ISO 32000-1 Document management — Portable document format

Table 364 - Entries in a separation dictionary (continued)

Key

Type

Value

ColorSpace

array

(Optional) An array defining a Separation or DeviceN colour space (see

8.6.6.4,

“Separation Colour Spaces” and

8.6.6.5,

“DeviceN Colour

Spaces”). It provides additional information about the colour specified by

DeviceColorant—in particular, the alternate colour space and tint

transformation function that shall be used to represent the colorant as a

process colour. This information enables a conforming reader to preview

the separation in a colour that approximates the device colorant.

The value of DeviceColorant shall match the space’s colorant name (if it

is a Separation space) or be one of the space’s colorant names (if it is a

DeviceN space).

14.11.5

Output Intents

Output intents (PDF 1.4) provide a means for matching the colour characteristics of a PDF document with

those of a target output device or production environment in which the document will be printed. The optional

OutputIntents entry in the document catalogue (see 7.7.2, “Document Catalog”) holds an array of output intent

dictionaries, each describing the colour reproduction characteristics of a possible output device or production

condition. The contents of these dictionaries may vary for different devices and conditions. The dictionary’s S

entry specifies an output intent subtype that determines the format and meaning of the remaining entries.

NOTE 1

This use of multiple output intents allows the production process to be customized to the expected workflow

and the specific tools available. For example, one production facility might process files conforming to a

recognized standard such as PDF/X-1, while another uses the PDF/A standard to produce RGB output for

document distribution on the Web. Each of these workflows would require different sets of output intent

information. Multiple output intents also allow the same PDF file to be distributed unmodified to multiple

production facilities. The choice of which output intent to use in a given production environment is a matter for

agreement between the purchaser and provider of production services. PDF intentionally does not include a

selector for choosing a particular output intent from within the PDF file.

At the time of publication, three output intent subtypes have been defined: GTS_PDFX corresponding to the

PDF/X format standard specified in ISO 15930, GTS_PDFA1 corresponding to the PDF/A standard as defined

by ISO 19005, and ISO_PDFE1 corresponding to the PDF/E standard as defined by ISO 24517. Table 365

shows the contents of this type of output intent dictionary. Other subtypes may be added in the future; the

names of any such additional subtypes shall conform to the naming guidelines described in Annex E.

Table 365 - Entries in an output intent dictionary

Key

Type

Value

Type

name

(Optional) The type of PDF object that this dictionary

describes; if present, shall be OutputIntent for an output

intent dictionary.

name

(Required) The output intent subtype; shall be either one

of GTS_PDFX, GTS_PDFA1, ISO_PDFE1 or a key

defined by an ISO 32000 extension.

OutputCondition

text string

(Optional) A text string concisely identifying the intended

output device or production condition in human-readable

form. This is the preferred method of defining such a string

for presentation to the user.

633

Table 365 - Entries in an output intent dictionary (continued)

Key

Type

Value

OutputConditionIdentifier

text string

(Required) A text string identifying the intended output

device or production condition in human- or machine-

readable form. If human-readable, this string may be used

in lieu of an OutputCondition string for presentation to

the user.

A typical value for this entry may be the name of a

production condition maintained in an industry-standard

registry such as the ICC Characterization Data Registry

(see the Bibliography). If the designated condition

matches that in effect at production time, the production

software is responsible for providing the corresponding

ICC profile as defined in the registry.

If the intended production condition is not a recognized

standard, the value of this entry may be Custom or an

application-specific,

machine-readable name. The

DestOutputProfile entry defines the ICC profile, and the

Info entry shall be used for further human-readable

identification.

RegistryName

text string

(Optional) An text string

(conventionally a uniform

resource identifier, or URI) identifying the registry in which

the condition designated by OutputConditionIdentifier is

defined.

Info

text string

(Required if OutputConditionIdentifier does not specify

a standard production condition; optional otherwise) A

human-readable text string containing additional

information or comments about the intended target device

or production condition.

DestOutputProfile

stream

(Required if OutputConditionIdentifier does not specify

a standard production condition; optional otherwise) An

ICC profile stream defining the transformation from the

PDF document’s source colours to output device

colorants.

The format of the profile stream is the same as that used

in specifying an ICCBased colour space (see 8.6.5.5,

“ICCBased Colour Spaces”). The output transformation

uses the profile’s “from CIE” information (BToA in ICC

terminology); the

“to CIE”

(AToB) information may

optionally be used to remap source colour values to some

other destination colour space, such as for screen preview

or hardcopy proofing.

NOTE 2

PDF/X is actually a family of standards representing varying levels of conformance. The standard for a given

conformance level may prescribe further restrictions on the usage and meaning of entries in the output intent

dictionary. Any such restrictions take precedence over the descriptions given in Table 364.

The ICC profile information in an output intent dictionary supplements rather than replaces that in an

ICCBased or default colour space (see 8.6.5.5, “ICCBased Colour Spaces,” and 8.6.5.6, “Default Colour

Spaces”). Those mechanisms are specifically intended for describing the characteristics of source colour

component values. An output intent can be used in conjunction with them to convert source colours to those

required for a specific production condition or to enable the display or proofing of the intended output.

The data in an output intent dictionary shall be provided for informational purposes only, and conforming

readers are free to disregard it. In particular, there is no expectation that PDF production tools automatically

convert colours expressed in the same source colour space to the specified target space before generating

output. (In some workflows, such conversion may, in fact, be undesirable).

634

NOTE

When working with CMYK source colours tagged with a source ICC profile solely for purposes of

characterization, converting such colours from four components to three and back is unnecessary and will

result in a loss of fidelity in the values of the black component; see 8.6.5.7, “Implicit Conversion of CIE-Based

Colour Spaces” for further discussion.) On the other hand, when source colours are expressed in different

base colour spaces—for example, when combining separately generated images on the same PDF page—it is

possible (though not required) to use the destination profile specified in the output intent dictionary to convert

source colours to the same target colour space.

EXAMPLE 1

This Example shows a PDF/X output intent dictionary based on an industry-standard production condition

(CGATS TR 001) from the ICC Characterization Data Registry. Example 2 shows one for a custom

production condition.

/Type /OutputIntent

% Output intent dictionary

/S /GTS_PDFX

/OutputCondition ( CGATS TR 001 ( SWOP ) )

/OutputConditionIdentifier

( CGATS TR 001 )

/RegistryName ( http : / / www. color. org )

/DestOutputProfile 100 0 R

100 0 obj

% ICC profile stream

/N 4

/Length 1605

/Filter

/ASCIIHexDecode

stream

00 00 02 0C 61 70 … >

endstream

endobj

EXAMPLE 2

/Type /OutputIntent

% Output intent dictionary

/S /GTS_PDFX

/OutputCondition ( Coated )

/OutputConditionIdentifier

( Custom )

/Info

( Coated 150lpi )

/DestOutputProfile 100 0 R

100 0 obj

% ICC profile stream

/N 4

/Length 1605

/Filter

/ASCIIHexDecode

stream

00 00 02 0C 61 70 … >

endstream

endobj

14.11.6

Trapping Support

14.11.6.1

General

On devices such as offset printing presses, which mark multiple colorants on a single sheet of physical

medium, mechanical limitations of the device can cause imprecise alignment, or misregistration, between

colorants. This can produce unwanted visual artifacts such as brightly coloured gaps or bands around the

edges of printed objects. In high-quality reproduction of colour documents, such artifacts are commonly

avoided by creating an overlap, called a trap, between areas of adjacent colour.

NOTE

Figure 87 shows an example of trapping. The light and medium grays represent two different colorants, which

are used to paint the background and the glyph denoting the letter A. The first figure shows the intended result,

with the two colorants properly registered. The second figure shows what happens when the colorants are

635

misregistered. In the third figure, traps have been overprinted along the boundaries, obscuring the artifacts

caused by the misregistration. (For emphasis, the traps are shown here in dark gray; in actual practice, their

colour will be similar to one of the adjoining colours.)

Intended result

Misregistration

with no trap

with trap

Figure 87 - Trapping example

Trapping may be implemented by the application generating a PDF file, by some intermediate application that

adds traps to a PDF document, or by the raster image processor (RIP) that produces final output. In the last

two cases, the trapping process is controlled by a set of trapping instructions, which define two kinds of

information:

•

Trapping zones within which traps should be created

•

Trapping parameters specifying the nature of the traps within each zone

Trapping zones and trapping parameters are discussed fully in Sections 6.3.2 and 6.3.3, respectively, of the

PostScript Language Reference, Third Edition. Trapping instructions are not directly specified in a PDF file (as

they are in a PostScript file). Instead, they shall be specified in a job ticket that accompanies the PDF file or is

embedded within it. Various standards exist for the format of job tickets; two of them, JDF (Job Definition

Format) and PJTF (Portable Job Ticket Format), are described in the CIP4 document JDF Specification and in

Adobe Technical Note #5620, Portable Job Ticket Format (see the Bibliography).

