and image city maps (ICMs).

Detailed characteristics of potential detention facilities, recovery sites, and other operationally

significant features.

Precision positioning, collateral damage assessment, targeting, and battle damage assessment

products.

Proper product release authorities.

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SUPPORT TO HOST NATIONS

6-46. Host-nation support is civil or military assistance rendered by a nation to foreign forces within its

territory during peacetime, crisis or emergencies, or war based on agreements mutually concluded between

nations (JP 4-0). Host-nation support can include foreign humanitarian assistance, personnel recovery,

country rebuilding, and counterdrug operations. Considerations for GEOINT are the releasability of

GEOINT products, transparency with the host nation, and the interoperability between the Army and host

nation.

6-47. GEOINT products that support the commander in host-nation support include but are not limited to—

Identification of structures and terrain that can be used for orienting the recovery force and

isolated personnel.

AGI products, such as change detection, environmental damage assessment for the area of

interest, or spectral or temporal analysis to locate mass graves.

Environmental assessment of the area of interest.

FMV exploitation of activities on the ground, providing situational awareness to the commander.

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Appendix A

GEOINT Attachments to Orders and Plans

Planning is the means by which commanders envision a desired outcome, layout

effective ways of achieving it, and communicate to their subordinates their vision,

intent, and decisions, focusing on the results they expect to achieve (FM 3-0).

ATTACHMENTS

A-1. Attachments contain details not readily incorporated into the base order or plan or a higher level

attachment, for example, appendixes contain information necessary to expand annexes; tabs expand

appendixes; enclosures expand tabs. Attachments are portrayed in the manner that best fits the information,

for example, text, an image, a sketch, an overlay, or an overprinted map.

A-2. Local commands may require attachments that address GEOINT. If not located in the base order or

plan, this information may be located in Annex B (Intelligence) to the base order or plan. If required, the

information can be expanded into an appendix. For orders and plans, GEOINT is addressed in Appendix 7

(GEOINT) to Annex B (Intelligence).

A-3. Additionally, GEOINT products can be used as attachments to support base orders or plans or

attachments to a base order or plan.

OPERATION ORDERS AND PLANS

A-4. An operation order is a directive issued by a commander to subordinate commanders for the purpose

of effecting the coordinated execution of an operation (JP 5-0). There are several techniques for issuing an

order: verbal, written, or electronically produced using matrices or overlays.

A-5. A operation plan refers to any plan for the conduct of military operations prepared in response to

actual and potential contingencies (JP 5-0).

A-6. The amount of detail provided in an order or plan depends on several factors, including—

Experience and competence of subordinate commanders.

Cohesion and tactical experience of subordinate units.

Time.

Complexity of the operation.

A-7. Commanders balance these factors with their guidance and commander’s intent, and determine the

type of plan to issue. (See FM 5-0 and JP 5-0 for types of orders and plans.)

ORDERS AND PLANNING DEVELOPMENT

A-8. Commanders and staffs use the MDMP to develop an operation plan or operation. The MDMP

consists of the following steps:

Receipt of mission.

Mission analysis.

COA development.

COA analysis (war game).

COA approval.

Orders production.

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RECEIPT OF MISSION

A-9. As stated in chapter

6, formal planning begins with the receipt of the mission from higher

headquarters or as directed by the commander. However, before formal planning, GEOINT cells have a

vast amount of preparation and data processing for mission analysis.

MISSION ANALYSIS

A-10. A thorough mission analysis is crucial to planning. The following outlines the 17 separate tasks

associated with mission analysis and the GEOINT cell’s involvement.

Task 1—Analyze Higher Headquarters Order

A-11. In addition to the requirements stated in FM 5-0, the G-2/S-2—

Analyzes the higher headquarters order to determine the higher commander’s views on the

effects of the threat, terrain and weather, and civil considerations.

Determines which higher command intelligence and reconnaissance assets are supporting operations.

A-12. The GEOINT cell seeks information that includes but is not limited to—

Digital terrain data to develop the foundation layers for the COP.

Imagery reports:

Imagery interpretation report (IIR) messages.

Initial phase interpretation reports.

Supplemental programmed interpretation reports.

Inflight reports.

Reconnaissance exploitation reports.

Hardcopy image products—target packages on areas, structures, and individuals tasked for

reconnaissance, surveillance, or target acquisition.

Soft copy image products:

LIDAR.

CIB.

BuckEye.

Fly-throughs.

FMV.

Imagery-derived products.

Commercial imagery-based products.

Terrain analysis products showing the military aspects of terrain and its effects on friendly and

threat operations for the AO.

Urban terrain analysis products showing the military aspects of urban terrain and its effects on

friendly and threat forces performing urban combat.

Analysis of civil and cultural considerations, including IPB overlays, information operations,

and combat and military information support operations assessments.

Weather conditions and effects on terrain and imagery collection assets.

Higher echelon GEOINT organizations and imagery collection assets available to support the

operation.

Task 2—Perform Initial Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield

A-13. During IPB—

The G-2/S-2 refines higher intelligence products based on the commander’s requirements.

The GEOINT cell reviews its GEOINT holdings and requests additional data if needed.

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The G-2/S-2 leads the staff through the IPB process.

The other staff officers assist the G-2/S-2 in developing IPB products required for planning,

including threat situation and event templates.

A-14. IPB begins during mission analysis, is refined during the rest of the MDMP, and continues during the

conduct of operations. It consists of four steps:

Step 1—Define the operational environment.

Step 2—Describe environmental effects on operations.

Step 3—Evaluate the threat.

Step 4—Determine threat COAs.

A-15. The major results of initial IPB are geospatial products developed from the examination of—

Physical and human characteristics of the AO.

Threat situational overlays.

Threat event templates and matrices.

High-value target lists.

Identified intelligence gaps that the commander uses to establish initial information requirements

and an initial ISR plan.

A-16. See FM 2-01.3 for a detailed discussion of the IPB process and products.

A-17. During IPB, GEOINT support to the warfighting functions (movement and maneuver, intelligence,

fires, sustainment, command and control, and protection) is described in paragraphs A-18 through A-28.

