FM 1-02 (FM 101-5-1) MCRP 5-12A OPERATIONAL TERMS AND GRAPHICS (SEPTEMBER 2004) - page 3

 

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FM 1-02 (FM 101-5-1) MCRP 5-12A OPERATIONAL TERMS AND GRAPHICS (SEPTEMBER 2004) - page 3

 

 

FM 1-02/MCRP 5-12A________________________________________________________________
aircraft in a sequence designed to meet the requirements of the landing force concept of
operations ashore. See also amphibious force; amphibious operation.
emergency decontamination - See immediate decontamination.
emergency procedure - A mandatory procedure that a flight crew must perform to preclude
loss of life or injury and to avoid damage to the aircraft when an aircraft malfunction occurs.
(FM 3-04.111)
emergency resupply - (DOD) A resupply mission that occurs based on a predetermined set of
circumstances and time interval should radio contact not be established or, once established,
is lost between a special operations tactical element and its base. See also automatic
resupply; on-call resupply. See FM 100-25.
emergency risk (nuclear) - (DOD) A degree of risk where anticipated effects may cause some
temporary shock and casualties and may significantly reduce the unit’s combat efficiency.
See also degree of risk; negligible risk (nuclear). See FM 100-30.
emission security - (DOD) The component of communications security that results from all
measures taken to deny unauthorized persons information of value that might be derived
from intercept and analysis of compromising emanations from crypto-equipment and
telecommunications systems. See also communications security. See FM 34-1.
emplacement - (DOD, NATO) 1. A prepared position for one or more weapons or pieces of
equipment, for protection against hostile fire or bombardment, and from which they can
execute their tasks. 2. The act of fixing a gun in a prepared position from which it may be
fired. See FM 6-30. (See page 7-55 for symbol.)
encirclement - (Army) An operation where one force loses its freedom of maneuver because an
opposing force is able to isolate it by controlling all ground lines of communications. (FM 3-0)
(Marine Corps) The loss of freedom of maneuver resulting from enemy control of all ground
routes of evacuation and reinforcement. See also breakout; linkup. (See page 7-33 for
symbols.)
encircling force - (Army/Marine Corps) In pursuit operations, the force which maneuvers to
the rear or flank of the enemy to block his escape so that he can be destroyed between the
direct pressure force and encircling force. This force advances or flies along routes parallel to
the enemy’s line of retreat. If the encircling force cannot outdistance the enemy to cut him
off, the encircling force may also attack the flank of a retreating enemy. See also block;
direct pressure force; envelopment; pursuit. See FM 3-90.
endangered species - Those species designated by the Secretary of the Interior that are in
danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of their range. See also
threatened species. (FM 3-100.4)
end evening civil twilight - (DOD) The time period when the sun has dropped 6 degrees
beneath the western horizon; it is the instant at which there is no longer sufficient light to
see objects with the unaided eye. Light intensification devices are recommended from this
time until begin morning civil twilight. Also called EECT. See also begin morning civil
twilight; begin morning nautical twilight; end of evening nautical twilight; limited
visibility operations. See FM 34-130.
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
end of evening nautical twilight - (DOD) Occurs when the sun has dropped 12 degrees below
the western horizon, and is the instant of last available daylight for the visual control of
ground operations. At the end of evening nautical twilight there is no further sunlight
available. Also called EENT. See also begin morning civil twilight; begin morning
nautical twilight; end evening civil twilight; limited visibility operations. See FM
34-130.
end of mission - (DOD, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, an order given to
terminate firing on a specific target. [Note: the DOD definition also applies to mortar fire.]
See also cease loading; call for fire; fire mission. See FM 6-20-30.
end state - (DOD) The set of required conditions that defines achievement of the commander’s
objectives. (Army) At the operational and tactical levels, the conditions that, when achieved,
accomplish the mission. At the operational level, these conditions attain the aims set for the
campaign or major operation. (Marine Corps) A set of required conditions that, when
achieved, attain the aims set for the campaign or operation. See also commander’s intent;
operation order. (FM 3-0)
enemy prisoner of war - An individual or group of individuals detained by friendly forces in
any operational environment who meet the criteria as listed in Article 4 of the Geneva
Convention Relative to the Handling of Prisoners of War. Also called EPW. (FM 34-52)
enfilade fire - Fire delivered on a target in such a manner that the range pattern of the fall of
shot generally aligns with the long axis of the target. See also defilade fire.
engage - (DOD, NATO) In air defense, a fire control order used to direct or authorize units
and/or weapon systems to fire on a designated target. See also cease fire. See FM 44-100.
engagement - (DOD) 1. In air defense, an attack with guns or air-to-air missiles by an
interceptor aircraft, or the launch of an air defense missile by air defense artillery and the
missile’s subsequent travel to intercept. 2. A tactical conflict, usually between opposing lower
echelon maneuver forces. See also battle; campaign. See FM 3-0.
engagement area - An area where the commander intends to contain and destroy an enemy
force with the massed effects of all available weapons and supporting systems. Also called
EA. (FM 3-90) (See page 7-25 for symbol.)
engagement criteria - Protocols that specify those circumstances for initiating engagement
with an enemy force. See also engagement area; decision point. (FM 3-90)
engagement priority - The order in which the unit engages enemy systems or functions. (FM
3-90)
engineer regulating point - Checkpoint to ensure that vehicles do not exceed the capacity of
the crossing means and to give drivers final instructions on site-specific procedures and
information, such as speed and vehicle interval. Also called ERP. (FM 5-100) (See page 7-55
for symbol.)
engineer work line - A coordinated boundary or phase line used to compartmentalize an area
of operations (AO) to indicate where specific engineer units have primary responsibility for
the engineer effort. It may be used at division level to discriminate between an AO supported
by division engineer assets and an AO supported by direct support or general support corps
engineer units. Also called EWL. (FM 5-100)
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FM 1-02/MCRP 5-12A________________________________________________________________
envelopment - (DOD, NATO) An offensive maneuver in which the main attacking force passes
around or over the enemy’s principal defensive positions to secure objectives to the enemy’s
rear. (Army) - A form of maneuver in which an attacking force seeks to avoid the principal
enemy defenses by seizing objectives to the enemy rear to destroy the enemy in his current
positions. At the tactical level, envelopments focus on seizing terrain, destroying specific
enemy forces, and interdicting enemy withdrawal routes. See also turning movement. (FM
3-0).
environmental area of interest - An environmentally sensitive area that may be deemed
worthy of special consideration because of its unique and important qualities relative to
adjacent areas (for example, the only forest within a large region), or the importance of its
natural environment function (for example, a wetland, flood plains, permafrost area, or an
endangered species critical habitat). The environmental area of interest includes man-made
structures, such as waste water treatment plants and dams. (FM 3-100.4)
environmental assessment - A study to determine if significant environmental impacts are
expected from a proposed action. (FM 3-100.4)
environmental audit - A compliance review of facility operations, practices, and records to
assess and verify compliance with federal, state, and local environmental laws and
regulations. See also environmental compliance. (FM 3-100.4)
environmental base line survey - An assessment or study done on an area of interest (a
property) in order to define the environmental state or condition of that property prior to use
by US forces. Used to determine the environmental impact of property use by US forces, and
the level of environmental restoration needed prior to returning the property upon US
departure. (FM 3-100.4)
environmental compliance - The unconditional obeying of international, foreign nation,
federal, state, and local environmental rules, regulations, and guidelines that affect current
operations. (FM 3-100.4)
environmental conditions report - A concise summary of environmental conditions at a base
camp site, based on the environmental base line survey, supported by maps and backup
documents, prepared by base camp commanders for each base camp. The environmental
conditions report documents conditions at the site if claims or other legal challenges arise
against the government. Also called ECR. (FM 3-100.4)
environmental considerations - (DOD) The spectrum of environmental media, resources, or
programs that may impact on, or are affected by, the planning and execution of military
operations. Factors may include, but are not limited to, environmental compliance, pollution
prevention, conservation, protection of historical and cultural sites, and protection of flora
and fauna. See also environmental compliance; pollution prevention. See FM 3-100.4.
environmental ethic - Taking care of the environment because it is the right thing to do. This
ethic is the operating principle and value that governs individual soldiers, units, and the
Army. (FM 3-100.4)
environmental hazards - All activities that may pollute, create negative noise-related effects,
degrade archeological/cultural resources, or negatively affect threatened or endangered
species habitats. They also include environmental health-related hazards. (FM 3-100.4)
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
environmental impact statement
- Detailed description of the effects, impacts, or
consequences associated with designing, manufacturing, testing, operating, maintaining, and
disposing of weapon systems or automated information systems. Under the National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), an environmental impact statement is required when
cultural resources may be damaged or significantly adversely affected. (FM 3-100.4)
environmental noise - The outdoor noise environment consisting of all noise (including
ambient noise) from all sources that extend beyond, but do not include, the workplace. (FM 3-
100.4)
environmental performance assessment system - The examination of an installation’s
environmental program review to identify possible compliance deficiencies. It also includes
designing corrective action plans and implementing fixes for identified deficiencies. Also
called EPAS. (FM 3-100.4)
environmental planning - Efforts that consider the impact of operation, training, exercises, or
weapon system introduction on the environment, and, where necessary, allow
decisionmakers to take early action to eliminate or mitigate those impacts. (FM 3-100.4)
environmental pollution - The condition resulting from the presence of chemical, mineral,
radioactive, or biological substances that alter the natural environment or that adversely
affect human health or the quality of life, biosystems, the environment, structures and
equipment, recreational opportunities, aesthetics, or natural beauty. (FM 3-100.4)
environmental protection - The application of human ingenuity and resources, through the
disciplines of science and engineering, as required by environmental protection laws,
regulations, and policies, to protect the natural environment. (FM 3-100.4)
environmental protection level - The varying level of environmental protection that can
reasonably be afforded at any particular time during warfare or battlefield conditions, given
the absolute requirement that such a diversion of resources away from the mission at hand
does not adversely affect that mission, or any friendly personnel, or indigenous or refugee
populations. (FM 3-100.4)
environmental reconnaissance - The systematic observation and recording of site or area
data collected by visual or physical means, dealing specifically with environmental conditions
as they exist, and identifying areas that are environmentally sensitive or of relative
environmental concern, for information and decisionmaking purposes. (FM 3-100.4)
environmental services - (DOD) The various combinations of scientific, technical, and
advisory activities (including modification processes, i.e., the influence of manmade and
natural factors) required to acquire, produce, and supply information on the past, present,
and future states of space, atmospheric, oceanographic, and terrestrial surroundings for use
in military planning and decisionmaking processes or to modify those surroundings to
enhance military operations. See FM 3-100.4.
environmental stewardship - (DOD) The integration and application of environmental values
into the military mission in order to sustain readiness, improve quality of life, strengthen
civil relations and preserve valuable natural resources. See FM 3-100.4.
escort - (DOD, NATO) 1. A combatant unit(s) assigned to accompany and protect another force
or convoy. 2. Aircraft assigned to protect other aircraft during a mission. See FM 3-04.111.
3. An armed guard that accompanies a convoy, a train, prisoners, etc. 4. An armed guard
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FM 1-02/MCRP 5-12A________________________________________________________________
accompanying persons as a mark of honor. 5. (DOD only) To convoy. 6. A member of the
Armed Forces assigned to accompany, assist, or guide an individual or group, e.g., an escort
officer. See FM 3-07.
essential elements of friendly information - (DOD) Key questions likely to be asked by
adversary officials and intelligence systems about specific friendly intentions, capabilities,
and activities so they can obtain answers critical to their operational effectiveness. (Army)
The critical aspects of a friendly operation that, if known by the enemy, would subsequently
compromise, lead to failure, or limit success of the operation, and, therefore, must be
protected from enemy detection. (FM 3-13) (Marine Corps) Specific facts about friendly
intentions, capabilities, and activities needed by adversaries to plan and execute effective
operations against our forces. Also called EEFI. See also commander’s critical
information requirements.
essential task - A task that must be executed to accomplish the mission. See also implied
task; specified task. (FM 101-5)
evacuation - (DOD) 1. The process of moving any person who is wounded, injured, or ill to
and/or between medical treatment facilities. [Note: the Army definition adds “using non-
standard platforms.”] See FM 8-10-6. 2. The clearance of personnel, animals, or materiel
from a given locality.
3. The controlled process of collecting, classifying, and shipping
unserviceable or abandoned materiel, US or foreign, to appropriate reclamation,
maintenance, technical intelligence, or disposal facilities.
4. The ordered or authorized
departure of noncombatants from a specific area by the Department of State, Department of
Defense, or appropriate military commander. This refers to the movement from one area to
another in the same or different countries. The evacuation is caused by unusual or
emergency circumstances and applies equally to command or non-command sponsored family
members. See FM 3-07. (Army) A combat service support function that involves the
movement of recovered materiel, personnel, casualties, bodies, prisoners of war, and so forth
from a forward collection point along a main supply route to a rearward, usually higher unit,
exchange point, or facility. (FM 4-0) See also noncombatant evacuation operation.
evacuation force - Element of joint task force that conducts in-country evacuation operations,
including advance party, evacuation control center, marshalling, and force protection
operations. See also evacuation. (FM 3-07)
evacuation site - Location, selected by the embassy and occupied by the evacuation force,
where evacuees are consolidated and prepared for evacuation. It is usually located near the
point of embarkation. See also evacuation. (FM 3-07)
evaluate - An element of assessment: To compare relevant information on the situation or
operation against criteria to judge success or progress. (FM 6-0)
evasion and escape - (DOD, NATO) The procedures and operations whereby military
personnel and other selected individuals are enabled to emerge from an enemy-held or
hostile area to areas under friendly control. Also called E&E. See FM 100-25.
evasion and recovery - (DOD) The full spectrum of coordinated actions carried out by evaders,
recovery forces, and operational recovery planners to effect the successful return of personnel
isolated in hostile territory to friendly control. Also called E&R. See also hostile. See FM 3-
05.20.