When trapping is performed before the production of final output, the resulting traps shall be placed in the PDF

file for subsequent use. The traps themselves shall be described as a content stream in a trap network

annotation (see 14.11.6.2, “Trap Network Annotations”). The stream dictionary may include additional entries

describing the method that was used to produce the traps and other information about their appearance.

14.11.6.2

Trap Network Annotations

A complete set of traps generated for a given page under a specified set of trapping instructions is called a trap

network (PDF 1.3). It is a form XObject containing graphics objects for painting the required traps on the page.

A page may have more than one trap network based on different trapping instructions, presumably intended for

different output devices. All of the trap networks for a given page shall be contained in a single trap network

annotation (see 12.5, “Annotations”). There may be at most one trap network annotation per page, which shall

be the last element in the page’s Annots array (see 7.7.3.3, “Page Objects”). This ensures that the trap

network shall be printed after all of the page’s other contents.

The form XObject defining a trap network shall be specified as an appearance stream in the N (normal) entry of

the trap network annotation’s appearance dictionary (see 12.5.5, “Appearance Streams”). If more than one trap

network is defined for the same page, the N entry holds a subdictionary containing the alternate trap networks,

each identified by an arbitrary key. The AS (appearance state) entry in the annotation dictionary designates

one of them as the current trap network to be displayed or printed.

NOTE 1

The trap network annotation’s appearance dictionary may include R (rollover) or D (down) entries, but

appearances defined in either of these entries are never printed.

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Like all annotations, a trap network annotation shall be defined by an annotation dictionary (see 12.5.2,

“Annotation Dictionaries”); its annotation type is TrapNet. The AP (appearances), AS (appearance state), and

F (flags) entries (which ordinarily are optional) shall be present, with the Print and ReadOnly flags set and all

others clear (see 12.5.3, “Annotation Flags”). Table 366 shows the additional annotation dictionary entries

specific to this type of annotation.

The Version and AnnotStates entries, if present, shall be used to detect changes in the content of a page that

might require regenerating its trap networks. The Version array identifies elements of the page’s content that

might be changed by an editing application and thus invalidate its trap networks. Because there is at most one

Version array per trap network annotation (and thus per page), any conforming writer that generates a new

trap network shall also verify the validity of existing trap networks by enumerating the objects identified in the

array and verifying that the results exactly match the array’s current contents. Any trap networks found to be

invalid shall be regenerated.

The LastModified entry may be used in place of the Version array to track changes to a page’s trap network.

(The trap network annotation shall include either a LastModified entry or the combination of Version and

AnnotStates, but not all three.) If the modification date in the LastModified entry of the page object (see

7.7.3.3, “Page Objects”) is more recent than the one in the trap network annotation dictionary, the page’s trap

networks are invalid and shall be regenerated.

NOTE 2

Not all editing applications correctly maintain these modification dates.

This method of tracking trap network modifications may be used reliably only in a controlled workflow

environment where the integrity of the modification dates is assured.

Table 366 - Additional entries specific to a trap network annotation

Key

Type

Value

Subtype

name

(Required) The type of annotation that this dictionary describes; shall

be TrapNet for a trap network annotation.

LastModified

date

(Required if Version and AnnotStates are absent; shall be absent if

Version and AnnotStates are present; PDF 1.4) The date and time

(see

7.9.4,

“Dates”) when the trap network was most recently

modified.

Version

array

(Required if AnnotStates is present; shall be absent if LastModified

is present) An unordered array of all objects present in the page

description at the time the trap networks were generated and that, if

changed, could affect the appearance of the page. If present, the array

shall include the following objects:

•

All content streams identified in the page object’s Contents entry

(see 7.7.3.3, “Page Objects”)

•

All resource objects (other than procedure sets) in the page’s

resource dictionary (see 7.8.3, “Resource Dictionaries”)

•

All resource objects (other than procedure sets) in the resource

dictionaries of any form XObjects on the page (see 8.10, “Form

XObjects”)

•

All OPI dictionaries associated with XObjects on the page (see

14.11.7, “Open Prepress Interface (OPI)”)

AnnotStates

array

(Required if Version is present; shall be absent if LastModified is

present) An array of name objects representing the appearance states

(value of the AS entry) for annotations associated with the page. The

appearance states shall be listed in the same order as the annotations

in the page’s Annots array (see 7.7.3.3, “Page Objects”). For an

annotation with no AS entry, the corresponding array element should

be null. No appearance state shall be included for the trap network

annotation itself.

637

Table 366 - Additional entries specific to a trap network annotation (continued)

Key

Type

Value

FontFauxing

array

(Optional) An array of font dictionaries representing fonts that were

fauxed (replaced by substitute fonts) during the generation of trap

networks for the page.

14.11.6.3

Trap Network Appearances

Each entry in the N (normal) subdictionary of a trap network annotation’s appearance dictionary holds an

appearance stream defining a trap network associated with the given page. Like all appearances, a trap

network is a stream object defining a form XObject (see 8.10, “Form XObjects”). The body of the stream

contains the graphics objects needed to paint the traps making up the trap network. Its dictionary entries

include, besides the standard entries for a form dictionary, the additional entries shown in Table 367.

Table 367 - Additional entries specific to a trap network appearance stream

Key

Type

Value

PCM

name

(Required) The name of the process colour model that was

assumed when this trap network was created; equivalent to the

PostScript page device parameter ProcessColorModel

(see

Section

6.2.5 of the PostScript Language Reference, Third

Edition).

Valid

values are DeviceGray, DeviceRGB,

DeviceCMYK, DeviceCMY, DeviceRGBK, and DeviceN.

SeparationColorNames

array

(Optional) An array of names identifying the colorants that were

assumed when this network was created; equivalent to the

PostScript page device parameter of the same name (see Section

6.2.5 of the PostScript Language Reference, Third Edition).

Colourants implied by the process colour model PCM are available

automatically and need not be explicitly declared. If this entry is

absent, the colorants implied by PCM shall be assumed.

TrapRegions

array

(Optional) An array of indirect references to TrapRegion objects

defining the page’s trapping zones and the associated trapping

parameters, as described in Adobe Technical Note

#5620,

Portable Job Ticket Format. These references refer to objects

comprising portions of a PJTF job ticket that shall be embedded in

the PDF file. When the trapping zones and parameters are defined

by an external job ticket (or by some other means, such as JDF),

this entry shall be absent.

TrapStyles

text string

(Optional) A human-readable text string that applications may use

to describe this trap network to the user.

EXAMPLE

To allow switching between trap networks).

NOTE

Preseparated PDF files (see 14.11.4, “Separation Dictionaries”) may not be trapped because traps are defined

along the borders between different colours and a preseparated file uses only one colour. Therefore,

preseparation shall occur after trapping, not before. An conforming writer that preseparates a trapped PDF file

is responsible for calculating new Version arrays for the separated trap networks.

14.11.7

Open Prepress Interface (OPI)

The workflow in a prepress environment often involves multiple applications in areas such as graphic design,

page layout, word processing, photo manipulation, and document construction. As pieces of the final document

are moved from one application to another, it is useful to separate the data of high-resolution images, which

can be quite large—in some cases, many times the size of the rest of the document combined—from that of the

document itself. The Open Prepress Interface

(OPI) is a mechanism, originally developed by Aldus

Corporation, for creating low-resolution placeholders, or proxies, for such high-resolution images. The proxy

638

typically consists of a downsampled version of the full-resolution image, to be used for screen display and

proofing. Before the document is printed, it passes through a filter known as an OPI server, which replaces the

proxies with the original full-resolution images.

NOTE 1

In PostScript programs, OPI proxies are defined by PostScript code surrounded by special OPI comments,

which specify such information as the placement and cropping of the image and adjustments to its size,

rotation, colour, and other attributes.

In PDF, proxies shall be embedded in a document as image or form XObjects with an associated OPI dictionary

(PDF 1.2). This dictionary contains the same information that the OPI comments convey in PostScript. Two

versions of OPI shall be supported, versions 1.3 and 2.0. In OPI 1.3, a proxy consisting of a single image, with

no changes in the graphics state, may be represented as an image XObject; otherwise it shall be a form

XObject. In OPI 2.0, the proxy always entails changes in the graphics state and hence shall be represented as

a form XObject.

An XObject representing an OPI proxy shall contain an OPI entry in its image or form dictionary (see Table 89

and Table 95). The value of this entry is an OPI version dictionary (Table 368) identifying the version of OPI to

which the proxy corresponds. This dictionary consists of a single entry, whose key is the name 1.3 or 2.0 and

whose value is the OPI dictionary defining the proxy’s OPI attributes.

Table 368 - Entry in an OPI version dictionary

Key

Type

Value

version

dictionary

(Required; PDF 1.2) An OPI dictionary specifying the attributes of this

number

proxy (see Tables 369 and 370). The key for this entry shall be the

name 1.3 or 2.0, identifying the version of OPI to which the proxy

corresponds.