Movement and Maneuver

A-18. GEOINT support to movement and maneuver is closely related. During IPB, the GEOINT cell

begins its analysis with the intelligence assessment of the threat’s objectives, capabilities, and probable

COAs. It then analyzes the terrain using the five military aspects of terrain provided by the terrain-analysis

unit—observation and fields of fire, avenues of approach, key terrain, obstacles, and cover and

concealment (OAKOC).

A-19. Analysis also includes the mission variables—mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and

support available, time available, civil considerations (METT-TC), with careful consideration of the effects

of the civil population

(refugees) regarding unit movement. This analysis is based, not only on

characteristics of the ground, but also on the threat and commander’s intent.

A-20. During mission planning, geospatial analysts support the engineer and the commander by visualizing

the AO by thoroughly portraying the military advantages and disadvantages. The GEOINT cell provides

detailed information necessary to understand the terrain regarding maneuver, mobility, and survivability.

The geospatial assessment produces recommendations on battle positions and engagement-area sightings as

well as initial information necessary to develop an obstacle plan and shape the AO from an engineer

perspective: mobility, countermobility, survivability, and sustainment and geospatial engineering.

Intelligence

A-21. Intelligence uses the IPB process to analyze the threat and terrain and weather in a specific

geographic area for all types of operations. The IPB process integrates threat doctrine with terrain and

weather, as they relate to the mission within a specific operational environment, to determine and evaluate

threat capabilities, vulnerabilities, and probable COAs. This analytical process builds an extensive database

for each potential area that a unit may be required to operate.

A-22. The IPB process determines the impact of the threat, weather, and terrain on operations. The terrain-

analysis portion of the IPB process is critical for determining how the threat will project its forces within

the AO and, ultimately, the area of interest. The IPB process supports running estimates and

decisionmaking. Applying the IPB process helps the commander selectively apply and maximize combat

power at critical points in time and space in the AO:

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Define the operational environment. The G-2/S-2—

Identifies characteristics that influence friendly and threat operations.

Establishes area of interest limits and identifies gaps in current intelligence holdings.

To focus the remainder of the IPB process, identifies characteristics that require in-depth

evaluation of their effects on friendly and threat operations (such as terrain, weather, logistic

infrastructure, and demographics). These characteristics are analyzed in more detail within

the command’s AO.

Describe environmental effects on operations. The G-2/S-2 identifies limitations and

opportunities the environment offers for potential operations of friendly and threat forces. This

evaluation focuses on the general capabilities of each force until COAs are developed later in the IPB

process. This step includes an examination of terrain and weather, but it may also include discussions

of the characteristics of geography and infrastructure and their effects on friendly and threat

operations. Products developed in this step might include overlays that depict military aspects and

effects of terrain and integrated products, such as modified combined obstacle overlays.

Evaluate the threat. The G-2/S-2 and staff analyze the command's intelligence holdings to

determine how the threat normally organizes for combat and how it conducts operations under

similar circumstances.

Determine the threat’s COA. The G-2/S-2—

Integrates results of previous steps into a meaningful conclusion.

Determines the threat’s likely objectives and available COAs based on preferred actions and

the effects of the specific environment in which the threat currently operates.

Fires

A-23. Fire-support assets that support maneuver forces include field artillery systems, mortars, tactical air

units, naval gunfire, Army aviation units, and offensive EW. Essential geospatial support provided to fire-

support planning includes tactical decision aids.

A-24. Field artillery survey planning and coordination begin at the corps artillery survey planning and

coordination element with an interface between the geospatial engineers and the survey planning and

coordination element at division artillery and field artillery brigades. Army aviation assets receive terrain

support from the following tactical decision aids, which support mission planning and rehearsal: flight-line

masking, shaded relief, and vertical obstruction.

Sustainment

A-25. Sustainment is the provision of logistics and personnel services required to maintain and prolong

operations until successful mission accomplishment (JP 3-0). The art of logistics is integrating strategic,

operational, and tactical support while simultaneously moving units, personnel, equipment, and supplies in

timely execution of the commander’s intent and concept of operations. Logistic elements receive essential

geospatial information, such as—

Line of communications tactical decision aids.

Potential resupply points.

Assembly area tactical decision aids.

Cover and concealment tactical decision aids.

Command and Control

A-26. In the modern operational environment, the magnitude of available information

(including

geographic information) challenges leaders at all levels. Ultimately, they must assimilate thousands of bits

of information to visualize the operational environment, assess the situation, and direct military action to

achieve victory. Geospatial analysts are an essential link for commanders to visualize the AO.

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A-27. Geospatial analysts provide the commander’s staff with timely GI&S for planning, coordinating, and

establishing control measures consistent with the commander’s intent. The Army integrates its operations

with other Services, national agencies, and multinational and coalition forces. This necessitates a COP with

a foundation based on geographic information. The management and exploitation of the terrain database is

a geospatial engineer function.

Protection

A-28. A key element of protection is air defense artillery. Air-defense-artillery assets protect maneuver

forces from threat air attacks. These assets receive support from tactical decision aids, such as—

Flight-line masking.

Air avenues of approach.

Elevation tint.

Flight-line target locator.

Obstructed-signal loss.

Surface-wind direction.

Visibility.

Task 3—Determine Specified, Implied, and Essential Tasks

A-29. The G-2/S-2—

Analyzes the higher headquarters order to identify assigned specified ISR tasks.

Develops any implied tasks that must be performed to accomplish the stated specified tasks.

Provides a list of specified and implied tasks to the G-3/S-3.

Assists in determining essential tasks for inclusion in the command’s mission statement.

A-30. The GEOINT cell reviews the order for specified and implied tasks related to GEOINT, informs the

G-2/S-2, and provides a recommendation to the G-2/S-2 if there are any essential GEOINT tasks.

Task 4—Review Available Assets

A-31. The G-2/S-2—

Reviews the status of the command’s ISR assets.

Identifies additions or deletions made by the higher headquarters order.

