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FM 5-472/NAVFAC MO 330/AFJMAN 32-1221(I)
two conditions must be present simultaneously before frost action will be a
major consideration—a source of water during the freezing period and a
sufficient period for the freezing temperature to penetrate the ground. Water
necessary for the formation of ice lenses may become available from a high
groundwater table or a capillary supply, within the soil voids, or through
infiltration. The degree of ice formation that will occur in any given case is
influenced by environmental factors such as topographic position,
stratification of the parent soil, transitions into cut sections, lateral flow of
water from side cuts, localized pockets of perched groundwater, and drainage
conditions. In general, the silts and fine silty sands are the worst offenders as
far as frost is concerned. Coarse-grained materials with little or no fines are
affected only slightly if at all. Clays (CL and CH) are subject to frost action,
but the loss of strength of such materials may not be as great as for silty soils.
Inorganic soils containing less than three percent of grains finer than 0.02
millimeter in diameter by weight are generally not frost susceptible. Where
frost-susceptible soils are encountered in subgrades and frost is a definite
problem, two acceptable methods of design of pavements are available. Either
a sufficient depth of acceptable granular material is placed over the soils to
prevent freezing in the subgrade and thereby prevent the detrimental effects
of frost action or a reduced depth of granular material is used, thereby
allowing freezing in the subgrade, and the design is based on the reduced
strength of the subgrade during the frost-melting period. In many cases,
appropriate drainage measures to prevent the accumulation of water in the
soil pores will help to diminish ice segregation in the subgrade and subbase.
Compressibility and Expansion
Two types of soil characteristics are applicable to road and runway design.
The first is the relatively long-term compression or consolidation under the
dead weight of the structure; the second is the short-term compression and
rebound under moving wheel loads. The long-term consolidation of soils
becomes a factor in design primarily when heavy fills are made on
compressible soils. If adequate provision is made for this type of settlement
during construction, it will have little influence on the pavement’s load-
carrying capacity. However, when elastic soils subject to compression and
rebound under wheel load are encountered, adequate protection must be
provided, as even small movements of this soil may be detrimental to the base
and wearing course of pavements.
It is fortunate that the free-draining, coarse-grained soils (GW, GP, SW, and
SP), which in general make the best subgrade and subbase materials, exhibit
almost no tendency toward high compressibility or expansion. In general, the
compressibility of soils increases with an increasing LL. The foregoing is not
completely true, as compressibility is also influenced by soil structure, grain
shape, previous loading history, and other factors that are not evaluated in the
classification system.
Undesirable compressibility or expansion
characteristics may be reduced by distributing the load through a greater
thickness of overlying material. This is adequately handled by the CBR
method of design for flexible pavements; however, rigid pavements may
require the addition of an acceptable base course under the pavement.
Unified Soil Classification System B-25
FM 5-472/NAVFAC MO 330/AFJMAN 32-1221(I)
Drainage Characteristics
The drainage characteristics of soils are a direct reflection of their
permeability. The evaluation of drainage characteristics for use in roads and
runways is shown in column 12. The presence of moisture in base, subbase,
and subgrade materials—except for free-draining, coarse-grained soils—may
cause the development of pore water pressures and loss of strength. The
moisture may come from infiltration of rainwater or by capillary rise from an
underlying water table. While free-draining materials permit rapid draining
of water, they permit rapid ingress of water also. If such materials are
adjacent to less-pervious materials and have free access to water they may
serve as reservoirs to saturate the less-pervious materials. It is obvious,
therefore, that in most instances adequate drainage systems should be
provided. The gravelly and sandy soils with little or no fines (groups GW, GP,
SW, and SP) have excellent drainage characteristics. The GMd and SMd
groups have fair-to-poor drainage characteristics, whereas the GMu, GC, SMu,
and SC groups may be practically impervious. Soils of the ML, MH, and Pt
groups have fair-to-poor drainage characteristics. All of the other groups have
poor drainage characteristics or are practically impervious.