NOTE 2

As in any other PDF dictionary, the key in an OPI version dictionary is a name object. The OPI version

dictionary would thus be written in the PDF file in either the form

<< /1 . 3 d 0 R >>% OPI 1 . 3 dictionary

<< /2 . 0 d 0 R >>% OPI 2 . 0 dictionary

where d is the object number of the corresponding OPI dictionary.

Table 369 and Table 370 describe the contents of the OPI dictionaries for OPI 1.3 and OPI 2.0, respectively,

along with the corresponding PostScript OPI comments. The dictionary entries shall be listed in the order in

which the corresponding OPI comments appear in a PostScript program. Complete details on the meanings of

these entries and their effects on OPI servers can be found in OPI: Open Prepress Interface Specification 1.3

and Adobe Technical Note #5660, Open Prepress Interface (OPI) Specification, Version 2.0.

Table 369 - Entries in a version 1.3 OPI dictionary

Key

Type

OPI Comment

Value

Type

name

(Optional) The type of PDF object that this

dictionary describes; if present, shall be OPI

for an OPI dictionary.

Version

number

(Required) The version of OPI to which this

dictionary refers; shall be the number 1.3 (not

the name

1.3, as in an OPI version

dictionary).

file specification

%ALDImageFilename

(Required) The external file containing the

image corresponding to this proxy.

639

Table 369 - Entries in a version 1.3 OPI dictionary (continued)

Key

Type

OPI Comment

Value

byte string

%ALDImageID

(Optional) An identifying string denoting the

image.

Comments

text string

%ALDObjectComments

(Optional) A human-readable comment,

typically

containing

instructions

suggestions to the operator of the OPI server

on how to handle the image.

Size

array

%ALDImageDimensions

(Required) An array of two integers of the

form

[pixelsWide pixelsHigh ]

specifying the dimensions of the image in

pixels.

CropRect

rectangle

%ALDImageCropRect

(Required) An array of four integers of the

form

[left top right bottom ]

specifying the portion of the image to be used.

CropFixed

array

%ALDImageCropFixed

(Optional) An array with the same form and

meaning as CropRect, but expressed in real

numbers instead of integers. Default value:

the value of CropRect.

Position

array

%ALDImagePosition

(Required) An array of eight numbers of the

form

[ll_x ll_y ul_x ul_y ur_x ur_y lr_x lr_y ]

specifying the location on the page of the

cropped image, where (ll_x , ll_y ) are the user

space coordinates of the lower-left corner,

(ul_x , ul_y ) are those of the upper-left corner,

(ur_x , ur_y ) are those of the upper-right corner,

and

(lr_x , lr_y ) are those of the lower-right

corner. The specified coordinates shall define

a parallelogram; that is, they shall satisfy the

conditions

ul_x − ll_x = ur_x − lr_x

and

ul_y − ll_y = ur_y − lr_y

The combination of Position and CropRect

determines the image’s scaling, rotation,

reflection, and skew.

Resolution

array

%ALDImageResolution

(Optional) An array of two numbers of the

form

[horizRes vertRes ]

specifying the resolution of the image in

samples per inch.

ColorType

name

%ALDImageColorType

(Optional) The type of colour specified by the

Color entry. Valid values are Process, Spot,

and Separation. Default value: Spot.

640

Table 369 - Entries in a version 1.3 OPI dictionary (continued)

Key

Type

OPI Comment

Value

Color

array

%ALDImageColor

(Optional) An array of four numbers and a

byte string of the form

[C M Y K colorName ]

specifying the value and name of the colour in

which the image is to be rendered. The values

of C, M, Y, and K shall all be in the range 0.0

to 1.0. Default value:

[0.0

0.0 0.0 1.0 ( Black )].

Tint

number

%ALDImageTint

(Optional) A number in the range 0.0 to 1.0

specifying the concentration of the colour

specified by Color in which the image is to be

rendered. Default value: 1.0.

Overprint

boolean

%ALDImageOverprint

(Optional) A flag specifying whether the

image is to overprint

(true) or knock out

(false)

underlying

marks on other

separations. Default value: false.

ImageType

array

%ALDImageType

(Optional) An array of two integers of the form

[samples bits ]

specifying the number of samples per pixel

and bits per sample in the image.

GrayMap

array

%ALDImageGrayMap

(Optional) An array of 2n integers in the range

0 to 65,535 (where n is the number of bits per

sample) recording changes made to the

brightness or contrast of the image.

Transparency

boolean

%ALDImageTransparency

(Optional) A flag specifying whether white

pixels in the image shall be treated as

transparent. Default value: true.

Tags

array

%%TIFFASCIITag

(Optional) An array of pairs of the form

[ tagNum1 tagText1 … tagNumn tagTextn ]

where each tagNum is an integer representing

a TIFF tag number and each tagText is an

ASCII string or an array of ASCII strings

representing the corresponding ASCII tag

value.

Size

array

%%ImageDimensions

(Optional) An array of two numbers of the form

[width height ]

specifying the dimensions of the image in

pixels.

CropRect

rectangle

%%ImageCropRect

(Optional) An array of four numbers of the

form

[left top right bottom ]

specifying the portion of the image to be used.

The Size and CropRect entries shall either

both be present or both be absent. If present,

they shall satisfy the conditions

0 ≤ left < right ≤ width

and

0 ≤ top < bottom ≤ height

In this coordinate space, the positive y axis

extends vertically downward; hence, the

requirement that top < bottom.

Overprint

boolean

%%ImageOverprint

(Optional) A flag specifying whether the image

is to overprint

(true) or knock out

(false)

underlying marks on other separations.

Default value: false.

Inks

name or array

%%ImageInks

(Optional) A name object or array specifying

the colorants to be applied to the image. The

value may be the name full_color or

registration or an array of the form

[ /monochrome name1 tint1 … namen tintn ]

where each name is a string representing the

name of a colorant and each tint is a real

number in the range 0.0 to 1.0 specifying the

concentration of that colorant to be applied.

IncludedImageDimensions

array

%%IncludedImageDimensions

(Optional) An array of two integers of the form

[pixelsWide pixelsHigh ]

specifying the dimensions of the included

image in pixels.

IncludedImageQuality

number

%%IncludedImageQuality

(Optional) A number indicating the quality of

the included image. Valid values are 1, 2, and

642

Annex A

(informative)

Operator Summary

A.1

General

This annex lists, in alphabetical order, all the operators that may be used in PDF content streams.

A.2

PDF Content Stream Operators

Table A.1 lists each operator, its corresponding PostScript language operators (when it is an exact or near-

exact equivalent of the PDF operator), a description of the operator, and references to the table and page

where each operator is introduced.

Table A.1 - PDF content stream operators

Operator

PostScript Equivalent

Description

Table

closepath, fill, stroke

Close, fill, and stroke path using nonzero winding

number rule

fill, stroke

Fill and stroke path using nonzero winding number rule

closepath, eofill, stroke

Close, fill, and stroke path using even-odd rule

eofill, stroke

Fill and stroke path using even-odd rule

BDC

(PDF 1.2) Begin marked-content sequence with property

320

list

Begin inline image object

BMC

(PDF 1.2) Begin marked-content sequence

320

Begin text object

107

(PDF 1.1) Begin compatibility section

curveto

Append curved segment to path (three control points)

concat

Concatenate matrix to current transformation matrix

setcolorspace

(PDF 1.1) Set color space for stroking operations

setcolorspace

(PDF 1.1) Set color space for nonstroking operations

setdash

Set line dash pattern

setcharwidth

Set glyph width in Type 3 font

113

setcachedevice

Set glyph width and bounding box in Type 3 font

113

Invoke named XObject

(PDF 1.2) Define marked-content point with property list

320

End inline image object

EMC

(PDF 1.2) End marked-content sequence

320

643

Table A.1 - PDF content stream operators (continued)

Operator

PostScript Equivalent

Description

Table

End text object

107

(PDF 1.1) End compatibility section

fill

Fill path using nonzero winding number rule

fill

Fill path using nonzero winding number rule (obsolete)

eofill

Fill path using even-odd rule

setgray

Set gray level for stroking operations

setgray

Set gray level for nonstroking operations

(PDF 1.2) Set parameters from graphics state parameter

dictionary

closepath

Close subpath

setflat

Set flatness tolerance

Begin inline image data

setlinejoin

Set line join style

setlinecap

Set line cap style

setcmykcolor

Set CMYK color for stroking operations

setcmykcolor

Set CMYK color for nonstroking operations

lineto

Append straight line segment to path

moveto

Begin new subpath

setmiterlimit

Set miter limit

(PDF 1.2) Define marked-content point

320

End path without filling or stroking

gsave

Save graphics state

grestore

Restore graphics state

Append rectangle to path

setrgbcolor

Set RGB color for stroking operations

setrgbcolor

Set RGB color for nonstroking operations

Set color rendering intent

closepath, stroke

Close and stroke path

stroke

Stroke path

setcolor

(PDF 1.1) Set color for stroking operations

setcolor

(PDF 1.1) Set color for nonstroking operations

SCN

setcolor

(PDF 1.2) Set color for stroking operations (ICCBased

and special colour spaces)

scn

setcolor

(PDF

1.2) Set color for nonstroking operations

(ICCBased and special colour spaces)

