MCWP 3-16.3 FM 6-50 TTP for the Field Artillery Cannon Gunnery - page 1

 

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MCWP 3-16.3 FM 6-50 TTP for the Field Artillery Cannon Gunnery - page 1

 

 

FM 6-50, MCWP 3-1.6.23

CHAPTER 1

MISSION, ORGANIZATION, AND KEY PERSONNEL

Section I

MISSION AND GENERAL ORGANIZATION

1-1. MISSION

a. 

The mission of the field artillery (FA) is to destroy,

neutralize, or suppress the enemy by cannon, rocket, and

missile fires and to help integrate all fire support assets into

combined arms operations.
b. 

The field artillery cannon battery is the basic firing

element of the cannon battalion regardless of how the battery

is organized. The battery’s capability is enhanced through

the flexibility and survivability provided under an

organization based on platoons. In no way should the

references to platoon- or battery-based organizations be

construed as the structure for operational employment.

Rather, the terms pertain solely to organizational structure.

Note: 

For tactics, techniques, and procedures for

the M109A6 (Paladin), see FM 6-50-60.

1-2. FIELD ARTILLERY ORGANIZATION

The field artillery is organized into light, medium, and heavy

artillery on the basis of weapon caliber.
a. 

Each light artillery (105-mm M102, M101A1, or

M119A1) battery has a headquarters section and six howitzer

sections.
b. 

Each medium (155-mm M109A2-A6 and M198) battery

is organized in one of two ways:

(1) A platoon-based unit has a headquarters and two

firing platoons of three or four howitzer sections each. This

organization allows for platoon operations.

Note: 

The M109A5 howitzer battery organic to the

regimental armored cavalry squadron is designed to

function independently and to perform most of its own

support functions.

It is organized, trained, and

equipped to operate in direct support of the squadron.

(2) A battery-based unit has a headquarters section and

six howitzer sections.
c. 

Organization does affect employment. In a unit

organized with a single six-gun battery, the battery is

employed as a single unit under the direct control of the

battery commander. In a platoon-based unit, the battery

may be employed in one of the following ways:

As two platoons under the control of the battery

commander (BC).
As a single unit, with the platoons merged.
As two separate platoons directly controlled by the

battalion S3, through the BC, with the battery

commander providing reconnaissance, selection, and

occupation of position (RSOP) and logistical support.

This last employment option is the least desirable. It is

used only when the tactical situation permits no other means

of command and control.

Note: 

AH battalions in the US Marine Corps are

organized into three six-howitzer batteries.

1-3. COMMAND AND

CONTROL OF BATTERIES

a. 

The FA cannon battalion issues movement instructions

and other orders to the battery, regardless of whether the

battery is battery- or platoon-based. Orders are issued to

the battery commander or his operations center. These orders

specify the artillery requirements of the tire support

coordinator (FSCOORD) rather than trying to specify how

the commander is to accomplish the mission. The BC selects

platoon positions within the larger battery area selected by

the S3. The battery commander will also determine which

platoon is better able to move at any given time. The

functions of the FA battalion tactical operations center (TOC)

are to position and control the fires of the batteries. The

BC positions and controls the tires of his platoons. The

battalion TOC should be involved with directly controlling

platoons only when no other option is available.

1-1

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FM 6-50, MCWP 3-1.6.23

b. 

In a battery-based (3x6) unit, command and control of

the firing battery is facilitated through the battery commander

and the battery operations center (BOC). The battery fire

direction center (FDC) controls the firing of the battery and

is required to maintain the current tactical situation and

respond to the supported unit and higher headquarters. The

BOC serves as a focal point for internal battery operations

to include command and

control, battery defense,

coordinating logistics, and all other operational functions

normally performed by a headquarters. It also serves as the

alternate FDC by providing backup fire direction capability

with the lightweight computer unit (LCU) or manual gunnery

techniques.

c. 

In a platoon-based (3 x 6 or 3 x 8) battery, the requirement

for functional command and control exists at both platoon

and battery levels. In the platoon, this requirement is met

by the platoon operations center (POC). The POC is nothing

more than the FDC with added operational responsibilities.

The POC is not a separate element and does not require a

separate vehicle. Its functions are supervised by the tire

direction officer (FDO). Two of the functions of the POC

are technical and tactical fire direction, the traditional

functions of the FDC. Additional functions of the POC are

reporting, accepting and executing orders from higher

headquarters, coordinating logistics, and all the other

operational functions normally performed by a headquarters.
d. 

The BC of the platoon-based battery must also provide

for a single point for command and control of the battery.

Because the battery does not have the personnel or equipment

to establish a separate BOC, the BC does this by designating

an element within the firing battery, normally one of the

POCs, to perform the battery operations fiction. In addition

to its functions described above, the designated POC handles

all tactical and logistical information and personnel and

maintenance reports for the battery as a whole. One of the

POCs should be designated as the casualty collection point

for the battery and the medic is located with this POC. This

POC may require augmentation to perform this function.