Compaction Equipment
The compaction of soils for roads and runways, especially for the latter,
requires that a high degree of density be attained at the time of construction
so that detrimental consolidation will not take place under traffic. In
addition, the detrimental effects of water are lessened in cases where
saturation or near saturation takes place. Processed materials, such as
crushed rock, are often used as base course and such materials require special
treatment in compaction. Types of compaction equipment that will usually
produce the desired densities are shown in column 13. Note that several types
of equipment are listed for some of the soil groups; this is because variations
in soil type within a given group may require the use of different equipment.
In some cases, more than one type of equipment may be necessary to produce
the desired densities.
Steel-wheeled rollers are recommended for angular materials with limited
amounts of fines, crawler-type tractors or rubber-tired rollers for gravels and
sands, and sheepsfoot rollers for coarse-grained or fine-grained soils having
some cohesive qualities. Rubber-tired rollers are also recommended for final
compaction operations for most soils except those with a high LL. Suggested
minimum weights of the various types of equipment are shown in note 2 of
Table B-3, pages B-16 and B-17. Column 14 shows ranges of unit dry weight
for soils compacted according to the compaction test method as described in
ASTM 1557-91 and Chapter 2. These values are included primarily for
guidance. Design or control of construction should be based on actual test
results.
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF SOILS DATA
It is customary to present the results of soils explorations on drawings as
schematic representations of the borings or test pits or on soil profiles with the
various soils encountered shown by appropriate symbols. As one approach,
the group’s letter symbol may be written in the appropriate section of the log.
As an alternative, the hatching symbols shown in column 4 of Table B-2, pages
B-26 Unified Soil Classification System
FM 5-472/NAVFAC MO 330/AFJMAN 32-1221(I)
B-6 and B-7, or Table B-3, pages B-16 and B-17, may be used. In addition, the
natural-water content of fine-grained soils should be shown along the side of
the log. Other descriptive abbreviations may be used as deemed appropriate.
In certain instances, the use of color to delineate soil types on maps and
drawings is desirable. A suggested color scheme to show the major soil groups
is indicated in column 5 of Tables B-2 or B-3.
Unified Soil Classification System B-27
Glossary
% F
percent of fines
% G
percent of gravel
% S
percent of sand
20d
twentypenny
AASHTO
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
AC
asphalt cement
ACI
American Concrete Institute
AFB
Air Force Base
AFESC
Air Force Engineering and Services Center
AFJMAN
Air Force Joint Manual
AFJP
Air Force Joint Pamphlet
AFM
Air Force Manual
agg
aggregate
AP
asphalt petroleum
approx
approximately
Apr
April
APSB
asphaltic penetrative soil binder
ASTM
American Society for Testing and Materials
attn
attention
Aug
August
C
Celsius
C
clay
CB
asphalt cutback
CBR
California Bearing Ratio
cc
cubic centimeter(s)
CF
cement factor
CH
clay, high plasticity
CL
centerline
CL
clay, low plasticity
cm
centimeter(s)
CM-K
medium-setting cationic asphalt emulsion
Co
company
Glossary-1
FM 5-472/NAVFAC MO 330/AFJMAN 32-1221(I)
coeff
coefficient
corr
corrected
cu ft
cubic foot, feet
cu in
cubic inch(es)
cu yd
cubic yard(s)
DA
Department of the Army
DC
District of Columbia
DCP
dynamic cone penetrometer
DD
Department of Defense
Dec
December
DM
design manual
ed
edition
elev
elevation
EM
engineering manual
F
Fahrenheit
FL
Florida
FM
field manual
FRBS
fine river-bar sand
g
gram(s)
G
gravel
gal
gallon(s)
GC
gravel, clayey
GCI
gyratory compactibility index
GM
gravel, silty
gm
gram(s)
GP
gravel, poorly graded
GSF
gyratory shear factor
GSI
gyratory stability index
GTM
gyratory testing machine
GW
gravel, well graded
H
high plasticity
HQ
headquarters
hydro
hydrometer
IL
Illinois
in
inch(es)
kg
kilogram
L
low plasticity
lb
pound(s)
Glossary-2
FM 5-472/NAVFAC MO 330/AFJMAN 32-1221(I)
LCF
lime-cement-fly ash
liq
liquid
LL
liquid limit
LRA
local reproduction authorized
M
silt
max
maximum
MC
medium-curing
MDD
maximum dry density
med
medium
MH
silt, high plasticity
MIL-STD
military standard
min
minimum
ml
milliliter(s)
ML
silt, low plasticity
mm
millimeter(s)
MMC
minimum moisture content
MS
medium setting
N/A
not applicable
naut
nautical
NAVFAC
Naval Facilities Engineering Command
NCOIC
noncommissioned officer in charge
NFS
not frost susceptible
NJ
New Jersey
No.
