FM 1-02 (FM 101-5-1) MCRP 5-12A OPERATIONAL TERMS AND GRAPHICS (SEPTEMBER 2004) - page 2

 

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FM 1-02 (FM 101-5-1) MCRP 5-12A OPERATIONAL TERMS AND GRAPHICS (SEPTEMBER 2004) - page 2

 

 

FM 1-02/MCRP 5-12A________________________________________________________________
circular error probable - (DOD) An indicator of the delivery accuracy of a weapon system,
used as a factor in determining probable damage to a target. It is the radius of a circle within
which half of a missile’s projectiles are expected to fall. (Army) Error in location of a system
or vehicle based on the on-board navigational system and the distance from the last survey
control point. Also called CEP. (FM 6-30)
civil administration - (DOD) An administration established by a foreign government in (1)
friendly territory, under an agreement with the government of the area concerned, to
exercise certain authority normally the function of the local government, or (2) hostile
territory occupied by United States forces, where a foreign government exercises executive,
legislative, and judicial authority until an indigenous civil government can be established.
Also called civil affairs administration. Also called CA administration. See also civil
affairs; civil-military operations; stability operations. See FM 41-10.
civil affairs - (DOD) Designated Active and Reserve Component forces and units organized,
trained, and equipped specifically to conduct civil affairs activities and to support civil-
military operations. Also called CA. See also civil affairs activities; civil-military
operations. See FM 41-10 (See page 5-32 for symbol.)
civil affairs activities - (DOD) Activities performed or supported by civil affairs that (1)
enhance the relationship between military forces and civil authorities in areas where
military forces are present; and (2) involve application of civil affairs functional specialty
skills, in areas normally the responsibility of civil government, to enhance conduct of civil-
military operations. See also civil affairs; civil military operations. See FM 41-10.
civil affairs administration - See civil administration.
civil considerations - How the manmade infrastructure, civilian institutions, and attitudes
and activities of the civilian leaders, populations, and organizations within an area of
operations influence the conduct of military operations. (FM 6-0)
civil defense emergency - (DOD) A domestic emergency disaster situation resulting from
devastation created by an enemy attack and requiring emergency operations during and
following that attack. It may be proclaimed by appropriate authority in anticipation of an
attack. See also domestic emergencies. See FM 3-07.
civil disturbances - (DOD) Riots, acts of violence, insurrections, unlawful obstructions or
assemblages, or other disorders prejudicial to public law and order. The term
“civil
disturbances” includes all domestic conditions requiring or likely to require the use of
Federal Armed Forces pursuant to the provisions of Chapter 15 of Title 10, United States
Code. See also domestic emergencies. See FM 3-07.
civil-military operations - (DOD) The activities of a commander that establish, maintain,
influence, or exploit relations between military forces, governmental and nongovernmental
civilian organizations and authorities, and the civilian populace in a friendly, neutral, or
hostile operational area in order to facilitate military operations, to consolidate and achieve
US objectives. Civil-military operations may include performance by military forces of
activities and functions normally the responsibility of the local, regional, or national
government. These activities may occur prior to, during, or subsequent to other military
actions. They may also occur, if directed, in the absence of other military operations. Civil-
military operations may be performed by designated civil affairs, by other military forces, or
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
by a combination of civil affairs and other forces. Also called CMO. See also civil affairs
activities. See FM 41-10.
civil-military operations center - (DOD) An ad hoc organization [Note: the Army definition
uses “coordination center”], normally established by the geographic combatant commander or
subordinate joint force commander, to assist in the coordination of activities of engaged
military forces, and other United States government agencies, nongovernmental
organizations, and regional and international organizations. There is no established
structure, and its size and composition are situation dependent. Also called CMOC. See also
civil affairs activities; civil-military operations. See FM 41-10.
civil supply - A functional specialty within the Economics and Commerce Team of a civil affairs
command. The Economics and Commerce Team consists of functional specialists in food and
agriculture, economic development, and civilian supply. It provides technical expertise,
planning, development, and staff advice to the supported command. (FM 41-10)
clandestine operation - (DOD) An operation sponsored or conducted by governmental
departments or agencies in such a way as to assure secrecy or concealment. A clandestine
operation differs from a covert operation in that emphasis is placed on concealment of the
operation rather than on concealment of the identity of the sponsor. In special operations, an
activity may be both covert and clandestine and may focus equally on operational
considerations and intelligence-related activities. See also covert operation; overt
operation. See FM 3-05.20.
classes of supply - (DOD) There are ten categories into which supplies are grouped to facilitate
supply management and planning. (See page 7-65 for symbols and for equivalent NATO
classes of supply.) These classes are:
I
Rations and gratuitous issue health, morale, and welfare items.
II
Clothing, individual, equipment, tentage, tool sets, and
administrative and housekeeping supplies and equipment.
III
Petroleum, oils, and lubricants.
IV Construction materials.
V Ammunition.
VI Personal demand items.
VII Major end items, including tanks, helicopters, and radios.
VIII Medical.
IX Repair parts and components for equipment maintenance.
X Nonstandard items to support nonmilitary programs, such as
agriculture and economic development.
[Note: the Army definition also has a miscellaneous category comprising water, captured
enemy material, and salvage material.] See FM 4-0.
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FM 1-02/MCRP 5-12A________________________________________________________________
clear - (DOD) 1. To approve or authorize, or obtain approval or authorization for: a. a person or
persons with regard to their actions, movements, duties, etc.; b. an object or group of objects,
as equipment or supplies, with regard to quality, quantity, purpose, movement, disposition,
etc.; and c. a request, with regard to correctness of form, validity, etc. 2. To give one or more
aircraft a clearance. 3. To give a person a security clearance. 4. To fly over an obstacle
without touching it. 5. To pass a designated point, line, or object. The end of a column must
pass the designated feature before the latter is cleared. 6. a. To operate a gun so as to unload
it or make certain no ammunition remains; and b. to free a gun of stoppages. 7. To clear an
engine; to open the throttle of an idling engine to free it from carbon. 8. To clear the air to
gain either temporary or permanent air superiority or control in a given sector. (Army) 1. A
tactical mission task that requires the commander to remove all enemy forces and eliminate
organized resistance in an assigned area. (FM 3-90) 2. To eliminate transmissions on a
tactical radio net in order to allow a higher-precedence transmission to occur. (FM 11-32)
3. The total elimination or neutralization of an obstacle that is usually performed by follow-
on engineers and is not done under fire. (FM 3-34.2) See also reduce. (See page A-2 for
symbol.)
clearance of fires - The process of approving or obtaining approval to attack targets with
indirect fires within and outside the boundaries of the maneuver unit for which the fires are
provided. (FM 6-30)
clearing operation - (DOD) An operation designed to clear or neutralize all mines and
obstacles from a route or area. See also breach. See FM 3-34.2.
close air support - (DOD) Air action by fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft against hostile targets
that are in close proximity to friendly forces and which require detailed integration of each
air mission with the fire and movement of those forces. Also called CAS. See also air
interdiction; air support; immediate mission request; preplanned mission request.
See FM 3-52.
close area - Where forces are in immediate contact with the enemy and the fighting between
the committed forces and readily available tactical reserves of both combatants is occurring,
or where commanders envision close combat taking place. Typically, the close area assigned
to a maneuver force extends from the subordinates’ rear boundaries to its own forward
boundary. (FM 3-0)
close combat - Combat carried out with direct fire weapons, supported by indirect fire, air-
delivered fires, and nonlethal engagement means. Close combat defeats or destroys enemy
forces or seizes and retains ground. (FM 3-0)
close quarters battle - Sustained combative tactics, techniques, and procedures employed by
small, highly trained special operations forces using special purpose weapons, munitions,
and demolitions to recover specified personnel, equipment, or material. Also called CQB.
(FM 100-25)
cluster - (NATO) 1. Fireworks signal in which a group of stars burns at the same time. 2. Group
of bombs released together. A cluster usually consists of fragmentation or incendiary bombs.
3. Two or more parachutes for dropping light or heavy loads. See FM 4-20.41. 4. In land mine
warfare, a component of a pattern-laid minefield. It may be antitank, antipersonnel, or
mixed. It consists of one to five mines and no more than one antitank mine. See FM 20-32.
5. In minehunting, designates a group of mine-like contacts. See FM 20-32. 6. Two or more
engines coupled together so as to function as one power unit. See FM 55-20. 7. In naval mine
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
warfare, a number of mines laid in close proximity to each other as a pattern or coherent
unit. They may be of mixed types.
clutter - (DOD) Permanent echoes, cloud, or other atmospheric echo on radar scope as contact
has entered scope clutter. See also air defense. See FM 44-100.
coalition - (DOD) An ad hoc arrangement between two or more nations for common action. See
also alliance; multinational operations. See FM 100-8.
coil - An arrangement of vehicles forming a circle and providing 360-degree security in an
assembly area with the primary weapon systems and protective armor facing outward. (FM
3-90.1)
collaborative planning - The real-time interaction among commanders and staffs at two or
more echelons developing plans for a particular operation. (FM 101-5)
collateral activities - The inherent capabilities of all military forces that may periodically be
applied to accomplish missions other than those for which the forces are principally
organized, trained, and equipped. Collateral activities in which special operations forces, by
virtue of inherent capabilities, may be tasked to participate include humanitarian assistance,
security assistance, search and rescue, antiterrorism, and other security activities and
special activities. (FM 100-25)
collateral damage - (DOD) Unintentional or incidental injury or damage to persons or objects
that would not be lawful military targets in the circumstances ruling at the time. Such
damage is not unlawful so long as it is not excessive in light of the overall military advantage
anticipated from the attack. See FM 6-30.
collateral damage distance - Minimum distance in meters that a desired ground zero for a
nuclear explosion must be separated from civilian personnel and materiel to ensure with 99
percent assurance that a 5 percent incidence of injuries or property damage will not be
exceeded. (FM 100-30)
collecting - An activity of information management: the continuous acquisition of relevant
information by any means, including direct observation, other organic resources, or other
official, unofficial, or public sources from the information environment. (FM 6-0)
collection plan - (DOD, NATO) A plan for collecting information from all available sources to
meet intelligence requirements and for transforming those requirements into orders and
requests to appropriate agencies. [Note: the Army term is “intelligence, surveillance, and
reconnaissance (ISR) plan.”] See also combat intelligence; information; information
requirements; intelligence cycle; reconnaissance. See FM 34-1.
collection point
- (DOD) A point designated for the assembly of personnel casualties,
stragglers, disabled materiel, salvage, etc. for further movement to collecting stations or rear
installations.
(Army/Marine Corps) A point designated for the assembly of casualties,
stragglers, not operationally ready equipment and materiel, salvage, prisoners, and so on for
treatment, classification, sorting, repair, or further movement to collecting stations or rear
facilities and installations. See also aid station. (FM 8-10-6) (See page 7-62 for symbols.)
column formation - (DOD, NATO) A formation in which elements are placed one behind the
other. See also box formation; diamond formation; echelon formation; formation;
line formation; movement formation; vee formation; wedge formation. See FM 3-90.
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FM 1-02/MCRP 5-12A________________________________________________________________
combat and operational stress control - A coordinated program for the prevention, triage,
and treatment of each echelon of battle fatigue to maximize rapid return to duty and
minimize misconduct stress reactions and post-traumatic stress disorders. This program is
conducted by unit mental health personnel plus echelon above division combat stress control
units. Also called COSC. (FM 8-51)
combatant command - (DOD) A unified or specified command with a broad continuing mission
under a single commander established and so designated by the President through the
Secretary of Defense and with the advice and assistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs
of Staff. Combatant commands typically have geographic or functional responsibilities. See
FM 3-0.
combatant command (command authority) - (DOD) Nontransferable command authority
established by Title 10 (“Armed Forces”), United States Code, Section 164, exercised only by
commanders of unified or specified combatant commands unless otherwise directed by the
President or Secretary of Defense. Combatant command (command authority) cannot be
delegated and is the authority of a combatant commander to perform those functions of
command over assigned forces involving organizing and employing commands and forces,
assigning tasks, designating objectives, and giving authoritative direction over all aspects of
military operations, joint training, and logistics necessary to accomplish the missions
assigned to the command. Combatant command (command authority) should be exercised
through the commanders of subordinate organizations. Normally this authority is exercised
through subordinate joint force commanders and Service and/or functional component
commanders. Combatant command (command authority) provides full authority to organize
and employ commands and forces as the combatant commander considers necessary to
accomplish assigned missions. Operational control is inherent in combatant command
(command authority). See also combatant command; operational control; tactical
control. Also called COCOM. See FM 3-0.
combat arms - Units and soldiers who close with the enemy and destroy enemy forces or
provide firepower and destructive capabilities on the battlefield. (FM 3-90)
combat assessment
-
(DOD) The determination of the overall effectiveness of force
employment during military operations. Combat assessment is composed of three major
components: a. battle damage assessment; b. munitions effects assessment; and c. reattack
recommendation. See also battle damage assessment; course of action; wargaming.
See FM 6-0.
combat configured load - A planned package of ammunition or other supplies that is
transported as a single load to support a type of unit or weapon system. Also called CCL.
(FM 4-30.13)
combat control team - (DOD) A small task organized team of Air Force parachute and combat
diver qualified personnel trained and equipped to rapidly establish and control drop, landing,
and extraction zone air traffic in austere or hostile conditions. They survey and establish
terminal airheads as well as provide guidance to aircraft for airlift operations. They provide
command and control, conduct reconnaissance and surveillance, and survey assessments of
potential objective airfields or assault zones. They can also perform limited weather
observations and removal of obstacles or unexploded ordnance with demolitions. See FM 90-
26. (Marine Corps) Personnel organized, trained, and equipped to establish and operate
navigation or terminal guidance aids, communications, and aircraft control facilities within
the objective area. Also called CCT. See also airborne; landing zone.