The battery NBC noncommissioned officer (NCO) can

provide this augmentation. By augmenting the POC in this

manner, the NBC NCO also enhances his ability to perform

his own monitoring and reporting functions.

Note: 

This manual will refer to the designated POC

as a BOC to indicate that it is performing the BOC

functions of a battery-based unit.

e. 

In a platoon-based firing battery, the location of the BOC

and the battery trains must facilitate command, control and

logistical support of the battery. There are three basic options

for positioning the battery elements. The options can be

termed heavy-heavy, heavy-light, and light-light.

(1) Heavy-Heavy. This option divides the support

elements in half and assigns them to each platoon. These

elements should be dispersed in positions to the rear of the

platoon position area to enhance survivability. Yet, they

should be near the POC to facilitate coordination within the

platoon.

(a) The advantages of this option are:

Local security of both platoons is enhanced.
Responsiveness of support elements to platoon is

enhanced.

(b) The disadvantages are:

More elements give a larger visual signature.
Tracked and wheeled vehicles and thick- and

thin-skinned vehicles are combined.

(2) Heavy-Light. This option positions all of the support

elements in one platoon position area. These elements should

locate near the FDC on the extremity of the position area.

(a) The advantages of this option are:

Local security of one platoon is enhanced.
Support is responsive to one platoon.

(b) The disadvantages are:

One platoon has a larger visual signature.
Maneuverability may be limited in one platoon

area.
Logistic support to the light platoon is decreased.

(3) Light-Light. This option positions all of the battery

support elements in a separate location away from both

platoon areas.

(a) The advantages of this option are:

Each battery element has the smallest visual

signature.
Howitzer positioning and movement flexibility

are maximized.

(b) The disadvantages are:

Local security of platoons and battery elements

is reduced.

Combat service support (CSS) responsiveness is

reduced.

1-2

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FM 6-50, MCWP 3-1.6.23

Section II

CANNON BATTERIES IN PLATOON-BASED FIELD

ARTILLERY BATTALIONS

1-4. ORGANIZATION

communications, NBC, and maintenance

functions.

a. 

An FA battalion with FA batteries organized into two

firing platoons for platoon operations is considered a

platoon-based organization.
b. 

Each cannon battery in a platoon-based FA battalion

consists of a battery headquarters and two firing platoons

(Figure 1-1). This configuration allows for conduct of

platoon operations.

Note: Supply and NBC operations at the battery

level are functions performed by personnel of the

battery headquarters. There are not sections

organized specifically for those functions.

(2) Each firing platoon has the personnel and equipment

to determine firing data, to fire the howitzers, and to resupply

(1) The battery headquarters has the personnel

ammunition. (In some units, ammunition assets may be

and equipment to perform administration, supply,

consolidated at battalion.)

1-3

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FM 6-50, MCWP 3-1.6.23

1-5. TACTICAL DUTIES

OF KEY PERSONNEL

Paragraphs 1-6 through 1-12 present the suggested duties

of key personnel in a cannon battery of a platoon-based

battalion. The unit MTOE, the commander’s preference,

personnel strength, and individual capabilities may require

the commander to modify or reassign duties based on

METT-T and standing operating procedures (SOPs).

1-6. BATTERY COMMANDER

The battery commander is responsible for all aspects of the

operations of his battery. He locates where he can best

command the battery, considering the factors of METT-T

and the level of unit training. His responsibilities may include

the following:
a. 

Supervise and standardize the operations of the platoons.

b. 

Reconnoiter and select platoon position areas after

receiving direction from the controlling headquarters

(Chapter 2).
c. 

Determine the azimuth of fire if it is not given by higher

headquarters.
d. 

Plan and direct unit marches and movements in

accordance with tactical plans established by higher

headquarters (Chapter 2).
e. 

Plan for survey control and, when necessary, conduct

hasty survey (Chapter 5).

f. 

Ensure an effective defense posture is maintained in the

platoon areas (Chapter 3).
g. 

Maintain communications and electronics security

(Chapter 9).
h. 

Plan for ammunition resupply (Chapter 12).

i. 

Plan for logistic resupply of food service, supply, and

maintenance items (Chapter 12).
j. 

Keep the battalion TOC and battery personnel informed.

k. 

Develop and execute the overall battery defense plan

(Chapter 3).
l. 

Supervise safety during battery operations and conduct

risk assessment.

m. 

Develop the battery standing operating procedure.

1-7. FIRST SERGEANT

The first sergeant (lSG) is the principal enlisted advisor to

the battery commander. His responsibilities may include

the following:

1-4

a. 

Supervise the platoon sergeants, gunnery sergeants, and

section chiefs; and, whenever possible, maintain a presence

on the gun line.
b. 

Assist and advise during reconnaissance and selection

of platoon position areas.
c. 

Assist the commander in the development and execution

of the overall battery defense plan (Chapter 3).
d. 

Coordinate administrative and logistical support (less

ammunition), to include water and food service, mail, laundry,

showers, maintenance, and evacuation of personnel and

equipment (Chapter 12).
e. 