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
event template - (DOD) A guide for collection planning. The event template depicts the named
area of interest where activity, or its lack of activity, will indicate which course of action the
adversary has adopted. (Army) A model against which enemy activity can be recorded and
compared. It represents a sequential projection of events that relate to space and time on the
battlefield and indicate the enemy’s ability to adopt a particular course of action. The event
template is a guide for collection and reconnaissance and surveillance planning. See also
area of interest; course of action; decision support template; doctrinal template;
named area of interest; situation template. (FM 34-1)
exclusive standoff zone - A controlled area surrounding a facility in which only service and
delivery vehicles are allowed. The perimeter of this area is defined by barriers and is set at a
standoff distance sufficient to reduce the blast effects of a vehicle bomb. (FM 5-100)
execute - To put a plan into action by applying combat power to accomplish the mission and
using situational understanding to assess progress and make execution and adjustment
decisions. (FM 6-0)
execution decisions - The selection, during preparation and execution, of a course of action
anticipated by the order. (FM 6-0)
execution information - Information that communicates a decision and directs, initiates, or
governs action, conduct, or procedure. (FM 6-0)
execution matrix - A visual and sequential representation of the critical tasks and responsible
organizations by phase for a tactical operation. (FM 101-5)
exempt - A procedure word meaning, “The addressees immediately following are exempted from
the collective call.” See also procedure word. (FM 24-19)
exercise - (DOD, NATO) A military maneuver or simulated wartime operation involving
planning, preparation, and execution. It is carried out for the purpose of training and
evaluation. It may be a multinational [Note: the NATO definition replaces “multinational”
with “combined”], joint, or single-Service exercise, depending on participating organizations.
See also command post exercise; field exercise; maneuver. See FM 7-0.
exfiltration - (DOD) The removal of personnel or units from areas under enemy control by
stealth, deception, surprise, or clandestine means. See also special operations;
unconventional warfare. See FM 3-90.
expedient flight route - Flight route that is established with preselected and disseminated
checkpoints. For a specific mission, the commander can define an expedient flight route by
reference to these checkpoints when limited time is available to develop and disseminate
pickup and landing zones and flight route information. (FM 3-04.111)
expeditionary force - (DOD) An armed force organized to accomplish a specific objective in a
foreign country.
exploit - In information operations, to gain access to adversary command and control systems to
collect information or to plant false or misleading information. (FM 3-13)
exploitation - (DOD, NATO) 1. Taking full advantage of success in military operations [Note:
the NATO definition replaces “military operations” with “battle”], following up initial gains,
[Note: the NATO definition ends here] and making permanent the temporary effects already
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FM 1-02/MCRP 5-12A________________________________________________________________
achieved. See FM 3-0. 2. Taking full advantage of any information that has come to hand for
tactical, operational, or strategic purposes. See FM 3-13. 3. An offensive operation that
usually follows a successful attack and is designed to disorganize the enemy in depth. See
FM 3-0. See also attack; pursuit.
explosive ordnance disposal - (DOD, NATO) The detection, identification, on-site evaluation,
rendering safe, recovery, and final disposal of unexploded explosive ordnance. It may also
include explosive ordnance which has become hazardous by damage or deterioration. Also
called EOD. See FM 5-250.
exposure - The frequency and length of time subjected to a hazard. (FM 100-14)
exposure dose - (DOD, NATO) The exposure dose at a given point is a measurement of
radiation in relation to its ability to produce ionization. The unit of measurement of the
exposure dose is the roentgen. [Note: the Army also uses centigray per hour/cGyph or gray
per hour/Gyph as units of measurement.] See also absorbed dose; dose rate. See FM 3-3-1.
exterior lines - A force operates on exterior lines when its operations converge on the enemy.
(FM 3-0)
extraction zone - (DOD, NATO) A specified drop zone used for the delivery of supplies and/or
equipment by means of an extraction technique from an aircraft flying very close to the
ground. Also called EZ. See also air assault; airborne operation; airhead line. See FM
90-26. (See page 7-17 for symbol.)
—F—
fallout - (DOD) The precipitation to Earth of radioactive particulate matter from a nuclear
cloud; also applied to the particulate matter itself. See also downwind hazard area;
radiation dose; radiation dose rate; radiation status. See FM 3-3-1.
family of scatterable mines - A grouping of munitions that dispenses scatterable mines
(scatmines) by artillery, helicopter, fixed wing, or ground launchers. There are antipersonnel
and antitank mines. Also called FASCAM. See also minefield; scatterable mines. (FM 20-
32)
fascines - Large cylindrical bundles of material, usually wooden poles or plastic or metal pipe
loosely bound together, which are dropped into ditches or gaps to create crossings. See also
block; obstacle. (FM 3-34.2)
feature - (NATO) In cartography, any object or configuration of ground or water represented on
the face of the map or chart. See FM 3-25.26.
feedback - In information operations, information that reveals how the deception target is
responding to the deception story and if the military deception plan is working. See also
deception target. (FM 3-13)
feint - (DOD) In military deception, an offensive action involving contact with the adversary
conducted for the purpose of deceiving the adversary as to the location and/or time of the
actual main offensive action. (Army) A form of attack used to deceive the enemy as to the
location or time of the actual decisive operation. Forces conducting a feint seek direct fire
contact with the enemy but avoid decisive engagement. (FM 3-0) (Marine Corps) A limited-
objective attack involving contact with the enemy, varying in size from a raid to a supporting
attack. Feints are used to cause the enemy to react in three predictable ways: to employ
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
reserves improperly, to shift supporting fires, or to reveal defensive fires. See also attack;
deception; demonstration; display; ruse. (See page 7-23 for symbol.)
F-hour - (DOD) The effective time of announcement by the Secretary of Defense to the Military
Departments of a decision to mobilize Reserve units. See also times. See FM 101-5.
field artillery survey - The element of an artillery unit that determines an exact location and
marks it as a point of reference for laying in the artillery unit. (FM 6-2)
field control - (NATO) A series of points whose relative positions and elevations are known.
These positions are used in basic data in mapping and charting. Normally these positions are
established by survey methods, and are sometimes referred to as trig control or trigonometric
net(work). See also control point. See FM 3-34.331
field exercise - (DOD, NATO) An exercise conducted in the field under simulated war
conditions in which troops and armament of one side are actually present, while those of the
other side may be imaginary or in outline. See also command post exercise. See FM 7-0.
field force engineering - The application of the engineer regiment’s capabilities across the
range of engineer battlespace functions (although primarily general engineering intensive)
and in all phases of operations (offense, defense, stability, and support) through both reach
and forward presence. Also called FFE. (FM 5-100)
field fortifications - (DOD, NATO) An emplacement or shelter of a temporary nature which
can be constructed with reasonable facility by units requiring no more than minor
engineering supervisory and equipment participation. See also battle position;
emplacement; strong point. See FM 5-103.
field of fire - (DOD, NATO) The area which a weapon or a group of weapons may cover
effectively with fire from a given position. See also dead space; defilade fire; enfilade fire
intelligence preparation of the battlefield. See FM 3-90.
field services - Essential services to enhance a soldier’s quality of life during operations. They
consist of clothing exchange, laundry and shower support, textile repair, mortuary affairs,
preparation for aerial delivery, food services, billeting, and sanitation. (FM 4-0)
field trains - The combat service support portion of a unit at company, battalion, and brigade
level that is positioned in the brigade support area with the forward support battalion and
other support elements pushed forward from the division main support battalion. See also
combat trains; unit trains. (FM 63-2)
field trains command post - At the battalion and squadron levels, the place from which the
headquarters and headquarters company/headquarters and headquarters troop commander
controls the field trains operations. Also called FTCP. (FM 7-20)
fighter engagement zone - (DOD) In air defense, that airspace of defined dimensions within
which the responsibility for engagement of air threats normally rests with fighter aircraft.
Also called FEZ. See also weapon engagement zone. See FM 3-52.
fighting patrol - See combat patrol.
figures - A procedure word meaning, “Numerals or numbers follow.” See also procedure word.
(FM 24-19)
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final coordination line - (Army) A phase line close to the enemy position used to coordinate
the lifting or shifting of supporting fires with the final deployment of maneuver elements.
(FM 3-90) (Marine Corps) A line used to coordinate the ceasing and shifting of supporting
fires and the final deployment of the assault echelon in preparation for launching an assault
against an enemy position. Also called FCL. See also assault. (See page 7-30 for symbol.)
final protective fire - (DOD, NATO) An immediately available prearranged barrier of fire
designed to impede enemy movement across defensive lines or areas. Also called FPF. See
also battle position; final protective line. See FM 3-90. (See page 7-39 for symbol.)
final protective line - A line of fire selected where an enemy assault is to be checked by
interlocking fire from all available weapons and obstacles. [Note: the Marine Corps definition
adds “A final protective line may be parallel with, or oblique to, the front of the position.”].
Also called FPL. See also dead space; field of fire; final protective fire; principal
direction of fire. (FM 6-30) (See page 7-24 for symbol.)
fire - (DOD, NATO) 1. The command given to discharge a weapon(s). See FM 6-50. 2. To
detonate the main explosive charge by means of a firing system. See FM 5-250. See also
barrage fire; call for fire; counterfire; counterpreparation fire; covering fire;
destruction fire; direct fire; grazing fire; harassing fire; indirect fire;
neutralization fire; observed fire; preparation fire; registration fire; scheduled fire.
fire and movement - (Army) The concept of applying fires from all sources to suppress,
neutralize, or destroy the enemy, and the tactical movement of combat forces in relation to
the enemy (as components of maneuver, applicable at all echelons). At the squad level, it
entails a team placing suppressive fire on the enemy as another team moves against or
around the enemy. (FM 7-30) (Marine Corps) A technique primarily used in the assault
wherein a unit or element advances by bounds or rushes, with subelements alternately
moving and providing covering fire for other moving subelements. Fire and movement may
be done by individuals (personnel or vehicles) or units (such as fire teams or squads).
Usually, fire and movement is used only when under effective fire from the enemy because it
is relatively slow and difficult to control. See also bounding overwatch; formation;
support by fire.
fire base - An area used during air assault operations from which a unit is moved via
helicopters and supports the air assault operation’s main effort with direct or indirect fires.
(FM 90-4)
fire command - A specific sequence of information given by a control authority that causes a
crew to begin performing a sequence of actions and provides detailed direction to choose the
ammunition type, aim the weapon, and engage the target. Each element given by the
controller requires a response from a crewmember to ensure correct aiming and engagement.
After the initial fire command, subsequent fire commands using the same sequence of
information can be used to adjust the point of impact to ensure the desired target effect. (FM
6-50)
fire direction center - (DOD, NATO) That element of a command post, consisting of gunnery
and communication personnel and equipment, by means of which the commander exercises
fire direction and/or fire control. The fire direction center receives target intelligence and
requests for fire, and translates them into appropriate fire direction. The fire direction center
provides timely and effective tactical and technical fire control in support of current
operations. [Note: the NATO definition replaces the last sentence with “The fire direction
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
center receives target intelligence and requests for fire and translates them into appropriate
fire direction.”] Also called FDC. See FM 6-40.
fire for effect - (DOD) That volume of fires delivered on a target to achieve the desired effect.
(NATO) 1. Fire which is delivered after the mean point of impact or burst is within the
desired distance of the target or adjusting/ranging point. 2. Term in a call for fire to indicate
the adjustment/ranging is satisfactory and fire for effect is desired. Also called FFE. See also
call for fire; destroy; final protective fire; fire mission; neutralize; suppression. See
FM 6-30.
fire mission - (DOD, NATO) 1. Specific assignment given to a fire unit as part of a definite
plan. 2. Order used to alert the weapon/battery area and indicate that the message following
is a call for fire. See also call for fire; cease loading; fire support element. See FM 6-30.
fire plan - (DOD, NATO) A tactical plan for using the weapons of a unit or formation so that
their fire will be coordinated. See also air defense; final protective fire; fire support;
offensive operations. See FM 6-20-10.
firepower - (DOD, NATO) 1. The amount of fire which may be delivered by a position, unit, or
weapon system. 2. Ability to deliver fire. See also combat power; fire plan; mission,
enemy, terrain, troops, time available, and civil considerations. See FM 3-0.
fires - (DOD) The effects of lethal or nonlethal weapons. See FM 6-20.
fire strike - The massed, synchronized, and nearly simultaneous delivery of precision-guided
munitions. (FM 3-90)
fire superiority - The degree of dominance in the fires of one force over another that permits
that force to conduct maneuver at a given time and place without prohibitive interference by
the enemy. (FM 3-90)
fire support - (DOD) Fires that directly support land, maritime, amphibious, and special
operations forces to engage enemy forces, combat formations, and facilities in pursuit of
tactical and operational objectives. See FM 3-0. (Marine Corps) In Marine Corps usage,
assistance to elements of the Marine air-ground task force engaged with the enemy rendered
by other firing units, including (but not limited to) artillery, mortars, naval surface fire
support, and offensive air support. See also combined arms; fire support plan.
fire support area - (DOD) An appropriate maneuver area assigned to fire support ships by the
naval force commander from which they can deliver gunfire support to an amphibious
operation. Also called FSA. See also amphibious operation; fire support; fire support
station; naval gunfire support. See FM 6-20-30. (See page 7-37 for symbol.)
fire support battlefield operating system
-
(Army) Encompasses the collective and
coordinated use of target-acquisition data, indirect fire weapons, fixed-wing aircraft,
offensive information operations, and other lethal and nonlethal means against targets
located throughout an area of operations. See also battlefield operating systems. (FM 7-
15)
fire support coordinating measure - (DOD) A measure employed by land or amphibious
commanders to facilitate the rapid engagement of targets and simultaneously provide
safeguards for friendly forces. See also fire support coordination. See FM 6-20-10.