644

Table A.1 - PDF content stream operators (continued)

Operator

PostScript Equivalent

Description

Table

shfill

(PDF 1.3) Paint area defined by shading pattern

Move to start of next text line

108

Set character spacing

Move text position

108

Move text position and set leading

108

selectfont

Set text font and size

show

Show text

109

Show text, allowing individual glyph positioning

109

Set text leading

Set text matrix and text line matrix

108

Set text rendering mode

Set text rise

Set word spacing

Set horizontal text scaling

curveto

Append curved segment to path (initial point replicated)

setlinewidth

Set line width

clip

Set clipping path using nonzero winding number rule

eoclip

Set clipping path using even-odd rule

curveto

Append curved segment to path (final point replicated)

Move to next line and show text

109

Set word and character spacing, move to next line, and

109

show text

645

Annex B

(normative)

Operators in Type 4 Functions

B.1

General

This annex summarizes the PostScript operators that may appear in a type 4 function, as discussed in 7.10.5,

"Type 4 (PostScript Calculator) Functions". For details on these operators, see the PostScript Language

Reference, Third Edition.

B.2

Arithmetic Operators

num₁ num₂

add sum

Return num₁ plus num₂

num₁ num₂

sub difference

Return num₁ minus num₂

num₁ num₂

mul product

Return num₁ times num₂

num₁ num₂

div quotient

Return num₁ divided by num₂

int₁ int₂

idiv quotient

Return int₁ divided by int₂ as an integer

int₁ int₂

mod remainder

Return remainder after dividing int₁ by int₂

num₁

neg num₂

Return negative of num₁

num₁

abs num₂

Return absolute value of num₁

num₁

ceiling num₂

Return ceiling of num₁

num₁

floor num₂

Return floor of num₁

num₁

round num₂

Round num₁ to nearest integer

num₁

truncate num₂

Remove fractional part of num₁

num

sqrt real

Return square root of num

angle

sin real

Return sine of angle degrees

angle

cos real

Return cosine of angle degrees

num den

atan angle

Return arc tangent of num/den in degrees

base exponent

exp real

Raise base to exponent power

num

ln real

Return natural logarithm (base e)

num

log real

Return common logarithm (base 10)

num

cvi int

Convert to integer

num

cvr real

Convert to real

B.3

Relational, Boolean, and Bitwise Operators

any₁ any₂

eq bool

Test equal

any₁ any₂

ne bool

Test not equal

num₁ num₂

gt bool

Test greater than

num₁ num₂

ge bool

Test greater than or equal

num₁ num₂

lt bool

Test less than

num₁ num₂

le bool

Test less than or equal

bool₁ |int₁ bool₂ |int₂

and bool₃ |int₃

Perform logical | bitwise and

bool₁ |int₁ bool₂ |int₂

or bool₃ |int₃

Perform logical | bitwise inclusive or

bool₁ |int₁ bool₂ |int₂

xor bool₃ |int₃

Perform logical | bitwise exclusive or

bool₁ |int₁

not bool₂ |int₂

Perform logical | bitwise not

647

int₁ shift

bitshift int₂

Perform bitwise shift of int₁ (positive is left)

–

true true

Return boolean value true

–

false false

Return boolean value false

B.4

Conditional Operators

bool { expr }

Execute expr if bool is true

bool { expr₁ } { expr₂ }

ifelse

Execute expr₁ if bool is true, expr₂ if false

B.5

Stack Operators

any

pop

Discard top element

any₁ any₂

exch any₂ any₁

Exchange top two elements

any

dup any any

Duplicate top element

any₁ … any_n n

copy any₁ … any_n any₁ … any_n

Duplicate top n elements

any_n … any₀ n

index any_n… any₀ any_n

Duplicate arbitrary element

anyn-1 … any₀ n j

roll any(j-1) mod n

… any₀ anyn-1 … anyj mod n Roll n elements up j times

648

Annex C

(normative)

Implementation Limits

C.1

General

In general, PDF does not restrict the size or quantity of things described in the file format, such as numbers,

arrays, images, and so on. However, a conforming reader running on a particular processor and in a particular

operating environment does have such limits. If a conforming reader encounters a PDF construct that exceeds

one of these limits or performs a computation whose intermediate results exceed a limit, an error occurs.

NOTE

PostScript interpreters also have implementation limits, listed in Appendix B of the PostScript Language

Reference, Third Edition. It is possible to construct a PDF file that does not violate PDF implementation limits

but fails to print on a PostScript printer. Keep in mind that these limits vary according to the PostScript

LanguageLevel, interpreter version, and the amount of memory available to the interpreter.

This annex describes typical limits for a conforming PDF application (readers and writers). These limits fall into

two main classes:

•

Architectural limits. The hardware on which a conforming reader executes imposes certain constraints. For

example, an integer is usually represented in 32 bits, limiting the range of allowed integers. In addition, the

design of the software imposes other constraints, such as a limit to the number of elements in an array or

string.

•

Memory limits. The amount of memory available to a conforming reader limits the number of memory-

consuming objects that can be held simultaneously.

C.2

Architectural limits

PDF itself has one architectural limit: Because a cross-reference table (see 7.5.4, "Cross-Reference Table")

allocates ten digits to represent byte offsets, the size of a file shall be limited to 10¹⁰ bytes (approximately 10

gigabytes). This limit does not apply in a PDF file that uses a cross-reference stream (see 7.5.8, "Cross-

Reference Streams") instead of a cross reference table.

Table C.1 describes the minimum architectural limits that should be accommodated by conforming readers

running on 32-bit machines. Because conforming readers may be subject to these limits, conforming writers

producing PDF files should remain within them.

NOTE

Memory limits are often exceeded before architectural limits (such as the limit on the number of indirect

objects) are reached.

Table C.1 - Architectural limits

Quantity

Limit

Description

integer

2,147,483,647

Largest integer value; equal to 2³¹ − 1.

-2,147,483,648

Smallest integer value; equal to −2³¹.

real

± 3.403 × 10³⁸

Largest and smallest real values (approximate).

Nonzero real values closest to 0 (approximate). Values closer

± 1.175 × 10^-38

than these are automatically converted to 0.

649

Table C.1 - Architectural limits (continued)

Quantity

Limit

Description

Number of significant decimal digits of precision in fractional part

(approximate).

string

(in

content

32,767

Maximum length of a string, in bytes.

stream)

This restriction applies only to strings in content streams. There

is no effective restriction on other strings in PDF files.

name

127

Maximum length of a name, in bytes.

indirect object

8,388,607

Maximum number of indirect objects in a PDF file.

q/Q nesting

NOTE

Maximum depth of graphics state nesting by q and

Q operators. This is not a limit as such, but arises

from the fact that q and Q are implemented by the

PostScript gsave and grestore operators when

generating PostScript output.

DeviceN components

Maximum number of colorants or tint components in a DeviceN

colour space.

CID

65,535

Maximum value of a CID (character identifier).

Additionally, conforming writers should adhere to the following constraints, and conforming readers should

accommodate PDF files that obey the constraints.

•

Thumbnail images should be no larger than 106 by 106 samples, and should be created at one-eighth

scale for 8.5-by-11-inch and A4-size pages.

•

The minimum page size should be 3 by 3 units in default user space; the maximum should be 14,400 by

14,400 units. In versions of PDF earlier than 1.6, the size of the default user space unit was fixed at 1⁄ 72

inch, yielding a minimum of approximately 0.04 by 0.04 inch and a maximum of 200 by 200 inches.

Beginning with PDF 1.6, the size of the unit may be set on a page-by-page basis; the default remains at 1/

72 inch.

•

The magnification factor of a view should be constrained to be between approximately 8 percent and 6400

percent.

•

When a conforming reader reads a PDF file with a damaged or missing cross-reference table, it may

attempt to rebuild the table by scanning all the objects in the file. However, the generation numbers of

deleted entries are lost if the cross-reference table is missing or severely damaged. To facilitate such

reconstruction, object identifiers, the endobj keyword, and the endstream keyword should appear at the

start of a line. Also, the data within a stream should not contain a line beginning with the word endstream,

aside from the required endstream that delimits the end of the stream.

C.3

Memory limits

Memory limits cannot be characterized as precisely as architectural limits because the amount of available

memory and the ways in which it is allocated vary from one conforming product to another.

NOTE

Memory is automatically reallocated from one use to another when necessary: when more memory is needed

for a particular purpose, it can be taken from memory allocated to another purpose if that memory is currently

unused or its use is nonessential (a cache, for example). Also, data is often saved to a temporary file when

memory is limited. Because of this behaviour, it is not possible to state limits for such items as the number of

pages in a document, number of text annotations or hypertext links on a page, number of graphics objects on a

page, or number of fonts on a page or in a document.