Monitor the health care, welfare, and sanitation of battery

personnel.

f. 

Plan, coordinate, and execute the evacuation of casualties

to the battalion aid station.

1-8. PLATOON LEADER

The platoon leader (PL) is responsible for everything his

platoon does or fails to do. He positions himself where he

can best lead the platoon, considering the factors of METT-T.

He relies heavily on the platoon sergeant to supervise the

firing element and on the gunnery sergeant to supervise the

detailed platoon RSOP. His responsibilities may include

the following:

a. 

Establish and maintain the firing capability of the platoon.

b. 

Supervise the displacement, movement, and occupation

of the platoon.
c. 

Supervise the POC, and be prepared to perform the duties

of the FDO to facilitate 24-hour operations.
d. 

Supervise the use of the M90 radar chronograph.

e. 

Supervise the overall maintenance of platoon equipment.

f. 

Ensure continuous security of the platoon (with emphasis

during displacement and occupation of position).
g. 

Verify minimum (rein) quadrant elevation (QE) for each

howitzer.
h. 

Ensure the weapon location data are submitted and

updated (on DA Form 5698-R [Weapon Location Data])

and DA Form 5969-R (Section Chief’s Report) is submitted

to the POC.

Note: 

Reproducible copies of DA Forms 5698-R

and 5969-R are at the back of this manual.

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FM 6-50, MCWP 3-1.6.23

i. 

Supervise and conduct hasty survey operations for the

platoon.
j. 

Supervise ammunition management within the platoon.

k. 

Supervise safety during platoon operations.

1. 

Ensure all reports (personnel, supply, maintenance) are

submitted to the battery commander and battalion.

1-9. FIRE DIRECTION OFFICER

The FDO is responsible for the training and supervision of

POC personnel. He also must be familiar with the duties

of the platoon leader, as he will at times perform his duties

also. His responsibilities may include the following:
a. 

Decide to attack a target, and issue a fire order.

b. 

Ensure accurate and timely determination of firing data.

c. 

Ensure that maintenance checks are performed on the

section vehicle, radios, computer, and generators in strict

compliance with technical manuals.
d. 

Ensure that the tactical situation map is current.

e. 

Ensure accurate FDC records of missions fired are

maintained.

f. 

Ensure that data for prearranged fires are disseminated

and understood.
g. 

Ensure data from the other platoon is recorded and

available.
h. 

Supervise assumption of control of the fires of the other

platoon when necessary.

i. 

Perform independent safety computations, and verify the

data with the platoon leader.

j. 

Maintain muzzle velocity (MV) information for all

howitzers.

1-10. PLATOON SERGEANT

The platoon sergeant (PSG) is the primary enlisted assistant

to the platoon leader and must be prepared to assume all

of the platoon leader’s duties. His responsibilities may

include the following:

T: T

L: L

a. 

Supervise the firing platoon, and maintain firing

capability.

A: A

B: B
S: 
S

b. 

Supervise occupation of the position.

c. 

Supervise the overall maintenance of the firing platoon.

d. 

Develop and execute the platoon defense plan (Chapter 3).

e. 

Provide the 1SG with the platoon defense plan for

integration into the overall battery defense scheme.
f. 

Ensure that each chief of section knows the route to

both alternate and supplementary positions.
g. 

Verify the completion of DA Form 2408-4 (Weapon

Record Data).
h. 

Ensure ammunition is properly handled and protected.

i. 

Ensure safety aids are used and safety procedures are

followed.

1-11. GUNNERY SERGEANT

The gunnery sergeant (GSG) supervises and executes platoon

advance party operations (Chapter 2). He must be prepared

to assume the duties of the platoon sergeant. His

responsibilities may include the following:
a.
b.
c.

d.
e.

the

f.

Lay the platoon.

Perform hasty survey as required.

Initiate the development of the platoon defense plan.

Assist in the sustainment of 24-hour operations.

Ensure there is an initial fire direction capability with

advance party.

Compute executive officer’s (XO’s) min QE for the

lowest preferred charge the unit expects to fire.

1-12. HOWITZER SECTION CHIEF

The section chief is responsible for the training and

proficiency of his section, the operational readiness of his

equipment, and the safe firing of the howitzer. Appendix B

presents sample tests to help in training the gunners. The

section chiefs responsibilities may include the following
a. 

Ensure the weapon is properly emplaced, laid, and

prepared for action. The memory aid TLABSPAP will be

used as a guide for the accomplishment of the following

tasks:

rails, spades, and/or firing platform properly

emplaced.

ay weapon.
iming point emplaced.
oresight verified or performed.
econd circle. Verification of lay performed with

a second aiming circle.
P: Prefire checks on the weapon system performed.

1-5

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FM 6-50, MCWP 3-1.6.23

A: Ammunition prepared.

P: Position improvement (site to crest determined,

XO’s report rendered, alternate aiming points

established, azimuth markers emplaced, camouflage,

and defensive hardening of position).