Indentifies other ISR support available for the operation.

From this review, determines if the command has the necessary assets to accomplish all

collection tasks.

Identifies shortages and recommends additional resources.

A-32. The GEOINT cell—

Assists the G-2/S-2 in determining if the command has sufficient imagery collection support.

Recommends what higher headquarters support is needed.

Reviews its geospatial data holdings to identify additional required data.

Coordinates with higher echelons to obtain or request collection of the data.

Task 5—Determine Constraints

A-33. A typical constraint for ISR operations is establishing a limit of advance for air or ground

reconnaissance. The G-3/S-3 performs this task with assistance from the G-2/S-2. The GEOINT cell has no

role in this task. (See FM 5-0 for more information on this task.)

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Task 6—Identify Critical Facts and Assumptions

A-34. The G-2/S-2 and staff are responsible for gathering two categories of information concerning

assigned tasks—facts and assumptions. The GEOINT cell assesses facts and assumptions relative to terrain

that are relevant to the operation. (See FM 5-0 for more information on this task.)

Task 7—Perform Risk Assessment

A-35. The G-3/S-3 performs this task with assistance from the staff. Although the GEOINT cell has no direct

role in this task, the cell can be tasked to provide products that aid in coordinating the implementation of

safety measures designed to mitigate risk. (See FM 5-0 for more information on this task.)

Task 8—Determine Initial CCIRs and Essential Elements of Friendly Information

A-36. Task 8 is the first step in developing a collection plan:

The staff does not develop priority intelligence requirements until COA analysis.

The commander—

Does not approve priority intelligence requirements until COA approval.

In the mission analysis briefing, states what is known; thought to be known; and unknown.

The G-2/S-2—

Recommends to the intelligence team what information to collect and analyze to support

continued planning and COA development.

Recommended information requirements help the commander filter information available

by defining what is important to mission accomplishment.

Recommended information requirements help the staff and subordinate commands focus

their efforts.

A-37. The GEOINT cell—

Reviews intelligence holdings relative to terrain and imagery.

Determines additional products needed to accomplish its mission.

Confirms if the data is available from external agencies.

Submits requests for collection support to the ISR section for validation and inclusion in the

command’s ISR plan.

Task 9—Determine the Initial ISR Plan

A-38. The G-3/S-3 is the staff proponent of the ISR plan—an integrated staff product executed by the unit

at the commander’s direction:

The G-3/S-3, assisted by the G-2/S-2, uses the ISR plan to task and direct available ISR assets to

answer CCIRs and other intelligence requirements.

The G-2/S-2 must have its input and products ready for publication as part of the warning order

issued by the G-3/S-3 at the conclusion of mission analysis.

GEOINT collection priorities are established at this time.

Task 10—Update the Operational Timeline

A-39. The commander and staff—

Compare the threat operational timeline developed during IPB and illustrated by the event

template and matrix with the timeline established by the higher headquarters order.

Determine windows of opportunity to exploit threat vulnerability.

Determine times the command may be at risk from threat activity.

A-40. The GEOINT cell has no direct role in this task.

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Task 11—Write the Restated Mission

A-41. For task 11—

The chief of staff drafts a recommended mission statement based on the staff’s mission analysis

and presents it for approval to the commander at the conclusion of the mission analysis briefing.

The G-2/S-2 provided input for the restated mission during task 3 and normally has no further

input at this time.

The GEOINT cell has no direct role.

Task 12—Deliver a Mission Analysis Briefing

A-42. The mission analysis briefing is a decision briefing resulting in an approved restated mission,

commander’s intent, and commander’s planning guidance. During this briefing—

The staff, if time permits, briefs the commander on its mission analysis results.

The G-2/S-2—

Briefs initial IPB products developed for threat, terrain and weather, and civil

considerations.

May also brief the initial ISR plan if the command is in a position to collect combat

information and intelligence.

As do the rest of the staff, presents relevant information the commander needs in order to

develop situational understanding and formulate planning guidance.

The geospatial engineering technician either prepares the G-2/S-2 to deliver the terrain portion

of the briefing or delivers the briefing personally.

Task 13—Approve the Restated Mission

A-43. Immediately after the mission analysis briefing, the commander approves a restated mission. Once

approved, the restated mission becomes the command’s mission. The GEOINT cell has no direct role in

this task.

Task 14—Develop the Initial Commander’s Intent

A-44. For task 14—

The G-2/S-2—

Is generally concerned with the commander’s intent as it applies to the warfighting

functions.

As the staff proponent, is mostly concerned with the intelligence warfighting function and

the commander’s intent for ISR.

Makes recommendations relating to ISR, informally, before the mission analysis briefing or

at the conclusion of the intelligence portion of the briefing.

The commander considers the G-2’s/S-2’s recommendations before formulating the

commander’s guidance and intent.

The GEOINT cell makes recommendations to the G-2/S-2 for GEOINT priority of effort and

support.

Task 15—Issue the Commander’s Planning Guidance

A-45. The commander issues the planning guidance after the mission analysis briefing and before the start

of COA development. The GEOINT cell has no direct role in this task.

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Task 16—Issue a Warning Order

A-46. Immediately after the commander gives planning guidance—

The G-3/S-3 issues a warning order.

The G-2/S-2 input into the warning order, at a minimum, includes—

The threat situation paragraph.

Intelligence collection priority.

Intelligence support priority.

Intelligence tasks to subordinate units.

Information requirements.

GEOINT-related collection tasks that have been developed may be included in the ISR plan.

Task 17—Review Facts and Assumptions

A-47. During the rest of the MDMP, the commander and staff periodically review facts and assumptions.

New facts may alter requirements; therefore, further mission analysis may be required. Assumptions may

become facts or invalid. Whenever the facts or assumptions change—

The commander and staff—

Assess the effect of these changes on the plan.

Make the necessary adjustments, including changing the CCIR, if necessary.

The GEOINT cell reviews facts and assumptions relative to terrain analysis.