650

Annex D

(normative)

Character Sets and Encodings

D.1

General

This annex lists the character sets and encodings that shall be predefined in any conforming reader. Simple

fonts, encompassing Latin text and some symbols, are described here. See 9.7.5.2, "Predefined CMaps" for a

list of predefined CMaps for CID-keyed fonts.

D.2, "Latin Character Set and Encodings", describes the entire character set for the Adobe standard Latin-text

fonts. This character set shall be supported by the Times, Helvetica, and Courier font families, which are

among the standard 14 predefined fonts; see 9.6.2.2, "Standard Type 1 Fonts (Standard 14 Fonts)". For each

named character, an octal character code is defined for four different encodings: StandardEncoding,

MacRomanEncoding, WinAnsiEncoding, and PDFDocEncoding (see Table D.1). Unencoded characters

are indicated by a dash (—).

D.3, "PDFDocEncoding Character Set", describes the entire set of characters that can be represented using

PDFDocEncoding. It presents these characters in numerical order and it describes the Unicode representation

of each character. This table overlaps the information presented in D.2, "Latin Character Set and Encodings",

with respect to the presented octal character codes.

D.4, "Expert Set and MacExpertEncoding", describes the “expert” character set, which contains additional

characters useful for sophisticated typography, such as small capitals, ligatures, and fractions. For each named

character, an octal character code is given in MacExpertEncoding.

NOTE

The built-in encoding in an expert font program may be different from MacExpertEncoding.

D.5, "Symbol Set and Encoding", and D.6, "ZapfDingbats Set and Encoding", describe the character sets and

built-in encodings for the Symbol and ZapfDingbats (ITC Zapf Dingbats) font programs, which shall be among

the standard 14 predefined fonts. These fonts have built-in encodings that are unique to each font. The

characters for ZapfDingbats are ordered by code instead of by name, since the names in that font are

meaningless.

Table D.1 - Latin-text encodings

Encoding

Description

StandardEncoding

Adobe standard Latin-text encoding. This is the built-in encoding defined

in Type 1 Latin-text font programs (but generally not in TrueType font

programs). Conforming readers shall not have a predefined encoding

named StandardEncoding. However, it is necessary to describe this

encoding, since a font’s built-in encoding can be used as the base

encoding from which differences may be specified in an encoding

dictionary.

MacRomanEncoding

Mac OS standard encoding for Latin text in Western writing systems.

Conforming readers shall have a predefined encoding named

MacRomanEncoding that may be used with both Type 1 and TrueType

fonts.

WinAnsiEncoding

Windows Code Page 1252, often called the “Windows ANSI” encoding.

This is the standard Windows encoding for Latin text in Western writing

systems. Conforming readers shall have a predefined encoding named

WinAnsiEncoding that may be used with both Type 1 and TrueType

fonts.

651

Table D.1 - Latin-text encodings (continued)

Encoding

Description

PDFDocEncoding

Encoding for text strings in a PDF document outside the document’s

content streams. This is one of two encodings (the other being Unicode)

that may be used to represent text strings; see 7.9.2.2, "Text String

Type". PDF does not have a predefined encoding named

PDFDocEncoding; it is not customary to use this encoding to show text

from fonts.

MacExpertEncoding

An encoding for use with expert fonts—ones containing the expert

character set. Conforming readers shall have a predefined encoding

named MacExpertEncoding. Despite its name, it is not a platform-

specific encoding; however, only certain fonts have the appropriate

character set for use with this encoding. No such fonts are among the

standard 14 predefined fonts.

652

D.2

Latin Character Set and Encodings

CHAR CODE (OCTAL)

CHAR

NAME

STD

MAC WIN

PDF

CHAR

NAME

STD

MAC WIN

PDF

101

352

316

214

226

341

256

306

Oacute

—

356

323

Aacute

—

347

301

Ocircumflex

—

357

324

Acircumflex

—

345

302

Odieresis

—

205

326

Adieresis

—

200

304

Ograve

—

361

322

Agrave

—

313

300

Oslash

351

257

330

Aring

—

201

305

Otilde

—

315

325

Atilde

—

314

303

120

102

121

103

122

Ccedilla

—

202

307

123

104

Scaron

—

212

227

105

124

Eacute

—

203

311

Thorn

—

336

Ecircumflex

—

346

312

125

Edieresis

—

350

313

Uacute

—

362

332

Egrave

—

351

310

Ucircumflex

—

363

333

Eth

—

320

Udieresis

—

206

334

€

Euro¹

—

200

240

Ugrave

—

364

331

106

126

107

127

110

130

111

131

Iacute

—

352

315

Yacute

—

335

Icircumflex

—

353

316

Ydieresis

—

331

237

230

Idieresis

—

354

317

132

Igrave

—

355

314

Zcaron²

—

216

231

112

141

113

aacute

—

207

341

114

acircumflex

—

211

342

Lslash

350

—

225

acute

302

253

264

115

adieresis

—

212

344

116

361

276

346

Ntilde

—

204

321

agrave

—

210

340

117

ampersand

046

653

CHAR CODE (OCTAL)

CHAR

NAME

STD

MAC WIN

PDF

CHAR

NAME

STD

MAC WIN

PDF

aring

—

214

345

ecircumflex

—

220

352

asciicircum

136

edieresis

—

221

353

asciitilde

176

egrave

—

217

350

asterisk

052

eight

070

100

…

ellipsis

274

311

205

203

atilde

—

213

343

—

emdash

320

321

227

204

142

–

endash

261

320

226

205

backslash

134

equal

075

bar

174

eth

—

360

{

braceleft

173

exclam

041

}

braceright

175

exclamdown

241

301

241

[

bracketleft

133

146

]

bracketright

135

256

336

—

223

breve

306

371

—

030

five

065

brokenbar

—

246

257

337

—

224

•

bullet³

267

245

225

200

florin

246

304

203

206

143

four

064

caron

317

377

—

031

⁄

fraction

244

332

—

207

ccedilla

—

215

347

147

cedilla

313

374

270

germandbls

373

247

337

cent

242

grave

301

140

circumflex

303

366

210

032

greater

076

colon

072

guillemotleft⁴

253

307

253

comma

054

guillemotright⁴

273

310

273

—

251

‹

guilsinglleft

254

334

213

210

currency¹

250

333

244

›

guilsinglright

255

335

233

211

144

150

†

dagger

262

240

206

201

hungarumlaut

315

375

—

034

‡

daggerdbl

263

340

207

202

hyphen⁵

055

degree

—

241

260

151

dieresis

310

254

250

iacute

—

222

355

divide

—

326

367

icircumflex

—

224

356

dollar

044

idieresis

—

225

357

dotaccent

307

372

—

033

igrave

—

223

354

dotlessi

365

—

232

152

145

153

eacute

—

216

351

154

654

CHAR CODE (OCTAL)

CHAR

NAME

STD

MAC WIN

PDF

CHAR

NAME

STD

MAC WIN

PDF

less

074

161

logicalnot

—

302

254

question

077

lslash

370

—

233

questiondown

277

300

277

155

quotedbl

042

macron

305

370

257

„

quotedblbase

271

343

204

214

−

minus

—

212

“

quotedblleft

252

322

223

215

—

265

”

quotedblright

272

323

224

216

multiply

—

327

‘

quoteleft

140

324

221

217

156

’

quoteright

047

325

222

220

nine

071

‚

quotesinglbase

270

342

202

221

ntilde

—

226

361

quotesingle

251

047

numbersign

043

162

157

registered

—

250

256

oacute

—

227

363

ring

312

373

—

036

ocircumflex

—

231

364

163

odieresis

—

232

366

scaron

—

232

235

372

317

234

section

247

244

247

ogonek

316

376

—

035

;

semicolon

073

ograve

—

230

362

seven

067

one

061

six

066

onehalf

—

275

slash

057

onequarter

—

274

space⁶

040

onesuperior

—

271

sterling

243

ordfeminine

343

273

252

164

ordmasculine

353

274

272

thorn

—

376

oslash

371

277

370

three

063

otilde

—

233

365

threequarters

—

276

160

threesuperior

—

263

paragraph

266

246

266

tilde

304

367

230

037

(

parenleft

050

™

trademark

—

252

231

222

)

parenright

051

two

062

percent

045

twosuperior

—

262

period

056

165

periodcentered

264

341

267

uacute

—

234

372

‰ perthousand

275

344

211

213

ucircumflex

—

236

373

plus

053

udieresis

—

237

374

plusminus

—

261

ugrave

—

235

371

655

CHAR CODE (OCTAL)

CHAR NAME

STD MAC WIN PDF

CHAR NAME

STD MAC WIN PDF

underscore

137

ydieresis

— 330 377

377

166

yen

245

264

245

167

172

170

zcaron²

—

— 236 236

171

zero

060

yacute

—

— 375 375

1. In PDF 1.3, the euro character was added to the Adobe standard Latin character set. It shall be en-

coded as 200 in WinAnsiEncoding and 240 in PDFDocEncoding, assigning codes that were pre-

viously unused. Apple changed the Mac OS Latin-text encoding for code 333 from the currency

character to the euro character. However, this incompatible change has not been reflected in PDF’s

MacRomanEncoding, which shall continue to map code 333 to currency. If the euro character is

desired, an encoding dictionary may be used to specify this single difference from MacRomanEn-

coding.