Note: 

Unit SOP and the weapon technical manual

will dictate when to dig in spades on towed weapons.

b. 

Ensure digital and voice communications with FDC are

established and maintained.
c. 

Ensure ammunition is properly segregated, stored,

handled, and prepared.
d. 

Ensure only safe data is fired by verifying firing data,

correct sight picture, and bubbles centered.
e. 

Ensure DA Form 4513 (Record of Missions Fired) is

current, legible, and accurate (Chapter 7).

f. 

Maintain DA Form 2408-4, and compute and record

equivalent full charge (EFC) data.
g. 

Ensure DA Form 5969-R is completed for each position

occupied.
h. 

Ensure data on DA Form 5212-R (Gunner’s Reference

Card) are correct and current.

Note: 

A reproducible copy of DA Form 5212-R is at

the back of this manual.

i. 

Ensure range cards for the howitzer and crew-served

weapons are properly prepared, and actively manage the

assigned sector of the platoon defense plan.

j. 

Ensure preventive maintenance checks and services

(PMCS) are performed in accordance with the appropriate

technical manual.

Section III

CANNON BATTERIES IN BATTERY-BASED FIELD

ARTILLERY BATTALIONS

1-13. ORGANIZATION

a. 

A cannon battery in a battalion consisting of a

headquarters battery, a service battery, and firing batteries

(without TOE-designated platoons) is considered a

battery-based battery.

b. 

Each cannon battery in a battery-based FA battalion

consists of a battery headquarters and a firing battery (Figure

1-2).

(1) The battery headquarters has the personnel and

equipment to perform food service, supply, communications,

NBC, and maintenance functions. (In some units, food service

and maintenance may be consolidated at battalion.)

(2) The firing battery has the personnel and equipment

to determine firing data, fire the howitzers, and resupply

ammunition. (In some units, ammunition assets may be

consolidated at battalion.)

1-14. TACTICAL DUTIES

OF KEY PERSONNEL

Paragraphs 1-15 through 1-22 present recommended duties

of key personnel in a cannon battery of a battery-based

battalion. The unit MTOE, personnel fills, and individual

capabilities may require the commander to modify or reassign

duties to fit his circumstances and SOPs.

Note: 

Key personnel in a US Marine Corps (USMC)

battery have the same duties and responsibilities,

except where noted.

1-15. BATTERY COMMANDER

The battery commander is responsible for all aspects of the

operations of his battery. He must plan and train for

continuous operations in an intense combat environment.

He locates where he can best command the battery,

considering the factors of METT-T and the level of unit

training, His responsibilities may include the following:

a.
b.
c.

Supervise and standardize the operations of the battery.
Reconnoiter and select battery positions (Chapter 2).
Supervise the FDC when necessary.

1-6

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FM 6-50, MCWP 3-1.6.23

d. 

Plan specific actions to enhance the survivability of the

battery (Chapter 3).

e. 

Plan for survey control; and, when necessary, perform

hasty survey (Chapter 5).

f. 

Plan unit marches and movements (Chapter 2).

g. 

Plan the basic load mix and the resupply actions for the

battery.
h. 

Plan logistics for the battery supply, mess, and

maintenance (Chapter 12).
i. 

Establish and maintain communications and electronics

security (Chapter 9).

j. 

Keep the battalion TOC and battery personnel informed.

k. 

Develop and execute the overall battery defense plan

(Chapter 3).
l. 

Supervise safety during battery operations and conduct

risk assessment.
m. 

Develop the battery standing operating procedure.

1-7

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FM 6-50, MCWP 3-1.6.23

1-16. FIRST SERGEANT

The 1SG is the principal enlisted advisor to the battery

commander. His responsibilities may include the following:
a. 

Supervise the chief of firing battery and gunnery sergeant;

and, whenever possible, maintain a presence on the gun line.
b. 

Assist and advise the BC during reconnaissance and

selection of the battery position.
c. 

Assist the battery commander in the development and

execution of the overall battery defense Plan (Chapter 3).

Note: In a USMC battery, the local security chief

plans and executes overall battery defense.

d. 

Coordinate administrative and logistical support (less

ammunition), to include water and food service, mail,

laundry, showers, maintenance, and evacuation of personnel

and equipment (Chapter 12).
e. 

Supervise the health care, welfare, and sanitation of

battery personnel.

f. 

Plan, coordinate, and execute the evacuation of casualties

to the battalion aid station.

1-17. EXECUTIVE OFFICER

Usually, the XO commands the firing battery portion of the

battery. As the position commander, he is responsible for

everything the firing battery does or fails to do. During

extended field operations, he spends part of his time

supervising technical operations of the FDC. During this

time, he relies heavily on the chief of firing battery to

supervise the battery. Also, he relies on the GSG to lead

the advance party. The XO’s responsibilities may include

the following:
a. 

Establish and maintain the firing capability of the battery.

b. 

Supervise the displacement, movement and occupation

of the battery.
c. 