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fire support coordination - (DOD, NATO) The planning and executing of fire so that targets
are adequately covered by a suitable weapon or group of weapons. See also fire support
coordinating measure. See FM 6-20-10.
fire support coordination line
-
(DOD) A fire support coordinating measure that is
established and adjusted by appropriate land or amphibious force commanders within their
boundaries in consultation with superior, subordinate, supporting, and affected commanders.
Fire support coordination lines (FSCLs) facilitate the expeditious attack of surface targets of
opportunity beyond the coordinating measure. An FSCL does not divide the area of
operations by defining a boundary between close and deep operations or a zone for close air
support. The FSCL applies to all fires of air, land, and sea-based weapons systems using any
type of ammunition. Forces attacking targets beyond an FSCL must inform all affected
commanders in sufficient time to allow necessary reaction to avoid fratricide. Supporting
elements attacking targets beyond the FSCL must ensure that the attack will not produce
adverse effects on, or to the rear of, the line. Short of an FSCL, all air-to-ground and surface-
to-surface attack operations are controlled by the appropriate land or amphibious force
commander. The FSCL should follow well-defined terrain features. Coordination of attacks
beyond the FSCL is especially critical to commanders of air, land, and special operations
forces. In exceptional circumstances, the inability to conduct this coordination will not
preclude the attack of targets beyond the FSCL. However, failure to do so may increase the
risk of fratricide and could waste limited resources. (NATO) Within an assigned area of
operations, a line established by a land or amphibious force commander to denote
coordination requirements for fires by other force elements which may affect the
commander’s current and planned operations. The fire support coordination line applies to
fires of air, ground or sea weapons using any type of ammunition against surface or ground
targets. The establishment of the fire support coordination line must be coordinated with the
appropriate commanders and supporting elements. Attacks against surface or ground targets
short of the fire support coordination line must be conducted under the positive control or
procedural clearance of the associated land or amphibious force commander. Unless in
exceptional circumstances, commanders of forces attacking targets beyond the fire support
coordination line must coordinate with all affected commanders in order to avoid fratricide
and to harmonize joint objectives. Note: in the context of this definition, the term "surface
targets" applies to those in littoral or inland waters within the designated area of operations.
Also called FSCL. See also boundary; coordinated fire line; fires; fire support; fire
support coordinating measure. See FM 6-20-10. (See page 7-36 for symbol.)
fire support coordinator
-
(Marine Corps) The officer in charge of the fire support
coordination center. He is the direct representative of the landing force commander for the
planning and coordination of all available fire support. Also called FSC.
fire support element - (DOD) That portion of the force tactical operations center at every
echelon above company or troop (to corps) that is responsible for targeting coordination and
for integrating fires delivered on surface targets by fire support means under the control, or
in support, of the force. Also called FSE. See also fire; fire support; support. See FM 6-40.
fire support officer
- (DOD) Senior field artillery officer assigned to Army maneuver
battalions and brigades. Advises commander on fire support matters. See also fire support.
See FM 6-20.
fire support plan - A plan on how indirect fires and target acquisition will be used to support
an operation. It should include a portion for each means of fire support involved. See also
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counterfire; fire support; fire support coordination; list of targets; operation order.
(FM 6-20-10)
fire support station - (DOD) An exact location at sea within a fire support area from which a
fire support ship delivers fire. Also called FSS. See also fire support area; naval gunfire
support. See FM 6-20-30. (See page 7-36 for symbol.)
fire support targets - Geographical points or objects that are aiming points for fire support
systems. There are point targets, rectangular targets, and linear targets. (FM 3-90)
fire support team - (DOD) An Army team provided by the field artillery component to each
maneuver company and troop to plan and coordinate all indirect fire means available to the
unit, including mortars, field artillery, close air support, and naval gunfire. Also called FIST.
See also air support; fire; fire support; fire support element. See FM 6-20-20.
firing circuit - (DOD) 1. In land operations, an electrical circuit and/or pyrotechnic loop
designed to detonate connected charges from a firing point. See FM 5-250. 2. In naval mine
warfare, that part of a mine circuit which either completes the detonator circuit or operates a
ship counter.
first destination reporting point - A point manned by a movement regulating team, a
movement control team, or military police that diverts a driver and cargo to an alternate
consignee or destination. Also called FDRP. (FM 4-01.30)
fix - (DOD, NATO) A position determined from terrestrial, electronic, or astronomical data.
(Army) 1. A tactical mission task where a commander prevents the enemy from moving any
part of his force from a specific location for a specific period of time. 2. An engineer obstacle
effect that focuses fire planning and obstacle effort to slow an attacker’s movement within a
specified area, normally an engagement area. See also block; contain; disrupt; support
by fire; turn; way point. (FM 3-90) (See pages 7-49 and A-3 for symbol.)
flank - The right or left limit of a unit. (FM 3-90)
flank guard - (DOD, NATO) A security element operating to the flank of a moving or stationary
force to protect it from enemy ground observation, direct fire, and surprise attack. See also
screen; security operation. See FM 3-90.
flash - A procedure word meaning, “Precedence, FLASH.” Reserved for initial enemy contact
reports on special emergency operational combat traffic originated by specifically designated
high commanders of units directly affected. This traffic is to be SHORT reports of emergency
situations of vital proportions. Handling is as fast as humanely possible with an objective
time of 10 minutes or less. See also procedure word. (FM 24-19)
flash blindness - (DOD, NATO) Impairment of vision resulting from an intense flash of light. It
includes temporary or permanent loss of visual functions and may be associated with retinal
burns. See also dazzle. See FM 100-30.
flight coordination center - A primary Army air traffic control agency that is subordinate to
the flight operations center (FOC). It provides flight following as well as information on air
traffic movement within its assigned area; monitors Army aircraft operations and provides
hostile activity warnings to Army aviation units operating in the airspace; passes instrument
flight rules flight plans to the airspace management center for approval and visual flight
rules flight plans to the appropriate air traffic services facility; establishes liaison with the
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air defense command post; and provides a communications link between terminal facilities of
existing airfields, other nearby airfields, division command posts, other flight coordination
centers, and the FOC when the flight coordination center locates in a division area. Also
called FCC. (FM 3-04.111)
flight corridor - See air corridor.
flight following - (DOD, NATO) The task of maintaining contact with specified aircraft for the
purpose of determining en route progress and/or flight termination. See also air control
point; air corridor; communications checkpoint. See FM 3-04.111.
flight liaison officer - A member of the tactical air control party. He is responsible to the corps
air liaison officer and provides specific knowledge and expertise on the employment of fighter
attack aircraft. Also called FLO. (FM 3-04.111)
flight operations center - The element of the tactical Army air traffic regulation system which
provides for aircraft flight following, separation of aircraft under instrument conditions, and
identification of friendly aircraft to friendly air defense agencies. Also called FOC. (FM 3-
04.111)
float - Logistics support that provides major assembly replacement for a piece of equipment
which is repairable but will take an extraordinary amount of time to repair. (FM 4-30.3)
follow and assume - (Army) A tactical mission task in which a second committed force follows
a force conducting an offensive operation and is prepared to continue the mission if the lead
force is fixed, attrited, or unable to continue. See also attack; offensive operations. (FM 3-
90) (See page A-4 for symbol.)
follow and support - A tactical mission task in which a committed force follows and supports a
lead force conducting an offensive operation. See also direct pressure force; encircling
force; exploitation; pursuit. (FM 3-90) (See page A-4 for symbol.)
follow-on echelon - (NATO) In amphibious operations, that echelon of the assault troops,
vehicles, aircraft equipment, and supplies which, though not needed to initiate the assault, is
required to support and sustain the assault. (Army) Those additional forces moved into the
objective area after the assault echelon. (FM 3-90) See also air assault operation; assault
echelon.
follow-on forces - All enemy ground forces not committed during their offensive operations to
the contact battle, their command and control installations, and their logistic and other
support provided for sustained operations. (FM 3-90)
foot march - See dismounted march.
footprint - (DOD) 1. The area on the surface of the earth within a satellite’s transmitter or
sensor field of view. 2. The amount of personnel, spares, resources, and capabilities present
and occupying space at a deployed location.
force health protection - (DOD) All services performed, provided, or arranged by the Services
to promote, improve, conserve, or restore the mental or physical well being of personnel.
These services include, but are not limited to, the management of health service resources,
such as manpower, monies, and facilities; preventive and curative health measures; medical
evacuation of the wounded, injured or sick; selection of the medically fit and disposition of
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the medically unfit; blood management; medical supply, equipment, and maintenance
thereof; combat stress control; and medical, dental, veterinary, laboratory, optometry,
medical food, and medical intelligence services. See FM 3-100.4.
force projection - (DOD) The ability to project the military element of national power from the
continental United States (CONUS) or another theater in response to requirements for
military operations. Force projection operations extend from mobilization and deployment of
forces to redeployment to CONUS or home theater. See FM 3-0.
force protection
- (DOD) Actions taken to prevent or mitigate hostile actions against
Department of Defense personnel (to include family members), resources, facilities, and
critical information. These actions conserve the force’s fighting potential so it can be applied
at a decisive time and place and incorporates the coordinated and synchronized offensive and
defensive measures to enable the effective employment of the joint force while degrading
opportunities for the enemy. Force protection does not include actions to defeat the enemy or
protect against accidents, weather, or disease. Also called FP. See also protection. See FM
3-0.
force protection condition - (DOD) A Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff-approved program
standardizing the Military Services' identification of and recommended responses to terrorist
threats against US personnel and facilities. This program facilitates inter-Service
coordination and support for antiterrorism activities. Also called FPCON. There are four
FPCONs above normal. a. FPCON ALPHA—This condition applies when there is a general
threat of possible terrorist activity against personnel and facilities, the nature and extent of
which are unpredictable, and circumstances do not justify full implementation of FPCON
BRAVO measures. However, it may be necessary to implement certain measures from higher
FPCONs resulting from intelligence received or as a deterrent. The measures in this FPCON
must be capable of being maintained indefinitely. b. FPCON BRAVO—This condition
applies when an increased and more predictable threat of terrorist activity exists. The
measures in this FPCON must be capable of being maintained for weeks without causing
undue hardship, affecting operational capability, and aggravating relations with local
authorities. c. FPCON CHARLIE—This condition applies when an incident occurs or
intelligence is received indicating some form of terrorist action against personnel and
facilities is imminent. Implementation of measures in this FPCON for more than a short
period probably will create hardship and affect the peacetime activities of the unit and its
personnel. d. FPCON DELTA—This condition applies in the immediate area where a
terrorist attack has occurred or when intelligence has been received that terrorist action
against a specific location or person is likely. Normally, this FPCON is declared as a localized
condition. See also force protection; terrorism.
force tailoring - The process of determining the right mix and sequence of units for a mission.
(FM 3-0)
force tracking - (DOD) The identification of units and their specific modes of transport during
movement to an objective area. See FM 3-0.
ford - A shallow part of a body of water or wet gap that can be crossed without bridging, boats,
ferries, or rafts. It is a location in a water barrier where the physical characteristics of
current, bottom, and approaches permit the passage of personnel, vehicles, and other
equipment where the wheels or tracks remain in contact with the bottom at all times. See
also gap; reconnaissance; river crossing. (FM 90-13) (See page 7-54 for symbol.)
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foreign humanitarian assistance - (DOD) Programs conducted to relieve or reduce the
results of natural or manmade disasters or other endemic conditions such as human pain,
disease, hunger, or privation that might present a serious threat to life or that can result in
great damage to or loss of property. Foreign humanitarian assistance (FHA) provided by US
forces is limited in scope and duration. The foreign assistance provided is designed to
supplement or complement the efforts of the host nation civil authorities or agencies that
may have primary responsibility for providing FHA. FHA operations are those conducted
outside the United States, its territories, and possessions. Also called FHA. See FM 3-0.
foreign instrumentation signals intelligence
-
(DOD) Technical information and
intelligence derived from the intercept of foreign electromagnetic emissions associated with
the testing and operational deployment of non-US aerospace, surface, and subsurface
systems. Foreign instrumentation signals intelligence is a subcategory of signals intelligence.