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
combat effectiveness - The ability of a unit to perform its mission. Factors such as
ammunition, personnel, status of fuel, and weapon systems are assessed and rated. (FM 101-
5)
combat formation - An ordered arrangement of forces for a specific purpose and the general
configuration of a unit on the ground. (FM 3-90)
combat information - (DOD) Unevaluated data, gathered by or provided directly to the
tactical commander which, due to its highly perishable nature or the criticality of the
situation, cannot be processed into tactical intelligence in time to satisfy the user’s tactical
intelligence requirements. See also information. See FM 6-0.
combat intelligence - (DOD) That knowledge of the enemy, weather, and geographical
features required by a commander in the planning and conduct of combat operations. See FM
34-1.
combat load - The minimum mission-essential equipment, as determined by the commander
responsible for carrying out the mission, required for soldiers to fight and survive immediate
combat operations. (FM 10-1)
combat loading - (DOD, NATO) The arrangement of personnel and the stowage of equipment
and supplies in a manner designed to conform to the anticipated tactical operation of the
organization embarked. Each individual item is stowed so that it can be unloaded at the
required time. See also loading plan. See FM 55-1.
combat observation and lasing team - A fire support team controlled at the brigade level
that is capable of target acquisition under reduced visibility conditions and has both laser-
rangefinding and laser-designating capabilities. Also called COLT. See also call for fire.
(FM 6-20-40)
combat outpost - (Army) A reinforced observation post capable of conducting limited combat
operations. See also counterreconnaissance. (FM 3-90) (Marine Corps) A security force
established at the regimental level during defensive or stationary operations. (See page 7-26
for symbol.)
combat patrol - (NATO) For ground forces, a tactical unit sent out from the main body to
engage in independent fighting; detachment assigned to protect the front, flank, or rear of
the main body by fighting if necessary. Also called fighting patrol. See also ambush; raid;
security operations. See FM 7-10.
combat power - (DOD, NATO) The total means of destructive and/or disruptive force which a
military unit/formation can apply against the opponent at a given time. See FM 3-0.
combat ready - (NATO) 1. As applied to organizations or equipment: available for combat
operations. 2. As applied to personnel: qualified to carry out combat operations in the unit to
which they are assigned.
combat repair team - Provides the first line of maintenance support to armor and infantry
companies. The combat repair team (CRT) is a modular organization that provides dedicated
and habitual support to the same unit both in a garrison and a tactical environment. As the
task organization changes, a CRT moves with its supported unit. Also called CRT. (FM 4-
30.3)
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FM 1-02/MCRP 5-12A________________________________________________________________
combat search and rescue - (DOD) A specific task performed by rescue forces to effect the
recovery of distressed personnel during war or military operations other than war. Also
called CSAR. See FM 100-25.
combat service support - (DOD) The essential capabilities, functions, activities, and tasks
necessary to sustain all elements of operating forces in theater at all levels of war. Within
the national and theater logistic systems, it includes but is not limited to that support
rendered by service forces in ensuring the aspects of supply, maintenance, transportation,
health services, and other services required by aviation and ground combat troops to permit
those units to accomplish their missions in combat. Combat service support encompasses
those activities at all levels of war that produce sustainment to all operating forces on the
battlefield. Also called CSS. See also combat support. See FM 4-0. (See page 5-20 for
symbol.)
combat service support battlefield operating system - (Army) The support and service to
sustain forces during full spectrum operations. See also battlefield operating system. (FM
7-15)
combat service support element - (Marine Corps) The core element of a Marine air-ground
task force (MAGTF) that is task-organized to provide the combat service support necessary to
accomplish the MAGTF’s mission. The combat service support element varies in size from a
small detachment to one or more force service support groups. It provides supply,
maintenance, transportation, general engineering, health services, and a variety of other
services to the MAGTF. In a joint or multinational environment, it may also contain other
Service or multinational forces assigned or attached to the MAGTF. The combat service
support element itself is not a formal command. Also called CSSE. See also aviation
combat element; command element; ground combat element; Marine air-ground
task force; Marine expeditionary force; Marine expeditionary force (forward);
Marine expeditionary unit; special purpose Marine air-ground task force; task
force.
combat service support reach operations - The operational positioning and efficient use of
all available CSS assets and capabilities, from the industrial base to the soldier in the field.
Also called CSS reach operations. (FM 3-0)
combat stress - The mental, emotional, or physical tension, strain, or distress resulting from
exposure to combat-related conditions. (FM 6-22.5)
combat support - (DOD, NATO) Fire support and operational assistance provided to combat
elements. (Army) Critical combat functions provided by units and soldiers in conjunction
with combat arms units and soldiers to secure victory. Also called CS. (FM 3-90) (See page 5-
15 for symbol.)
combatting terrorism - (DOD) Actions, including antiterrorism (defensive measures taken to
reduce vulnerability to terrorist acts) and counterterrorism (offensive measures taken to
prevent, deter, and respond to terrorism), taken to oppose terrorism throughout the entire
threat spectrum. Also called CBT. See also antiterrorism; counterterrorism; stability
operations. See FM 3-07.
combat trains - The portion of unit trains that provides the combat service support required for
immediate response to the needs of the forward tactical elements. At company level, medical
recovery, supply, and maintenance elements normally constitute the combat trains. At
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
battalion, the combat trains normally consist of ammunition and petroleum, oils, and
lubricants (POL) vehicles; maintenance and recovery vehicles and crews; and the battalion
aid station. See also collection point; field trains; unit trains. (FM 7-30)
combat trains command post - Consists of the task force S-4 and representatives from the S-
1. It plans and coordinates sustainment for tactical operations and serves as the alternate for
the main command post. Also called CTCP. See also alternate command post; brigade
support area; collection point; combat trains; field trains; unit trains. (FM 7-30).
(See page 5-39 for symbol.)
combat zone - (DOD, NATO) 1. That area required by combat forces for the conduct of
operations. 2. The territory forward of the Army rear area boundary. [Note: the NATO
definition adds: “It is divided into: a. the forward combat zone, comprising the territory
forward of the corps rear boundary; and b. the rear combat zone, usually comprising the
territory between the corps rear boundary and the army group rear boundary.”] Also called
CZ. See also communications zone. See FM 3-0.
combined arms - (Army) The synchronized or simultaneous application of several arms—such
as infantry, armor, field artillery, engineers, air defense, and aviation—to achieve an effect
on the enemy that is greater than if each arm were used against the enemy in sequence. (FM
3-0) (Marine Corps) 1. The full integration of combat arms in such a way that to counteract
one, the enemy must become more vulnerable to another. 2. The tactics, techniques, and
procedures employed by a force to integrate firepower and mobility to produce a desired
effect upon the enemy. See also task force.
combined arms team - (DOD) The full integration and application of two or more arms or
elements of one Military Service into an operation. (Army) Two or more arms mutually
supporting one another, usually consisting of infantry, armor, cavalry, aviation, field
artillery, air defense artillery, and engineers. See also joint operations; task force. (FM 3-
90).
command - 1. (DOD only) The authority that a commander in the Armed Forces lawfully
exercises over subordinates by virtue of rank or assignment. Command includes the
authority and responsibility for effectively using available resources for planning the
employment of, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling military forces for the
accomplishment of assigned missions. It also includes responsibility for health, welfare,
morale, and discipline of assigned personnel. See FM 6-0. (DOD, NATO) 2. An order given by
a commander; that is, the will of the commander expressed for the purpose of bringing about
a particular action. See FM 6-0. 3. A unit or units, an organization, or an area under the
command of one individual. See FM 6-0. (NATO only) To dominate by a field of weapon fire
or by observation from a superior position. See also battle command; commander.
command and control - (DOD) The exercise of authority and direction by a properly
designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the
mission. Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of
personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander
in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations in the
accomplishment of the mission. (Army) The exercise of authority and direction by a properly
designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of a
mission. Commanders perform command and control functions through a command and
control system. (FM 6-0) (Marine Corps) In Marine Corps usage, the means by which a
commander recognizes what needs to be done and sees to it that appropriate actions are
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FM 1-02/MCRP 5-12A________________________________________________________________
taken. Also called C2. See also battle command; command; command and control
system; commander; command post; control.
command and control battlefield operating system - (Army) All collective tasks associated
with supporting the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander
over assigned and available forces in the accomplishment of the mission. See also battlefield
operating system. (FM 7-15)
command and control system
-
(DOD) The facilities, equipment, communications,
procedures, and personnel essential to a commander for planning, directing, and controlling
operations of assigned forces pursuant to the missions assigned. (Army) The arrangement of
personnel, information management, procedures, and equipment and facilities essential for
the commander to conduct operations. Also called C2 system. (FM 6-0)
command channel - See chain of command.
command element - (Marine Corps) The core element of a Marine air-ground task force
(MAGTF) that is the headquarters. The command element is composed of the commander,
general or executive and special staff sections, headquarters section, and requisite
communications support, intelligence, and reconnaissance forces necessary to accomplish the
MAGTF’s mission. The command element provides command and control, intelligence, and
other support essential for effective planning and execution of operations by the other
elements of the MAGTF. The command element varies in size and composition and in a joint
or multinational environment, it may contain other Service or multinational forces assigned
or attached to the MAGTF. Also called CE. See also aviation combat element; combat
service support element; ground combat element; Marine air-ground task force;
Marine expeditionary force; Marine expeditionary force
(forward); Marine
expeditionary unit; special purpose Marine air-ground task force; task force.
commander - (Army) One who is in command because of rank, position, or other circumstances.
(FM 6-0) (Marine Corps) One who is properly appointed to command an organization, or who
under applicable provisions of law, regulations, or orders succeeds to such command due to
transfer, incapacity, death, or absence of the previous commanding officer. Marine Corps
commanders are titled as Commandant, Commander, Commanding General, Commanding
Officer, Director, Inspector-Instructor. Other titles used to designate Marine Corps
commanders shall be made only with the specific approval of the Commandant of the Marine
Corps. The titles Officer in Charge and Noncommissioned Officer in Charge do not normally
denote a commander. However, in specific instances, superiors in the chain of command may
delegate command authority to officers in charge or noncommissioned officers in charge to
the extent required for them to carry out their assigned tasks. See also battle command;
command.
commander’s concept - See concept of operations.
commander’s critical information requirements
-
(DOD) A comprehensive list of
information requirements identified by the commander as being critical in facilitating timely
information management and the decisionmaking process that affect successful mission
accomplishment. The two key subcomponents are critical friendly force information and
priority intelligence requirements.
(Army)
- Elements of information required by
commanders that directly affect decisionmaking and dictate the successful execution of
military operations. (FM 3-0) (Marine Corps) Information regarding the enemy and friendly
activities and the environment identified by the commander as critical to maintaining
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
situational awareness, planning future activities, and facilitating timely decisionmaking.
[Note: in Marine Corps usage, commander’s critical information requirements are normally
divided into three primary subcategories: priority intelligence requirements, friendly force
information requirements, and essential elements of friendly information.] Also called CCIR.
See also essential elements of friendly information; information; intelligence;
priority intelligence requirements.
commander’s intent - (DOD) A concise expression of the purpose of the operation and the
desired end state that serves as the initial impetus for the planning process. It may also
include the commander’s assessment of the adversary commander’s intent and an
assessment of where and how much risk is acceptable during the operation. (Army) A clear,
concise statement of what the force must do and the conditions the force must meet to
succeed with respect to the enemy, terrain, and desired end state. (FM 3-0) (Marine Corps) A
commander’s clear, concise articulation of the purpose(s) behind one or more tasks assigned
to a subordinate. It is one of two parts of every mission statement which guides the exercise
of initiative in the absence of instructions.
commander’s visualization - (Army) The mental process of achieving a clear understanding of
the force’s current state with relation to the enemy and environment
(situational
understanding), and developing a desired end state which represents mission
accomplishment and the key tasks that move the force from its current state to the end state
(commander’s intent). See also commander’s intent; situational understanding. (FM 6-
0)
command group - Consists of the commander and a METT-TC derived small group from the
staff that accompanies the commander throughout the area of operations (AO) and enables
him to exercise command and control away from a command post. [Note: the Marine Corps
uses METT-T.] The command group is organized and equipped to suit the commander’s
decisionmaking and leadership requirements while ensuring he possesses the ability to
accomplish critical command and control functions anywhere in the AO. The command group
consists of critical staff officers necessary to assist the commander in directly influencing the
ongoing operation, and normally provides local security and other personal assistance for the
commander as required. See also command post.
command post - (DOD, NATO) A unit’s or subunit’s headquarters where the commander and
the staff perform their activities. [Note: the Army definition ends here.] In combat, a unit’s or
subunit’s headquarters is often divided into echelons; the echelon in which the unit or
subunit commander is located or from which such commander operates is called a command
post. Also called CP. See also alternate command post; assault command post; base
defense operations center; combat trains command post; command group; main
command post; rear command post; tactical command post; tactical operations
center. See FM 6-0. (See page 5-39 for symbol.)
command post exercise - (DOD, NATO) An exercise in which the forces are simulated,
involving the commander, the staff, and communications within and between headquarters.