2. In PDF 1.3, the existing Zcaron and zcaron characters were added to WinAnsiEncoding as the

previously unused codes 216 and 236.

3. In WinAnsiEncoding, all unused codes greater than 40 map to the bullet character. However, only

code 225 shall be specifically assigned to the bullet character; other codes are subject to future re-

assignment.

4. The character names guillemotleft and guillemotright are misspelled. The correct spelling for this

punctuation character is guillemet. However, the misspelled names are the ones actually used in

the fonts and encodings containing these characters.

5. The hyphen character is also encoded as 255 in WinAnsiEncoding. The meaning of this duplicate

code shall be “soft hyphen,” but it shall be typographically the same as hyphen.

6. The SPACE character shall also be encoded as 312 in MacRomanEncoding and as 240 in

WinAnsiEncoding. This duplicate code shall signify a nonbreaking space; it shall be typographi-

cally the same as (U+003A) SPACE.

D.3

PDFDocEncoding Character Set

The column titled Notes uses the following abbreviations:

Undefined code point in PDFDocEncoding

Unicode codepoint that may require special representation in XML in some con-

texts.

Table D.2 - PDFDocEncoding Character Set

Character

Dec

Hex

Octal

Unicode

Unicode character name or

Notes

(alternative alias)

0x00

0000

U+0000

(NULL)

0x01

0001

U+0001

(START OF HEADING)

0x02

0002

U+0002

(START OF TEXT)

0x03

0003

U+0003

(END OF TEXT)

0x04

0004

U+0004

(END OF TEXT)

0x05

0005

U+0005

(END OF TRANSMISSION)

656

Table D.2 - PDFDocEncoding Character Set (continued)

Character

Dec

Hex

Octal

Unicode

Unicode character name or

Notes

(alternative alias)

0x06

0006

U+0006

(ACKNOWLEDGE)

0x07

0007

U+0007

(BELL)

0x08

0010

U+0008

(BACKSPACE)

0x09

0011

U+0009

(CHARACTER TABULATION)

0x0a

0012

U+000A

(LINE FEED)

0x0b

0013

U+000B

(LINE TABULATION)

0x0c

0014

U+000C

(FORM FEED)

0x0d

0015

U+000D

(CARRIAGE RETURN)

0x0e

0016

U+000E

(SHIFT OUT)

0x0f

0017

U+000F

(SHIFT IN)

0x10

0020

U+0010

(DATA LINK ESCAPE)

0x11

0021

U+0011

(DEVICE CONTROL ONE)

0x12

0022

U+0012

(DEVICE CONTROL TWO)

0x13

0023

U+0013

(DEVICE CONTROL THREE)

0x14

0024

U+0014

(DEVICE CONTROL FOUR)

0x15

0025

U+0015

(NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE)

0x16

0026

U+0017

(SYNCRONOUS IDLE)

0x17

0027

U+0017

(END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK)

0x18

0030

U+02D8

BREVE

0x19

0031

U+02C7

CARON

0x1a

0032

U+02C6

MODIFIER

LETTER

CIRCUMFLEX

ACCENT

0x1b

0033

U+02D9

DOT ABOVE

”

0x1c

0034

U+02DD

DOUBLE ACUTE ACCENT

0x1d

0035

U+02DB

OGONEK

0x1e

0036

U+02DA

RING ABOVE

0x1f

0037

U+02DC

SMALL TILDE

0x20

0040

U+0020

SPACE ( )

0x21

0041

U+0021

EXCLAMATION MARK

0x22

0042

U+0022

QUOTATION MARK (")

0x23

0043

U+0023

NUMBER SIGN

0x24

0044

U+0024

DOLLAR SIGN

0x25

0045

U+0025

PERCENT SIGN

0x26

0046

U+0026

AMPERSAND (&)

657

Table D.2 - PDFDocEncoding Character Set (continued)

Character

Dec

Hex

Octal

Unicode

Unicode character name or

Notes

(alternative alias)

0x27

0047

U+0027

APOSTROPHE (')

(

0x28

0050

U+0028

LEFT PARENTHESIS

)

0x29

0051

U+0029

RIGHT PARENTHESIS

0x2a

0052

U+002A

ASTERISK

0x2b

0053

U+002B

PLUS SIGN

0x2c

0054

U+002C

COMMA

0x2d

0055

U+002D

HYPHEN-MINUS

0x2e

0056

U+002E

FULL STOP (PERIOD)

0x2f

0057

U+002F

SOLIDUS (slash)

0x30

0060

U+0030

DIGIT ZERO

0x31

0061

U+0031

DIGIT ONE

0x32

0062

U+0032

DIGIT TWO

0x33

0063

U+0033

DIGIT THREE

0x34

0064

U+0034

DIGIT FOUR

0x35

0065

U+0035

DIGIT FIVE

0x36

0066

U+0036

DIGIT SIX

0x37

0067

U+0037

DIGIT SEVEN

0x38

0070

U+0038

DIGIT EIGJT

0x39

0071

U+0039

DIGIT NINE

0x3a

0072

U+003A

COLON

;

0x3b

0073

U+003B

SEMICOLON

0x3c

0074

U+003C

LESS THAN SIGN (<)

0x3d

0075

U+003D

EQUALS SIGN

0x3e

0076

U+003E

GREATER THAN SIGN (>)

0x3f

0077

U+003F

QUESTION MARK

0x40

0100

U+0040

COMMERCIAL AT

0x41

0101

U+0041

0x42

0102

U+0042

0x43

0103

U+0043

0x44

0104

U+0044

0x45

0105

U+0045

0x46

0106

U+0046

0x47

0107

U+0047

658

Table D.2 - PDFDocEncoding Character Set (continued)

Character

Dec

Hex

Octal

Unicode

Unicode character name or

Notes

(alternative alias)

0x48

0110

U+0048

0x49

0111

U+0049

0x4a

0112

U+004A

0x4b

0113

U+004B

0x4c

0114

U+004C

0x4d

0115

U+004D

0x4e

0116

U+004E

0x4f

0117

U+004F

0x50

0120

U+0050

0x51

0121

U+0051

0x52

0122

U+0052

0x53

0123

U+0053

0x54

0124

U+0054

0x55

0125

U+0055

0x56

0126

U+0056

0x57

0127

U+0057

0x58

0130

U+0058

0x59

0131

U+0059

0x5a

0132

U+005A

[

0x5b

0133

U+005B

LEFT SQUARE BRACKET

0x5c

0134

U+005C

REVERSE SOLIDUS (backslash)

]

0x5d

0135

U+005D

RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET

0x5e

0136

U+005E

CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT (hat)

0x5f

0137

U+005F

LOW LINE (SPACING UNDERSCORE)

0x60

0140

U+0060

GRAVE ACCENT

0x61

0141

U+0061

0x62

0142

U+0062

0x63

0143

U+0063

100

0x64

0144

U+0064

101

0x65

0145

U+0065

102

0x66

0146

U+0066

103

0x67

0147

U+0067

104

0x68

0150

U+0068

659

Table D.2 - PDFDocEncoding Character Set (continued)

Character

Dec

Hex

Octal

Unicode

Unicode character name or

Notes

(alternative alias)

105

0x69

0151

U+0069

106

0x6a

0152

U+006A

107

0x6b

0153

U+006B

108

0x6c

0154

U+006C

109

0x6d

0155

U+006D

110

0x6e

0156

U+006E

111

0x6f

0157

U+006F

112

0x70

0160

U+0070

113

0x71

0161

U+0071

114

0x72

0162

U+0072

115

0x73

0163

U+0073

116

0x74

0164

U+0074

117

0x75

0165

U+0075

118

0x76

0166

U+0076

119

0x77

0167

U+0077

120

0x78

0170

U+0078

121

0x79

0171

U+0079

122

0x7a

0172

U+007A

{

123

0x7b

0173

U+007B

LEFT CURLY BRACKET

124

0x7c

0174

U+007C

VERTICAL LINE

}

125

0x7d

0175

U+007D

RIGHT CURLY BRACKET

126

0x7e

0176

U+007E

TILDE

127

0x7f

0177

Undefined

•

128

0x80

0200

U+2022

BULLET

†

129

0x81

0201

U+2020

DAGGER

‡

130

0x82

0202

U+2021

DOUBLE DAGGER

…

131

0x83

0203

U+2026

HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS

—

132

0x84

0204

U+2014

EM DASH

–

133

0x85

0205

U+2013

EN DASH

134

0x86

0206

U+0192

135

0x87

0207

U+2044

FRACTION SLASH (solidus)