Supervise the use of the radar chronograph and overall

MV management program of the battery.
d. 

Supervise the maintenance of the battery equipment.

e. 

Ensure continuous security of the battery (with emphasis

during displacement and occupation of position).
f. 

Verify minimum QE for each howitzer.

g. 

Ensure that the weapon location data report is submitted

and updated and that the section chiefs reports are submitted

to the FDC.
h. 

Supervise and conduct hasty survey operations for the

battery.

i. 

Supervise the ammunition management for the battery.

j. 

Supervise safety during battery operations.

1-18. ASSISTANT EXECUTIVE

OFFICER (USMC only)

The assistant executive officer (AXO) assists the XO and

FDO. He leads the BOC and assists the battery commander

during displacement.

His responsibilities include the

following:
a. 

Lay the battery.

b. 

Perform hasty survey as required.

c. 

Assume the duties of XO or FDO, when required.

d. 

Assist in the establishment and maintenance of battery

firing capability during advance party operations.
e. 

Coordinate resupply and distribution of ammunition with

the FDO.

f. 

Perform liaison with battalion and other outside agencies,

as required.
g. 

Ensure there is initial fire direction capability with the

advance party.
h. 

Compute the XO’s min QE for the lowest preferred

charge the unit expects to fire.

1-19. FIRE DIRECTION OFFICER

The fire direction officer is responsible for the training and

supervision of the FDC personnel. He also must be familiar

with the duties of the XO; since he will, at times, perform

all those duties.

His responsibilities may include the

following:
a. 

Decide to attack a target, and issue a fire order.

b. 

Ensure accurate and timely determination of firing data.

c. 

Ensure that maintenance checks are performed on the

section vehicle, radios, computer, and generators in strict

compliance with the technical manuals.
d. 

Ensure that the tactical situation map is current.

e. 

Ensure accurate FDC records of missions fired are

maintained.

f. 

Ensure that data for prearranged fires is disseminated

and understood.
g. 

Ensure data from the

available.
h. 

Supervise assumption

units when necessary.

other batteries are recorded and

of control of the fires of other

1-8

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FM 6-50, MCWP 3-1.6.23

i. 

Perform independent safety computations, and verify the

data with the executive officer.

j. 

Maintain muzzle velocity information for all howitzers.

1-20. CHIEF OF FIRING BATTERY

The chief of firing battery (CFB) is the primary enlisted

advisor to the XO and must be prepared to assume all of

the XO’s duties. The equivalent USMC billet description

is the battery gunnery sergeant (Btry GySgt).

His

responsibilities may include the following:
a. 

Supervise and maintain the firing capability of the battery.

b. 

Supervise the occupation of the position.

c. 

Supervise the overall maintenance of the firing battery.

d. 

Continue to develop and implement the battery defense

plan.
e. 

Give the 1SG information on the defense plan.

f. 

Ensure that each chief of section knows the route to

both alternate and supplementary positions.
g. 

Verify the completion of the DA Form 2408-4.

h. 

Ensure ammunition is properly handled and protected.

i. 

Ensure safety aids and procedures are maintained.

P: P

j. 

In a USMC battery, the battery gunnery sergeant will

complete the NAVMC 10558A (gun book) and compute

and record EFC data.

A: A

P:  P

1-21. GUNNERY SERGEANT

The gunnery sergeant supervises and executes the battery

advance party operations (Chapter 2). The equivalent USMC

billet description is the local security chief. He must be

prepared to assume the duties of the chief of firing battery

or battery gunnery sergeant. Additional responsibilities may

include the following:
a. 

Lay the battery.

b. 

Perform hasty survey as required.

c. 

Initiate the development of the battery defense plan when

necessary.
d. 

Assist in the sustainment of 24 hour-operations.

e. 

Ensure there is an initial fire direction capability with

the advance party.

f. 

Compute the XO’s min QE for the lowest preferred charge

the unit expects to fire.
g. 

In a USMC battery, the local security chief plans and

executes overall battery defense. The AXO lays the battery,

performs hasty survey as required, ensures an initial fire

direction capability with the advance party, and computes

the XO min QE for the lowest preferred charge the unit

expects to fire.

1-22. HOWITZER SECTION CHIEF

The section chief is responsible for the training and

proficiency of his section, the operational readiness of his

equipment, and the safe firing of his weapon.

His

responsibilities may include the following:
a. 

Ensure the weapon is properly emplaced, laid, and

prepared for action. The memory aid TLABSPAP will be

used as a guide for accomplishment of the following tasks:

T: T
L: L
A: A
B: 
B

S: S

rails, spades, and/or firing platform emplaced.
ay the weapon.
iming point emplaced.
oresight verified or performed.

econd circle. Verification of lay performed with

a second aiming circle.

refire checks in accordance with operator’s

manual

mmunition prepared.
osition improvement (site to crest determined,

XO’s report rendered, alternate aiming points

established, azimuth markers emplaced, camouflage,

and defensive hardening of position).