Also called CPX. See also exercise; maneuver. See FM 7-0.
command relationships - (DOD) The interrelated responsibilities between commanders, as
well as the operational authority exercised by commanders in the chain of command; defined
further as combatant command (command authority), operational control, tactical control, or
support. See also administrative control; assign; attach; chain of command;
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combatant command (command authority); command; direct support; general
support; operational control; support; tactical control. See FM 3-0.
committed force - A force in contact with an enemy or deployed on a specific mission or course
of action which precludes its employment elsewhere. See also attack; decisive
engagement. (FM 3-90)
common operational picture - (DOD) A single identical display of relevant information
shared by more than one command. A common operational picture facilitates collaborative
planning and assists all echelons to achieve situational awareness. (Army) An operational
picture tailored to the user’s requirements, based on common data and information shared by
more than one command. Also called COP. (FM 3-0)
common servicing - (DOD) The function performed by one Military Service in support of
another Military Service for which reimbursement is not required from the Service receiving
support. See also command relationship; support. See FM 10-1.
common use - (DOD) Services, materials, or facilities provided by a Department of Defense
agency or a Military Department on a common basis for two or more Department of Defense
agencies, elements, or other organizations as directed. See FM 10-1.
communication deception - (DOD) Use of devices, operations, and techniques with the intent
of confusing or misleading the user of a communications link or a navigation system. See also
deception; electronic warfare; imitative electronic deception. See FM 34-1.
communications checkpoint - An air control point that requires serial leaders to report
either to the aviation mission commander or the terminal control facility. See also air
control point; air corridor; Army airspace command and control. (FM 3-52) (See page
7-22 for symbol.)
communications intelligence - (DOD) Technical information and intelligence derived from
foreign communications by other than the intended recipients. Also called COMINT. See
also combat intelligence. See FM 34-1.
communications jamming
- Electronic measures taken to deny the enemy use of
communications means See also barrage jamming; electronic warfare; information
operations; jamming. (FM 34-1)
communications security - (DOD) The protection resulting from all measures designed to
deny unauthorized persons information of value that might be derived from the possession
and study of telecommunications, or to mislead unauthorized persons in their interpretation
of the results of such possession and study. Communications security includes:
cryptosecurity, transmission security, emission security, and physical security of
communications security materials and information. a. cryptosecurity—The component of
communications security that results from the provision of technically sound cryptosystems
and their proper use. b. transmission security—The component of communications
security that results from all measures designed to protect transmissions from interception
and exploitation by means other than cryptanalysis. c. emission security—The component
of communications security that results from all measures taken to deny unauthorized
persons information of value that might be derived from intercept and analysis of
compromising emanations from crypto-equipment and telecommunications systems.
d. physical security—The component of communications security that results from all
physical measures necessary to safeguard classified equipment, material, and documents
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
from access thereto or observation thereof by unauthorized persons. Also called COMSEC.
See FM 34-1.
communications zone - (DOD, NATO) Rear part of a theater of war or theater of operations
(behind but contiguous to the combat zone) which contains the lines of communications,
establishments for supply and evacuation, and other agencies required for the immediate
support and maintenance of the field forces. [Note: the NATO term is communication zone.]
Also called COMMZ. See also combat zone; line of communications; rear area. See FM
100-7.
company - A unit consisting of two or more platoons, usually of the same type, with a
headquarters and a limited capacity for self-support. (FM 3-90) (See page 5-33 for symbol.)
company maintenance team
- A team organized and equipped to provide mobile
organizational maintenance support to the combat companies. Company maintenance teams
perform battle damage assessment and battle damage repair, diagnose maintenance
problems, and conduct organizational repairs and recovery. Also called CMT. (FM 4-30.3)
company team - A combined arms organization formed by attaching one or more nonorganic
tank, mechanized infantry, or light infantry platoons to a tank, mechanized infantry, or light
infantry company either in exchange for or in addition to organic platoons. See also
combined arms team. (FM 3-90)
compartmentation - (DOD) 1. Establishment and management of an organization so that
information about the personnel, internal organization, or activities of one component is
made available to any other component only to the extent required for the performance of
assigned duties. See FM 31-20-5. 2. Effects of relief and drainage upon avenues of approach
so as to produce areas bounded on at least two sides by terrain features such as woods,
ridges, or ravines that limit observation or observed fire into the area from points outside the
area. (Army) 1. In unconventional warfare, the division of an organization or activity into
functional segments or cells to restrict communication between them and prevent knowledge
of the identity or activities of other segments except on a need-to-know basis. (FM 31-20-5)
2. Restricting the use of cryptovariables to specific users for the purpose of limiting access to
the information protected by these cryptovariables and limiting the adverse impact of a
compromise of these variables. (FM 31-20-5).
compass direction - (NATO) The horizontal direction expressed as an angular distance
measured clockwise from compass north.
complete round - (DOD) A term applied to an assemblage of explosive and nonexplosive
components designed to perform a specific function at the time and under the conditions
desired. Examples of complete rounds of ammunition are: a. separate loading, consisting of a
primer, propelling charge, and, except for blank ammunition, a projectile and a fuze; b. fixed
or semifixed, consisting of a primer, propelling charge, cartridge case, a projectile, and,
except when solid projectiles are used, a fuze; c. bomb, consisting of all component parts
required to drop and function the bomb once; d. missile, consisting of a complete warhead
section and a missile body with its associated components and propellants; and e. rocket,
consisting of all components necessary to function. See FM 6-20-40.
compromise (DOD) - The known or suspected exposure of clandestine personnel, installations,
or other assets, or classified information or material, to an unauthorized person. See FM 3-
05.20.
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computed air release point - (DOD, NATO) A computed air position where the first paratroop
or cargo item is released to land on a specified impact point. Also called CARP. See FM 90-
26.
computer network attack
-
(DOD) Operations to disrupt, deny, degrade, or destroy
information resident in computers and computer networks, or the computers and networks
themselves. Electronic attack (EA) can be used against a computer, but it is not computer
network attack (CNA). CNA relies on the data stream to execute the attack while EA relies
on the electromagnetic spectrum. An example of the two operations is the following: sending
a code or instruction to a central processing unit that causes the computer to short out the
power supply is CNA. Using an electromagnetic pulse device to destroy a computer’s
electronics and causing the same result is EA. Also called CNA. See FM 3-13.
computer network defense - (DOD) Defensive measures to protect and defend information,
computers, and networks from disruption, denial, degradation, or destruction. Also called
CND. See FM 3-13.
computer network exploitation - Enabling operations and intelligence collection to gather
data from target or adversary automated information systems or networks. (FM 3-13)
computer security - (DOD) The protection resulting from all measures to deny unauthorized
access and exploitation of friendly computer systems. Also called COMPUSEC. See FM 3-13.
concealment - (DOD, NATO) The protection from observation or surveillance. See FM 7-10.
concept of operations - (DOD) A verbal or graphic statement, in broad outline, of a
commander’s assumptions or intent in regard to an operation or series of operations. The
concept of operations frequently is embodied in campaign plans and operation plans; in the
latter case, particularly when the plans cover a series of connected operations to be carried
out simultaneously or in succession. The concept is designed to give an overall picture of the
operation. It is included primarily for additional clarity of purpose. (NATO) A clear and
concise statement of the line of action chosen by a commander in order to accomplish his
mission. (Army) How commanders see the actions of subordinate units fitting together to
accomplish the mission. As a minimum, the description includes the scheme of maneuver and
concept of fires. The concept of operations expands the commander’s selected course of action
and expresses how each element of the force will cooperate to accomplish the mission. Also
called CONOPS. (FM 3-0)
concept plan - (DOD) An operation plan in concept format. Also called CONPLAN. See also
operation plan. See FM 101-5.
conduct - To perform the activities of the operations process: planning, preparing, executing,
and continuously assessing. (FM 6-0)
cone of fire - The pattern formed on the way to the target by several rounds fired in a burst.
See also beaten zone. (FM 3-22.68)
configured load - Single or multicommodity load of supplies built to the anticipated or actual
needs of a consuming unit, thereby facilitating throughput to the lowest possible echelon.
Configured loads leverage the efficiencies of containerization and capabilities of
containerized roll on/roll off platforms whenever possible. The two types of configured loads
are mission configured loads and unit configured loads. See also mission configured load;
unit configured load. (FM 4-0)
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
confirmation brief - A briefing subordinate leaders give to the higher commander immediately
after the operation order is given. It is their understanding of his intent, their specific tasks,
and the relationship between their mission and the other units in the operation. (FM 101-5)
conflict - (DOD) An armed struggle or clash between organized groups within a nation or
between nations in order to achieve limited political or military objectives. Although regular
forces are often involved, irregular forces frequently predominate. Conflict is often
protracted, confined to a restricted geographic area, and constrained in weaponry and level of
violence. Within this state, military power in response to threats may be exercised in an
indirect manner while supportive of other instruments of national power. Limited objectives
may be achieved by the short, focused, and direct application of force. See FM 100-8.
conflict termination - The point at which the principal means of conflict shifts from the use or
threat of force to other means of persuasion. (FM 3-0)
consolidation - See consolidation of position.
consolidation of position - (DOD, NATO) Organizing and strengthening a newly captured
position so that it can be used against the enemy.
[Note: the Army uses the term
“consolidation.”] See FM 3-90.
consolidation psychological operation -Psychological operations conducted in foreign areas
inhabited by an enemy or potentially hostile populace and occupied by US forces or in which
US forces are based, designed to produce behaviors by the foreign populace that support
United States objectives in the area. (FM 3-05.30)
constraint - (Army) A restriction placed on the command by a higher command. A constraint
dictates an action or inaction, thus restricting the freedom of action a subordinate
commander has for planning. (FM 101-5) (Marine Corps) Something which must be done that
limits freedom of action. See also restraint.
consumption rate - (DOD, NATO) The average quantity of an item consumed or expended
during a given time interval, expressed in quantities by the most appropriate unit of
measurement per applicable stated basis. See FM 10-1.
contact - (DOD) 1. In air intercept, a term meaning “Unit has an unevaluated target.” See FM
44-100.
2. In health services, an unevaluated individual who is known to have been
sufficiently near an infected individual to have been exposed to the transfer of infectious
material. See FM 4-02.
contact point - (DOD, NATO) 1. In land warfare, a point on the terrain, easily identifiable,
where two or more ground units are required to make physical contact. See FM 3-90. 2. In air
operations, the position at which a mission leader makes radio contact with an air control
agency. See FM 3-04.111. 3. (DOD only) In evasion and recovery operations, a location where
an evader can establish contact with friendly forces. See FM 100-25. Also called CP. See also
checkpoint; control point; coordinating point. (See page 7-41 for symbol.)
contain - (DOD, NATO) To stop, hold, or surround the forces of the enemy or to cause the
enemy to center activity on a given front and to prevent the withdrawal of any part of the
enemy’s force for use elsewhere. See also block; fix; suppress. See FM 3-90. (See page A-2
for symbol.)
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container delivery system - A system for aerial delivery of supplies and small items of
equipment from low or high altitudes into a small area. Also called CDS. See also bulk
cargo. (FM 4-01.30)
contamination - (DOD, NATO) 1. The deposit, absorption, or adsorption of radioactive
material, or of biological or chemical agents on or by structures, areas, personnel, or objects.
2. (DOD only) Food and/or water made unfit for consumption by humans or animals because
of the presence of environmental chemicals, radioactive elements, bacteria, or organisms, the
byproduct of the growth of bacteria or organisms, the decomposing material (to include the
food substance itself), or waste in the food or water. See also decontamination; fallout;
induced radiation; residual radiation. See FM 3-11.
contiguous area of operations - When all of a commander’s subordinate forces’ areas of
operation share one or more common boundaries. (FM 3-90)
contingency - (DOD) An emergency involving military forces caused by natural disasters,
terrorists, subversives, or by required military operations. Due to the uncertainty of the
situation, contingencies require plans, rapid response, and special procedures to ensure the
safety and readiness of personnel, installations, and equipment. See also branch; concept
plan; operation order; operation plan; sequel. See FM 101-5.
contingency plan - (DOD) A plan for major contingencies that can reasonably be anticipated in
the principal geographic subareas of the command. See FM 101-5.
contour flight - Flight characterized by constant airspeed and varying altitude as dictated by
vegetation, obstacles, and ambient light. See also terrain flight. (FM 3-04.111)
contractor - Person or business that provides products or services for monetary compensation.
A contractor furnishes supplies, services, or performs work at a certain price or rate based on
the terms of a contract. (FM 3-100.21)
control - (DOD) 1. Authority that may be less than full command exercised by a commander
over part of the activities of subordinate or other organizations. See FM 3-0. 2. In mapping,
charting, and photogrammetry, a collective term for a system of marks or objects on the
Earth or on a map or a photograph, whose positions or elevations (or both) have been or will
be determined. See FM 3-25.26. 3. Physical or psychological pressures exerted with the
intent to assure that an agent or group will respond as directed. 4. An indicator governing
the distribution and use of documents, information, or material. Such indicators are the
subject of intelligence community agreement and are specially defined in appropriate
regulations. See FM 34-1. (Army) 1. Within command and control, the regulation of forces
and other battlefield operating systems to accomplish the mission in accordance with the
commander’s intent. It includes collecting, processing, displaying, storing, and disseminating
relevant information for creating the common operational picture and using information
during the operations process.
(FM 6-0) 2. A tactical mission task that requires the
commander to maintain physical influence over a specified area to prevent its use by an
enemy. (FM 3-90) 3. Action taken that eliminates a hazard or reduces the risk from that
hazard. Part of the third step in risk management. (FM 100-14) See also administrative
control; command relationship; operational control; tactical control.
controlled airspace - (DOD, NATO) An airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic
control service is provided to controlled flights. See also airspace coordination area; area
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
of operations; Army airspace command and control; restricted operations
area/zone. See FM 3-52.
controlled exchange - The removal of serviceable parts, components, or assemblies from
unserviceable, economically reparable equipment and their immediate reuse in restoring a
like item of equipment to a combat operable or serviceable condition. See also cannibalize.
(FM 4-30.3)
controlled item - See regulated item.
controlled supply rate - The rate of ammunition consumption that can be supported,
considering availability, facilities, and transportation. It is expressed in rounds per unit,
individual, or vehicle per day. The Army service component commander announces the
controlled supply rate (CSR) for each item of ammunition, and, in turn, the commander of
each subordinate tactical unit announces a CSR to his commanders at the next lower levels.