COURSE OF ACTION DEVELOPMENT

A-48. The purpose of COA development is to update staff running estimates and prepare COA options for

the commander’s consideration:

The staff develops friendly COAs based on facts and assumptions identified during IPB and

mission analysis. By incorporating IPB results into COA development, each friendly COA takes

advantage of opportunities the environment and threat situation offer.

The G-2/S-2—

Collaborates closely with the G-3/S-3 and staff to analyze relative combat power and

develop friendly COAs that can defeat threat operations. Friendly COAs are developed from

the threat situation template and threat event template or matrix produced by the G-2/S-2

during mission analysis.

At the conclusion of COA development, has drafted information requirements for each

friendly COA and an ISR overlay and synchronization matrix in preparation for COA

analysis.

The GEOINT cell has no direct role in this step.

COURSE OF ACTION ANALYSIS (WAR-GAMING)

A-49. COA analysis is a disciplined process that includes rules and steps followed sequentially. It relies

heavily on an understanding of the environment, doctrine, tactical judgment, and operational experience. Each

participating staff member must be prepared with full knowledge of the warfighting function represented. In

the war game, the G-2/S-2 role-plays the threat commander and the command’s intelligence officer:

As the threat commander, the G-2/S-2 uses the threat situation template as a starting point and

the event template or matrix as a guide, to—

Develop critical threat decision points relative to friendly COAs.

Project threat reactions to friendly actions.

Project threat losses.

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As the command’s intelligence officer, the G-2/S-2—

identifies new information requirements.

Assists the staff in developing priority intelligence requirements.

Refines situation and event templates.

Develops the ISR overlay and synchronization matrix.

Assists in developing high-payoff targets and the decision support template.

A-50. At the conclusion of the war game, pending the commander’s COA approval, every intelligence

product that must be published with the warning order should be complete. This includes input into the

base order and Annex B (Intelligence) with all appendices and tabs, including the IRS synchronization

matrix, collection matrix, and ISR overlay.

A-51. Although the GEOINT cell has no direct role in this step, it monitors the war game to determine and

begin production of additional geospatial requirements for possible COAs.

COURSE OF ACTION APPROVAL

A-52. At the conclusion of the war game, the COA decision briefing is held. During the briefing—

The staff identifies its preferred COA and makes a recommendation to the commander.

The G-2/S-2—

Briefs changes to the current threat situation and environmental factors that have changed

since the commander was last briefed.

Ensures intelligence products used during the war game are updated, if necessary.

The GEOINT cell has no direct role in this step.

ORDERS PRODUCTION

A-53. Orders provide updated information and data to subordinate commanders for planning and execution

of their operations. During orders production—

The staff, directed by the G-3/S-3, prepares the order by turning the selected COA into a clear,

concise concept of operations and supporting information.

Before issuing the order, the G-2/S-2 performs an orders crosswalk with the staff as directed by

the G-3/S-3.

The geospatial engineer prepares the Annex B (Intelligence) for the order.

The G-2/S-2 reviews information relative to GEOINT to ensure its accuracy.

A-54. The primary purpose of the orders crosswalk from an intelligence perspective is to ensure that—

The base order includes the most current intelligence assessment.

The intelligence annex is complete and includes the most current intelligence products.

A-55. Other staff annexes are based on the data in the intelligence annex.

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Appendix B

The GEOINT Architecture

The Army’s GEOINT integrated architecture demonstrates the seamless availability

of national, theater, and tactical GEOINT to Soldiers, planners, and decisionmakers at

every echelon. Additionally, deployed forces at every echelon using push, pull, and

global query capabilities, across robust commercial and military satellite

communications, enable reach capabilities to leverage national, joint, and strategic

information databases to support and sustain the intelligence mission area.

THE DISTRIBUTED COMMON GROUND SYSTEM-ARMY

B-1. The current and future venue to deliver reach capabilities is the DCGS-A. DCGS-A—

Uses a variety of point-to point, broadcast, and web-based networks.

Is the critical intelligence system for the objective force at all echelons.

Receives raw and preprocessed sensor data from all intelligence disciplines at any echelon.

Processes the sensor data into a finished intelligence product.

Receives single-source and multidiscipline products from national, regional, and theater

intelligence organizations and agencies.

Allows the analyst to create a new multidiscipline product.

B-2. DCGS-A, as the Army portion of the DOD DCGS family of systems, has a specified two-way (full

duplex) external connectivity to—

DCGS of the USAF, Navy, and Marine Corps.

NTM receive segment.

Commercial satellite intermediary or receive segment.

NTM multi-intelligence sensors or platforms.

Space-based commercial sensors or platforms.

Intelligence community partners (CIA, DIA, NGA, NSA) and theater command and control

information systems (joint intelligence operations center/joint analysis center).

JTF and subordinate commands.

Baseline aircraft ISR sensors or platforms.

Nonbaseline aircraft ISR platforms.

Nonbaseline ground ISR platforms or sensors.

Baseline aircraft ISR sensors or platforms receive segment.

Multinational aircraft ISR sensors or platforms.

Multinational ISR tasking, processing, exploitation, and dissemination elements.

CJTF or JTF.

JTF and below.

THE GLOBAL INFORMATION GRID

B-3. The Global Information Grid is a globally interconnected, end-to-end set of information capabilities,

associated processes, and personnel for collecting, processing, storing, disseminating, and managing

information on demand to Soldiers, policymakers, and support personnel (JP 6-0).

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GEOINT Training

125D WARRANT OFFICER SENIOR COURSES

D-5. Geospatial engineering technician warrant officer senior courses are listed in table D-4.

Table D-4. Geospatial engineering technician 125D WOSCs

IMAGERY INTELLIGENCE TRAINING

D-6. Listed in this section are IMINT training courses.

35G INITIAL ENTRY TRAINING COURSES

D-7. Imagery analyst initial entry training courses for enlisted Soldiers are listed in table D-5.

Table D-5. Imagery analyst 35G initial entry training courses

35H INITIAL ENTRY TRAINING COURSES

D-8. CGS operator enlisted personnel receive initial entry training in the fundamentals of CGS operations,

operator- or unit-level maintenance, and basic imagery interpretation techniques.