Foreign instrumentation signals include but are not limited to telemetry, beaconry,
electronic interrogators, and video data links. Also called FISINT. See also signals
intelligence. See FM 34-2.
foreign internal defense - (DOD) Participation by civilian and military agencies of a
government in any of the action programs taken by another government to free and protect
its society from subversion, lawlessness, and insurgency. Also called FID. See FM 3-07.
formation - (DOD, NATO) 1. An ordered arrangement of troops and/or vehicles for a specific
purpose. 2. An ordered arrangement of two or more ships, units, or aircraft proceeding
together under a commander. See FM 3-04.111.
forms of maneuver - Distinct tactical combinations of fire and movement with a unique set of
doctrinal characteristics that differ primarily in the relationship between the maneuvering
force and the enemy. The choices of offensive maneuver are envelopment, turning movement,
infiltration, penetration, and frontal attack. The choices of defensive maneuver are forward
and in-depth. Commanders use these to orient on the enemy, not terrain. More than one may
be applied during an operation and may be used in conjunction with a form of tactical
operations. See also attack; envelopment; frontal attack; infiltration; penetration;
turning movement. (FM 3-0)
forms of uncertainty - In military deception, means of shaping the deception target’s
perception. Increasing uncertainty aims to confuse the deception target. Reducing
uncertainty aims to reinforce the deception target’s predisposition. See also deception
target. (FM 3-13)
forward area air defense engagement zone - An area of forward area air defense (FAAD)
deployment that may fall within a missile engagement zone. It is also possible that some
areas may be solely defended by FAAD assets. A forward area air defense engagement zone
can be established to define the airspace within which these assets will operate. Because
centralized control over short-range air defense weapons may not be possible, these areas
must be clearly defined and promulgated so that friendly aircraft can avoid them. Also called
FAADEZ. (FM 44-100) (See page 7-20 for symbol.)
forward arming and refueling point - (DOD) A temporary facility—organized, equipped, and
deployed by an aviation commander, and normally located in the main battle area closer to
the area where operations are being conducted than the aviation unit’s combat service
support area—to provide fuel and ammunition necessary for the employment of aviation
maneuver units in combat. The forward arming and refueling point permits combat aircraft
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to rapidly refuel and rearm simultaneously. Also called FARP. See FM 3-04.111. (See page
7-70 for symbol.)
forward assembly area - A temporary area where aviation units gather to prepare for a
mission that is forward of the aviation brigade’s assembly area and airfield, but not as far
forward as the attack position. Aircraft may be in the forward assembly area for short or long
duration based on METT-TC. [Note: the Marine Corps uses METT-T.] Also called FAA. (FM
3-04.111)
forward edge of the battle area - (DOD, NATO) The foremost limits of a series of areas in
which ground combat units are deployed, excluding the areas in which the covering or
screening forces are operating, designated to coordinate fire support, the positioning of
forces, or the maneuver of units. Also called FEBA. See also main battle area. See FM 3-
90. (See page 7-24 for symbol.)
forward line of own troops - (DOD) A line which indicates the most forward positions of
friendly forces in any kind of military operation at a specific time. The forward line of own
troops (FLOT) normally identifies the forward location of covering and screening forces. The
FLOT may be at, beyond, or short of the forward edge of the battle area. An enemy FLOT
indicates the forward-most position of hostile forces. Also called FLOT. See FM 3-90. (See
page 7-13 for symbol.)
forward logistics base - The area occupied by multifunctional forward logistics elements of a
support battalion, group, or command when it echelons its assets to provide critical support
to combat forces. The base may be the first stage of the development of the support area. Also
called FLB. (FM 4-0)
forward logistics element - A multifunctional logistics element task-organized to support
fast-moving offensive operations, early phases of contingency operations, and units
geographically separated from normal support channels. The forward logistics element
operates out of a forward logistics base. Also called FLE. (FM 4-0)
forward observer - (DOD) An observer operating with front line troops and trained to adjust
ground or naval gunfire and pass back battlefield information. In the absence of a forward
air controller, the observer may control close air support strikes. Also called FO. See FM 6-
30.
forward operations base - (DOD) In special operations, a base usually located in friendly
territory or afloat that is established to extend command and control or communications or to
provide support for training and tactical operations. Facilities may be established for
temporary or longer duration operations and may include an airfield or an unimproved
airstrip, an anchorage, or a pier. A forward operations base may be the location of special
operations component headquarters or a smaller unit that is controlled and/or supported by a
main operations base. [Note: ARMY SOF term is “forward operational base.”] See also
advanced operations base; main operations base. See FM 100-25.
forward passage of lines - When a unit passes through another unit’s positions while moving
toward the enemy. (FM 3-90)
forward tell - (DOD, NATO) The transfer of information to a higher level of command. See also
track telling.
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fragmentary order - (DOD) An abbreviated form of an operation order (verbal, written, or
digital) usually issued on a day-to-day basis that eliminates the need for restating
information contained in a basic operation order. It may be issued in sections. It is issued
after an operation order to change or modify that order or to execute a branch or sequel to
that order. Also called FRAG order/FRAGO. See FM 101-5.
fratricide - The unintentional killing or wounding of friendly personnel by friendly firepower.
(FM 3-0)
free fire area - (DOD) A specific area into which any weapon system may fire without
additional coordination with the establishing headquarters. Also called FFA. See also fire;
fire support coordination; rules of engagement. See FM 3-90. (See page 7-37 for
symbol.)
friendly - (DOD) A contact positively identified as friendly. See also hostile. (Army) A track or
contact belonging to a declared friendly nation. (FM 1-02) (See page 4-3 for symbol.)
friendly fire - (DOD) In casualty reporting, a casualty circumstance applicable to persons killed
in action or wounded in action mistakenly or accidentally by friendly forces actively engaged
with the enemy, who are directing fire at a hostile force or what is thought to be a hostile
force. See also casualty; fratricide. See FM 3-0.
friendly force information requirements - (Army) Information the commander and staff
need about the forces available for the operation. (FM 6-0) (Marine Corps) Information the
commander needs about friendly forces in order to develop plans and make effective
decisions. Depending upon the circumstances, information on unit location, composition,
readiness, personnel status, and logistics status could become a friendly force information
requirement. Also called FFIR. See also commander’s critical information
requirements.
from - A procedure word meaning, “The originator of this message is indicated by the address
designation immediately following.” See also procedure word. (FM 24-19)
front - (DOD, NATO) 1. The lateral space occupied by an element measured from the extremity
of one flank to the extremity of the other flank. 2. The direction of the enemy. 3. The line of
contact of two opposing forces. 4. When a combat situation does not exist or is not assumed,
the direction toward which the command is faced. See also forward edge of the battle
area; forward line of own troops. See FM 3-90.
frontal attack - (DOD, NATO) 1. An offensive maneuver in which the main action is directed
against the front of the enemy forces. 2. (DOD only) In air intercept, an attack by an
interceptor aircraft that terminates with a heading crossing angle greater than 135 degrees.
See FM 3-04.111. (Army) A form of maneuver in which the attacking force seeks to destroy a
weaker enemy force or fix a larger enemy force in place over a broad front. (FM 3-0) See also
assault; form of maneuver; offensive operations.
full command - (NATO) The military authority and responsibility of a commander to issue
orders to subordinates. It covers every aspect of military operations and administration and
exists only within national services. [Note: the term “command” as used internationally
implies a lesser degree of authority than when it is used in a purely national sense. No
NATO or coalition commander has full command over the forces assigned to him since, in
assigning forces to NATO, nations will delegate only operational command or operational
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control.] See also administrative control; operational command; operational control.
See FM 6-0.
full mission-capable - (DOD) Material condition of any piece of military equipment, aircraft, or
training device indicating that it can perform all missions. Also called FMC. See also
deadline. See FM 4-30.3.
full mobilization - (DOD) Expansion of the active Armed Forces resulting from action by
Congress and the President to mobilize all Reserve component units in the existing approved
force structure, all individual reservists, retired military personnel, and the resources needed
for their support to meet the requirements of a war or other national emergency involving an
external threat to the national security. Reserve personnel can be placed on active duty for
the duration of the emergency plus six months. See also mobilization. See FM 100-17.
full spectrum operations - The range of operations Army forces conduct in war and military
operations other than war. (FM 3-0)
functional component command - (DOD) A command normally, but not necessarily,
composed of forces of two or more Military Departments which may be established across the
range of military operations to perform particular operational missions that may be of short
duration or may extend over a period of time. See also command relationship; Service
component command. See FM 100-7.
fuze - (NATO) A device which initiates an explosive train. See FM 5-250.
—G—
GA - The symbol for the nerve agent tabun. (FM 3-9)
gap - (DOD) An area within a minefield or obstacle belt, free of live mines or obstacles, whose
width and direction will allow a friendly force to pass through in tactical formation. See FM
3-90. (NATO) In land mine warfare, an area within a barrier, free of obstacles and not
exposed to the effects of mines, whose width and direction allow a friendly force to pass
through in tactical formation. (Army/Marine Corps) 1. Any break or breach in the continuity
of tactical dispositions or formations beyond effective small arms coverage. Gaps (soft spots,
weaknesses) may in fact be physical gaps in the enemy’s disposition, but they also may be
any weakness in time, space, or capability; a moment in time when the enemy is overexposed
and vulnerable, a seam in an air defense umbrella, an infantry unit caught unprepared in
open terrain, or a boundary between two units. (FM 20-32) 2. A ravine, mountain pass, or
river that presents an obstacle that must be bridged. (FM 20-32) See also lane; phoney
minefield.
gap marker - (DOD, NATO) In landmine warfare, markers used to indicate a minefield gap.
Gap markers at the entrance to and exit from the gap will be referenced to a landmark or
intermediate marker. See FM 20-32.
GB - The symbol for the nerve agent sarin. (FM 3-9)
GD - The symbol for the nerve agent soman. (FM 3-9)
general military intelligence - (DOD) Intelligence concerning the (1) military capabilities of
foreign countries or organizations or
(2) topics affecting potential US or multinational
military operations, relating to the following subjects: armed forces capabilities, including
order of battle, organization, training, tactics, doctrine, strategy, and other factors bearing on
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military strength and effectiveness; area and terrain intelligence, including urban areas,
coasts and landing beaches, and meteorological, oceanographic, and geological intelligence;
transportation in all modes; military materiel production and support industries; military
and civilian command, control, communications, computers, and intelligence systems;
military economics, including foreign military assistance; insurgency and terrorism; military-
political-sociological intelligence; location, identification, and description of military-related
installations; government control; escape and evasion; and threats and forecasts. (Excludes
scientific and technical intelligence.) Also called GMI. See also intelligence. See FM 34-1.
general support - (DOD, NATO) That support which is given to the supported force as a whole
and not to any particular subdivision thereof. [Note: the Army designates general support as
a “support relationship.”] Also called GS. See also direct support; general support-
reinforcing; mutual support; support. See FM 101-5.
general support artillery - (DOD, NATO) Artillery which executes the fire directed by the
commander of the unit to which it organically belongs or is attached. It fires in support of the
operation as a whole rather than in support of a specific subordinate unit. [Note: the Army
considers this a tactical artillery mission.] Also called GSA. See also direct support
artillery; general support-reinforcing; reinforcing. See FM 6-20.
general support-reinforcing - (DOD) General support-reinforcing artillery has the mission of
supporting the force as a whole and of providing reinforcing forces for other artillery units.
Also called GSR. See also direct support artillery; reinforcing. See FM 101-5.
general war - (DOD) Armed conflict between major powers in which the total resources of the
belligerents are employed, and the national survival of a major belligerent is in jeopardy. See
also conflict; military operations other than war; stability operations; support
operations. See FM 27-10.
georef - (DOD, NATO) A worldwide position reference system that may be applied to any map
or chart graduated in latitude and longitude regardless of projection. It is a method of
expressing latitude and longitude in a form suitable for rapid reporting and plotting. (This
term is derived from the words “The World Geographic Reference System”). See FM 3-34.331.
geospatial information
- Foundation information upon which all other battlespace
information is referenced to form the common operational picture. (FM 3-34.230)
geospatial information and services
-
(DOD) The concept for collection, information
extraction, storage, dissemination, and exploitation of geodetic, geomagnetic, imagery (both
commercial and national source), gravimetric, aeronautical, topographic, hydrographic,
littoral, cultural, and toponymic data accurately referenced to a precise location on the
earth’s surface. These data are used for military planning, training, and operations,
including navigation, mission planning, mission rehearsal, modeling, simulation and precise
targeting. Geospatial information provides the basic framework for battlespace visualization.
It is information produced by multiple sources to common interoperable data standards. It
may be presented in the form of printed maps, charts, and publications; in digital simulation
and modeling databases; in photographic form; or in the form of digitized maps and charts or
attributed centerline data. Geospatial services include tools that enable users to access and
manipulate data, and also includes instruction, training, laboratory support, and guidance
for the use of geospatial data. Also called GI&S. See FM 3-34.230.
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global positioning system - (DOD) A satellite constellation that provides highly accurate
position, velocity, and time navigation information to users. Also called GPS. See also way
point. See FM 3-25.26.
grappling hook - A multipurpose tool that is used for manual obstacle reduction. Soldiers use
it to detonate mines from a standoff position by activating trip wires and anti-handling
devices. There are two types of grappling hooks: hand-thrown and weapons-launched. (FM 3-
34.2)
graves registration program - (DOD) A program that provides for search, recovery, tentative
identification, and evacuation or temporary interment. Temporary interment is only
authorized by the geographic combatant commander. Disposition of personal effects is
included in this program. See FM 10-64.
graze - (NATO) In artillery and naval fire support, a spotting, or an observation, by a spotter or
an observer to indicate that all bursts occurred on impact. [Note: the Army definition also
applies to mortar fire.] See FM 6-30.
grazing fire - (DOD, NATO) Fire approximately parallel to the ground where the center of the
cone of fire does not rise above one meter from the ground. See also fire. See FM 3-22.68.
Greenwich Mean Time - See Universal Time.
grey propaganda - (DOD) Propaganda that does not specifically identify any source. See also
propaganda. See FM 33-1-1.
grid azimuth - An angle of direction referenced to grid north. It differs from true azimuth by
the amount of the grid convergence. See also azimuth; grid convergence; true azimuth.
(FM 3-25.26)
grid convergence - (DOD) The horizontal angle at a place between true north and grid north.