Note: 

Unit SOP and the weapon technical manual

will dictate when to dig in spades on towed weapons.

b. 

Ensure digital and voice communications with FDC are

established and maintained.
c. 

Ensure ammunition is properly segregated, stored,

handled, and prepared.
d. 

Ensure only safe data is fired by verify firing data, correct

sight picture, and bubbles centered.
e. 

Ensure DA Form 4513 is current, legible, and accurate

(Chapter 7).

1-9

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FM 6-50, MCWP 3-1.6.23

f. Maintain the DA Form 2408-4, and compute and record
EFC data. In a USMC batter, the battery gunnery sergeant

will complete the NAVMC 10558A, and compute and record

EFC data.

h. 

Ensure data are correct and current on DA Form 5212-R.

i. 

Ensure range cards for the howitzer and crew-served

weapons are properly prepared, and actively manage assigned
sector of the defense plan.

g. 

Ensure DA Form 5969-R is completed for each position

j. Ensure PMCS are performed in accordance with the

occupied.

appropriate technical manual.

1-10

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FM 6-50, MCWP 3-1.6.23

CHAPTER 2

RECONNAISSANCE, SELECTION, AND

OCCUPATION OF A POSITION

This Chapter Implements STANAG 2041, QSTAG 520 and STANAG 2154/QSTAG 539.

Section I

RECONNAISSANCE AND THE ADVANCE PARTY

2-1. DEFINITION AND REQUIREMENTS

Reconnaissance, selection and occupation of position

ensures the rapid and orderly movement to and occupation

of a firing position. On the battlefield, a sophisticated enemy

can locate and engage a battery in various ways. To survive,

we may have to move often. Frequent movement, however,

reduces responsiveness; it necessitates greater reliance on

other batteries to assume the mission during displacement.

To minimize movement time, all key personnel must be

able to do the reconnaissance, selection, organization,

occupation, and movement tasks quickly and efficiently. The

key to a successful RSOP is discipline and team effort.

Reconnaissance is the examination of the terrain to determine

its suitability for use in accomplishing the mission.

2-2. CONSIDERATIONS

A continuous and aggressive reconnaissance is essential to

timely and accurate fire support. The BC or his representative

must continually perform this reconnaissance and plan ahead

to meet any contingency. The BC must have a clear

understanding of the tactical situation, of both friendly and

enemy forces, while planning and executing any movement.

The headquarters controlling the movement of the battery

directs the essential elements of the movement—when,

where, and how. The BC will advise the controlling

headquarters of any factors to be considered in determining

the essential elements of the move.

2-3. RECEIPT OF THE ORDER

The 

battery commander may receive movement orders

ranging from a five-paragraph operation order (OPORD) to

a simple authenticated radio message. A movement order

from higher headquarters should include the general location

of the new position, the azimuth of fire, no earlier than

(NET) time the unit can cease firing capability, no later

than (NLT) time to be in position ready to fire, route (if

applicable), and any specific instructions (danger areas,

intelligence, alternate positions, movement techniques). Unit

SOP should determine which, if any, of the above items are

delegated to the battery commander.

2-4. ARTILLERY TROOP

LEADING PROCEDURES

Troop leading procedures (TLPs) provide a mental framework

to ensure complete preparation, dissemination and execution

of the battery mission. The process provides a checklist

for the commander from receipt of the mission to execution.

The steps may occur out of order or simultaneously after

receipt of the mission.
a. Receive the Mission. 

Upon receipt of the FA support

plan (FASP) or a warning order, the commander must analyze

the mission in order to identify critical fire support tasks.

He defines the task, purpose, method and success for each

task to determine specific ammunition, logistics and unit

preparation requirements. He should identify the precombat

checks (PCCs) in priority that the sections must accomplish.

A battery SOP should have PCCs that support routine tasks.

These checklists streamline mission preparation. Finally,

the commander needs to set a timeline for all critical events

from issuing the warning order to execution.
b. Issue the Warning Order. 

The commander takes his

battery mission, critical fire support tasks, PCC priorities

and timeline and issues a warning order to maximize battery

preparation time. Even incomplete information can allow

the sections to accomplish most of their required preparations.

A modified five paragraph order works well.
c. Make a Tentative Plan. 

The commander must gather

information to make his plan by focusing on battery level

METT-T and intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB),

if available. The commander is concerned with positioning,

movement, logistic support, rehearsals and defense as he

makes his plan.
d. Initiate Movement.

If the mission requires

repositioning, the commander should start his battery

2-1

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FM 6-50, MCWP 3-1.6.23

movement as early as possible (in accordance with METT-T)

to make use of available time.

e. Conduct Reconnaissance. 

Depending on METT-T, the

reconnaissance may be a simple map reconnaissance. Ideally,

it will consist of ground reconnaissance, establishing and

verifying survey control, fully preparing the position to

receive the battery, and developing the battery defense.

Coordination for survey, engineer support, route security,

adjacent unit coordination, and fire support can be

accomplished.
f. Complete the Plan. 