350G WARRANT OFFICER COURSE

D-9. The IMINT technician warrant officer course ensures the IMINT technician is tactically and

technically proficient in managing IMINT collection, analysis, production, and dissemination; IMINT; and

ISR synchronization.

GEOSPATIAL AND IMAGERY TRAINING

D-10. Listed in this section are geospatial and imagery training courses.

ADVANCED GEOSPATIAL ANALYST COURSE

D-11. The Advanced Geospatial Analyst course enhances the understanding of GEOINT capabilities by

providing a fundamental grasp of MASINT/AGI, denial and deception, and imagery manipulation tool

(including software) functionality. The training focuses on when to employ these capabilities, use of

exploitation tools, and situational awareness.

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Appendix D

ADVANCED REMOTELY SENSED IMAGERY COURSE

D-12. The Advanced Remotely Sensed Imagery course is an advanced level course designed to provide

students a solid understanding of advanced spectral imagery processing techniques. The objectives of this

course include—

Understanding the advanced functionality of the Earth Resource Data Analysis System

(ERDAS) Imagine software.

Understanding basic hyperspectral data and applications.

Understanding radar theory, applications, and analysis.

Becoming proficient with the use of advanced remotely sensed imagery, processing techniques,

and analysis.

Having introductory hyperspectral training with the Environment for Visualizing Images (ENVI)

software.

BASIC OFFICER LEADER COURSE

D-13. The Basic Officer Leader course instructs officer basic skills and knowledge as well as tactical all-

source intelligence officer and MI platoon leader skills and knowledge. Subjects include—

The threat.

Unit training management.

EW.

HUMINT.

SIGINT.

IMINT.

Operations security support.

Counterintelligence.

Tactical all-source intelligence production.

COMMUNITY GEOINT ANALYSIS COURSE

D-14. The Community GEOINT Analysis course (CGAC) is an intermediate GEOINT training course that

augments entry-level training and bridges the gap from identification to analysis. CGAC is open to selected

mid-career noncommissioned officers, warrant officers, and DOD civilians in the geospatial analysis and

imagery tradecraft. CGACs objectives include—

Providing intermediate GEOINT analysis training within a geospatial context.

Enhancing the geospatial analysis tradecraft at the journeyman level.

Focusing on analysis training using multiple sensors and sources in a training environment with

operational exploitation scenarios.

DISTRIBUTED COMMON GROUND SYSTEM-ARMY

D-15. DCGS-A enables—

Situational awareness.

Identification and location of the threat.

Estimates of the threat’s intentions toward the Soldier at all echelons.

Exploitation and fusion of data from Army, joint, national, and multinational sensors and

sources to provide actionable intelligence to the Soldier.

D-16. DCGS-A is the Army component of the DOD DCGS family of systems and the ISR component of

battle command. The course teaches individual operator skills to successfully operate the DCGS-A Basic

Analyst Laptop (BAL).

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GEOINT Training

FOUNDRY PROGRAM

D-17. The Foundry Program provides funded, focused, predeployment training to MI Soldiers (Regular

Army and Reserve Component units) or any Soldier serving as an S-2 or S-2 staff at any echelon (18 series

MOSs, geospatial engineers, and military information support operations). The Foundry Program’s three

tenets are—

Unit partnership.

Functional partnership.

Quick-reaction capabilities.

D-18. The Foundry Program trains, through mobile training teams

(MTTs), live environments or

operational training opportunities, home-station training, warfighting-function related certification,

embedded training support, or one-time special training events.

D-19. The Army GEOINT Battalion at NGIC, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, District of Columbia

(DC), is the Foundry Intelligence Training Functional Lead for GEOINT.

GLOBAL BROADCAST SERVICE MOBILE TRAINING TEAM

D-20. GBS MTT provides Soldiers basic skills to employ GBS, with emphasis on setup, maintenance,

cryptology, operations, and GEOINT dissemination.

GEOINT MOBILE TRAINING TEAM-LEADERSHIP

D-21. GEOINT MTT-Leadership training provides a GEOINT orientation and capabilities brief to the

commanders, G-2/S-2, the analysis and control element chief, assistant S-2, S-2 noncommissioned officer

in charge, collection manager, and geospatial and imagery analysts. Additional emphasis is placed on the

following GEOINT applications: WARP, SOCET GXP®, PSS-SOF, FalconView, the Image Product

Library, AGI, and NGA/AGC geospatial support.

GEOINT PRODUCTION COURSE

D-22. The GEOINT Production course is designed for imagery analysts to develop, sustain, refresh, and

enhance MOS skills on current imagery exploitation operational needs. The course places specific

emphasis on the following areas:

Imagery systems.

Retrieval databases.

Research applications.

Exploitation tools.

D-23. Course training takes place at the Army GEOINT Battalion, NGIC, Washington Navy Yard,

Washington, DC.

GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION AND SERVICES FOR THE WARRIOR

D-24. The GI&S for the Warrior objectives include—

Tailoring the training to the unit.

Training on defining basic geodetic terms, including accuracy, datum, and coordinate types.

Training on listing geospatial products that can be created or viewed in FalconView, applicable

to mission accomplishment.

Creating a geospatial product with a dataset and FalconView software.

Identifying applications for FalconView software within the student’s unit mission. (This course

is basically FalconView on the road, a customizable [with time] course.)

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Appendix D

GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION AND SERVICES JOINT STAFF OFFICER COURSE

D-25. The GI&S Joint Staff Officer course provides an overview of key concepts, systems, procedures, and

organizations involved in producing GI&S. The course emphasizes knowledge and skills the commanders,

staffs, and planners need to leverage NGA’s capabilities to support military plans and operations. Course

training objectives include—

Identifying aspects of geospatial fundamentals that affect operations.

Recognizing GEOINT doctrine and knowing resources available within the NSG to provide

GI&S support to military plans and operations.

Comprehending processes and requirements involved in obtaining NGA GI&S products and

services.