number
NRC
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
NSN
national stock number
NY
New York
O
organic material
OAC
optimum asphalt content
OH
organic material, high plasticity
OL
organic material, low plasticity
OMC
optimum moisture content
oz
ounce(s)
P
poorly graded
PA
Pennsylvania
PCA
Portland Cement Association
pcf
pounds per cubic foot
PFC
private first class
Glossary-3
FM 5-472/NAVFAC MO 330/AFJMAN 32-1221(I)
PI
plasticity index
PL
plastic limit
psi
pound(s) per square inch
Pt
peat, highly organic
PV2
private second class
PVT
private
qt
quart(s)
RC
rapid-curing asphalt cutback
RPO
radiation protection officer
RS
rapid setting
RT
road tar
RTCB
road-tar cutback
S
sand
SC
sand, clayey
SC
slow-curing
SFC
sergeant first class
SGT
sergeant
SM
sand, silty
SM-K
medium-setting cationic aphalt emulsion
SP
sand, poorly graded
SP4
specialist fourth class
SPC
specialist
SS
slow setting
SS-K
slow-setting cationic asphalt emulsion
SSD
saturated, surface-dry
SSG
staff sergeant
ST
special text
stat
statute
SW
sand, well graded
TACOM
United States Army Tank-automotive and Armaments Command
temp
temperature
TM
technical manual
TO
theater of operations
TRADOC
United States Army Training and Doctrine Command
US
United States
USAES
United States Army Engineer School
USCS
Unified Soil Classification System
VA
Virginia
Glossary-4
FM 5-472/NAVFAC MO 330/AFJMAN 32-1221(I)
vol
volume
w/
with
w
moisture content
W
well graded
W/C ratio
ratio of water to cement
wt
weight
Glossary-5
References
SOURCES USED
These are the sources quoted or paraphrased in this publication.
Joint and Multiservice Publications
FM 5-430-00-1/AFJPAM 32-8013, Vol I. Planning and Design of Roads, Airfields, and Heliports
in the Theater of Operations—Road Design. 26 August 1994.
FM 5-430-00-2/AFJPAM 32-8013, Vol II. Planning and Design of Roads, Airfields, and Heliports
in the Theater of Operations—Airfield and Heliport Design. 29 September 1994.
TM 5-822-14/AFJMAN 32-1019. Soil Stabilization for Pavements. 25 October 1994.
TM 5-822-5/AFM 88-7. Pavement Design for Roads, Streets, Walks and Open Storage Areas.
12 June 1992.
TM 5-825-2/NAVFAC DM-21.3/AFJMAN 32-1014. Flexible Pavement Design for Airfields.
7 February 1997.
Army Publications
FM 5-410. Military Soils Engineering. 23 December 1992.
FM 5-428. Concrete and Masonry. 18 June 1998.
FM 5-434. Earthmoving Operations. 30 September 1992.
TM 5-349. Arctic Construction. 19 February 1962.
TM 5-337. Paving and Surfacing Operations. 21 February 1966.
Other Military Documents
AASHTO T 217-1986. Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of
Sampling and Testing, Part II, 13th ed., 1986.