It is proportional to the longitude difference between the place and the central meridian. See
also grid azimuth; magnetic azimuth. See FM 3-25.26.
grid coordinates - (DOD, NATO) Coordinates of a grid coordinate system to which numbers
and letters are assigned for use in designating a point on a gridded map, photograph, or
chart. (Army) The easting and northing values (of a grid) that designate the location of a
point in respect to the grid. Coordinates usually are expressed to the nearest 100, 10, or 1
meter, with the easting and northing values combined into a single expression. Examples:
NK 329378 (nearest 100 meters); NK 32943785 (nearest 10 meters); or NK 3294837853
(nearest 1 meter). (FM 3-25.26)
grid north - (DOD, NATO) The northerly or zero direction indicated by the grid datum of
directional reference. See FM 3-25.26.
ground combat element - (Marine Corps) The core element of a Marine air-ground task force
(MAGTF) that is task-organized to conduct ground operations. It is usually constructed
around an infantry organization but can vary in size from a small ground unit of any type to
one or more Marine divisions that can be independently maneuvered under the direction of
the MAGTF commander. It includes appropriate ground combat and combat support forces,
and in a joint or multinational environment, it may contain other Service or multinational
forces assigned or attached to the MAGTF. The ground combat element itself is not a formal
command. Also called GCE. See also aviation combat element; combat service support
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element; command element; Marine air-ground task force; Marine expeditionary
force; Marine expeditionary force (forward); Marine expeditionary unit; special
purpose Marine air-ground task force; task force.
ground tactical plan - An airborne or air assault operational plan covering the conduct of
operations in the objective area. See also landing plan; marshalling plan. (FM 7-30)
groundwater - A body of water, generally within the boundaries of a watershed, that exists in
the internal passageways of porous geological formations (aquifers) and which flows in
response to gravitational forces. See also surface water. (FM 3-100.4)
ground zero - (DOD, NATO) The point on the surface of the Earth at, or vertically below or
above, the center of a planned or actual nuclear detonation. Also called GZ. See also desired
ground zero. See FM 100-30.
group - (DOD) 1. A flexible administrative and tactical unit composed of either two or more
battalions or two or more squadrons. The term also applies to combat support and combat
service support units. 2. A number of ships and/or aircraft, normally a subdivision of a force,
assigned for a specific purpose. Also called GP. See FM 3-04.111. (See page 5-33 for symbol.)
group of targets - (DOD, NATO) Two or more targets on which fire is desired simultaneously.
A group of targets is designated by a letter/number combination or a nickname. See also fire
plan. See FM 6-30. (See page 7-40 for symbol.)
groups - A procedure word meaning, “This message contains the number of groups indicated.”
See also procedure word. (FM 24-19)
g-series nerve agents - A series of fluorine- or cyanide-containing organophosphate nerve
agents (organophosphate derivatives of phosphoric acid). In their unmodified state they are
colorless, volatile liquids. See also GA; GB; GD. (FM 3-9)
guard - (DOD, NATO) 1. A form of security operation [Note: the NATO definition replaces
“security operation” with “security element”] whose primary task is to protect the main force
by fighting to gain time while also observing and reporting information [Note: the NATO
definition ends here] and to prevent enemy ground observation of and direct fire against the
main body by reconnoitering, attacking, defending, and delaying. A guard force normally
operates within the range of the main body’s indirect fire weapons. See FM 3-90. 2. (DOD
only) A radio frequency that is normally used for emergency transmissions and is
continuously monitored. UHF band: 243.0 MHZ; VHF band: 121.5 MHZ. See FM 11-32. 3. A
military or civilian individual assigned to protect personnel, equipment, or installations, or to
oversee a prisoner. See FM 3-19.1. See also cover; flank guard; screen. (See page A-6 for
symbol.)
guerrilla warfare - (DOD, NATO) Military and paramilitary operations conducted in enemy-
held or hostile territory by irregular, predominantly indigenous forces. See also
unconventional warfare. See FM 100-25.
gun-target line - (DOD, NATO) An imaginary straight line from gun to target. Also called
GTL. See also observer-target line. See FM 6-30.
—H—
H - The symbol for Levinstein mustard, a blister agent. (FM 3-9)
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
hachuring - (NATO) A method of representing relief upon a map or chart by shading in short
disconnected lines drawn in the direction of the slopes. See FM 3-25.26.
handover line - (DOD, NATO) A control feature, preferably following easily defined terrain
features, at which responsibility for the conduct of combat operations is passed from one
force to another. See also battle handover line. See FM 3-90. (See page 7-15 for symbol.)
hang fire - (DOD, NATO) A malfunction that causes an undesired delay in the functioning of a
firing system. [Note: the NATO definition does not include “A malfunction that causes”].
(Army) Temporary failure or delay in the action of a primer, an igniter, or a propelling
charge. (FM 6-50)
harassing fire - (DOD, NATO) Fire designated to disturb the rest of the enemy troops, to
curtail movement, and, by threat of losses, to lower morale. See also fire support. See FM 6-
20-40.
hasty attack - (DOD, NATO) In land operations, an attack in which preparation time is traded
for speed in order to exploit an opportunity. See also assault; attack; deliberate attack;
movement to contact. See FM 3-90.
hasty crossing - (DOD, NATO) The crossing of an inland water obstacle using the crossing
means at hand or those readily available, and made without pausing for elaborate
preparations. See also bridgehead; deliberate crossing. See FM 90-13.
hasty defense - (DOD, NATO) A defense normally organized while in contact with the enemy
or when contact is imminent and time available for the organization is limited. It is
characterized by improvement of the natural defensive strength of the terrain by utilization
of foxholes, emplacements, and obstacles. See also deliberate defense; emplacement;
obstacle. See FM 3-90.
hasty operation - An operation in which a commander directs his immediately available forces,
using fragmentary orders to perform activities with minimal preparation, trading planning
and preparation time for speed of execution. (FM 3-90)
hasty smoke - Smoke operations characterized by minimal planning and short duration to
immediately counter enemy action. (FM 3-50)
hazard - (DOD) A condition with the potential to cause injury, illness, or death of personnel;
damage to or loss of equipment or property; or mission degradation. See also injury; risk.
See FM 100-14.
hazard communication - The responsibility of leaders and supervisors concerning possible
hazards in the workplace and notification of hazards and necessary precaution to their
soldiers. Also called HAZCOM. (FM 3-100.4)
hazardous material - Any substance which has a human health hazard associated with it.
Special storage, use, handling, and shipment safety procedures and protocols must be
followed to help protect against accidental exposure. Hazardous materials are specifically
identified under federal law. (FM 3-100.4)
hazardous substances - Materials specifically listed under federal regulations for which the
spilling of certain quantities requires immediate reporting to federal agencies. (FM 3-100.4)
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hazardous waste - A solid waste which is either listed as such in federal law or exhibits any of
the four hazardous characteristics—ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity. See also
corrosivity; ignitability; reactivity; solid waste; toxicity; waste. (FM 3-100.4)
hazardous waste accumulation site - A specially designated site for the temporary collection
of hazardous wastes where no container may remain on site for more than 90 days. The site,
and containers within it, must be properly marked and certain safety and management
procedures apply. There is no limitation on the quantity of wastes which may be kept on site.
(FM 3-100.4)
haze (smoke) - A light concentration of smoke placed over friendly areas to restrict accurate
enemy observation and fire. A smoke haze is not dense enough to disrupt friendly operations.
(FM 3-50)
HD - The symbol for distilled Levinstein mustard, a blister agent. (FM 3-9)
health service support - (DOD) All services performed, provided, or arranged by the Services,
to promote, improve, conserve, or restore the mental or physical well-being of personnel.
[Note: the Army definition adds here “… in the Army and, as directed, for other Services,
agencies, and organizations.” It does not include what follows in the DOD definition.] These
services include but are not limited to the management of health services resources, such as
manpower, monies, and facilities; preventive and curative health measures; evacuation of the
wounded, injured, or sick; selection of the medically fit and disposition of the medically unfit;
blood management; medical supply, equipment, and maintenance thereof; combat stress
control; and medical, dental, veterinary, laboratory, optometric, medical food, and medical
intelligence services. Also called HSS. See FM 4-0.
health threat - (DOD) A composite of ongoing or potential enemy actions; environmental,
occupational, and geographic and meteorological conditions; endemic diseases; and
employment of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons (to include weapons of mass
destruction) that can reduce the effectiveness of joint forces through wounds, injuries, illness,
and psychological stressors. (Army) Refers to an individual soldier’s health. The term can
include hereditary conditions that manifest themselves in adulthood, individual exposure to
an industrial chemical or toxin where others are not exposed, or other injuries and traumas
that affect an individual’s health rather than the health of the unit. (FM 4-02.17)
heavy drop - (DOD) A system of delivery of heavy supplies and equipment by parachute. Also
called HD. See FM 10-1.
height of burst - (DOD, NATO) The vertical distance from the Earth’s surface or target to the
point of burst. Also called HOB. See also desired ground zero; ground zero. See FM 100-
30.
helicopter approach route - (NATO) The track or series of tracks along which helicopters
move to a specific landing site or landing zone. See FM 1-112.
herringbone - An arrangement of vehicles at left and right angles to the line of march used to
establish security during an unscheduled halt. (FM 3-20.15)
H-hour - (DOD) 1. The specific hour on D-day at which a particular operation commences. 2.
For amphibious operations, the time the first assault elements are scheduled to touch down
on the beach, or a landing zone, and in some cases the commencement of countermine
breaching operations. See also times. See FM 101-5.
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hide - The positioning of a vehicle, individual, or unit so that no part is exposed to observation
or direct fire. See also concealment; cover; defilade. (FM 3-20.15)
high-altitude missile engagement zone - (DOD) In air defense, that airspace of defined
dimensions within which the responsibility for engagement of air threats normally rests with
high-altitude surface-to-air missiles. Also called HIMEZ. See also weapon engagement
zone. See FM 3-52. (See page 7-21 for symbol.)
high angle fire - (DOD, NATO) Fire delivered at angles of elevation greater than the elevation
that corresponds to the maximum range of the gun and ammunition concerned; fire, the
range of which decreases as the angle of elevation is increased. (Army) Fire delivered to clear
an obstacle (such as a hill) that low-angle fire cannot, or fire delivered to attack targets on
the reverse side of an obstacle (such as a hill) that cannot be attacked with low-angle or
direct fire. (FM 6-30).
high-density airspace control zone - (DOD) Airspace designated in an airspace control plan
or airspace control order, in which there is a concentrated employment of numerous and
varied weapons and airspace users. A high-density airspace control zone has defined
dimensions, which usually coincide with geographical features or navigational aids. Access to
a high-density airspace control zone is normally controlled by the maneuver commander. The
maneuver commander can also direct a more restrictive weapons status within the high-
density airspace control zone. Also called HIDACZ. See also airspace coordination area;
restricted operating area/zone. See FM 3-52. (See page 7-20 for symbol.)
high-payoff target - (DOD) A target whose loss to the enemy will significantly contribute to
the success of the friendly course of action. High-payoff targets are those high-value targets
that must be acquired and successfully attacked for the success of the friendly commander’s
mission. Also called HPT. See also high value target; target. See FM 6-20-10.
high-value target - (DOD) A target the enemy commander requires for the successful
completion of the mission. The loss of high-value targets would be expected to seriously
degrade important enemy functions throughout the friendly commander’s area of interest.
Also called HVT. See also high priority target; target. See FM 60-20-10.
highway regulation - Planning, routing, scheduling, and deconflicting the use of main supply
routes and other routes to provide order, prevent congestion, enforce priorities, and facilitate
movement control. See also alternate supply route; main supply route. (FM 4-01.30)
HL - The symbol for a blister agent consisting of a mustard-lewisite mixture. (FM 3-9)
HN - The symbol for nitrogen mustard, a blister agent. (FM 3-9)
hold - (DOD, NATO) 1. A cargo stowage compartment aboard ship. 2. To maintain or retain
possession by force, as a position or an area. [Note: the NATO definition reads “In land
operations, to maintain possession of a position or area by force.”] See FM 3-90. 3. In an
attack, to exert sufficient pressure to prevent movement or redisposition of enemy forces. See
FM 3-90. 4. As applied to air traffic, to keep an aircraft within a specified space or location
which is identified by visual or other means in accordance with Air Traffic Control
instructions. See FM 3-04.111. See also fix; retain.
hold fire - (NATO) In air defense, an emergency order to stop firing. Missiles already in flight
must be prevented from intercepting, if technically possible. See also cease engagement.
See FM 44-100.
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holding area - 1. A site located between assembly areas or forward arming and refueling points
and battle positions that may be occupied for short periods of time by attack helicopters
while coordination is being made for movement into the battle positions. It should provide
good cover and concealment and an area for the aircraft to hover or land. (FM 3-04.111)
2. Nearest covered and concealed position to the pickup zone or river crossing site where
troops are held until time for them to move forward. (FM 7-30) 3. Waiting area that forces
use during traffic interruptions or deployment from an aerial or sea port of embarkation.
(FM 3-19.4)
holding line - In retrograde river crossing operations, the outer limit of the area established
between the enemy and the water obstacle to preclude direct and observed indirect fires into
the crossings. (FM 90-13) (See page 7-34 for symbol.)
hostage - (DOD) A person held as a pledge that certain terms or agreements will be kept. (The
taking of hostages is forbidden under the Geneva Conventions, 1949). See FM 27-10.
hostile - (DOD) In combat and combat support operations, an identity applied to a track
declared to belong to any opposing nation, party, group, or entity, which by virtue of its
behavior or information collected on it such as characteristics, origin, or nationality
contributes to the threat to friendly forces. See FM 1-02. (Army) An individual, group of
individuals, or nation which is antagonistic or opposes policies and actions of the United
States and its allies. The action of a hostile can be political, diplomatic, or at any level of war.