Appreciating how GI&S and additional programs, such as FalconView, Geographic Translator

(GEOTRANS), and Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Map Catalog enable mission planning and

terrain visualization.

GLOBAL BROADCAST SERVICE USER COURSE

D-26. The GBS User course is designed to allow Soldiers to deploy the Transportable Ground Receive

Suite (TGRS) to any worldwide conflict. Soldiers receive hands-on training as well as participate in a

capstone for students to use all aspects of training received. Course training objectives include—

Soldiers employing GBS to enable commanders to achieve information superiority.

Soldiers receiving critical information products, such as imagery, weather, and air-tasking orders

composed of large data files.

D-27. Course training takes place at the Army GEOINT Battalion, NGIC, Washington Navy Yard,

Washington, DC.

IMAGERY EXPLOITATION SUPPORT SYSTEM BASIC IMAGERY ANALYST COURSE

D-28. The IESS Basic Imagery Analyst course is for the imagery exploiter who uses IESS to assist in

tasking imagery exploitation. Topics include—

A system overview.

Software navigation.

Basic and advanced target and image queries.

IIR and non-IIR product creation and submission for review and validation.

D-29. Other topics include using the Web-based softcopy client, the Graphical Exploitation Manager

(GEM), to enhance everyday workflow processes, such as discovering and retrieving imagery from a site’s

library and IIR generation. Course training objectives include—

Performing basic and advanced target and image research queries against the IESS database.

Using IESS and GEM clients to access and retrieve current and historic imagery residing on the

site’s image library.

Exercising all capabilities of the GEM.

Composing IIR and Non-IIR products in IESS to submit for review and validation.

Using the image list function, in conjunction with other query tools, to build and save a list of

current and past imagery and generate softcopy tasking.

IMAGERY ANALYST TRANSITION COURSE

D-30. The Imagery Analyst Transition course trains the 35H CGS operator, who is transitioning to 35G

imagery analyst, in the fundamentals required for effective integration into the 35G MOS.

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GEOINT Training

IMAGERY INTELLIGENCE OFFICER’S COURSE

D-31. The IMINT Officer’s course trains MI officers to manage GEOINT (geospatial information and

IMINT) collection, exploitation, processing, production, and dissemination functions; systems; and

organizations. Army intelligence officers receive a skill identifier of 1D at the completion of the course.

IMAGERY ORIENTATION COURSE

D-32. The Imagery Orientation course is designed to give intelligence professionals an overview of

imagery tools and capabilities. This course covers fundamental tools needed to succeed as an imagery

analyst. It is NOT intended to train non-35Gs to be imagery analysts, rather, to give them an overview of

what imagery analysts need to efficiently complete timely and accurate intelligence products.

D-33. Skills taught during the Imagery Orientation course assist the 35H CGS operator in transitioning to a

35G imagery analyst. It also provides a knowledge base for leaders without imagery analytical capabilities

exposure, so they can readily function in brigade- or battalion-level intelligence or operations positions.

Officers and enlisted personnel working within the GEOINT community benefit from learning the diverse

aspects of IMINT collection, capabilities, and analytical techniques. Course training takes place at the

Army GEOINT Battalion, NGIC, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, DC.

JOINT INTELLIGENCE COMBAT TRAINING CENTER

D-34. The Joint Intelligence Combat Training Center provides tailored battle simulation exercise-based

training to resident courses and visiting intelligence staffs and organizations. The center reinforces

individual MI skills or tasks in a shared collective training environment and hones MI combat-related

commander’s staff skills. GEOINT training comprises LIDAR, GMTI, SOCET GXP®, and ArcGIS.

MILITARY INTELLIGENCE CAPTAIN’S CAREER COURSE

D-35. The MI Captain’s Career course trains MI officers in MI common core, intelligence support to

brigade or battalion operations; intelligence support to division, corps, and joint operations; and intelligence

support to counterinsurgency operations. Course graduates are adaptive and competent leaders prepared to

manage, teach, and lead intelligence Soldiers of the future.

REMOTELY SENSED IMAGERY COURSE

D-36. The Remotely Sensed Imagery course provides education based on commercial, multispectral

imagery with ERDAS Imagine. The objectives of this course are analyzing commercial, multispectral

imagery with ERDAS Imagine software in the following areas:

Digital image processing.

Landcover classification with multispectral imagery terrain visualization.

Analysis tools:

Imagery annotation and product generation.

Hyperspectral imagery concepts.

Multispectral image interpretation.

Imagery importing and preparation.

Imagery concepts and sources overview.

TACTICAL FULL MOTION VIDEO PRODUCTION COURSE

D-37. The Tactical FMV Production course is designed to give intelligence professionals operating within a

BCT a basic awareness and understanding of ISR concepts, tactical FMV roles, and how to conduct or

analyze FMV missions in a counterinsurgency environment. Upon successful completion of this course,

each student is familiar with the following factors as they pertain to tactical FMV missions:

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Appendix D

Threat tactics.

TTP.

Blue force operations.

AO cultural features, behaviors, and infrastructure.

D-38. Course training takes place at the Army GEOINT Battalion, NGIC, Washington Navy Yard,

Washington, DC.

TACTICAL EXPLOITATION SYSTEM COURSE

D-39. The Tactical Exploitation System is an operational and theater intelligence and EW asset. The

Combined Arms Training Strategy (CATS) is designed to meet the needs of echelons below corps. CATS

applies to the Tactical Exploitation System because of its ability to provide timely intelligence support to

Army tactical operations. The Tactical Exploitation System integrates hands-on situationally based training

events highlighting operator or leader task and skills analysis.

THE SCHOOL OF GEOSPATIAL INTELLIGENCE

D-40. The National Geospatial-Intelligence College (NGC) provides mission essential training, education,

and professional development services to enable the U.S. global GEOINT mission. Major areas of training

concentration include—

Entry-level and intermediate training in terrain analysis and surveying for Armed Services

personnel.

GEOINT, analysis, systems, sensors, and related courses.

Communications, intelligence, professional studies, supervisory and management skills, and

leadership and executive development.