‹

136

0x88

0210

U+2039

SINGLE

LEFT-POINTING

ANGLE

QUOTATION MARK

660

Table D.2 - PDFDocEncoding Character Set (continued)

Character

Dec

Hex

Octal

Unicode

Unicode character name or

Notes

(alternative alias)

›

137

0x89

0211

U+203A

SINGLE

RIGHT-POINTING

ANGLE

QUOTATION MARK

138

0x8a

0212

U+2212

‰

139

0x8b

0213

U+2030

PER MILLE SIGN

„

140

0x8c

0214

U+201E

DOUBLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK

(quotedblbase)

“

141

0x8d

0215

U+201C

LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK (double

quote left)

”

142

0x8e

0216

U+201D

RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK

(quotedblright)

‘

143

0x8f

0217

U+2018

LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK

(quoteleft)

’

144

0x90

0220

U+2019

RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK

(quoteright)

‚

145

0x91

0221

U+201A

SINGLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK

(quotesinglbase)

™

146

0x92

0222

U+2122

TRADE MARK SIGN

147

0x93

0223

U+FB01

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FI

148

0x94

0224

U+FB02

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FL

149

0x95

0225

U+0141

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH STROKE

150

0x96

0226

U+0152

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE OE

151

0x97

0227

U+0160

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CARON

152

0x98

0230

U+0178

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH

DIAERESIS

Z hat

153

0x99

0231

U+017D

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH CARON

154

0x9a

0232

U+0131

LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I

155

0x9b

0233

U+0142

LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH STROKE

156

0x9c

0234

U+0153

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE

157

0x9d

0235

U+0161

LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON

158

0x9e

0236

U+017E

LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON

159

0x9f

0237

Undefined

€

160

0xa0

0240

U+20AC

EURO SIGN

161

0xa1

0241

U+00A1

INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK

162

0xa2

0242

U+00A2

CENT SIGN

163

0xa3

0243

U+00A3

POUND SIGN (sterling)

164

0xa4

0244

U+00A4

CURRENCY SIGN

165

0xa5

0245

U+00A5

YEN SIGN

661

Table D.2 - PDFDocEncoding Character Set (continued)

Character

Dec

Hex

Octal

Unicode

Unicode character name or

Notes

(alternative alias)

166

0xa6

0246

U+00A6

BROKEN BAR

167

0xa7

0247

U+00A7

SECTION SIGN

168

0xa8

0250

U+00A8

DIAERESIS

169

0xa9

0251

U+00A9

170

0xaa

0252

U+00AA

FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR

171

0xab

0253

U+00AB

LEFT-POINTING

DOUBLE

ANGLE

QUOTATION MARK

172

0xac

0254

U+00AC

NOT SIGN

173

0xad

0255

Undefined

174

0xae

0256

U+00AE

REGISTERED SIGN

175

0xaf

0257

U+00AF

MACRON

176

0xb0

0260

U+00B0

DEGREE SIGN

177

0xb1

0261

U+00B1

PLUS-MINUS SIGN

178

0xb2

0262

U+00B2

SUPERSCRIPT TWO

179

0xb3

0263

U+00B3

SUPERSCRIPT THREE

180

0xb4

0264

U+00B4

ACUTE ACCENT

181

0xb5

0265

U+00B5

MICRO SIGN

182

0xb6

0266

U+00B6

PILCROW SIGN

183

0xb7

0267

U+00B7

MIDDLE DOT

184

0xb8

0270

U+00B8

CEDILLA

185

0xb9

0271

U+00B9

SUPERSCRIPT ONE

186

0xba

0272

U+00BA

MASCULINE ORDINAL INDICATOR

187

0xbb

0273

U+00BB

RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE

QUOTATION MARK

188

0xbc

0274

U+00BC

VULGAR FRACTION ONE QUARTER

189

0xbd

0275

U+00BD

VULGAR FRACTION ONE HALF

190

0xbe

0276

U+00BE

VULGAR FRACTION THREE QUARTERS

191

0xbf

0277

U+00BF

INVERTED QUESTION MARK

192

0xc0

0300

U+00C0

193

0xc1

0301

U+00C1

194

0xc2

0302

U+00C2

195

0xc3

0303

U+00C3

196

0xc4

0304

U+00C4

197

0xc5

0305

U+00C5

662

Table D.2 - PDFDocEncoding Character Set (continued)

Character

Dec

Hex

Octal

Unicode

Unicode character name or

Notes

(alternative alias)

198

0xc6

0306

U+00C6

199

0xc7

0307

U+00C7

200

0xc8

0310

U+00C8

201

0xc9

0311

U+00C9

202

0xca

0312

U+00CA

203

0xcb

0313

U+00CB

204

0xcc

0314

U+00CC

205

0xcd

0315

U+00CD

206

0xce

0316

U+00CE

207

0xcf

0317

U+00CF

208

0xd0

0320

U+00D0

209

0xd1

0321

U+00D1

210

0xd2

0322

U+00D2

211

0xd3

0323

U+00D3

212

0xd4

0324

U+00D4

213

0xd5

0325

U+00D5

214

0xd6

0326

U+00D6

215

0xd7

0327

U+00D7

216

0xd8

0330

U+00D8

217

0xd9

0331

U+00D9

218

0xda

0332

U+00DA

219

0xdb

0333

U+00DB

220

0xdc

0334

U+00DC

221

0xdd

0335

U+00DD

222

0xde

0336

U+00DE

223

0xdf

0337

U+00DF

224

0xe0

0340

U+00E0

225

0xe1

0341

U+00E1

226

0xe2

0342

U+00E2

227

0xe3

0343

U+00E3

228

0xe4

0344

U+00E4

229

0xe5

0345

U+00E5

230

0xe6

0346

U+00E6

663

Table D.2 - PDFDocEncoding Character Set (continued)

Character

Dec

Hex

Octal

Unicode

Unicode character name or

Notes

(alternative alias)