A unit may not draw ammunition in excess of its CSR without authority from its next higher
headquarters. Also called CSR. See also one day’s supply; required supply rate. (FM 9-
6)
control measures - Directives given graphically or orally by a commander to subordinate
commands to assign responsibilities, coordinate fires and maneuver, and control combat
operations. Each control measure can be portrayed graphically. In general, all control
measures should be easily identifiable on the ground. (FM 101-5)
control point - (DOD, NATO) 1. A position along a route of march at which men are stationed
to give information and instructions for the regulation of supply or traffic. See FM 3-19.1.
2. A position marked by a buoy, boat, aircraft, electronic device, conspicuous terrain feature,
or other identifiable object which is given a name or number and used as an aid to navigation
or control of ships, boats, or aircraft. 3. In making mosaics, a point located by ground survey
with which a corresponding point on a photograph is matched as a check. See FM 3-34.331.
controls - Actions to eliminate threats or reduce their risk. (FM 100-14)
converged sheaf - (DOD) The lateral distribution of fire of two or more pieces so that the
planes of fire intersect at a given point. See also final protective fire; sheaf. See FM 6-30.
convoy - (DOD, NATO) 1. A number of merchant ships and/or naval auxiliaries usually escorted
by warships and/or aircraft—or a single merchant ship or naval auxiliary under surface
escort—assembled and organized for the purpose of passage together. 2. A group of vehicles
organized for the purpose of control and orderly movement with or without escort protection
that moves over the same route at the same time under one commander. [Note: the NATO
definition does not include “that moves over the same route at the same time under one
commander.”] See also march column. See FM 4-01.30. (See page 7-68 for symbols.)
convoy security operations - A specialized kind of area security operations conducted to
protect convoys. (FM 3-90)
coordinated fire line - (DOD, NATO) The coordinated fire line (CFL) is a line beyond which
conventional, indirect, surface fire support means may fire at any time within the boundaries
of the establishing headquarters without additional coordination. The purpose of the CFL is
to expedite the surface-to-surface attack of targets beyond the CFL without coordination with
the ground commander in whose area the targets are located. Also called CFL. See also fire
support. See FM 6-30. (See page 7-36 for symbol.)
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FM 1-02/MCRP 5-12A________________________________________________________________
coordinating altitude - (DOD) A procedural airspace control method to separate fixed- and
rotary-wing aircraft by determining an altitude below which fixed-wing aircraft will normally
not fly and above which rotary-wing aircraft normally will not fly. The coordinating altitude
is normally specified in the airspace control plan and may include a buffer zone for small
altitude deviations. See also above ground level; controlled airspace. See FM 3-52.
coordination - The action necessary to ensure adequately integrated relationships between
separate organizations located in the same area. Coordination may include such matters as
fire support, emergency defense measures, area intelligence, and other situations in which
coordination is considered necessary. (FM 6-0)
corduroy road - A road made or reinforced by laying logs or planks perpendicular to the
direction of travel. It is usually used when a road is muddy, snow packed, or in a swamp.
(FM 5-34)
corps - The Army’s largest tactical unit and the instrument by which higher echelons of
command conduct maneuver at the operational level. (FM 3-90) (See page 5-33 for symbol.)
correct - A procedure word meaning, “You are correct, or what you have transmitted is correct.”
See also procedure word. (FM 24-19)
correction - A procedure word meaning, 1. “An error has been made in this transmission.
Transmission will continue with the last word correctly transmitted. 2. “An error has been
made in this transmission (or message indicated). The correct version is (insert text).” 3.
“That which follows is a corrected version in answer to your request for verification.” See also
procedure word. (FM 24-19)
corrosivity - One of the four possible characteristics of hazardous wastes defined by the
Environmental Protection Agency. It is the ability to corrode other materials. (FM 3-100.4)
counterair - (DOD) A mission that integrates offensive and defensive operations to attain and
maintain a desired degree of air superiority. Counterair missions are designed to destroy or
negate enemy aircraft and missiles, both before and after launch. See also air superiority;
defensive counterair; offensive counterair. See FM 44-100.
counterattack - (DOD, NATO) Attack by part or all of a defending force against an enemy
attacking force, for such specific purposes as regaining ground lost, or cutting off or
destroying enemy advance units, and with the general objective of denying to the enemy the
attainment of the enemy’s purpose in attacking. In sustained defensive operations, it is
undertaken to restore the battle position and is directed at limited objectives. See also
attack. See FM 3-0. (See page A-3 for symbol.)
counterdeception - (DOD) Efforts to negate, neutralize, diminish the effects of, or gain the
advantage from a foreign deception operation. Counterdeception does not include the
intelligence function of identifying foreign deception operations. See also deception. See FM
3-13.
counterdrug - (DOD) Those active measures taken to detect, monitor, and counter the
production, trafficking, and use of illegal drugs. See FM 3-07.
counterfire - (DOD, NATO) Fire intended to destroy or neutralize enemy weapons. Includes
counterbattery, counterbombardment, and countermortar fire. [Note: the NATO definition
does not include the second sentence.] See also fire; fire mission. See FM 6-20-30.
1-46
_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
counterinsurgency - (DOD) Those military, paramilitary, political, economic, psychological,
and civic actions taken by a government to defeat insurgency. See also insurgency;
stability operations; support operations. See FM 3-07.
counterintelligence - (DOD) Information gathered and activities conducted to protect against
espionage, other intelligence activities, sabotage, or assassinations conducted by or on behalf
of foreign governments or elements thereof, foreign organizations, or foreign persons, or
international terrorist activities. See FM 3-13. (Marine Corps) Within the Marine Corps,
counterintelligence constitutes active and passive measures intended to deny a threat force
valuable information about the friendly situation, to detect and neutralize hostile
intelligence collection, and to deceive the enemy as to friendly capabilities and intentions.
Also called CI.
counterintelligence coordinating authority - Subordinate to the staff intelligence officer or
an element of the J/G/S2X specifically tasked with the oversight, deconfliction, and
coordination of that unit’s counterintelligence activities. When constituted as the senior or
sole counterintelligence coordinating authority within a task force, it is known as the Task
Force Counterintelligence Coordinating Authority (TFCICA). Also called CICA. (FM 34-60)
counterintelligence measures
- Those activities conducted or enacted by a unit or
organization to counter the actual or potential capabilities and activities of foreign
intelligence and security services and the intelligence activities of non-state entities, such as
organized crime, terrorist groups, and drug traffickers. (FM 34-60)
counterintelligence operations - (DOD) Proactive activities designed to identify, exploit,
neutralize, or deter foreign intelligence collection and terrorist activities directed against the
Department of Defense (DOD). Operations are conducted to: manipulate, disrupt, neutralize,
and/or destroy the effectiveness of foreign intelligence activities; recruit or induce defection of
foreign intelligence officers and personnel; collect threat information on foreign intelligence
operations, modus operandi, intelligence requirements, targeting, objectives, personalities,
communications, capabilities, limitations, and vulnerabilities; provide information and
operations databases to support decision makers; provide counterintelligence (CI) support to
clandestine human intelligence operations; identify post, ongoing, or planned espionage;
support force protection, operations other than war, and peacekeeping; acquire foreign
intelligence espionage equipment for analysis and countermeasures development; develop
operational data, threat data, and espionage leads for future CI operations, investigations,
and projects and develop the potential of these leads to enhance DOD security overall; and
support specific Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, DOD, and national plans. (Army)
Those activities designed to detect and counter capabilities and activities of foreign
intelligence and security services and the intelligence activities of non-state entities, such as
organized crime, terrorist groups, and drug traffickers. Counterintelligence operations
include, but are not limited to, investigations, collection, support to counterreconnaissance,
support to deception, support to information and operations security, and support to force
protection. (FM 34-60)
countermeasures - (DOD) That form of military science that, by employment of devices and/or
techniques, has as its objective the impairment of the operational effectiveness of enemy
activity. See also electronic warfare; risk management. See FM 20-3.
countermine - (DOD, NATO) To explode the main charge in a mine by the shock of a nearby
explosion of another mine or independent explosive charge. The explosion of the main charge
may be caused either by sympathetic detonation or through the explosive train and/or firing
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FM 1-02/MCRP 5-12A________________________________________________________________
mechanisms of that mine. (Army) The actions taken to detect, bypass, breach, mark, report,
record, and eliminate enemy mines or minefields. See also breach. (FM 20-32)
countermobility - A component of combat engineering and one of the five engineer battlefield
functions. It augments natural terrain with obstacle systems according to the commander’s
concept. This adds depth to the battle in space and time by attacking the enemy’s ability to
maneuver his forces. (FM 5-100)
countermobility operations - (DOD) The construction of obstacles and emplacement of
minefields to delay, disrupt, and destroy the enemy by reinforcement of the terrain. The
primary purpose of countermobility operations is to slow or divert the enemy, to increase
time for target acquisition, and to increase weapon effectiveness. See FM 5-100.
counterpreparation fire - (DOD, NATO) Intensive prearranged fire delivered when the
imminence of the enemy attack is discovered. It is designed to: break up enemy formations;
disorganize the enemy’s system of command, communications, and observation; decrease the
effectiveness of artillery preparation; and impair the enemy’s offensive spirit. [Note: the
NATO definition does not include the second sentence.] See FM 6-20-30.
counterproliferation - Military measures centering on deterring or discouraging, as well as
defending against the possible use of weapons of mass destruction. (FM 100-25)
counterpropaganda - Programs of products and actions designed to nullify propaganda or
mitigate its effects. (FM 3-05.30)
counter-psychological operations - (NATO) Actions designed to detect and counteract hostile
psychological activities. See FM 3-05.30.
counterreconnaissance - (DOD) All measures taken to prevent hostile observation of a force,
area, or place. (Army) A tactical mission task that encompasses all measures taken by a
commander to counter enemy reconnaissance and surveillance efforts.
Counterreconnaissance is not a distinct mission, but a component of security operations. (FM
3-90)
counterterrorism - (DOD) Offensive measures taken to prevent, deter, and respond to
terrorism. Also called CT.
country team - (DOD) The senior in-country coordinating and supervising body, headed by the
chief of the US diplomatic mission, and composed of the senior member of each represented
US department or agency, as desired by the chief of the US diplomatic mission. See FM 3-07.
coup de main - (DOD) An offensive operation that capitalizes on surprise and simultaneous
execution of supporting operations to achieve success in one swift stroke. See FM 3-0.
course of action - (DOD) 1. Any sequence of activities that an individual or a unit may follow.
2. A possible plan open to an individual or a commander that would accomplish or is related
to the accomplishment of a mission. 3. The scheme adopted to accomplish a job or mission.
4. A line of conduct in an engagement. 5. A product of the Joint Operation Planning and
Execution System concept development phase. Also called COA. See FM 101-5.
cover - (DOD, NATO) 1. The action by land, air, or sea forces to protect by offense, defense, or
threat of either or both. 2. Those measures necessary to give protection to a person, plan,
operation, formation, or installation from the enemy intelligence effort and leakage of
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
information.
3. The act of maintaining a continuous receiver watch with transmitter
calibrated and available, but not necessarily available for immediate use. 4. Shelter or
protection, either natural or artificial. 5. (DOD only) Photographs or other recorded images
which show a particular area of ground.
6. A code meaning, "Keep fighters between
force/base and contact designated at distance stated from force/base" (e.g., "cover bogey
twenty-seven to thirty miles"). (Army) 1. Protection from the effects of fires. (FM 6-0) 2. A
form of security operation whose primary task is to protect the main body by fighting to gain
time while also observing and reporting information and preventing enemy ground
observation of and direct fire against the main body. Unlike a screening or guard force, the
covering force is a self-contained force capable of operating independently of the main body.
See also covering force. (FM 3-90) (See page A-6 for symbol.)
covered approach - 1. Any route that offers protection against enemy fire. 2. An approach
made under the protection furnished by other forces or by natural cover. See also
concealment; cover. (FM 7-10)
covering fire - (DOD, NATO) 1. Fire used to protect troops when they are within range of
enemy small arms. See FM 7-10. 2. In amphibious usage, fire delivered prior to the landing
to cover preparatory operations such as underwater demolition or minesweeping. See also
fire.
covering force - (DOD, NATO) 1. A force operating apart from the main force for the purpose of
intercepting, engaging, delaying, disorganizing, and deceiving the enemy before the enemy
can attack the force covered. 2. Any body or detachment of troops which provides security for
a larger force by observation, reconnaissance, attack, or defense, or by any combination of
these methods. See FM 3-90.
covering force area - (DOD, NATO) The area forward of the forward edge of the battle area
out to the forward positions initially assigned to the covering forces. It is here that the
covering forces execute assigned tasks. See also covering force. Also called CFA.
covert operation - (DOD) An operation that is so planned and executed as to conceal the
identity of or permit plausible denial by the sponsor. A covert operation differs from a
clandestine operation in that emphasis is placed on concealment of identity of sponsor rather
than on concealment of the operation. See also clandestine operation; overt operation.
See FM 3-05.20.
cratering charge - (DOD, NATO) A charge placed at an adequate depth to produce a crater.
(Army) A demolition charge used to create a type of point obstacle usually used to close a
lane or block a road. See also point obstacle; state of readiness. (FM 3-34.2)
crisis action planning - (DOD) 1. The Joint Operation Planning and Execution System process
involving the time-sensitive development of joint operation plans and orders in response to
an imminent crisis. Crisis action planning follows prescribed crisis action procedures to
formulate and implement an effective response within the time frame permitted by the crisis.
2. The time-sensitive planning for the deployment, employment, and sustainment of assigned
and allocated forces and resources that occurs in response to a situation that may result in
actual military operations. Crisis action planners base their plan on the circumstances that
exist at the time planning occurs. Also called CAP. See also deliberate planning; Joint
Operation Planning and Execution System. See FM 101-5.