See also neutral; suspect; unknown. (FM 27-10) (See page 4-3 for symbols.)
hostile act - (DOD) 1. A hostile act is an attack or other use of force by any civilian,
paramilitary, or military force or terrorist(s) (with or without national designation) against
the United States, US forces and, in certain circumstances, US nationals and their property,
US commercial assets, or other designated non-US forces, foreign nationals, and their
property. 2. Force used directly to preclude or impede the mission and/or duties of US forces,
including the recovery of US personnel and vital US Government property. When a hostile
act is in progress the right exists to use proportional force, including armed force, in self-
defense by all necessary means available to deter or neutralize the potential attacker or, if
necessary, to destroy the threat. See FM 27-10.
hostile criteria - Description of conditions under which an aircraft or a vehicle may be
identified as hostile for engagement purposes. See also hostile acts; rules of engagement.
(FM 3-04.111)
hostile environment - (DOD) Operational environment in which hostile forces have control as
well as the intent and capability to effectively oppose or react to the operations a unit intends
to conduct. See also operational environment. See FM 3-07.
host nation - (DOD) A nation that receives the forces and/or supplies of allied nations, coalition
partners, and/or NATO organizations to be located on, to operate in, or to transit through its
territory. Also called HN. See also civil-military operations; host country. See FM 3-07.
host-nation support - (DOD) Civil and/or military assistance rendered by a nation to foreign
forces within its territory during peacetime, crises or emergencies, or war based on
agreements mutually concluded between nations. See also civil-military operations. See
FM 3-07.
H-series agents - A series of persistent blister agents that include distilled mustard (HD) and
the nitrogen mustards. See also H; HD; HL; HN; HT. (FM 3-9)
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
HT - The symbol for a mustard-T mixture, a blister agent. (FM 3-9)
hull down - The positioning of an armored vehicle so that the muzzle of the gun or launcher is
the lowest part of the vehicle exposed to the front. Hull down positions afford maximum
protection for vehicles that are engaging targets with direct fire. (FM 3-20.15)
human intelligence - (DOD, NATO) A category of intelligence derived from information
collected and provided by human sources. [Note: in Army and Marine Corps usage, human
intelligence operations cover a wide range of activities encompassing reconnaissance patrols,
aircrew reports and debriefs, debriefing of refugees, interrogations of prisoners of war, and
the conduct of counterintelligence force protection source operations.] Also called HUMINT.
See FM 34-1.
human intelligence collector - A person who is trained to collect information from individuals
(human intelligence sources) for the purpose of answering intelligence information
requirements. Also called HUMINT collector. (FM 34-52)
human intelligence source - A person from whom information is collected for the purpose of
producing intelligence. Human intelligence sources can include friendly, neutral, or hostile
personnel. Also called HUMINT source. (FM 34-52)
humanitarian and civic assistance - (DOD) Assistance to the local populace provided by
predominantly US forces in conjunction with military operations and exercises. This
assistance is specifically authorized by Title 10, United States Code, section 401, and funded
under separate authorities. Assistance provided under these provisions is limited to
(1) medical, dental, and veterinary care provided in rural areas of a country; (2) construction
of rudimentary surface transportation systems; (3) well drilling and construction of basic
sanitation facilities; and
(4) rudimentary construction and repair of public facilities.
Assistance must fulfill unit training requirements that incidentally create humanitarian
benefit to the local populace. Also called HCA. See also foreign humanitarian assistance.
See FM 3-07.
humanitarian assistance coordination center - (DOD) A temporary center established by a
geographic combatant commander to assist with interagency coordination and planning. A
humanitarian assistance coordination center operates during the early planning and
coordination stages of foreign humanitarian assistance operations by providing the link
between the geographic combatant commander and other United States Government
agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and international and regional organizations at
the strategic level. Also called HACC. See also foreign humanitarian assistance;
interagency coordination. See FM 41-10.
human resource support - A combat service support function: all activities and functions to
sustain personnel manning of the force and provide personnel service support to service
members, their families, Department of the Army civilians, and contractors. These activities
include personnel accounting; casualty management; next-of-kin notification; essential
services; postal operations; and morale, welfare, and recreation. (FM 4-0)
hybrid collective protection - A combination of overpressure and ventilated face-piece
systems. (FM 3-11.4)
hydrolysis - Interaction of a chemical agent with water to yield a less toxic product or products.
(FM 3-6)
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—I—
I authenticate - A procedure word meaning, “The group that follows is the reply to your
challenge to authenticate.” See also procedure word. (FM 24-19)
identification, friend or foe - (DOD) A device that emits a signal positively identifying it as a
friendly. (NATO) A system using electromagnetic transmissions to which equipment carried
by friendly forces automatically responds, for example, by emitting pulses, thereby
distinguishing themselves from enemy forces. Also called IFF. See also air defense. See FM
44-100.
identification, friend or foe on/off line - A theater-directed phase line where aircraft
involved in operations forward of the fire support coordination line turn off the aircraft
identification friend or foe transponder en route to the target and turn on the transponder
after completing the mission. Also called IFF on/off line. See also identification friend or
foe; phase line. (FM 44-100)
ignitability - One of the four possible characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by the
Environmental Protection Agency. It is the ability to catch fire. See also hazardous waste.
(FM 3-100.4)
imagery intelligence - (DOD) Intelligence derived from the exploitation of collection by visual
photography, infrared sensors, lasers, electro-optics, and radar sensors such as synthetic
aperture radar wherein images of objects are reproduced optically or electronically on film,
electronic display devices, or other media. Also called IMINT. See also intelligence. See FM
34-1.
imitative electromagnetic deception - (DOD) The introduction of electromagnetic energy
into enemy systems that imitates enemy emissions. (Army) Imitating enemy electromagnetic
radiation (predominantly communications) through his electromagnetic channels to deceive
him or to disrupt his operations. Also called IED. See also deception; electromagnetic
deception; electronic warfare; manipulative electromagnetic deception; simulative
electromagnetic deception. (FM 3-13)
immediate - A procedure word meaning, “Precedence immediate.” The precedence reserved for
messages relating to situations which gravely affect the security of national/allied forces or
populace, and which require immediate delivery. See also procedure word. (FM 24-19)
immediate air support - (DOD, NATO) Air support to meet specific requests which arise
during the course of a battle and which by their nature cannot be planned in advance. See
also air support. See FM 6-30.
immediate decontamination
-
(DOD) Decontamination carried out by individuals
immediately upon becoming contaminated. It is performed in an effort to minimize
casualties, save lives, and limit the spread of contamination. [Note: See APP-6.] Also called
emergency decontamination. See also decontamination. See FM 3-5.
immediate mission request - (DOD) A request for an air strike on a target that, by its nature,
could not be identified sufficiently in advance to permit detailed mission coordination and
planning. [Note: the NATO term is “request for immediate air support.”] See FM 6-20.
immediate permanent ineffectiveness - The physiological response to radiation at levels of
3,000 centigrays
(cGy) for physically demanding tasks or
3,800 cGy for physically
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
undemanding tasks. Personnel become ineffective within three minutes of exposure and
remain ineffective until death. Death occurs within one day. (FM 3-3-1)
immediate target(s) - (DOD) Targets that have been identified too late, or not selected for
action in time to be included in the normal targeting process, and therefore have not been
scheduled. Immediate targets have two subcategories: unplanned and unanticipated. See
also planned target(s); target; unanticipated immediate target; unplanned
immediate target. See FM 6-20-40.
immediate transient ineffectiveness - The physiological response to radiation at levels of
2,000 centigrays
(cGy) for physically demanding tasks or
2,800 cGy for physically
undemanding tasks. Personnel become ineffective for any task within 3 minutes of exposure
and remain so for approximately 7 minutes. Personnel recover to greater than 75 percent of
their pre-exposure performance levels after about 10 minutes and remain so for about 30
minutes. Then their performance degrades for around 5 hours for undemanding tasks or 2
hours for demanding tasks, when radiation sickness becomes so severe that they are
ineffective. They remain ineffective until death, which usually occurs in 5 to 6 days. (FM 3-3-
1)
impact point - See point of impact.
implied task - A task that must be performed to accomplish the mission, but is not stated in
the higher headquarters order. See also essential task; specified task. (FM 101-5)
incapacitating agent - (DOD) An agent that produces temporary physiological or mental
effects, or both, which will render individuals incapable of concerted effort in the
performance of their assigned duties. See FM 3-9.
incendiary - A compound that generates sufficient heat to cause the target to catch fire or
causes melting or burning of equipment. (FM 3-9)
indications and warning - (DOD) Those intelligence activities intended to detect and report
time-sensitive intelligence information on foreign developments that could involve a threat to
the United States or allied and/or coalition military, political, or economic interests or to US
citizens abroad. It includes forewarning of enemy actions or intentions; the imminence of
hostilities; insurgency; nuclear or non-nuclear attack on the United States, its overseas
forces, or allied and/or coalition nations; hostile reactions to US reconnaissance activities;
terrorist attacks; and other similar events. Also called I&W. See also information;
intelligence. See FM 34-1.
indicator - (DOD, NATO) In intelligence usage, an item of information which reflects the
intention or capability of a potential enemy to adopt or reject a course of action. See FM 34-1.
indirect approach - To attack the enemy center of gravity by applying combat power against a
series of decisive points that avoid enemy strengths. (FM 3-0)
indirect fire - (DOD) Fire delivered on a target that is not itself used as a point of aim for the
weapon or the director. See also direct laying. See FM 6-30.
indirect illumination - (NATO) Battlefield illumination provided by employing searchlight or
pyrotechnic illuminants using diffusion or reflection. a. Illumination by diffusion:
illumination of an area beneath and to the flanks of a slightly elevated searchlight or of
pyrotechnic illuminants, by the light scattered from atmospheric particles. b. Illumination
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by reflection: illumination of an area by reflecting light from low cloud. Either or both of
these effects are present when a searchlight is used in defilade or with its beam spread to
maximum width. See FM 6-20.
individual protection - (DOD) Actions taken by individuals to survive and continue the
mission under nuclear, biological, and chemical conditions. See also protection. See FM 3-
11.4.
induced environment - (DOD) Any manmade or equipment-made environment that directly
or indirectly affects the performance of man or materiel. See FM 3-100.4.
induced radiation - (DOD, NATO) Radiation produced as a result of exposure to radioactive
materials, particularly the capture of neutrons. See also contamination; residual
radioactivity. See FM 3-3-1.
in extremis - (DOD) A situation of such exceptional urgency that immediate action must be
taken to minimize imminent loss of life or catastrophic degradation of the political or
military situation. See FM 100-25.
infiltration - (DOD) 1. The movement through or into an area or territory occupied by either
friendly or enemy troops or organizations. The movement is made, either by small groups or
by individuals, at extended or irregular intervals. When used in connection with the enemy,
it infers that contact is avoided. See FM 3-0. 2. In intelligence usage, placing an agent or
other person in a target area in hostile territory. Usually involves crossing a frontier or other
guarded line. Methods of infiltration are: black (clandestine); grey (through legal crossing
point but under false documentation); and white (legal). See FM 34-1. (Army) 1. A form of
maneuver in which an attacking force conducts undetected movement through or into an
area occupied by enemy forces to occupy a position of advantage in the enemy rear while
exposing only small elements to enemy defensive fires. (FM 3-90) 2. In a tactical vehicular
march, dispatching of vehicles in small groups, or at irregular intervals, at a rate that keeps
the traffic density down and prevents undue massing of vehicles. (FM 3-90) See also
exfiltration; forms of maneuver.
infiltration lane - A control measure that coordinates forward and lateral movement of
infiltrating units and fixes fire planning responsibilities.
(FM 3-90) (See page 7-30 for
symbol.)
inflight report - (DOD) The transmission from the airborne system of information obtained
both at the target and en route. See FM 3-04.111.
influence - To cause adversaries or others to behave in a manner favorable to Army forces. (FM
3-13)
info - A procedure word meaning, “The addressees immediately following are addressed for
information.” See also procedure word. (FM 24-19)
informant - 1. A person who, wittingly or unwittingly, provides information to an agent, a
clandestine service, or the police.
2. In reporting, a person who has provided specific
information and is cited as a source. See also human intelligence; military operations
other than war; stability operations; support operations. (FM 34-1)
information - (DOD) 1. Facts, data, or instructions in any medium or form. 2. The meaning
that a human assigns to data by means of known conventions used in their representation.
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
(NATO) Unprocessed data of every description which may be used in the production of
intelligence. (Army) 1. In the general sense, the meaning humans assign to data. 2. In the
context of the cognitive hierarchy, data that have been processed to provide further meaning.
(FM 6-0)
information assurance - (DOD) Information operations that protect and defend information
and information systems by ensuring their availability, integrity, authentication,
confidentiality, and nonrepudiation. This includes providing for restoration of information
systems by incorporating protection, detection, and reaction capabilities. Also called IA. See
also information; information operations; information system. See FM 3-13.
information environment - (DOD) The aggregate of individuals, organizations or systems
that collect, process, or disseminate information; also included is the information itself. See
also information system. See FM 3-13.
information fratricide - The results of employing information operations elements in a way
that causes effects in the information environment that impede the conduct of friendly
operations or cause adverse effects on friendly forces. (FM 3-13)
information management - The provision of relevant information to the right person at the
right time in a usable form to facilitate situational understanding and decisionmaking. It
uses procedures and information systems to collect, process, store, display, and disseminate
information. (FM 3-0)
information operations
-
(DOD) Actions taken to affect adversary information and
information systems while defending one’s own information and information systems. (Army)
The employment of the core capabilities of electronic warfare, computer network operations,
psychological operations, military deception, and operations security, in concert with
specified supporting and related capabilities, to affect and defend information and
information systems and to influence decisionmaking. Also called IO. See also defensive
information operations; information; information system; offensive information
operations. (FM 3-13)
information operations vulnerabilities - Deficiencies in protective measures that may allow
an adversary to use information operations capabilities against friendly information systems
or command and control systems. Also called IO vulnerabilities. (FM 3-13)
information requirements - (DOD, NATO) Those items of information regarding the enemy
and his environment which need to be collected and processed in order to meet the
intelligence requirements of a commander. (Army) All information elements the commander
and staff require to successfully conduct operations, that is, all elements necessary to
address the factors of METT-TC. [Note: the Marine Corps uses METT-T]. Also called IR. See
also commander’s critical information requirements; priority intelligence
requirements. (FM 6-0)
information security - (DOD) The protection and defense of information and information
systems against unauthorized access or modification of information, whether in storage,
processing, or transit, and against the denial of service to authorized users. Information
security includes those measures necessary to detect, document, and counter such threats.