GEOINT-specific acquisition courses.

D-41. NGC serves a broad base of students, including all NGA personnel, members of organizations within

the NSG, other intelligence community personnel, and multinational partners supporting NGA’s

international agreements. The college is accredited by the Council on Occupational Education.

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Appendix E

Support Documents

Support documents covered in this appendix are the Proper Use Memorandum and

electronic target folders.

PROPER USE MEMORANDUM

E-1. Organizations may require new collection or archived imagery of domestic areas to perform certain

missions. Domestic imagery is any imagery collected by satellite (national, commercial, or DOD, including

OPIR) and aircraft platforms that cover the land areas of the 50 states; Washington, DC; and the territories

and possessions of the United States, out to a 12-nautical mile seaward limit of these land areas. A Proper

Use Memorandum that defines the requirements for domestic imagery outlines its intended use and

acknowledges that awareness of legal and policy restrictions regarding domestic imagery must be

submitted to NGA—for NTM and new commercial domestic imagery collection—or to the combatant

command or military Service—for aircraft platform collection.

SUBJECT: Proper Use Statement Memorandum for Exercise XXX

Paragraph 1

State purpose of request, intended use of imagery, location of exercise (military

property; federal [Bureau of Land Management land, national forest], state, or U.S.

territory or possession; or private property), and timeframes for collections.

Paragraph 2

Identify targets. Provide target name, geo-coordinates (latitude and longitude), and

basic encyclopedia (BE) number.

Paragraph 3

List all organizations receiving imagery and derived products. Include desired format

and where imagery will be stored (automated information system). State special

production requirements and security restrictions for softcopy imagery dissemination.

Paragraph 4

Include the following statement:

I certify that the intended use of the requested information, materials, and imagery

derived from classified overhead systems is not in violation of applicable laws,

including the statutory authority of this agency. The request for imagery is not for the

purpose of targeting any specified U.S. person, nor is it inconsistent with the

constitutional and other legal rights of U.S. persons.

Paragraph 5

Certification:

“I am authorized as a certifying official on behalf of

(requesting

command), and I understand I am responsible for the accuracy of the information

contained herein and for the proper safeguarding of products received in response.”

Name, rank/grade, position title, and office.

Note. NGA does not require a Proper Use Memorandum for commercial domestic imagery

unless the requester is asking for a new collect to be paid with NGA funding. Commercial

domestic imagery in the NGA archive does not require a Proper Use Memorandum.

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Appendix E

E-2. The Domestic Imagery Release document is required when the Government obtains imagery of

private property. This may be an individual’s or city’s property. The owner or chief executive of a

municipality must sign the release. (See the following example.)

Private Property Release Statement

I, name of landowner, hereby give my consent for the U.S. Government to take

overhead photographs and collect remote sensing data of my list specific targets, and

surrounding area located at enter street, route, city, state, and to use such

information for U.S. Government purposes. I understand that the photography and

data collection will take place between enter collection dates.

Signature of land owner

E-3. The Army Departmental Requirements Office has Wiki pages on SIPRNET and JWICS listing Army

Proper Use Memorandums for each state.

Note. The Army Departmental Requirements Office produces and maintains Proper Use

Memorandums for almost all major units. Subordinate units can use these Proper Use

Memorandums as long as they are in compliance with them.

E-4. Units and staff organizations performing intelligence activities may not infringe on or violate the

rights of U.S. persons. Collecting information on specific targets inside the United States raises policy and

legal concerns that require careful consideration, analysis, and coordination with legal counsel. Collection

must be in accordance with EO 12333, the National Security Act of 1947, as amended, and DOD 5240.1-R.

E-5.

Acceptable reasons for domestic collection include—

Natural disasters.

Counterintelligence.

Force protection.

Security-related vulnerability assessments.

Environmental studies.

Exercise.

Training.

Testing.

Navigational purposes.

E-6.

When using—

National satellites, NGA is responsible for the legal review and approval of requests for the

collection and dissemination of domestic imagery.

Airborne platforms, an approved Proper Use Memorandum must be on file with the

appropriate combatant command or military Service before they can be tasked to collect

domestic imagery.

Commercial imagery, intelligence components can obtain domestic commercial imagery

without higher level approval for valid mission purposes, such as training or testing on federally

owned and operated ranges, calibration-associated systems development activities, and domestic

disaster relief operations.

UASs for navigational or target training activities, UASs may collect imagery during formal and

training missions as long as the collected imagery is not for the purpose of obtaining information

about specific U.S. persons or private property.