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criteria of success - Information requirements developed during the operations process that
measure the degree of success in accomplishing the unit’s mission. They are normally
expressed as either an explicit evaluation of the present situation or forecast of the degree of
mission accomplishment. (FM 6-0)
critical friendly zone - An area, usually a friendly unit or location, that the maneuver
commander designates as critical to the protection of an asset whose loss would seriously
jeopardize the mission. (FM 3-90)
critical habitat - A designated area declared essential for the survival of a protected species
under authority of the Endangered Species Act. (FM 3-100.4)
cross-attachment - The exchange of subordinate units between units for a temporary period.
(FM 7-7)
cross-country movement - The movement of forces (usually tactical) across terrain without
using roads and bridges. (FM 7-10)
crossing area - (DOD, NATO) 1. A number of adjacent crossing sites under the control of one
commander. 2. (DOD only) A controlled access area for a river crossing operation used to
decrease traffic congestion at the river. It is normally a brigade-sized area defined by lateral
boundaries and release lines 3 to 4 kilometers (based on mission, enemy, terrain and
weather, troops and support available, time available) [Note: the Army definition adds “and
civil considerations”] from each side of the river. See also crossing site; river crossing. See
FM 90-13.
crossing area commander - The officer responsible for the control of all crossing units, assault
units, and support forces while they are in the crossing area. (FM 90-13)
crossing force - Normally a division-sized unit that has responsibility to establish the
bridgehead. This is accomplished in four phases: the advance to the river, the assault across
the river, the advance from the exit bank, and the securing of the bridgehead line. See also
bridgehead line; crossing area; crossing site. (FM 90-13)
crossing force commander - The individual designated to control the lead brigades during the
assault across the river to secure the bridgehead line. See also bridgehead. (FM 90-13)
crossing site - The location along a water obstacle where the crossing can be made using
amphibious vehicles, assault boats, rafts, bridges, or fording vehicles. (FM 90-13) (See page
7-53 for symbol.)
crossing site commander - The individual, normally an engineer company commander or a
platoon leader, responsible for the crossing means and crossing site. He commands the
engineers operating the crossing means and the engineer regulating points at the call
forward areas and staging areas for that site. See also bridgehead. (FM 90-13)
cross-loading (personnel) - (DOD) The distribution of leaders, key weapons, personnel, and
key equipment among the aircraft, vessels, or vehicles of a formation to preclude the total
loss of command and control or unit effectiveness if an aircraft, vessel, or vehicle is lost. It is
also an important factor in aiding rapid assembly of units at the drop zone or landing zone.
See FM 4-01.30.
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
cross tell - (DOD, NATO) The transfer of information between facilities at the same operational
level. Also called lateral tell. See also track telling.
cruise missile - (DOD) Guided missile, the major portion of whose flight path to its target is
conducted at approximately constant velocity; depends on the dynamic reaction of air for lift
and upon propulsion forces to balance drag. See FM 44-100.
cryptosecurity - (DOD) The component of communications security that results from the
provision of technically sound cryptosystems and their proper use. See also
communications security. See FM 34-1.
culminating point - (DOD) The point at which a force no longer has the capability to continue
its form of operations, offensive or defense. a. In the offense, the point at which continuing
the attack is no longer possible and the force must consider reverting to a defensive posture
or attempting an operational pause. b. In the defense, the point at which counteroffensive
action is no longer possible. (Army) In the offense, that point in time and space where the
attacker’s effective combat power no longer exceeds the defender’s, or the attacker’s
momentum is no longer sustainable, or both. In the defense, that instant at which the
defender must withdraw to preserve the force. (FM 3-0)
—D—
damage assessment - (DOD, NATO) 1. The determination of the effect of attacks on targets.
2. (DOD only) A determination of the effect of a compromise of classified information on
national security. See also battle damage assessment. See FM 34-1.
damage estimation - (DOD) A preliminary appraisal of the potential effects of an attack. See
FM 34-1.
danger area - (DOD, NATO) 1. In air traffic control, an airspace of defined dimensions within
which activities dangerous to the flight of aircraft may exist at specified times. See FM 3-52.
2. (DOD only) A specified area above, below, or within which there may be potential danger.
(Army) Area in the vicinity of weapons or aircraft which can cause serious injury or death if
occupied or passed through by individual soldiers or other equipment, such as the backblast
area behind a TOW or Dragon. (FM 7-20) See also restricted operations area/zone.
danger close - (DOD) In close air support, artillery, mortar, and naval gunfire support fires, it
is the term included in the method of engagement segment of a call for fire which indicates
that friendly forces are within close proximity of the target. The close proximity distance is
determined by the weapon and munition fired. (NATO) In artillery and naval fire support, a
call for fire to indicate that friendly forces are within 600 meters of the target. See also
adjust fire; call for fire; final protective fires. See FM 6-20-30.
data - (DOD) Representation of facts, concepts, or instructions in a formalized manner suitable
for communication, interpretation, or processing by humans or by automatic means. Any
representations such as characters or analog quantities to which meaning is or might be
assigned. (Army) The lowest class of information on the cognitive hierarchy. Data consist of
raw signals communicated by any nodes in an information system, or sensings from the
environment detected by a collector of any kind (human, mechanical, or electronic). (FM 6-0)
datum - (DOD, NATO) Any numerical or geometrical quantity or set of such quantities which
may serve as reference or base for other quantities. Where the concept is geometric, the
plural form is “datums” in contrast to the normal plural “data.” See FM 3-34.331.
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datum (geodetic) - (DOD) 1. A reference surface consisting of five quantities: the latitude and
longitude of an initial point, the azimuth of a line from that point, and the parameters of the
reference ellipsoid. 2. The mathematical model of the earth used to calculate the coordinates
on any map. Different nations use different datums for printing coordinates on their maps.
The datum is usually referenced in the marginal information of each map. See FM 3-25.26.
day of supply - See one day’s supply.
dazzle - (DOD) Temporary loss of vision or a temporary reduction in visual acuity; may be
applied to effects on optics. See also flash blindness. See FM 71-123.
D-day - (DOD) The unnamed day on which a particular operation commences or is to commence.
See also times. See FM 101-5.
deadline - (DOD) To remove a vehicle or piece of equipment from operation or use for one of the
following reasons: a. is inoperative due to damage, malfunctioning, or necessary repairs (the
term does not include items temporarily removed from use by reason of routine maintenance
and repairs that do not affect the combat capability of the item); b. is unsafe; and c. would be
damaged by further use. See also full mission capable. See FM 4-30.3.
dead space - (DOD, NATO) 1. An area within the maximum range of a weapon, radar, or
observer, which cannot be covered by fire or observation from a particular position because of
intervening obstacles, the nature of the ground, the characteristics of the trajectory, or the
limitations of the pointing capabilities of the weapon. See FM 3-90. 2. An area or zone which
is within range of a radio transmitter, but in which a signal is not received. 3. The volume of
space above and around a gun or guided missile system into which it cannot fire because of
mechanical or electronic limitations. See FM 7-20.
debarkation - (DOD) The unloading of troops, equipment, or supplies from a ship or aircraft.
See also embarkation. See FM 100-17-3.
debriefing - (Army) The systematic questioning of individuals not in the custody of friendly
forces to procure information to answer specific collection requirements by direct and indirect
questioning techniques. (FM 34-52) (Marine Corps) Interviewing of an individual who has
completed an intelligence or reconnaissance assignment or who has knowledge, whether
through observation, participation, or otherwise, of operational or intelligence significance.
deception - (DOD, NATO) Those measures designed to mislead the enemy by manipulation,
distortion, or falsification of evidence to induce the enemy to react in a manner prejudicial to
the enemy’s interests. See also counterdeception; demonstration; imitative
electromagnetic deception; military deception. See FM 3-13. (See page 7-23 for
symbols.)
deception event - (DOD) A deception means executed at a specific time and location in support
of a deception operation. See also deception means. See FM 3-13.
deception means - (DOD) Methods, resources, and techniques that can be used to convey
information to the deception target. There are three categories of deception means:
a. physical means - Activities and resources used to convey or deny selected information to
a foreign power. (Examples include military operations, including exercises, reconnaissance,
training activities, and movement of forces; the use of dummy equipment and devices;
tactics; bases, logistic actions, stockpiles, and repair activity; and test and evaluation
activities); b. technical means - Military materiel resources and their associated operating
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
techniques used to convey or deny selected information to a foreign power through the
deliberate radiation, re-radiation, alteration, absorption, or reflection of energy; the emission
or suppression of chemical or biological odors; and the emission or suppression of nuclear
particles; c. administrative means - Resources, methods, and techniques to convey or deny
oral, pictorial, documentary, or other physical evidence to a foreign power. See FM 3-13.
deception objective - (DOD) The desired result of a deception operation expressed in terms of
what the adversary is to do or not to do at the critical time and/or location. See FM 3-13.
deception story - (DOD) A scenario that outlines the friendly action that will be portrayed to
cause the deception target to adopt the desired perception. See FM 3-13.
deception target - (DOD) The adversary decisionmaker with the authority to make the
decision that will achieve the deception objective. See FM 3-13.
deception working group - A group tailored to bring together the special technical skills
required to conduct a specific military deception operation. (FM 3-13)
decisionmaking - Selecting a course of action as the one most favorable to accomplish the
mission. (FM 6-0)
decision point - (DOD) The point in space and time where the commander or staff anticipates
making a decision concerning a specific friendly course of action. A decision point is usually
associated with a specific target area of interest, and is located in time and space to permit
the commander sufficient lead time to engage the adversary in the target area of interest.
Decision points may also be associated with the friendly force and the status of ongoing
operations. (Army/Marine Corps) An event, area, or point in the battlespace where and when
the friendly commander will make a critical decision. (FM 101-5) Also called DP. See also
decision support matrix; decision support template; wargaming. (See page 7-42 for
symbol.)
decision support matrix - An aid used by the commander and staff to make battlefield
decisions. It is a staff product of the wargaming process, which lists the decision point,
location of the decision point, the criteria to be evaluated at the point of decision, the action
or operations to occur at the decision point, and the unit or element that is to act and has
responsibility to observe and report the information affecting the criteria for the decision.
Also called DSM. See also branch; decision point; decision support template; sequel;
wargaming. (FM 101-5)
decision support template - (DOD) A graphic record of wargaming. The decision support
template depicts decision points, timelines associated with the movement of forces and the
flow of the operation, and other key items of information required to execute a specific
friendly course of action. (Marine Corps) A staff product initially used in the wargaming
process which graphically represents the decision points and projected situations and
indicates when, where, and under what conditions a decision is most likely to be required to
initiate a specific activity (such as a branch or sequel) or event (such as lifting or shifting of
fires). Also called DST. See also decision point; decision support matrix; intelligence
preparation of the battlefield; wargaming. See FM 101-5.
decisive engagement - (DOD) In land and naval warfare, an engagement in which a unit is
considered fully committed and cannot maneuver or extricate itself. In the absence of outside
assistance, the action must be fought to a conclusion and either won or lost with the forces at
hand. See FM 3-90.
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decisive operation - The operation that directly accomplishes the task assigned by the higher
headquarters. Decisive operations conclusively determine the outcome of major operations,
battles, and engagements. (FM 3-0)
decisive point - (DOD) A geographic place, specific key event, critical system or function that
allows commanders to gain a marked advantage over an enemy and greatly influence the
outcome of an attack. See also centers of gravity. See FM 3-0.
decisive terrain - Key terrain whose seizure and retention is mandatory for successful mission
accomplishment. See also key terrain. (FM 3-90)
declination - (DOD, NATO) The angular distance on the celestial sphere measured north or
south through 90 degrees from the celestial equator along the hour circle of the body.
Comparable to latitude on the terrestrial sphere. (Army) In navigation, at a given place and
time, the angle between the grid north meridian and the true north meridian or magnetic
north meridian measured in degrees or mils east or west. These change in relationship to the
magnetic north meridian annually based on the drift of the magnetic pole. See also
magnetic declination; magnetic variation. (FM 3-25.26)
deconflict - To reconcile or resolve a conflict in responsibility, area of operations, airspace, or
interests in order to accomplish smooth operations without undesired redundancy or threat
of fratricide. (FM 101-5)
decontaminant - Any substance used to break down, neutralize, or remove a chemical,
biological, or radioactive material posing a threat to personnel or equipment. (FM 3-5)
decontamination - (DOD, NATO) The process of making any person, object or area safe by
absorbing, destroying, neutralizing, making harmless, or removing chemical or biological
agents, or by removing radioactive material clinging to or around it. See FM 3-5. (See page 7-
60 for symbol.)
decoy - (DOD) An imitation in any sense of a person, object, or phenomenon which is intended
to deceive enemy surveillance devices or mislead enemy evaluation. Also called dummy. See
FM 20-3. (See page 7-23 for symbol.)
deep area - An area forward of the close area that commanders use to shape enemy forces
before they are encountered or engaged in the close area. Typically, the deep area extends
from the forward boundary of subordinate units to the forward boundary of the controlling
echelon. (FM 3-0)
deep supporting fire - (NATO) Fire directed on objectives, not in the immediate vicinity of
friendly forces, for neutralizing and destroying enemy reserves and weapons, and interfering
with enemy command, supply, communications, and observations. See FM 6-20-30.
defeat
- A tactical mission task that occurs when an enemy force has temporarily or
permanently lost the physical means or the will to fight. The defeated force’s commander is
unwilling or unable to pursue his adopted course of action, thereby yielding to the friendly
commander’s will, and can no longer interfere to a significant degree with the actions of
friendly forces. Defeat can result from the use of force or the threat of its use. See also
decisive point. (FM 3-90)
defeat in detail - Concentrating overwhelming combat power against separate parts of a force
in sequence rather than defeating the entire force at once. (FM 3-90)
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
defense in depth - (DOD, NATO) The siting of mutually supporting defense positions designed
to absorb and progressively weaken attack, prevent initial observations of the whole position
by the enemy, and to allow the commander to maneuver the reserve. See FM 3-90. (Army) In
information operations, the integration of the capabilities of people, operations, and
technology to establish multilayered, multidimensional protection. (FM 3-13)
defensive counterair - (DOD) All defensive measures designed to detect, identify, intercept,
and destroy or negate enemy forces attempting to attack or penetrate the friendly air
environment. Also called DCA. See also counterair; offensive counterair. See FM 44-100.
defensive counterspace
- Operations conducted to defend against attacks by systems
operating in space. Also called DCS. (FM 44-100)
defensive information operations - (DOD) The integration and coordination of policies and
procedures, operations, personnel, and technology to protect and defend information and
information systems. Defensive information operations are conducted through information
assurance, physical security, operations security, counterdeception, counter-psychological
operations, counterintelligence, electronic warfare, and special information operations. [Note:
the Army definition does not include the previous sentence.] Defensive information
operations ensure timely, accurate, and relevant information access while denying
adversaries the opportunity to exploit friendly information and information systems for their
own purposes. See FM 3-0.
defensive operations - (Army) Operations that defeat an enemy attack, buy time, economize
forces, or develop conditions favorable for offensive operations. Defensive operations alone
normally cannot achieve a decision. Their purpose is to create conditions for a
counteroffensive that allows Army forces to regain the initiative. (FM 3-0) (Marine Corps)
Operations conducted with the immediate purpose of causing an enemy attack to fail.