ASTM C 39-96. Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete
Specimens. 1996.
ASTM C 70-79. Standard Test Method for Surface Moisture in Fine Aggregate. 1979.
ASTM C 78-94. Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with
Third-Point Loading). 1994.
ASTM C 117-95. Standard Test Method for Materials Finer than 0.075-mm (No. 200) Sieve in
Mineral Aggregates by Washing. 1995.
ASTM C 127-88. Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate.
1988.
ASTM C 128-93. Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate.
1993.
ASTM C 131-89. Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse
Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine. 1989.
ASTM C 136-90. Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates.
1990.
ASTM C 143-90a. Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic Cement Concrete. 1990.
ASTM C 150-97. Standard Specification for Portland Cement. 1997.
ASTM C 192-90a. Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the
Laboratory. 1995.
ASTM C 231-97. Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure
Method. 1997.
ASTM C 566-89. Standard Test Method for Total Moisture Content of Aggregate by Drying. 1989.
References-1
FM 5-472/NAVFAC MO 330/AFJMAN 32-1221(I)
ASTM C 617-94. Standard Practice for Capping Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. 1994.
ASTM D 5-86. Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials. 1986.
ASTM D 75-87. Practice for Sampling Aggregates. 1987.
ASTM D 140-88. Practice for Sampling Bituminous Materials. 1988.
ASTM D 242-85. Specification for Mineral Filler for Bituminous Paving Mixtures. 1985.
ASTM D 244-89. Test Methods for Emulsified Asphalts. 1989.
ASTM D 422-90. Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils. 1990.
ASTM D 448-86. Classification for Sizes of Aggregate for Road and Bridge Construction. 1986.
ASTM D 546-88. Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Mineral Filler for Road and Paving Materials.
1988.
ASTM D 692-88. Specification for Coarse Aggregate for Bituminous Paving Mixtures. 1988.
ASTM D 854-92. Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soils. 1992.
ASTM D 1073-88. Specification for Fine Aggregate for Bituminous Paving Mixtures. 1988.
ASTM D 1075-88. Test Method for Effect of Water on Cohesion of Compacted Bituminous Mixtures.
1988.
ASTM D 1556-90. Standard Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the Sand-Cone Method.
1990.
ASTM D 1557-91. Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified
Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 [2,700 kN-m/m3]). 1991.
ASTM D 1559-89. Test Method for Resistance to Plastic Flow of Bituminous Mixtures Using
Marshall Apparatus. 1989.
ASTM D 1664-80. Test Method for Coating and Stripping of Bitumen-Aggregate Mixtures. 1980.
ASTM D 1754-87. Test Method for Effect of Heat and Air on Asphaltic Materials (Thin-Film Oven
Test).
1987.
ASTM D 1883-94. Standard Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of Laboratory-
Compacted Soils. 1994.
ASTM 2042-81. Test Method for Solubility of Asphalt Materials in Trichloroethylene. 1981.
ASTM D 2170-85. Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts (Bitumens). 1985.
ASTM D 2172-88. Test Methods for Quantitative Extraction of Bitumen from Bituminous Paving
Mixtures. 1988.
ASTM D 2216-90. Method for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil, Rock,
and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures. 1990.
ASTM D 2217-85. Standard Practice for Wet Preparation of Soil Samples for Particle-Size Analysis
and Determination of Soil Constants. 1985.
ASTM D 2487-93. Standard Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil
Classification System). 1993.
ASTM D 2922-96. Standard Test Methods for Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by
Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth). 1996.
ASTM D 3017-96. Standard Test Method for Water Content of Soil and Rock in Place by Nuclear
Methods (Shallow Depth). 1996.
ASTM D 4318-95a. Standard Test Method for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of
Soils.
1995.
ASTM D 4552-87. Practice for Classifying Hot-Mix Recycling Agents. 1987.
ASTM D 4643-87. Method for Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil by the Microwave
Oven Method. 1987.
EM 385-1-1. United States Army Corps of Engineers Safety and Health Requirements Manual.
1996.