Information security is composed of computer security and communications security. Also
called INFOSEC. See also communications security; computer security; information
system. See FM 3-13.
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information superiority - (DOD) That degree of dominance in the information domain which
permits the conduct of operations without effective opposition.
(Army) The operational
advantage derived from the ability to collect, process, and disseminate an uninterrupted flow
of information while exploiting or denying an adversary’s ability to do the same. Also called
IS. See also information operations; information system. (FM 3-0)
information system
-
(DOD) The entire infrastructure, organization, personnel, and
components that collect, process, store, transmit, display, disseminate, and act on
information. (Army) The equipment and facilities that collect, process, store, display, and
disseminate information. This includes computers—hardware and software—and
communications, as well as policies and procedures for their use. Also called INFOSYS. See
also information. (FM 3-0)
initial nuclear effects - Effects that occur within the first minute, including initial nuclear
radiation, blast, and thermal and electromagnetic pulse. (FM 3-3-1)
initial point - (DOD) 1. The first point at which a moving target is located on a plotting board.
See FM 6-20. 2. A well-defined point, easily distinguishable visually and/or electronically,
used as a starting point for the bomb run to the target. See FM 6-30. 3. airborne—A point
close to the landing area where serials (troop carrier air formations) make final alterations in
course to pass over individual drop or landing zones. See FM 90-26. 4. helicopter—An air
control point in the vicinity of the landing zone from which individual flights of helicopters
are directed to their prescribed landing sites. See FM 3-04.111. 5. Any designated place at
which a column or element thereof is formed by the successive arrival of its various
subdivisions, and comes under the control of the commander ordering the move. Also called
IP.
initial response force - (DOD) The first unit, usually military police, on the scene of a terrorist
incident. (Army) Units designated by the commander to respond to emergency situations,
usually military police, firefighters, and medical personnel. See also antiterrorism. (FM 3-
19.1)
initiative (individual) - The ability to be a self-starter, to act when there are no clear
instructions or when the situation changes. (FM 22-100)
initiative (operational) - Setting or dictating the terms of action throughout the battle or
operation. (FM 3-0)
injury - (DOD) A term comprising such conditions as fractures, wounds, sprains, strains,
dislocations, concussions, and compressions. In addition, it includes conditions resulting from
extremes of temperature or prolonged exposure. Acute poisonings (except those due to
contaminated food) resulting from exposure to toxic or poisonous substances are also classed
as injuries. See also casualty. See FM 4-02.
insertion - 1. Placement of troops and equipment into an operational area in air assault
operations.
2. Placement of observation posts, patrols, or raiding parties by helicopter,
parachute, watercraft, or other means. Stealth is normally desired in the execution of an
insertion. See also air assault operation. (FM 90-4)
in support of - (DOD) Assisting or protecting another formation, unit, or organization while
remaining under original control. (NATO) Term designating the support provided to another
unit, formation, or organization while remaining under the initial command. See also
support. See FM 101-5.
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
insurgency - (DOD, NATO) An organized movement aimed at the overthrow of a constituted
government through the use of subversion and armed conflict. See also counterinsurgency.
See FM 3-07.
integrated warfare - (DOD) The conduct of military operations in any combat environment
wherein opposing forces employ non-conventional weapons in combination with conventional
weapons. See FM 3-11.
intelligence - (DOD) 1. The product resulting from the collection, processing, integration,
analysis, evaluation, and interpretation of available information concerning foreign countries
or areas. 2. Information and knowledge about an adversary obtained through observation,
investigation, analysis, or understanding. See FM 34-1. (Marine Corps) In Marine Corps
usage, intelligence is knowledge about the enemy or the surrounding environment needed to
support decisionmaking. This knowledge is the result of the collection, processing,
exploitation, evaluation, integration, analysis, and interpretation of available information
about the battlespace and threat. See also all-source intelligence; combat intelligence;
communications intelligence; electronic intelligence; general military intelligence;
imagery intelligence; measurement and signature intelligence; medical
intelligence; scientific and technical intelligence; technical intelligence.
intelligence battlefield operating system - (Army) The activity to generate knowledge of
and products portraying the enemy and the environmental features required by a command
planning, preparing, executing, and assessing operations. See battlefield operating
system. (FM 7-15)
intelligence cycle - The process by which information is converted into intelligence and made
available to users. [Note: the joint community as a whole, and the US Army and US Marine
Corps as individual Services use intelligence cycles whose steps differ somewhat from one
another in emphasis on utilization of intelligence. See JP 1-02, FM 34-1, and MCWP 2-15.4
respectively for specific joint, Army, and Marine Corps usages.]
intelligence discipline - (DOD) A well-defined area of intelligence collection, processing,
exploitation, and reporting using a specific category of technical or human resources. There
are seven major disciplines: human intelligence, imagery intelligence, measurement and
signature intelligence, signals intelligence
(communications intelligence, electronic
intelligence, and foreign instrumentation signals intelligence), open source intelligence,
technical intelligence, and counterintelligence. See also counterintelligence; human
intelligence; imagery intelligence; intelligence; measurement and signature
intelligence; signals intelligence; technical intelligence). [Note: the Army definition
replaces “all-source analysis and production” with “open source intelligence.”] See FM 34-1.
intelligence handover line - The boundary between areas of intelligence responsibility. The
intelligence handover line (IHL) may be defined either dynamically (for example, the division
IHL will be 3 km in front of its committed brigade’s forward line of own troops) or
conceptually (for example, to coincide with a phase line). Also called IHL. (FM 34-130)
intelligence preparation of the battlefield - The systematic, continuous process of analyzing
the threat and environment in a specific geographic area. Intelligence preparation of the
battlefield
(IPB) is designed to support the staff estimate and military decisionmaking
process. Most intelligence requirements are generated as a result of the IPB process and its
interrelation with the decisionmaking process. Also called IPB. (FM 34-130)
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intelligence preparation of the battlespace - (DOD) An analytical methodology employed to
reduce uncertainties concerning the enemy, environment, and terrain for all types of
operations. Intelligence preparation of the battlespace builds an extensive database for each
potential area in which a unit may be required to operate. The database is then analyzed in
detail to determine the impact of the enemy, environment, and terrain on operations and
presents it in graphic form. Intelligence preparation of the battlespace is a continuing
process. See FM 34-130. (Marine Corps) In Marine Corps usage, the systematic, continuous
process of analyzing the threat and the environment in a specific geographic area. Also called
IPB.
intelligence quick reaction capabilities - The rapid development and allocation of a
temporary means (based on an operational requirement) to overcome detection, collection,
and processing gaps that are validated in an intelligence survey. These means include
developing or modifying existing components of a current system or developing a new stand-
alone system to supplement baseline intelligence capabilities. (FM 34-1)
intelligence reach - A process by which deployed military forces rapidly access information,
receive support, and conduct collaboration and information sharing with other units
(deployed in theater and from outside the theater) unconstrained by geographic proximity,
echelon, or command. (FM 34-1)
intelligence support element - A tactically tailored intelligence support team, uniquely
configured commander’s intelligence staff with assured communications, automated
intelligence processing, and communications networks needed to support the commander’s
decisionmaking. The intelligence support element (ISE) is not a permanent organization,
specific unit, or specific quantity of equipment. If the ISE is the forward element of the
analysis and control element, it is normally the foundation on which a full analysis and
control element is formed, after the lodgment is secured and subsequent operations begin.
Also called ISE. (FM 34-1)
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance - An enabling operation that integrates and
synchronizes all battlefield operating systems to collect and produce relevant information to
facilitate the commander’s decisionmaking. Also called ISR.
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance assets - Those organizations, systems,
sensors, personnel, and equipment dedicated to or directed toward the collection of
information in response to the commander’s critical intelligence requirements. Also called
ISR assets.
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance plan - An integrated plan for collection of
information from all available sources that is driven by the commander's critical information
requirements. The plan tasks ISR assets to collect critical information within a required
timeline. The plan is revised and updated as the commander's information requirements
change. Also called ISR plan. See also commander’s critical information
requirements; intelligence cycle.
intelligence survey - An integrated program, coordinated across all disciplines but executed
within each discipline, to systematically task, collect, process, analyze and produce, and
disseminate intelligence on a specific threat in order to evaluate and overcome gaps in
current baseline intelligence capabilities. The intelligence survey validates and further
defines the nature and extent of the gap. This survey results in validating existing databases
or changes to the databases, and identifying new threat capabilities. (FM 34-1)
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intelligence synchronization matrix - A graphic representation that ties the collection plan
to an operation and the commander’s intelligence needs. (FM 101-5).
interagency coordination
-
(DOD) Within the context of the Department of Defense
involvement, the coordination that occurs between elements of the Department of Defense
and engaged US Government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and regional and
international organizations for the purpose of accomplishing the objective. See also
nongovernmental organizations. See FM 3-0.
interception - The art of searching for and listening to and/or recording communications and/or
electronic transmissions for the purpose of obtaining intelligence. (FM 34-1)
interdict - A tactical mission task where the commander prevents, disrupts, or delays the
enemy’s use of an area or route. (FM 3-90) (See page A-4 for symbol.)
interdiction - (DOD) An action to divert, disrupt, delay, or destroy the enemy’s surface military
potential before it can be used effectively against friendly forces. See also air interdiction.
See FM 3-0.
interdiction fire - (NATO) Fire placed on an area or point to prevent the enemy from using the
area or point. See also fire; interdict; interdiction. See FM 6-20-40.
interior lines - A force operates on interior lines when its operations diverge from a central
point. (FM 3-0)
intermediate staging base - (DOD) A temporary location used to stage forces prior to
inserting the forces into the host nation. (Army) A secure staging base established near to,
but not in, the area of operations. Also called ISB. See also base; staging base. (FM 3-0)
internal defense and development - (DOD) The full range of measures taken by a nation to
promote its growth and to protect itself from subversion, lawlessness, and insurgency. It
focuses on building viable institutions (political, economic, social, and military) that respond
to the needs of society. Also called IDAD. See also foreign internal defense. See FM 3-07.
internal security - (DOD) The state of law and order prevailing within a nation. See also
foreign internal defense; internal defense and development. See FM 3-07.
interned - (DOD) A casualty who is definitely known to have been taken into custody of a
nonbelligerent foreign power as the result of and for reasons arising out of any armed conflict
in which the Armed Forces of the United States are engaged. See FM 4-02. (Army) Anyone
taken and kept as a prisoner of war. (FM 3-19.40) See also missing.
internment and resettlement - A military police mission that involves enemy prisoners of
war/civilian internee handling, US military prisoner handling, and populace and resource
control. Internment and resettlement operations address military police and criminal
investigation division (CID) roles in control of populations (enemy prisoners of war/civilian
internees, US military prisoners, and dislocated civilians). This function involves those
measures necessary to provide shelter, sustain, guard, protect, and account for populations.
(FM 3-19.1)
interoperability - (DOD, NATO) 1. The ability of systems, units, or forces to provide services to
and accept services from other systems, units, or forces and to use the services so exchanged
to enable them to operate effectively together. See FM 3-0. 2. (DOD only) The condition
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achieved among communications-electronics systems or items of communications-electronics
equipment when information or services can be exchanged directly and satisfactorily
between them and/or their users. The degree of interoperability should be defined when
referring to specific cases.
interrogation - (DOD) Systematic effort to procure information by direct questioning of a
person under the control of the questioner.
(Army) The systematic effort to procure
information to answer specific collection requirements by direct and indirect questioning
techniques of a person who is in the custody of the forces conducting the questioning. (FM 34-
52)
intervisibility - The condition of being able to see one point from another. This condition may
be altered or interrupted by weather, smoke, terrain masking dust, or debris. See also
concealment; cover. (FM 34-130)
intervisibility line - A ridge or horizon beyond which equipment or personnel can be hidden
from observation. (FM 34-130)
in-transit visibility
- (DOD) The ability to track the identity, status, and location of
Department of Defense units and non-unit cargo (excluding bulk petroleum, oils, and
lubricants) and passengers; medical patients; and personal property from origin to consignee
or destination across the range of military operations. Also called ITV. See also total asset
visibility. See FM 10-1.
in-transit visibility collection point - A point where an in-transit visibility (ITV) device is
placed for the purpose of recording ITV information on units, unit equipment, or sustainment
cargo. (FM 10-1)
intratheater airlift - (DOD) Airlift conducted within a theater. Assets assigned to a geographic
combatant commander or attached to a subordinate joint force commander normally conduct
intratheater airlift operations. Intratheater airlift provides air movement and delivery of
personnel and equipment directly into objective areas through airlanding, airdrop,
extraction, or other delivery techniques as well as the air logistic support of all theater
forces, including those engaged in combat operations, to meet specific theater objectives and
requirements. During large-scale operations, US Transportation Command assets may be
tasked to augment intratheater airlift operations, and may be temporarily attached to a joint
force commander. Formerly referred to as theater airlift. See FM 100-17.
intrusion - (DOD) Movement of a unit or force within another nation’s specified operational
area outside of territorial seas and territorial airspace for surveillance or intelligence
gathering in time of peace or tension. (Army) The intentional insertion of electromagnetic
energy into transmission paths in any manner, with the objective of deceiving operators or of
causing confusion. See also electronic warfare; jamming; meaconing. (FM 34-1)
intuitive decisionmaking - (Army/Marine Corps) The act of reaching a conclusion which
emphasizes pattern recognition based on knowledge, judgment, experience, education,
intelligence, boldness, perception, and character. This approach focuses on assessment of the
situation vice comparison of multiple options. See FM 6-0
inversion - An increase of air temperature with increase in altitude (the ground being colder
than the surrounding air). When an inversion exists, there are no convection currents and
wind speeds are below 5 knots. The atmosphere is stable and normally is considered the most
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favorable state for ground release of chemical agents. See also haze; lapse; neutral. (FM 3-
6)
I read back - A procedure word meaning, “The following is my response to your instructions to
read back.” See also procedure word. (FM 24-19)
irregular forces - (DOD) Armed individuals or groups who are not members of the regular
armed forces, police, or other internal security forces. See FM 3-07.
irregular outer edge - (DOD, NATO) In land mine warfare, short mine rows or strips laid in
an irregular manner in front of a minefield facing the enemy to deceive the enemy as to the
type or extent of the minefield. Generally, the irregular outer edge will only be used in
minefields with buried mines. See FM 20-32.