Defensive operations also may achieve one or more of the following: gain time; concentrate
forces elsewhere; wear down enemy forces as a prelude to offensive operations; and retain
tactical, strategic, or political objectives. See also area defense; mobile defense.
defilade - (DOD, NATO) 1. Protection from hostile observation and fire provided by an obstacle
such as a hill, ridge, or bank. 2. A vertical distance by which a position is concealed from
enemy observation. 3. To shield from enemy fire or observation by using natural or artificial
obstacles. See FM 7-20.
defilade fire - (Army) Fire delivered at a rate intentionally less than sustained to permit
adjustment corrections, meet specific tactical requirements, or conserve ammunition.
(Marine Corps) Fire delivered on a target in such a manner that the range pattern of the fall
of shot generally aligns with the short axis of the target. See also enfilade fire; sustained
rate of fire.
defile - 1. A narrow gorge or pass that tends to prevent easy movement of troops. (FM 7-10) 2. A
special movement circulation control measure. A defile operation is conducted to keep traffic
moving smoothly through a narrow passageway. (FM 3-19.4)
degrade - In information operations, using nonlethal or temporary means to reduce the
effectiveness or efficiency of adversary command and control systems and information
collection efforts or means. (FM 3-13)
degree of risk - (DOD) As specified by the commander, the risk to which friendly forces may be
subjected from the effects of the detonation of a nuclear weapons used in the attack of a
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close-in enemy target; acceptable degrees of risk under differing tactical conditions are
emergency, moderate, and negligible. See also emergency risk (nuclear); moderate risk
(nuclear); negligible risk (nuclear); radiation status. See FM 3-11.4.
delay - A form of retrograde in which a force under pressure trades space for time by slowing
the enemy’s momentum and inflicting maximum damage on the enemy without, in principle,
becoming decisively engaged. (FM 3-90) (See page A-3 for symbol.)
delaying operation (DOD, NATO) - See delay.
delay line - A phase line where the date and time before which the enemy is not allowed to
cross the phase line is depicted as part of the graphic control measure. (FM 3-90)
delegation of authority - (DOD) The action by which a commander assigns part of his or her
authority commensurate with the assigned task to a subordinate commander. While
ultimately responsibility cannot be relinquished, delegation of authority carries with it the
imposition of a measure of responsibility. The extent of the authority delegated must be
clearly stated.
(NATO) An action by which a commander assigns to a subordinate
commander a clearly stated part of his authority. See also command. See FM 6-0.
deliberate attack - (DOD, NATO) A type of offensive action characterized by preplanned
coordinated employment of firepower and maneuver to close with and destroy or capture the
enemy. See also attack; deliberate operation. See FM 3-0.
deliberate crossing - (DOD, NATO) The crossing of an inland water obstacle that requires
extensive planning and detailed preparations. See also bridgehead; bridgehead line;
hasty crossing; river crossing. See FM 90-13.
deliberate defense - (DOD, NATO) A defense normally organized when out of contact with the
enemy or when contact with the enemy is not imminent and time for organization is
available. It normally includes an extensive fortified zone incorporating pillboxes, forts, and
communications systems. See also defense in depth; deliberate operation; forward
defense; hasty defense. See FM 7-20.
deliberate operation - An operation in which a commander’s detailed intelligence concerning
the situation allows him to develop and coordinate detailed plans, including multiple
branches and sequels. He task organizes his forces specifically for the operation to provide a
fully synchronized combined arms team. He conducts extensive rehearsals while conducting
extensive shaping operations to set the conditions for the conduct of his decisive operation.
(FM 3-90)
deliberate planning - (DOD) 1. The Joint Operation Planning and Execution System process
involving the development of joint operation plans for contingencies identified in joint
strategic planning documents. Conducted principally in peacetime, deliberate planning is
accomplished in prescribed cycles that complement other Department of Defense planning
cycles in accordance with the formally established Joint Strategic Planning System. 2. A
planning process for the deployment and employment of apportioned forces and resources
that occurs in response to a hypothetical situation. Deliberate planners rely heavily on
assumptions regarding the circumstances that will exist when the plan is executed. See also
contingency; fragmentary order; Joint Operation Planning and Execution System;
warning order. See FM 101-5.
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
deliberate smoke - Smoke operations conducted with detailed planning and executed by either
on-hand smoke assets or with those on-hand augmented by corps and theater assets.
Deliberate smoke operations normally are synchronized with specific time, events, or
locations on the battlefield. Deliberate smoke operations normally include multiple
preplanned smoke operations. They cover large areas over long periods to support the
operations of brigades, divisions, and corps. (FM 3-50)
demilitarized zone - (DOD, NATO) A defined area in which the stationing or concentrating of
military forces, or the retention or establishment of military installations of any description
is prohibited. Also called DMZ. See also area of separation; buffer zone. See FM 3-07.
demining - Activities to remove the hazard of all mines and other unexploded explosive
munitions from a defined area. (FM 20-32)
demobilization
-
(DOD) The process of transitioning a conflict or wartime military
establishment and defense-based civilian economy to a peacetime configuration while
maintaining national security and economic vitality. (Army) The act of returning the force
and materiel to a premobilization posture or to some other approved position. It also involves
returning the mobilized portion of the industrial base to peacetime conditions. See also
mobilization. (FM 100-17)
demolition - (NATO) The destruction of structures, facilities, or material by use of fire, water,
explosives, mechanical, or other means. See FM 5-250.
demolition chamber - (DOD, NATO) Space intentionally provided in a structure for the
emplacement of explosive charges. See FM 5-250.
demolition firing party - (DOD) The party at the site that is technically responsible for the
demolition and that actually initiates detonation or fires the demolitions. See also
demolition guard; state of readiness. See FM 5-250.
demolition guard - (DOD, NATO) A local force positioned to ensure that a target is not
captured by an enemy before orders are given for its demolition and before the demolition
has been successfully fired. The commander of the demolition guard is responsible for the
tactical control of all troops at the demolition site, including the demolition firing party. The
commander of the demolition guard is responsible for transmitting the order to fire to the
demolition firing party. See also demolition firing party. See FM 5-250.
demolition kit - (DOD, NATO) The demolition tool kit complete with explosives. See FM 5-250.
demolition obstacle - An obstacle created by using explosives. (FM 5-250)
demolition plan - Documentation with data required for the preparation of a single demolition.
(FM 5-250)
demolition target - (DOD, NATO) A target of known military interest identified for possible
future demolition. See FM 5-250.
demonstration - (DOD, NATO) 1. An attack or show of force on a front where a decision is not
sought, made with the aim of deceiving the enemy. 2. (DOD only) In military deception, a
show of force in an area where a decision is not sought; made to deceive an adversary. It is
similar to a feint but no actual contact with the adversary is intended. (Army) 1. A form of
attack designed to deceive the enemy as to the location or time of the decisive operation by a
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display of force. Forces conducting a demonstration do not seek contact with the enemy. (FM
3-0) 2. In stability operations and support operations, an operation by military forces in sight
of an actual or potential adversary to show military capabilities.
(FM 3-07) See also
deception; diversion; show of force. (See page 9-7 for symbol.)
denial measure - (DOD, NATO) An action to hinder or deny the enemy the use of space,
personnel, or facilities. It may include destruction, removal, contamination, or erection of
obstructions. [Note: the Army uses the term “denial operation.”]
denial operation - Action to hinder or deny the enemy the use of space, personnel, supplies,
and facilities. (FM 3-90)
denied area - (DOD) An area under enemy or unfriendly control in which friendly forces cannot
expect to operate successfully within existing operational constraints and force capabilities.
(Army) An area that is operationally unsuitable for general purpose forces due to political,
tactical, environmental, or geographical reasons. It is a primary area for special operations
forces. (FM 100-25)
deny - (Army) In information operations, entails withholding information about Army force
capabilities and intentions that adversaries need for effective and timely decisionmaking.
(FM 3-13) (Marine Corps) To hinder or prevent the enemy from using terrain, space,
personnel, supplies, or facilities. See also denial measure.
departure airfield - (DOD) An airfield on which troops and/or materiel are enplaned for flight.
See also aerial port of debarkation; aerial port of embarkation. See FM 55-1.
departure point - (DOD, NATO) 1. A navigational check point used by aircraft as a marker for
setting course. 2. In amphibious operations, an air control point at the seaward end of the
helicopter approach lane system from which helicopter waves are dispatched along the
selected helicopter approach lane to the initial point. (Army) That point, assembly area,
airfield, or other location from which an aircraft begins an aeronautical mission. See also air
control point; air corridor; pickup zone. (FM 3-04.111)
deployment - (DOD, NATO) 1. In naval usage, the change from a cruising approach or contact
disposition to a disposition for battle. 2. The movement of forces within operational areas.
3. The positioning of forces into a formation for battle.
4. The relocation of forces and
materiel to desired operational areas. Deployment encompasses all activities from origin or
home station through destination, specifically including intracontinental United States,
intertheater, and intratheater movement legs, staging, and holding areas. [Note: the NATO
definition does not include the second sentence.] (Army) Those activities required to prepare
and move a force and its sustainment equipment and supplies to the area of operations in
response to a crisis or natural disaster. See also force projection. (FM 100-17)
depot - (DOD) 1. supply—An activity for the receipt, classification, storage, accounting, issue,
maintenance, procurement, manufacture, assembly, research, salvage, or disposal of
material. 2. personnel—An activity for the reception, processing, training, assignment, and
forwarding of personnel replacements. [Note: Army definition does not include personnel
activities.] See also classes of supply; combat service support. See FM 10-1.
depression angle - See angle of depression.
depth - The extension of operations in time, space, and resources. (FM 3-0)
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
describe - To relate operations to time and space in terms of accomplishing the purpose of the
overall mission. (FM 6-0)
description of target - (NATO) In artillery and naval fire support, an element in the call for
fire in which the observer or spotter describes the installation, personnel, equipment, or
activity to be taken under fire. [Note: the Army definition also applies to mortar fire.] Also
called target description. See FM 6-30.
desired ground zero - (DOD, NATO) The point on the surface of the Earth at, or vertically
below or above, the center of a planned nuclear detonation. Also called DGZ. See also
ground zero. See FM 100-30.
desired perception - (DOD) In military deception, what the deception target must believe for
it to make the decision that will achieve the deception objective. See FM 3-13.
destroy - 1. A tactical mission task that physically renders an enemy force combat-ineffective
until it is reconstituted. 2. To damage a combat system so badly that it cannot perform any
function or be restored to a usable condition without being entirely rebuilt. (FM 3-90) (See
page A-3 for symbol.)
destruction - (DOD) A type of adjustment for destroying a given target. (Army) 1. When
referring to the effects of field artillery fires, a target out of action permanently, or 30 percent
casualties or material damage. (FM 6-20) 2. When used in an attack helicopter mission, the
percentage of destroyed or disabled vehicles must be specified by the higher commander. (FM
1-112)
destruction fire - (DOD) Fire delivered for the sole purpose of destroying material objects. See
also destroy; fire support. See FM 6-30.
destruction radius - (DOD, NATO) In mine warfare, the maximum distance from an exploding
charge of stated size and type at which a mine will be destroyed by sympathetic detonation of
the main charge, with a stated probability of destruction, regardless of orientation. See FM
20-32.
detachment - (DOD, NATO) 1. A part of a unit separated from its main organization for duty
elsewhere. 2. A temporary military or naval unit formed from other units or parts of units.
(Army) The basic organizational unit of the US Army Special Forces. Also called DET. See
also assign; attach; command relationship; operational control. (FM 3-05.20) (See
page 5-33 for symbol.)
detachment left in contact - An element left in contact as part of the previously designated
(usually rear) security force while the main body conducts its withdrawal. Also called DLIC.