The commander must organize the

information into a coherent order to issue to his sections.

The level of detail is METT-T dependent, but as a minimum

must convey the essential information to accomplish the

critical fire support tasks. Prepare a terrain sketch or map

board to use to issue the order. Rehearse to ensure a focused

and clear delivery.
g. Issue the Order. 

Key players must be present for the

brief. Headquarters and BOC personnel should attend so

they understand their role. Be concise, but specific in the

subunit missions to each section. Once complete, use

backbrief techniques to make sure your orders and priorities

are understood. Have the XO and other key leaders back

brief you after they have had time to analyze and implement

their part of the plan. State the specific items you will

check or have another leader check. Update your time line

and rehearsal schedule.
h. Supervise. 

This is the most important step. Leaders

must conduct precombat inspections (PCIs) and spot-check

the plan to ensure standards are met.

In the defense

especially, leaders must ensure weapons range cards, fighting

positions, observation posts, and knowledge are to standard.

Use subordinate leaders to assist, but the commander must

conduct the priority PCIs. The requirements for effective

PCIs are outlined in FM 7-123, pages 2-33 to 2-35.

Note: 

Appendix C of this manual provides a sample

battery field artilley support plan checklist, sample

precombat checklists, a sample warning order, a

mission analysis work sheet, and a sample battery

operations order.

2-5. RSOP OPERATIONS

The BC is responsible for the overall RSOP. He or his

representative performs general reconnaissance and leads the

advance party. He selects a battery or two firing platoon

positions and a battery trains position (if applicable). The

gunnery sergeants will then conduct the detailed RSOPs

for their locations.

2-2

2-6. METHODS OF RECONNAISSANCE

The three methods by which the battery commander and

platoon leaders may conduct a reconnaissance are map, air,

and ground. The best reconnaissance is one which uses a

combination of all three. Normally, the commander is able

only to make a map inspection, followed by a ground

reconnaissance.
a. Map Reconnaissance.

(1) Any reconnaissance begins with a map inspection.

Potential positions and routes to the new position can be

chosen. This method is very fast and allows unsuitable routes

to be eliminated. In addition, likely ambush sites can be

identified on the map. The BC or platoon leader can also

determine an initial order of march for the howitzers. The

rule he applies here is that the howitzer which will travel

the farthest into the new position will be the first vehicle

in the column. There are also two major disadvantages to

conducting only a map inspection:

(a) Terrain and other features may have been altered.

For example, a bridge shown on the map may no longer exist.

Military load classifications of bridges are not listed on maps.

Bridges must be physically inspected.

(b) The surface conditions of the route and position

cannot be determined. For example, the ground may not support

an Ml09A3-A6 howitzer or an Ml98 howitzer and its prime

mover.

(2) If available, aerial photographs should be used to

supplement maps. They are usually more recent, show more

detail, and present a clear picture of the current condition

of the terrain to be crossed.

(3) In addition to aerial photographs, the battery

commander can ask his battalion S2 or higher headquarters

intelligence section for products from the terra-base computer

program concerning his subsequent position areas and routes.
b. Air Reconnaissance.

If time and resources are

available, information gained from an air reconnaissance may

be very beneficial in the selection of routes to be used and

areas to be occupied. Although a fast method, true surface

conditions may not be distinguishable or may appear

distorted. The battery commander must be careful that his

flight plan does not compromise the route or the new position

area. Normally this method will not be available to the

battery commander.

c. Ground Reconnaissance.

The best method of

reconnaissance is the ground reconnaissance. The suitability

of routes can be physically examined. The true condition

of the terrain is especially critical if the surface has been

affected by enemy action (NBC attack) and/or weather

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FM 6-50, MCWP 3-1.6.23

conditions. The ground reconnaissance is the slowest

method.

2-7. PLANNING THE RECONNAISSANCE

To maximize the tactical benefit, the reconnaissance must

be thoroughly planned. As part of the planning phase for

any operation order or RSOP, the factors of METT-T must

be considered before any action is taken.
a. Mission. 

The mission is the governing factor in planning

the RSOP. The unit must remain able to perform its mission

with minimal degradation as a result of tactical or

survivability moves. The battery commander must perform,

or have previously done, his mission analysis with respect

to his current and subsequent positions. Then he can identify

the battery’s critical tasks in each of these positions, and

determine a list of movement and positioning criteria.

1.

Movement Criteria Examples:

The battery cannot lose firing capability. Therefore,

the battery must move by platoon.

Battery is out of range to execute their portion of

the tire support plan. Therefore, move by battery

using fastest movement technique.
Battalion has two batteries moving at the same

time. The battery could receive an emergency

mission. Therefore, the battery must consider an

internal platoon order of march and perform a

reconnaissance of areas along the planned route

to assist the battery on meeting this contingency.

b. Enemy Situation. 

The current enemy situation must

be thoroughly understood. The disposition, intentions, and

capabilities of enemy forces must be analyzed before the

RSOP, particularly their local capabilities as revealed in

current combat information.