I say again - A procedure word meaning, “I am repeating transmission or portion indicated.”
See also procedure word. (FM 24-19)
isolate
- A tactical mission task that requires a unit to seal off—both physically and
psychologically—an enemy from his sources of support, deny an enemy freedom of
movement, and prevent an enemy unit from having contact with other enemy forces. See also
encirclement. (FM 3-90) (See page A-4 for symbol.)
I spell - A procedure word meaning, “I shall spell the next word phonetically.” See also
procedure word. (FM 24-19)
I verify - A procedure word meaning, “That which follows has been verified at your request and
is repeated.” (to be used as a reply to “verify”). See also procedure word. (FM 24-19)
—J—
jamming - The deliberate radiation or reflection of electromagnetic energy to prevent or
degrade the receipt of information by a receiver. It includes communications and
noncommunications jamming. See also barrage jamming; electromagnetic interference;
electronic attack; electronic warfare; imitative electronic deception; intrusion;
meaconing. (FM 34-1)
joint air attack team - A combination of US Army attack and scout aircraft and fixed-wing
close air support aircraft operating together to locate and attack high priority targets, such
as tanks and other targets of opportunity. The joint air attack team normally operates in a
coordinated effort with fire support, air defense artillery, and ground maneuver forces
against enemy armored formations, command vehicles, and enemy air defense weapon
systems. Also called JAAT. (FM 1-112)
joint civil-military operations task force - (DOD) A joint task force composed of civil-
military operations units from more than one Service. It provides support to the joint force
commander in humanitarian or nation assistance operations, theater campaigns, or civil-
military operations concurrent with or subsequent to regional conflict. It can organize
military interaction among many governmental and nongovernmental humanitarian
agencies within the theater. Also called JCMOTF. See FM 41-10.
joint engagement zone - (DOD) In air defense, that airspace of defined dimension within
which multiple air defense systems (surface-to-air missiles and aircraft) are simultaneously
employed to engage air threats. Also called JEZ. See also weapon engagement zone. See
FM 3-52.
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joint force - (DOD) A general term applied to a force composed of significant elements, assigned
or attached, of two or more Military Departments, operating under a single joint force
commander. See also joint force commander. See FM 3-0.
joint force air component commander - (DOD) The commander within a unified command,
subordinate unified command, or joint task force responsible to the establishing commander
for making recommendations on the proper employment of assigned, attached, and/or made
available for employment air forces; planning and coordinating air operations; or
accomplishing such operational missions as may be assigned. The joint force air component
commander is given the authority necessary to accomplish missions and tasks assigned by
the establishing commander. Also called JFACC. See also joint force commander. See FM
100-7.
joint force commander - (DOD) A general term applied to a combatant commander,
subunified commander, or joint task force commander authorized to exercise combatant
command (command authority) or operational control over a joint force. Also called JFC. See
also joint force. See FM 3-0.
joint force land component commander - (DOD) The commander within a unified
command, subordinate unified command, or joint task force responsible to the establishing
commander for making recommendations on the proper employment of assigned, attached,
and/or made available for tasking land forces, planning and coordinating land operations, or
accomplishing such operational missions as may be assigned. The joint force land component
commander is given the authority necessary to accomplish missions and tasks assigned by
the establishing commander. Also called JFLCC. See also joint force commander. See FM
3-0.
joint force maritime component commander - (DOD) The commander within a unified
command, subordinate unified command, or joint task force responsible to the establishing
commander for making recommendations on the proper employment of assigned, attached,
and/or made available for tasking maritime forces and assets; planning and coordinating
maritime operations, or accomplishing such operational missions as may be assigned. The
joint force maritime component commander is given the authority necessary to accomplish
missions and tasks assigned by the establishing commander. Also called JFMCC. See also
joint force commander. See FM 100-7.
joint force special operations component commander - (DOD) The commander within a
unified command, subordinate unified command, or joint task force responsible to the
establishing commander for making recommendations on the proper employment of
assigned, attached, and/or made available for tasking special operations forces and assets;
planning and coordinating special operations; or accomplishing such operational missions as
may be assigned. The joint force special operations component commander is given the
authority necessary to accomplish missions and tasks assigned by the establishing
commander. Also called JFSOCC. See also joint force commander. See FM 100-25.
Joint Operation Planning and Execution System - (DOD) A system that provides the
foundation for conventional command and control by national- and combatant command-
level commanders and their staffs. It is designed to satisfy their information needs in the
conduct of joint planning and operations. Joint Operation Planning and Execution System
(JOPES) includes joint operation planning, policies, procedures, and reporting structures
supported by communications and automated data processing systems. JOPES is used to
monitor, plan, and execute mobilization, deployment, employment, and sustainment
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activities associated with joint operations. Also called JOPES. See also joint operations.
See FM 3-0.
joint operations - (DOD) A general term to describe military actions conducted by joint forces,
or by Service forces in relationships
(e.g., support, coordinating authority), which, of
themselves, do not create joint forces. See FM 3-0.
joint operations area - (DOD) An area of land, sea, and airspace defined by a geographic
combatant commander or subordinate unified commander in which a joint force commander
(normally a joint task force commander) conducts military operations to accomplish a specific
mission. Joint operations areas are particularly useful when operations are limited in scope
and geographic area or when operations are to be conducted on the boundaries between
theaters. Also called JOA. See also area of responsibility; joint special operations
area. See FM 3-0.
joint psychological operations task force - (DOD) A joint special operations task force
composed of headquarters and operational assets. It assists the joint force commander in
developing strategic, operational, and tactical psychological operations plans for a theater
campaign or other operations. Mission requirements will determine its composition and
assigned or attached units to support the joint task force commander. Also called JPOTF.
See also joint special operations task force; psychological operations; special
operations. See FM 3-05.30.
joint rear area - (DOD) A specific land area within a joint force commander’s operational area
designated to facilitate protection and operations of installations and forces supporting the
joint force. Also called JRA. See also joint force; joint force commander; rear area. See
FM 3-0.
joint special operations air component commander - (DOD) The commander within the
joint force special operations command responsible for planning and executing joint special
air operations and for coordinating and deconflicting such operations with conventional
nonspecial operations air activities. The joint special operations air component commander
normally will be the commander with the preponderance of assets and/or greatest ability to
plan, coordinate, allocate, task, control, and support the assigned joint special operations
aviation assets. The joint special operations air component commander may be directly
subordinate to the joint force special operations component commander or to any nonspecial
operations component or joint force commander as directed. Also called JSOACC. See FM
100-25.
joint special operations area - (DOD) A restricted area of land, sea, and airspace assigned by
a joint force commander to the commander of a joint special operations force to conduct
special operations activities. The commander of joint special operations forces may further
assign a specific area or sector within the joint special operations area to a subordinate
commander for mission execution. The scope and duration of the special operations forces’
mission, friendly and hostile situation, and politico-military considerations all influence the
number, composition, and sequencing of special operations forces deployed into a joint special
operations area. It may be limited in size to accommodate a discrete direct action mission or
may be extensive enough to allow a continuing broad range of unconventional warfare
operations. Also called JSOA. See FM 100-25.
joint special operations task force - (DOD) A joint task force composed of special operations
units from more than one Service, formed to carry out a specific special operation or
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prosecute special operations in support of a theater campaign or other operations. The joint
special operations task force may have conventional nonspecial operations units assigned or
attached to support the conduct of specific missions. Also called JSOTF. See FM 100-25.
joint suppression of enemy air defenses - (DOD) A broad term that includes all suppression
of enemy air defense activities provided by one component of the joint force in support of
another. Also called J-SEAD. See also suppression of enemy air defenses. See FM 6-20-
30.
joint task force - (DOD) A joint force that is constituted and so designated by the Secretary of
Defense, a combatant commander, a subunified commander, or an existing joint task force
commander. Also called JTF. See FM 3-0. (See page 5-38 for symbol.)
—K—
key communicator - An individual to whom the target audience turns most often for an
analysis or interpretation of information or events. (FM 3-05.30)
key terrain - (DOD, NATO) Any locality, or area, the seizure or retention of which affords a
marked advantage to either combatant. See also decisive terrain; intelligence
preparation of the battlefield. See FM 3-90.
killed in action - (DOD) A casualty category applicable to a hostile casualty, other than the
victim of a terrorist activity, who is killed outright or who dies as a result of wounds or other
injuries before reaching a medical treatment facility. Also called KIA. See also casualty;
died of wounds; graves registration program; hostile casualty; nonhostile casualty.
See FM 8-55.
kill zone - That part of an ambush site where fire is concentrated to isolate, fix, and destroy the
enemy. (FM 3-90)
knowledge - In the context of the cognitive hierarchy, information analyzed to provide meaning
and value or evaluated as to implications for the operation. (FM 6-0)
—L—
landing area - (DOD) 1. The part of the operational area within which are conducted the
landing operations of an amphibious force. It includes the beach, the approaches to the
beach, the transport areas, the fire support areas, the airspace occupied by close supporting
aircraft, and the land included in the advance inland to the initial objective. 2. (Airborne)
The general area used for landing troops and materiel either by airdrop or air landing. This
area includes one or more drop zones or landing strips. See FM 90-26. 3. Any specially
prepared or selected surface of land, water, or deck designated or used for takeoff and
landing of aircraft. See FM 3-04.111. See also airhead; amphibious force; drop zone;
landing beach; landing zone; objective.
landing beach - (DOD, NATO) That portion of a shoreline usually required for the landing of a
battalion landing team. However, it may also be that portion of a shoreline constituting a
tactical locality (such as the shore of a bay) over which a force larger or smaller than a
battalion landing team may be landed. See also amphibious operation.
landing force - (DOD) A Marine Corps or Army task organization formed to conduct
amphibious operations. The landing force, together with the amphibious task force,
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constitutes the amphibious force. See also amphibious force; amphibious operation;
amphibious task force.
landing mat - (DOD, NATO) A prefabricated portable mat so designed that any number of
planks (sections) may be rapidly fastened together to form surfacing for emergency runways,
landing beaches, etc. See FM 5-430-00-2.
landing plan - (DOD) 1. In amphibious operations, a collective term referring to all individually
prepared naval and landing force documents that, taken together, present in detail all
instructions for execution of the ship-to-shore movement.
2. In airlift operations, the
sequence, method of delivery, and place of arrival of troops and materiel. See FM 90-4.
landing point - (DOD, NATO) A point within a landing site where one helicopter or vertical
takeoff and landing aircraft can land. See also air assault operation; landing site;
landing zone. See FM 90-4.
landing site - (DOD, NATO) 1. A site within a landing zone containing one or more landing
points. See FM 90-4. 2. In amphibious operations, a continuous segment of coastline over
which troops, equipment, and supplies can be landed by surface means.
landing zone - (DOD, NATO) Any specified zone used for the landing of aircraft. Also called
LZ. See also air assault operation; airhead. See FM 90-4. (See page 7-17 for symbol.)
landing zone control party - (DOD, NATO) Personnel specially trained and equipped to
establish and operate communications devices from the ground for traffic control of
aircraft/helicopters for a specific landing zone. See also air assault operation. See FM 90-4.
lane - (Army) A route through an enemy or friendly obstacle that provides a passing force safe
passage. The route may be reduced and proofed as part of a breach operation, or constructed
as part of a friendly obstacle. It is a clear route that moves all the way through an obstacle.
(FM 3-34.2) (Marine Corps) A clear route through an obstacle. A lane for foot troops is a
minimum of one meter in width and may be further expanded. A foot lane is marked with
tracing tape along its center line. A single lane for vehicles is a minimum of eight meters in
width; a double lane is at least 15 meters in width. Vehicle lanes are marked by any means
available. See also gap. (See page 7-54 for symbol.)
lane marker - (DOD, NATO) In land mine warfare, sign used to mark a minefield lane. Lane
markers, at the entrance to and exit from the lane, may be referenced to a landmark or
intermediate marker. See also breach; gap; lane. See FM 20-32.
lapse - A marked decrease in air temperature with increasing altitude because the ground is
warmer than the surrounding air. This condition usually occurs between 1100 and 1600
hours, local time, when the skies are clear. Strong convection currents exist during lapse
conditions. For chemical operations, the state is defined as unstable and is normally
considered the most unfavorable for the release of chemical agents. See also inversion;
neutral. (FM 3-6)
large-scale map - (DOD) A map having a scale of 1:75,000 or larger. See also map. See FM 3-
25.26.
lashing - See tie down.
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