See also breakout; retrograde. (FM 3-90)
detailed equipment decontamination
- In thorough decontamination, removing,
neutralizing, or reducing contamination on interior and exterior surfaces of unit equipment
to negligible risk levels to allow the removal of mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP)
gear or education in MOPP level for extended periods. (FM 3-5)
detailed troop decontamination - In thorough decontamination, reducing mission-oriented
protective posture
(MOPP) levels for extended periods by decontaminating individual
fighting equipment to negligible risk levels, removing contaminated MOPP gear including
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protective masks, decontaminating protective masks, and monitoring personnel and
equipment for effectiveness of decontamination. (FM 3-5)
detained - (DOD) A casualty who is prevented from proceeding or is restrained in custody for
alleged violation of international law or other reason claimed by the government or group
under which the person is being held. See also missing. See FM 4-02.
detainee - (DOD) A term used to refer to any person captured or otherwise detained by an
armed force. (Army) An individual who is captured by or placed in the custody of a duly
constituted governmental organization for a period of time. See also missing. (FM 34-52)
deterrence - (DOD) The prevention from action by fear of the consequences. Deterrence is a
state of mind brought about by the existence of a credible threat of unacceptable
counteraction. See FM 1.
detonating cord - (DOD, NATO) A waterproof, flexible fabric tube containing a high explosive
designed to transmit the detonation wave. See also demolition. See FM 5-250.
detonator - (DOD, NATO) A device containing a sensitive explosive intended to produce a
detonation wave. See FM 5-250.
dew point spread - The degree of difference between the air temperature and the dew point
that indicates if fog will begin to form. (FM 3-04.111)
diamond formation - A tactical or movement formation that is a variation of the box formation
with one maneuver unit leading, maneuver units positioned on each flank, and the
remaining maneuver unit to the rear. See also box formation; formation. (FM 3-90)
died of wounds - A hostile or battle casualty who dies after having reached a medical
treatment facility. Also called DOW. See also hostile casualty; killed in action. (FM 8-55)
died of wounds received in action - (DOD) A casualty category applicable to a hostile
casualty, other than the victim of a terrorist activity, who dies of wounds or other injuries
received in action after having reached a medical treatment facility. Also called DWRIA. See
FM 8-55.
direct - To communicate execution information. (FM 6-0)
direct action - (DOD) Short-duration strikes and other small-scale offensive actions by special
operations forces or special operations-capable units to seize, destroy, capture, recover, or
inflict damage on designated personnel or materiel. In the conduct of these operations,
special operations forces or special operations-capable units may employ raid, ambush, or
direct assault tactics; emplace mines and other munitions; conduct standoff attacks by fire
from air, ground, or maritime platforms; provide terminal guidance for precision-guided
munitions; conduct independent sabotage; and conduct anti-ship operations. Also called DA.
See also special operations; special operations forces. See FM 100-25.
direct action mission - In special operations, a specified act involving operations of an overt,
clandestine, or low-visibility nature conducted primarily by special operations forces in
hostile or denied areas. See also direct action. (FM 100-25)
direct approach - To apply combat power directly against the enemy center of gravity or the
enemy’s principal strength. (FM 3-0)
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
directed obstacle - An obstacle directed by a higher commander as a specified task to a
subordinate unit. (FM 3-34.2)
directed target - A target directed by the responsible commander to be prepared for demolition
or destroyed to support his intent. (FM 5-100)
directed telescope
- A dedicated information collector—a trusted and like-minded
subordinate—used to observe selected events or units and report directly to the commander.
(FM 6-0)
direct exchange - (DOD) A supply method of issuing serviceable materiel in exchange for
unserviceable materiel on an item-for-item basis. Also called DX. See FM 10-1.
direct fire - (DOD) Gunfire delivered on a target, using the target itself as a point of aim for
either the gun or the director. [Note: the Army definition includes missile and rocket fire.]
See FM 7-20.
direction finding - (DOD) A procedure for obtaining bearings of radio frequency emitters by
using a highly directional antenna and a display unit on an intercept receiver or ancillary
equipment. (Army) The procedures to determine a line of bearing to a communications,
radar, or other electromagnetic emitter.
direction of attack - (DOD) A specific direction or route that the main attack or center of mass
of the unit will follow. The unit is restricted, required to attack as indicated, and is not
normally allowed to bypass the enemy. The direction of attack is used primarily in
counterattacks or to ensure that supporting attacks make maximal contribution to the main
attack. (Army) A specific direction or assigned route a force uses and does not deviate from
when attacking. See also axis of advance. (FM 3-90) (See page 7-29 for symbol.)
direction of fire - The direction on which a cannon, rocket, gun, or missile is laid. It represents
the direction to the most significant threat in the target area. (FM 6-20-10)
direct laying - (DOD) Laying in which the sights of weapons are aligned directly on the target.
Normally used in conjunction with mortars and sometimes artillery. See also lay. See FM 6-
20-10.
direct pressure force - A force employed in a pursuit operation that orients on the enemy
main body to prevent enemy disengagement or defensive reconstitution prior to envelopment
by the encircling force. It normally conducts a series of hasty attacks to slow the enemy’s
retirement by forcing him to stand and fight. See also encircling force. (FM 3-90)
direct support - (DOD) A mission requiring a force to support another specific force and
authorizing it to answer directly the supported force’s request for assistance. [Note: Army
designates this as a “support relationship” instead of “mission.”] (NATO) 1. The support
provided by a unit or formation not attached to, nor under command of, the supported unit or
formation, but required to give priority to the support required by that unit or formation.
2. In maritime usage, operations related to the protection of a specific force by other units,
normally under the tactical control of that force. Also called DS. See FM 101-5.
direct support artillery - (DOD, NATO) Artillery whose primary task is to provide fire
requested by the supported unit. See also general support. See FM 6-30.
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direct support unit - Unit providing supply and maintenance support directly to a using or
consuming unit. Also called DSU. (FM 4-0)
disarmed mine - (DOD) A mine for which the arming procedure has been reversed, rendering
the mine inoperative. It is safe to handle and transport and can be rearmed by simple action.
(NATO) A previously armed mine which has been returned to a safe state. See FM 20-32.
discharge - The accidental or intentional spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting,
emptying, or dumping of a substance into or on any land or water. (FM 3-100.4)
disease and nonbattle injury casualty - (DOD) A person who is not a battle casualty but who
is lost to the organization by reason of disease or injury, including persons dying of disease or
injury, by reason of being missing where the absence does not appear to be voluntary, or due
to enemy action or being interned. Also called DNBI casualty. See FM 4-02.17.
disengage - A tactical mission task where a commander has his unit break contact with the
enemy to allow the conduct of another mission or to avoid decisive engagement. (FM 3-90)
disengagement - (DOD) In arms control, a general term for proposals that would result in the
geographic separation of opposing nonindigenous forces without directly affecting indigenous
military forces. See FM 3-07.
disengagement line - A phase line located on identifiable terrain that, when crossed by the
enemy, signals to defending elements that it is time to displace to their next position. (FM 3-
90)
disinformation - Information disseminated primarily by intelligence organizations or other
covert agencies designed to distort information or deceive or influence US decisionmakers,
US forces, coalition allies, key actors, or individuals via indirect or unconventional means.
(FM 3-13)
dislocated civilian - (DOD) A broad term that includes a displaced person, an evacuee, an
expellee, an internally displaced person, a migrant, refugee, or a stateless person. (Army) A
generic term that describes a civilian who has been forced to move by war, revolution, or
natural or man-made disaster from his or her home to some other location. Dislocated
citizens include displaced persons, refugees, evacuees, stateless persons, and war victims.
Legal and political considerations define the subcategories of a dislocated civilian. Also called
DC. See also displaced person; refugee. (FM 3-07)
dismounted marches - Movements of troops and equipment mainly by foot, with limited
support by vehicles. Also called foot marches. (FM 3-90)
dispersion - (DOD, NATO) 1. A scattered pattern of hits around the mean point of impact of
bombs and projectiles dropped or fired under identical conditions. 2. In antiaircraft gunnery,
the scattering of shots in range and deflection about the mean point of explosion. See FM 44-
100. 3. The spreading or separating of troops, materiel, establishments, or activities which
are usually concentrated in limited areas to reduce vulnerability.
4. In chemical and
biological operations, the dissemination of agents in liquid or aerosol form. See FM 3-7. 5. In
airdrop operations, the scatter of personnel and/or cargo on the drop zone. See FM 90-26.
displace - To leave one position and take another. Forces may be displaced laterally to
concentrate combat power in threatened areas. See also delay. (FM 6-20-10)
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
displaced person - (DOD) A civilian who is involuntarily outside the national boundaries of his
or her country. [Note: the Army definition adds: “or as an internally displaced person is a
civilian involuntarily outside his area or region within his country.”] See also dislocated
civilian; refugee. See FM 34-1.
display - (DOD) In military deception, a static portrayal of an activity, force, or equipment
intended to deceive the adversary’s visual observation. See FM 3-13. (Army) An information
management activity: to represent relevant information in a usable, easily understood audio
or visual form tailored to the needs of the user that conveys the common operational picture
for decisionmaking and exercising command and control functions. (FM 6-0)
disposal (waste) - The discharge, deposit, injection, dumping, spilling, leaking, or placing of
any solid waste or hazardous waste into or on any land or water. The act is such that the
solid waste or hazardous waste, or any constituent thereof, may enter the environment or be
emitted into the air or discharged into any waters, including ground water. (FM 3-100.4)
disposition - (DOD, NATO) 1. Distribution of the elements of a command within an area,
usually the exact location of each unit headquarters and the deployment of forces
subordinate to it. See FM 6-0. 2. A prescribed arrangement of the stations to be occupied by
the several formations and single ships of a fleet, or major subdivisions of a fleet, for any
purpose, such as cruising, approach, maintaining contact, or battle.
3. A prescribed
arrangement of all the tactical units composing a flight or a group of aircraft. See FM 3-
04.111. 4. (DOD only) The removal of a patient from a medical treatment facility by reason of
return to duty, transfer to another treatment facility, death, or other termination of medical
case. See also deployment; dispersion. See FM 8-55.
disregard this transmission-out - A procedure word meaning, “This transmission is in error.
Disregard it.” (This procedure word shall not be used to cancel any message that has been
completely transmitted and for which receipt or acknowledgment has been received.) See also
procedure word. (FM 24-19)
disrupt - 1. A tactical mission task in which a commander integrates direct and indirect fires,
terrain, and obstacles to upset an enemy’s formation or tempo, interrupt his timetable, or
cause his forces to commit prematurely or attack in piecemeal fashion. (FM 3-90) 2. An
engineer obstacle effect that focuses fire planning and obstacle effort to cause the enemy to
break up his formation and tempo, interrupt his timetable, commit breaching assets
prematurely, and attack in a piecemeal effort. (FM 90-7) 3. In information operations,
breaking and interrupting the flow of information between selected command and control
nodes. (FM 3-13) (See pages 7-50 and A-3 for symbol.)
disseminate - An information management activity: to communicate relevant information of
any kind from one person or place to another in a usable form by any means to improve
understanding or to initiate or govern action. (FM 6-0)
distribution - (DOD) 1. The arrangement of troops for any purpose, such as a battle, march, or
maneuver. 2. A planned pattern of projectiles about a point. 3. A planned spread of fire to
cover a desired frontage or depth. 4. An official delivery of anything, such as orders or
supplies. 5. The operational process of synchronizing all elements of the logistic system to
deliver the "right things" to the "right place" at the "right time" to support the geographic
combatant commander. 6. The process of assigning military personnel to activities, units, or
billets. See FM 100-10-1.
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distribution manager - (DOD) The executive agent for managing distribution with the
combatant commander's area of responsibility. See also area of responsibility;
distribution. See FM 100-10-1.
distribution pipeline - (DOD) Continuum or channel through which the Department of
Defense conducts distribution operations. The distribution pipeline represents the end-to-end
flow of resources from supplier to consumer and, in some cases, back to the supplier in
retrograde activities. See FM 100-10-1.
distribution plan - (DOD) A reporting system comprising reports, updates and information
system feeds that articulate the requirements of the theater distribution system to the
strategic and operational resources assigned responsibility for support to the theater. It
portrays the interface of the physical, financial, information and communications networks
for gaining visibility of the theater distribution system and communicates control activities
necessary for optimizing capacity of the system. It depicts, and is continually updated to
reflect changes in, infrastructure, support relationships, and customer locations to all
elements of the distribution system
(strategic, operational, and tactical). See also
distribution; distribution system; theater distribution; theater distribution system.
See FM 100-10-1.
distribution point - (DOD, NATO) A point at which supplies and/or ammunition, obtained
from supporting supply points by a division or other unit, are broken down for distribution to
subordinate units. Distribution points usually carry no stocks; items drawn are issued
completely as soon as possible. See FM 10-1.
distribution system - (DOD) That complex of facilities, installations, methods, and procedures
designed to receive, store, maintain, distribute, and control the flow of military materiel
between the point of receipt into the military system and the point of issue to using activities
and units. See FM 100-10-1.
diversion - (DOD) 1. The act of drawing the attention of forces of an enemy from the point of
the principal operation; an attack, alarm, or feint that diverts attention. 2. A change made in
a prescribed route for operational or tactical reasons. A diversion order will not constitute a
change of destination. 3. A rerouting of cargo or passengers to a new transshipment point or
destination or on a different mode of transportation prior to arrival at ultimate destination.
See FM 4-01.30. 4. In naval mine warfare, a route or channel bypassing a dangerous area. A
diversion may connect one channel to another or it may branch from a channel and rejoin it
on the other side of the danger. See also deception; demonstration.
division - (DOD, NATO) 1. A tactical unit/formation as follows: a. A major administrative and
tactical unit/formation which combines in itself the necessary arms and services required for
sustained combat, larger than a regiment/brigade and smaller than a corps. b. A number of
naval vessels of similar type grouped together for operational and administrative command,
or a tactical unit of a naval aircraft squadron, consisting of two or more sections. c. An air
division is an air combat organization normally consisting of two or more wings with
appropriate service units. The combat wings of an air division will normally contain similar
type units. 2. An organizational part of a headquarters that handles military matters of a
particular nature, such as personnel, intelligence, plans, and training, or supply and
evacuation. 3. A number of personnel of a ship’s complement grouped together for tactical
and administrative control. (Army) The largest fixed organization in the Army that trains
and fights as a tactical team and is organized with varying numbers and types of combat,
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
combat support, and combat service support units. Also called div. (FM 3-90) (See page 5-32
for symbol.)
division support area - An area normally located in the division rear and often positioned
near air-landing facilities along the main supply route. The division support area contains
the portions of the division rear command post, division support command (DISCOM)
command post, and units organic and attached to the DISCOM. It may also contain the corps
support command units supporting the division and nondivisional units in the division area.