231

0xe7

0347

U+00E7

232

0xe8

0350

U+00E8

233

0xe9

0351

U+00E9

234

0xea

0352

U+00EA

235

0xeb

0353

U+00EB

236

0xec

0354

U+00EC

237

0xed

0355

U+00ED

238

0xee

0356

U+00EE

239

0xef

0357

U+00EF

240

0xf0

0360

U+00F0

241

0xf1

0361

U+00F1

242

0xf2

0362

U+00F2

243

0xf3

0363

U+00F3

244

0xf4

0364

U+00F4

245

0xf5

0365

U+00F5

246

0xf6

0366

U+00F6

247

0xf7

0367

U+00F7

248

0xf8

0370

U+00F8

249

0xf9

0371

U+00F9

250

0xfa

0372

U+00FA

251

0xfb

0373

U+00FB

252

0xfc

0374

U+00FC

253

0xfd

0375

U+00FD

254

0xfe

0376

U+00FE

255

0xff

0377

U+00FF

664

D.4

Expert Set and MacExpertEncoding

CHAR

NAME

CODE

CHAR

NAME

CODE

AEsmall

276

Jsmall

152

Aacutesmall

207

Ksmall

153

Acircumflexsmall

211

Lslashsmall

302

Acutesmall

047

Lsmall

154

Adieresissmall

212

Macronsmall

364

Agravesmall

210

Msmall

155

Aringsmall

214

Nsmall

156

Asmall

141

Ntildesmall

226

Atildesmall

213

OEsmall

317

Brevesmall

363

Oacutesmall

227

Bsmall

142

Ocircumflexsmall

231

Caronsmall

256

Odieresissmall

232

Ccedillasmall

215

Ogoneksmall

362

Cedillasmall

311

Ogravesmall

230

Circumflexsmall

136

Oslashsmall

277

Csmall

143

Osmall

157

Dieresissmall

254

Otildesmall

233

Dotaccentsmall

372

Psmall

160

Dsmall

144

Qsmall

161

Eacutesmall

216

Ringsmall

373

Ecircumflexsmall

220

Rsmall

162

Edieresissmall

221

Scaronsmall

247

Egravesmall

217

Ssmall

163

Esmall

145

Thornsmall

271

Ethsmall

104

Tildesmall

176

Fsmall

146

Tsmall

164

Gravesmall

140

Uacutesmall

234

Gsmall

147

Ucircumflexsmall

236

Hsmall

150

Udieresissmall

237

Hungarumlautsmall

042

Ugravesmall

235

Iacutesmall

222

Usmall

165

Icircumflexsmall

224

Vsmall

166

Idieresissmall

225

Wsmall

167

Igravesmall

223

Xsmall

170

Ismall

151

Yacutesmall

264

665

CHAR

NAME

CODE

CHAR

NAME

CODE

Ydieresissmall

330

fouroldstyle

064

Ysmall

171

⁴

foursuperior

335

Zcaronsmall

275

⁄

fraction

057

Zsmall

172

hyphen

055

ampersandsmall

046

hypheninferior

137

asuperior

201

hyphensuperior

321

bsuperior

365

isuperior

351

centinferior

251

lsuperior

361

centoldstyle

043

msuperior

367

centsuperior

202

₉

nineinferior

273

colon

072

nineoldstyle

071

₡

colonmonetary

173

⁹

ninesuperior

341

comma

054

ⁿ

nsuperior

366

commainferior

262

․

onedotenleader

053

commasuperior

370

⅛

oneeighth

112

dollarinferior

266

onefitted

174

dollaroldstyle

044

onehalf

110

dollarsuperior

045

₁

oneinferior

301

dsuperior

353

oneoldstyle

061

₈

eightinferior

245

onequarter

107

eightoldstyle

070

onesuperior

332

⁸

eightsuperior

241

⅓

onethird

116

esuperior

344

osuperior

257

exclamdownsmall

326

₍

parenleftinferior

133

exclamsmall

041

⁽

parenleftsuperior

050

126

₎

parenrightinferior

135

ffi

131

⁾

parenrightsuperior

051

ffl

132

period

056

127

periodinferior

263

‒

figuredash

320

periodsuperior

371

⅝

fiveeighths

114

questiondownsmall

300

₅

fiveinferior

260

questionsmall

077

fiveoldstyle

065

rsuperior

345

⁵

fivesuperior

336

rupiah

175

130

;

semicolon

073

₄

fourinferior

242

⅞

seveneighths

115

666

D.5

Symbol Set and Encoding

CHAR

NAME

CODE

CHAR

NAME

CODE

Alpha

101

arrowboth

253

Beta

102

arrowdblboth

333

Chi

103

arrowdbldown

337

Delta

104

arrowdblleft

334

Epsilon

105

(

arrowdblright

336

Eta

110

)

arrowdblup

335

€

Euro

240

arrowdown

257

Gamma

107

arrowhorizex

276

Ifraktur

301

arrowleft

254

Iota

111

arrowright

256

Kappa

113

arrowup

255

Lambda

114

arrowvertex

275

115

asteriskmath

052

116

bar

174

Omega

127

beta

142

Omicron

117

{

braceleft

173

Phi

106

}

braceright

175

120

bracelefttp

354

Psi

131

braceleftmid

355

Rfraktur

302

braceleftbt

356

Rho

122

bracerighttp

374

Sigma

123

bracerightmid

375

Tau

124

bracerightbt

376

Theta

121

braceex

357

Upsilon

125

[

bracketleft

133

Upsilon1

241

]

bracketright

135

130

bracketlefttp

351

Zeta

132

;

bracketleftex

352

aleph

300

bracketleftbt

353

alpha

141

bracketrighttp

371

ampersand

046

bracketrightex

372

angle

320

bracketrightbt

373

angleleft

341

•

bullet

267

angleright

361

carriagereturn

277

approxequal

273

chi

143

668

CHAR

NAME

CODE

CHAR

NAME

CODE

circlemultiply

304

integralbt

365

circleplus

305

intersection

307

club

247

iota

151

colon

072

kappa

153

comma

054

lambda

154

congruent

100

less

074

copyrightsans

343

lessequal

243

copyrightserif

323

logicaland

331

degree

260

logicalnot

330

delta

144

logicalor

332

diamond

250

lozenge

340

divide

270

minus

055

dotmath

327

minute

242

eight

070

155

element

316

multiply

264

…

ellipsis

274

nine

071

emptyset

306

notelement

317

epsilon

145

notequal

271

equal

075

notsubset

313

equivalence

272

156

eta

150

numbersign

043

exclam

041

omega

167

existential

044

omega1

166

five

065

omicron

157

florin

246

one

061

four

064

(

parenleft

050

fraction

244

)

parenright

051

gamma

147

parenlefttp

346

gradient

321

parenleftex

347

greater

076

parenleftbt

350

greaterequal

263

parenrighttp

366

heart

251

parenrightex

367

infinity

245

parenrightbt

370

integral

362

partialdiff

266

integraltp

363

percent

045

integralex

364

period

056

669

CHAR

NAME

CODE

CHAR

NAME

CODE

perpendicular

136

similar

176

phi

146

six

066

phi1

152

slash

057

160

space

040

plus

053

spade

252

plusminus

261

suchthat

047

product

325

summation

345

propersubset

314

tau

164

propersuperset

311

therefore

134

proportional

265

theta

161

psi

171

theta1

112

question

077

three

063

radical

326

™

trademarksans

344

radicalex

140

trademarkserif

324

reflexsubset

315

two

062

reflexsuperset

312

underscore

137

registersans

342

union

310

registerserif

322

universal

042

rho

162

upsilon

165

second

262

weierstrass

303

;

semicolon

073

170

seven

067

zero

060

sigma

163

zeta

172

sigma1

126

670

D.6

ZapfDingbats Set and Encoding

CHAR

NAME

CODE

CHAR

NAME

CODE

CHAR

NAME

CODE

CHAR

NAME

CODE

space

040

✣

a30

103

❆

a65

146

♠

a109

253

✁

041

✤

a31

104

❇

a66

147

①

a120

254

✂

042

✥

a32

105

❈

a67

150

②

a121

255

✃

a202

043

✦

a33

106

❉

a68

151

③

a122

256

✄

044

✧

a34

107

❊

a69

152

④

a123

257

☎

045

★

a35

110

❋

a70

153

⑤

a124

260

✆

046

✩

a36

111

●

a71

154

⑥

a125

261

✇

a119

047

✪

a37

112

❍

a72

155

⑦

a126

262

✈

a118

050

✫

a38

113

■

a73

156

⑧

a127

263

✉

a117

051

✬

a39

114

❏

a74

157

⑨

a128

264

☛

a11

052

✭

a40

115

❐

a203

160

⑩

a129

265

☞

a12

053

✮

a41

116

❑

a75

161

❶

a130

266

✌

a13

054

✯

a42

117

❒

a204

162

❷

a131

267

✍

a14

055

✰

a43

120

▲

a76

163

❸

a132

270

✎

a15

056

✱

a44

121

▼

a77

164

❹

a133

271

✏

a16

057

✲

a45

122

◆

a78

165

❺

a134

272

✐

a105

060

✳

a46

123

❖

a79

166

❻

a135

273

✑

a17

061

✴

a47

124

◗

a81

167

❼

a136

274

✒

a18

062

✵

a48

125

❘

a82

170

❽

a137

275

✓

a19

063

✶

a49

126

❙

a83

171

❾

a138

276

✔

a20

064

✷

a50

127

❚

a84

172

❿

a139

277

a21

065

✸

a51

130

❛

a97

173

➀

a140

300

✖

a22

066

✹

a52

131

❜

a98

174

➁

a141

301

✗

a23

067

✺

a53

132

❝

a99

175

➂

a142

302

✘

a24

070

✻

a54

133

❞

a100

176

➃

a143

303

✙

a25

071

✼

a55

134

❡

a101

241

➄

a144

304

✚

a26

072

✽

a56

135

❢

a102

242

➅

a145

305

✛

a27

073

✾

a57

136

❣

a103

243

➆

a146

306

✜

a28

074

✿

a58

137

❤

a104

244

➇

a147

307

✝

075

❀

a59

140

❥

a106

245

➈

a148

310

✞

076

❁

a60

141

❦

a107

246

➉

a149

311

✟

077

❂

a61

142

❧

a108

247

➊

a150

312

✠

100

❃

a62

143

♣

a112

250

➋

a151

313

✡

a10

101

❄

a63

144

♦

a111

251

➌

a152

314

✢

a29

102

❅

a64

145

♥

a110

252

➍

a153

315

671

CHAR NAME CODE

➎ a154

316

➚ a192

332

➦ a176

346

➳ a184

363

➏ a155

317

➛ a166

333

➧

a177

347

➴ a197

364

➐ a156

320

➜ a167

334

➨

a178

350

➵ a185

365

➑ a157

321

➝ a168

335

➩

a179

351

➶ a194

366

➒ a158

322

➞ a169

336

➪

a193

352

➷ a198

367

➓ a159

323

➟ a170

337

➫

a180

353

➸ a186

370

➔ a160

324

➠ a171

340

➬

a199

354

➹ a195

371

→ a161

325

➡ a172

341

➭

a181

355

➺ a187

372

↔ a163

326

➢ a173

342

➮

a200

356

➻ a188

373

↕

a164

327

➣ a162

343

➯

a182

357

➼ a189

374

➘

a196

330

➤ a174

344

➱

a201

361

➽ a190

375

➙

a165

331

➥ a175

345

➲

a183

362

➾ a191

376

672

ISO 32000-1 Document management — Portable document format — Part 1: PDF 1.7 - page 17