Enemy Situation Examples:

1. If the most likely enemy action during the battery’s

movement is from air attack, then:

The BC requests a change to the given route to

support a terrain march for certain segments of

the planned route where there is not adequate

concealment for the battery.
The route must allow the march units to conduct

their immediate action drills for air attack.
A route reconnaissance must be performed to

determine easily identifiable features to serve as

air target reference points (TRPs).

If a terrain march is too slow, move in an open

column.

2. If the most dangerous enemy action during the

battery’s movement is ambush, then:

Each march element, to include the reconnaissance

and advance parties, must lead with an armored

vehicle and/or crew served weapon.

Coordinate with higher headquarters to determine

possible ambush sites and clear those areas so

that advance parties or main bodies can conduct

reconnaissance by fire.

Positioning Criteria Examples:

If the most likely threat in the subsequent position is

enemy counter-battery fire, then the battery commander

must ensure position areas support maximum dispersion

and hardening.

2.    If the most dangerous threat to the battery in the

subsequent position is from mechanized forces, then:

The battery commander must ensure the position

is not located on platoon-sized or larger avenues

of approach.
He must perform a reconnaissance of possible

observation posts (OP) to provide for early warning

to execute hasty displacements or the activation

of howitzer direct fire and/or tank-killer teams.

He must make a reconnaissance of the position

area for supplemental positions for howitzer direct

fire and/or tank-killer teams.

He must make a reconnaissance to determine if

the position provides adequate defilade and terrain

masking.

c. Terrain and Weather. 

The BC and/or platoon leaders

must analyze the routes to be used by the unit assets and

the time and distance required to make the move. The ability

to move one firing platoon while keeping the other in position

and firing is critical to the platoon-based operations and the

accomplishment of the battery mission. Moving the battery

over long, difficult routes requires well planned, coordinated

movement orders and unit SOPs. The effects of the weather

on the terrain to be crossed must be analyzed to facilitate

rapid movement. Weather affects visibility (fog, haze) and

trafficability (ice, rain-softened ground).
d. Troops. 

The current troop strength and level of training

must be considered. The mission may not change; but the

troops available to accomplish it will. As the other factors

of METT-T vary, so will the number of troops necessary

2-3

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FM 6-60, MCWP 3-1.6.23

to 

perform the mission. Because of casualties and these

varying conditions, adjustments must be made during the

planning phase.

e. Time. 

The amount of time available for the RSOP will

effect all phases of its accomplishment. The time factor

will change due to events on the battlefield. Whether minutes

or hours are allowed for the RSOP, adjustments must be

made.

2-8. THE RECONNAISSANCE PARTY

The reconnaissance party should consist of enough

individuals to accomplish successful RSOP. An example

of a reconnaissance party is: the commander, the GSG, and

representatives from each howitzer FDC; and support

section. If enough survey or position azimuth determining

system (PADS) sections are available, a survey capability

should be allocated to the commander. This capability will

depend upon survey priority established by the battalion S3.

The commander of a firing battery chooses position areas

for the platoons or the battery and determines the azimuth

of fire. The GSG then performs detailed position area

RSOP.

2-9. ASSEMBLING THE

ADVANCE PARTY

For either a deliberate or a hasty occupation, a prearranged

signal or procedure should be used to alert and assemble

the advance  party. The signal should be in the unit SOPs,

which will also list the personnel, equipment, vehicles, and

place of assembly (see

party is normally

prepare-to-march-order

Tables 2-1 and 2-2). The advance

assembled no later than the

phase.

2-4

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FM 6-50, MCWP 3-1.6.23

2-5

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FM 6-50, MCWP 3-1.6.23

2-10. TAKING A FIRING

CAPABILITY FORWARD

Depending upon the mission and tactical situation, the BC

may direct that a howitzer section go forward with the advance

party. Reasons for taking howitzers forward may be:

To confuse enemy moving target locating radars, as

part of the infiltration plan.
To determine the suitability of the route and firing

position when conditions are doubtful.
To conduct a registration or an offset registration.

2-11. MOVEMENT BRIEFING

a. 

Before departing to reconnoiter the new position, the

BC briefs the platoon leaders and other key personnel on

the movement information.

Situation:

Enemy situation. Rear area activity. Major avenues

of approach. Air activity. Potential ambush sites.

Friendly situation. Changes in tactical missions and

locations of friendly maneuver units and supporting

artillery.

Mission: Changes in the mission of the supported

maneuver unit and supporting artillery.
Execution:

Concept of the operation. General location of the

battery and/or platoon positions, azimuth of tire,

routes, order of march, location of start point (SP)

and RP and times.
Mission-oriented protective

posture (MOPP)

status.
Areas of known chemical and/or nuclear

contamination.

Administration and logistics: When and whereto feed

unit personnel, priority for maintenance recovery,

ammunition resupply, and refuel location.
Command and signal:

Command: Changes in location of the battalion

command post (CP) and battalion support operations

2-6

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