Also called DSA. (FM 63-2) (See page 7-71 for symbol.)
doctrinal template - (DOD) A model based on known or postulated adversary doctrine.
Doctrinal templates illustrate the disposition and activity of adversary forces and assets
conducting a particular operation unconstrained by the effects of the battlespace. They
represent the application of adversary doctrine under ideal conditions. Ideally, doctrinal
templates depict the threat’s normal organization for combat, frontages, depths, boundaries
and other control measures, assets available from other commands, objective depths,
engagement areas, battle positions, and so forth. Doctrinal templates are usually scaled to
allow ready use with geospatial products. See also doctrine. See FM 34-130.
doctrine - (DOD) Fundamental principles by which the military forces or elements thereof
guide their actions in support of national objectives. It is authoritative but requires judgment
in application. (NATO) Fundamental principles by which the military forces guide their
actions in support of objectives. It is authoritative but requires judgment in application. See
FM 3-0.
document exploitation - The systematic extraction of information from documents either
produced by the threat, having been in the possession of the threat, or that are directly
related to the current or future threat situation for the purpose of producing intelligence or
answering information requirements. This may be conducted in conjunction with human
intelligence (HUMINT) collection activities or may be conducted as a separate activity. Also
called DOCEX. (FM 34-52)
domestic emergencies - (DOD) Emergencies affecting the public welfare and occurring within
the 50 states, District of Columbia, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, US possessions and
territories, or any political subdivision thereof, as a result of enemy attack, insurrection, civil
disturbances, earthquake, fire, flood, or other public disasters, or equivalent emergencies
that endanger life and property or disrupt the usual process of government. The term
domestic emergency includes any or all of the emergency conditions defined below: a. civil
defense emergency—A domestic emergency disaster situation resulting from devastation
created by an enemy attack and requiring emergency operations during and following that
attack. It may be proclaimed by appropriate authority in anticipation of an attack. b. civil
disturbances—Riots, acts of violence, insurrections, unlawful obstructions or assemblages,
or other disorders prejudicial to public law and order. The term civil disturbances includes
all domestic conditions requiring or likely to require the use of Federal Armed Forces
pursuant to the provisions of Chapter
15 of Title
10, United States Code. c. major
disaster—Any flood, fire, hurricane, tornado, earthquake, or other catastrophe which, in the
determination of the President, is or threatens to be of sufficient severity and magnitude to
warrant disaster assistance by the federal Government under Public Law 606, 91st Congress
(42 United States Code 58) to supplement the efforts and available resources of State and
local governments in alleviating the damage, hardship, or suffering caused thereby.
d. natural disaster—All domestic emergencies except those created as a result of enemy
attack or civil disturbance. See FM 3-07.
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domestic support operations
-
(DOD) Those activities and measures taken by the
Department of Defense to foster mutual assistance and support between the Department of
Defense and any civil government agency in planning or preparedness for, or in the
application of resources for response to, the consequences of civil emergencies or attacks,
including national security emergencies. See FM 3-07.
dominant terrain - See key terrain.
dominant user concept - (DOD) The concept that the Service that is the principal customer
will have the responsibility for performance of a support workload for all using Services. See
FM 10-1.
do not answer - A procedure word meaning, “Stations called are not to answer this call, receipt
for this message, or otherwise transmit in connection with this transmission.” When this
procedure word is employed, the transmission shall be ended with the procedure word “Out.”
See also procedure word. (FM 24-19)
dormant - (DOD, NATO) In mine warfare, the state of a mine during which a time delay
feature in a mine prevents it from being actuated. See FM 20-32.
dose rate - The amount of ionizing or nuclear radiation that an individual would receive during
a unit of time. It is usually expressed in centigray (cGy) per hour. Dose rate is commonly
used to indicate the level of radioactivity in a contaminated area. (FM 3-3-1)
dose rate contour line - (DOD, NATO) A line on a map, diagram, or overlay joining all points
at which the radiation dose rate at a given time is the same. See FM 3-3-1. (See page 7-61 for
symbol.)
doubtful - (NATO) In artillery and naval fire support, a term used by an observer or spotter to
indicate that he was unable to determine the difference in range between the target and a
round or rounds. [Note: the Army definition also applies to mortar fire.] See FM 6-30.
down - (NATO) In artillery and naval fire support: a. A term used in a call for fire to indicate
that the target is at a lower altitude than the reference point used in identifying the target.
b. A correction used by an observer/spotter in time fire to indicate that a decrease in height of
burst is desired. [Note: the Army definition also applies to mortar fire.] See FM 6-30.
downed aircrew pickup point - A point where aviators will attempt to evade and escape to be
recovered by friendly forces. (FM 3-04.111) (See page 7-22 for symbol.)
downwind hazard area - The area downwind of a nuclear, biological, or chemical attack that
may present a hazard to unprotected troops. (FM 3-3)
downwind hazard prediction - A prediction of the possible extent of chemical hazard
prepared by a corps or division nuclear, biological, chemical center following an attack. (FM
3-3)
drill mine - (DOD, NATO) An inert filled mine or mine-like body, used in loading, laying, or
discharge practice and trials. See also mine. See FM 20-32.
drop - (NATO) In artillery and naval fire support, a correction used by an observer/spotter to
indicate that a decrease in range along a spotting line is desired. [Note: the Army definition
also applies to mortar fire.] See FM 6-30. (Army) Parachute jump, individual or in mass, or
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
supply delivery by parachute from an aircraft in flight, or the act of making such a jump or
delivery. (FM 90-26)
drop zone - (DOD, NATO) A specific area upon which airborne troops, equipment, or supplies
are airdropped. Also called DZ. See FM 90-26. (See page 7-17 for symbol.)
dual-firing circuit - (DOD, NATO) An assembly comprising two independent firing systems,
both electric or both non-electric, so that the firing of either system will detonate all charges.
See also demolition; state of readiness. See FM 5-250.
dud - (DOD, NATO) Explosive munition which has not been armed as intended or which has
failed to explode after being armed. See FM 5-250.
dummy - See decoy.
dummy minefield - (DOD) In naval warfare, a mine field containing no live mines and
presenting only a psychological threat.
—E—
early warning - (DOD, NATO) Early notification of the launch or approach of unknown
weapons or weapon carriers. Also called EW. See also air defense. See FM 44-100.
echelon - (DOD, NATO) 1. A subdivision of a headquarters, i.e., forward echelon, rear echelon.
See FM 6-0. 2. Separate level of command. As compared to a regiment, a division is a higher
echelon; a battalion is a lower echelon. 3. A fraction of a command in the direction of depth to
which principal combat mission is assigned, i.e., attack echelon, support echelon, reserve
echelon. See FM 3-90. 4. A formation in which its subdivisions are placed one behind
another, with a lateral and even spacing to the same side. See FM 3-90.
echelon formation - A unit formation with subordinate elements arranged on an angle to the
left or to the right of the direction of attack (echelon left, echelon right). This formation
provides for firepower forward and to the flank of the direction of the echelon. It facilitates
control in open areas. It provides minimal security to the opposite flank of the direction of
the echeloning. See also box formation; formation; line formation; movement
formation; vee formation; wedge formation. (FM 3-90)
echelons above corps - Army headquarters and organizations that provide the interface
between the theater commander (joint or multinational) and the corps for operational
matters. Also called EAC. (FM 100-7)
economy of force - (Army) One of the nine principles of war: Allocate minimum essential
combat power to secondary efforts. (FM 3-0) (Marine Corps) The allocation of minimum-
essential combat capability to supporting efforts, with attendant degree of risk, so that
combat power may be concentrated on the main effort. Economy of force is used to describe a
principle of war and a condition of tactical operations, and not used to describe a mission. See
also decisive operations; main effort; principles of war.
effective downwind message - A message that forecasts wind speed and direction at heights
corresponding to preselected nuclear weapon yields. (FM 3-3-1)
effectiveness (of target audience) - The ability of a target audience to effect the desired
reaction or behavior in themselves or others in response to a psychological activity or
psychological operation message. (FM 3-05.30)
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electromagnetic deception
-
(DOD) The deliberate radiation, re-radiation, alteration,
suppression, absorption, denial, enhancement, or reflection of electromagnetic energy in a
manner intended to convey misleading information to an enemy or enemy electromagnetic-
dependent weapons, thereby degrading or neutralizing the enemy’s combat capability.
Among the types of electromagnetic deception are: a. manipulative electromagnetic
deception—Actions to eliminate revealing, or convey misleading, electromagnetic telltale
indicators that may be used by hostile forces; b. simulative electromagnetic deception
Actions to simulate friendly, notional, or actual capabilities to mislead hostile forces;
c. imitative electromagnetic deception—The introduction of electromagnetic energy into
enemy systems that imitates enemy emissions. See also electronic warfare; information
operations. See FM 3-13.
electromagnetic interference - (DOD) Any electromagnetic disturbance that interrupts,
obstructs, or otherwise degrades or limits the effective performance of electronics and
electrical equipment. It can be induced intentionally, as in some forms of electronic warfare,
or unintentionally, as a result of spurious emissions and responses, intermodulation
products, and the like. Also called EMI. See also jamming. See FM 34-1.
electromagnetic pulse - (DOD) The electromagnetic radiation from a strong electronic pulse,
most commonly caused by a nuclear explosion, that may couple with electrical or electronic
systems to produce damaging current and voltage surges. Also called EMP. See also
electromagnetic radiation. See FM 3-3-1.
electromagnetic radiation - (DOD) Radiation made up of oscillating electric and magnetic
fields and propagated with the speed of light. Includes gamma radiation, X-rays, ultraviolet,
visible, and infrared radiation, and radar and radio waves. See FM 34-1.
electromagnetic spectrum - (DOD) The range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation
from zero to infinity. It is divided into
26 alphabetically designated bands. See also
electronic warfare. See FM 3-13.
electronic attack
-
(DOD) That division of electronic warfare involving the use of
electromagnetic energy, directed energy, or antiradiation weapons to attack personnel,
facilities, or equipment with the intent of degrading, neutralizing, or destroying enemy
combat capability and is considered a form of fires. Also called EA. EA includes: 1. actions
taken to prevent or reduce an enemy’s effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as
jamming and electromagnetic deception, and 2. employment of weapons that use either
electromagnetic or directed energy as their primary destructive mechanism (lasers, radio
frequency weapons, particle beams), or antiradiation weapons. See also electronic warfare;
information operations. See FM 34-1.
electronic intelligence - (DOD) Technical and geolocation intelligence derived from foreign
noncommunications electromagnetic radiations emanating from other than nuclear
detonations or radioactive sources. Also called ELINT. See also electronic warfare;
signals intelligence. See FM 34-1.
electronic protection - (DOD) That division of electronic warfare involving passive and active
means taken to protect personnel, facilities, and equipment from any effects of friendly or
enemy employment of electronic warfare that degrade, neutralize or destroy friendly combat
capability. Also called EP. See also electronic warfare. See FM 34-1
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_________________________________________________________________Operational Terms
electronic warfare - (DOD) Any military action involving the use of electromagnetic and
directed energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum or to attack the enemy. Also called
EW. The three major subdivisions within electronic warfare are: electronic attack, electronic
protection, and electronic warfare support. a. electronic attack—That division of electronic
warfare involving the use of electromagnetic energy, directed energy, or antiradiation
weapons to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with the intent of degrading,
neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability and is considered a form of fires. Also
called EA. EA includes: 1. actions taken to prevent or reduce an enemy’s effective use of the
electromagnetic spectrum, such as jamming and electromagnetic deception, and
2. employment of weapons that use either electromagnetic or directed energy as their
primary destructive mechanism
(lasers, radio frequency weapons, particle beams), or
antiradiation weapons. b. electronic protection—That division of electronic warfare
involving passive and active means taken to protect personnel, facilities, and equipment from
any effects of friendly or enemy employment of electronic warfare that degrade, neutralize or
destroy friendly combat capability. Also called EP. c. electronic warfare support—That
division of electronic warfare involving actions tasked by, or under direct control of, an
operational commander to search for, intercept, identify, and locate or localize sources of
intentional and unintentional radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate
threat recognition, targeting, planning, and conduct of future operations. Thus, electronic
warfare support provides information required for immediate decisions involving electronic
warfare operations and other tactical actions such as threat avoidance, targeting, and
homing. Also called ES. Electronic warfare support data can be used to produce signals
intelligence, provide targeting for electronic or destructive attack, and produce measurement
and signature intelligence. See also electromagnetic spectrum. See FM 34-1.
electronic warfare support - (DOD) That division of electronic warfare involving actions
tasked by, or under direct control of, an operational commander to search for, intercept,
identify, and locate or localize sources of intentional and unintentional radiated
electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition, targeting, planning,
and conduct of future operations. Thus, electronic warfare support provides information
required for immediate decisions involving electronic warfare operations and other tactical
actions such as threat avoidance, targeting, and homing. Also called ES. Electronic warfare
support data can be used to produce signals intelligence, provide targeting for electronic or
destructive attack, and produce measurement and signature intelligence. See also
electronic warfare. See FM 34-1.
elicitation - (DOD) Acquisition of information from a person or group in a manner that does not
disclose the intent of the interview or conversation. A technique of human source intelligence
collection, generally overt, unless the collector is other than he or she purports to be. See FM
34-52.
embarkation - (DOD, NATO) The process of putting personnel and/or vehicles and their
associated stores and equipment into ships and/or aircraft. See also aerial port of
embarkation. See FM 100-17-3.
embarkation order - (DOD, NATO) An order specifying dates, times, routes, loading diagrams,
and methods of movement to shipside or aircraft for troops and their equipment. See also
movement table; operation order. See FM 101-5.
embarkation phase - (DOD) In amphibious operations, the phase that encompasses the
orderly assembly of personnel and materiel and their subsequent loading aboard ships and/or
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