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Glossary

SECTION I - ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

two-dimensional

three-dimensional

10 USC 467

Section 467, Title 10, United States Code

ABCS

Army Battle Command System

AGC

Army Geospatial Center

AGO

Army Geospatial Intelligence Office

AGI

advanced geospatial intelligence

AMRDS

AGI and MASINT Reporting and Dissemination Service

area of operations

Army regulation

ARL

Airborne Reconnaissance Low

ArcGIS

Arc Geographic Information System

ARMS

Airborne Reconnaissance Multisensor System

ASCC

Army Service component command

ATTP

Army tactics, techniques, and procedures

BCT

brigade combat team

BFSB

battlefield surveillance brigade

CALA

Community Airborne Library Architecture

CCIR

commander’s critical information requirement

CGS

common ground station

CIA

Central Intelligence Agency

CIB

controlled image base

CJTF

combined joint task force

COA

course of action

COP

common operational picture

DCGS

Distributed Common Ground System

DCGS-A

Distributed Common Ground System-Army

DIA

Defense Intelligence Agency

DOD

Department of Defense

DODD

Department of Defense directive

EMARSS

Enhanced-Medium Altitude Reconnaissance and Surveillance System

EO 12333

Executive Order 12333

ERDAS

Earth Resource Data Analysis System

electronic warfare

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Glossary

FLIR

forward looking infrared

field manual

FMI

field manual interim

FMV

full motion video

G-2

assistant chief of staff, intelligence

G-3

assistant chief of staff, operations

G-6

assistant chief of staff, signal

GBS

Global Broadcast Service

GEOINT

geospatial intelligence

GI&S

geospatial information and services

GMI

general military intelligence

GMTI

ground moving target indicator

GPC

geospatial planning cell

HUMINT

human intelligence

I&W

indications and warning

IESS

Imagery Exploitation Support System

IFSAR

interferometric synthetic aperture radar

IIR

imagery interpretation report

IMINT

imagery intelligence

INSCOM

United States Army Intelligence and Security Command

IPB

intelligence preparation of the battlefield

infrared

ISR

intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance

J-2

intelligence directorate of a joint staff

J-3

operations directorate of a joint staff

JFC

joint force commander

joint publication

JSTARS

Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System

JTF

joint task force

JWICS

Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System

LIDAR

light detection and ranging

LWIR

long-wave infrared

MARSS

Medium Altitude Reconnaissance and Surveillance System

MASINT

measurement and signature intelligence

MCIA

Marine Corps Intelligence Activity

MDMP

military decisionmaking process

military intelligence

MOS

military occupational specialty

MTI

moving target indicator

MWIR

medium-wave infrared

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Glossary

NASIC

National Air and Space Intelligence Center

NGA

National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency

NGIC

National Ground Intelligence Center

NIPRNET

Nonsecure Internet Protocol Router Network

NRO

National Reconnaissance Office

NSA

National Security Agency

NSG

National System for Geospatial Intelligence

NTM

national technical means

ONI

Office of Naval Intelligence

OPIR

overhead persistent infrared

PSS-SOF

Precision Strike Suite for Special Operations Forces

RFI

request for information

S-2

intelligence staff officer

S-3

operations staff officer

S-6

signal staff officer

SAR

synthetic aperture radar

SIGINT

signals intelligence

SIPRNET

SECRET Internet Protocol Router Network

SOCET GXP

Softcopy Exploitation Toolkit Geospatial Exploitation Product

S&TI

scientific and technical intelligence

training circular

TCPED

tasking, collection, processing, exploitation, and dissemination

TGD

Theater Geospatial Database

UAS

unmanned aircraft system

USAF

United States Air Force

WARP

web-accessed retrieval portal

SECTION II - TERMS

geospatial information and services

Information that identifies the geographic location and characteristics of natural or constructed features

and boundaries on the Earth, including: statistical data and information derived from, among other

things, remote sensing, mapping, and surveying technologies; and mapping, charting, geodetic data,

and related products. (10 USC 467)

geospatial intelligence

The exploitation and analysis of imagery and geospatial information to describe, assess, and visually

depict physical features and geographically referenced activities on the Earth. Geospatial intelligence

consists of imagery, imagery intelligence, and geospatial information. (10 USC 467)

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References

REQUIRED PUBLICATIONS

These documents must be available to the intended users of this publication.

FM 1-02. Operational Terms and Graphics. 21 September 2004.

FM 2-0. Intelligence. 23 March 2010.

JP 1-02. Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. 8 November 2010 (As

Amended Through 31 December 2010).

RELATED PUBLICATIONS

These sources contain relevant supplemental information.

10 USC 467. Armed Forces: Definitions. Available online at

http://www.gpoaccess.gov/uscode/browse.html.

AR 115-11. Geospatial Information and Services. 10 December 2001.

ATTP 3-34.80. Geospatial Engineering. 24 July 2010.

DOD 5240.1-R. Procedures Governing the Activities of DOD Intelligence Components That Affect

United States Persons. 1 December 1982.

DODD 5105.60. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA). 29 July 2009.

EO 12333. United States Intelligence Activities. 4 December 1981.

FM 2-01.3. Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield/Battlespace. 15 October 2009.

FM 3-0. Operations. 27 February 2008.

FM 3-34.170. Engineering Reconnaissance. 25 March 2008.

FM 3-36. Electronic Warfare in Operations. 25 February 2009.

FM 3-90. Tactics. 4 July 2001.

FM 5-0. The Operations Process. 26 March 2010.

FM 5-19. Composite Risk Management. 21 August 2006.

FMI 2-01.301. Specific Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Intelligence Preparation of the

Battlefield. 31 March 2009.

JP 2-0. Joint Intelligence. 22 June 2007.

JP 2-01. Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations. 7 October 2004.

JP 2-03. Geospatial Intelligence Support to Joint Operations. 22 March 2007.

JP 3-0. Joint Operations. 17 September 2006 (Change 2, 22 March 2010).

JP 3-16. Multinational Operations. 7 March 2007.

JP 3-28. Civil Support. 14 September 2007.

JP 3-34. Engineer Doctrine for Joint Operations. 12 February 2007.

JP 3-60. Joint Doctrine for Targeting. 13 April 2007.

JP 4-0. Joint Logistics. 18 July 2008.

JP 5-0. Joint Operation Planning. 26 December 2006.

JP 6-0. Joint Communications System. 10 June 2010.

MISB: Motion Imagery Standards Board. Available online at http://www.gwg.nga.mil/misb/.

National Security Act of 1947. Available online at

http://www.state.gov/www/about_state/history/intel/intro6.html.

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Index

Entries are by paragraph number.

Army organizations

combatant commands, 1-44

ABCS, 1-42

Army corps, 5-42 through

through 1-48.

5-45.

active imagery sensors, 2-73,

commercial systems, 2-6

Army division, 5-46 through

2-74, table C-2. See also

through 2-8. See also

5-49.

imagery, sensors.

dissemination; satellite

Army Service component

systems.

advanced geospatial

command, 5-38 through

intelligence. See AGI.

commercial tasking, 3-15. See

5-41.

also imagery, tasking.

AGC, 1-42, 1-43. See also

Army special operations

NSG, Army organizations

forces, 5-59 through 5-63

Constant Hawk, 2-25. See also

that support.

battlefield surveillance

manned aircraft systems.

AGI, 1-37, 2-62 through 2-65.

brigade, 5-53.

controlled image base, 2-52,

Military reference books and manuals (2009-2023, Volume 7) - page 14