NAVFAC DM-7.1. Soil Mechanics. 1986.
NAVFAC DM-7.2. Foundations and Earth Structures. 1986.
References-2
FM 5-472/NAVFAC MO 330/AFJMAN 32-1221(I)
DOCUMENTS NEEDED
These documents must be available to the intended users of this publication.
Department of the Army Forms
DA Form 2028. Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms. 1 February 1974.
Department of Defense Forms
DD Form 1205. Soil Moisture-Content Determination. December 1999.
DD Form 1206. Grain-Size Analysis (Sieve Method). December 1999.
DD Form 1207. Grain-Size Distribution Graph—Aggregate Gradation Chart. December 1999.
DD Form 1208. Special-Gravity Tests. December 1999.
DD Form 1209. Liquid- and Plastic-Limits Determination. December 1999.
DD Form 1210. Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil (Compaction Test). December 1999.
DD Form 1211. Laboratory Soil-Compaction Test Graph. December 1999.
DD Form 1212. Laboratory California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test Data. December 1999.
DD Form 1215. In-Place Density Determination—Sand-Cone Method. December 1999.
DD Form 1216. Specific Gravity of Bituminous Mix Components. December 1965.
DD Form 1217. Bituminous Mix Design—Aggregate Blending. December 1965.
DD Form 1218. Marshall Method—Computation of Properties of Asphalt Mixtures.
December 1965.
DD Form 1219. Bituminous Mix Curves. December 1965.
DD Form 1793. Determination of Asphalt Content (Dulin Rotarex Extractor) (LRA).
February 1971.
DD Form 1794. Grain-Size Analysis (Hydrometer Method). December 1999.
DD Form 2463. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Analysis. December 1999.
DD Form 2464. Report of Foundation and Borrow Investigation. December 1999.
READINGS RECOMMENDED
These readings contain relevant supplemental information.
Bowles, Joseph E. Engineer Properties of Soil and Their Measurement, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill
Book Company, 1978.
Flexible Pavement, Special Text, USAES ST 5-330-8, February 1972.
Head, H.H. Manual of Soil Laboratory Testing, Volume I, Soil Classification and Compaction
Testing, Pentech Press, 1984.
Head, H.H. Manual of Soil Laboratory Testing, Volume II, Permeability, Shear Strength, and
Compressibility Tests, Pentech Press, 1984.
Head, H.H. Soil Technicians’ Handbook, Pentech Press, 1989.
Hot-Mix Asphalt Paving Handbook, USACE UN-13, July 1991.
Ingles, O. G. and J. B. Metcalf. Soil Stabilization, John Wiley & Sons, 1973.
Liu, Cheng, and Jack B. Evett. Soil Properties: Testing, Measurement, and Evaluation, 2nd ed.,
Prentice Hall, 1984.
National Lime Association. Fundamentals of the Stabilization of Soil with Lime, Bulletin 332,
1987.
References-3
FM 5-472/NAVFAC MO 330/AFJMAN 32-1221(I)
Ross, Steven S. Highway Design Reference Guide, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1988.
Sowers, George B. and George F. Sowers. Introductory Soil Mechanics and Foundations, 3rd ed.,
The Macmillan Company, 1970.
The Asphalt Institute. Introduction to Asphalt, MS-5, 8th ed., 1986.
The Asphalt Institute. Soils Manual for the Design of Asphalt Pavement Structures, Manual
No. 10, 2nd ed., 1978.
The Unified Soils Classification System, Technical Memorandum No. 3-357, USAEWES Geotech
Lab.
Wallace, Hugh A. and J. Rogers Martin. Asphalt Pavement Engineering, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, 1967.
References-4
Index
A
emulsions, 3-4, 3-18
accelerators, 4-7
Atterberg limits, 2-7, 2-89
additive, 5-1, 5-2, 5-5, 5-6
B
admixtures, 4-2, 4-3, 4-7, 4-8, 4-9, 4-20
bite test, 2-21
adsorption, 2-6, 2-7
bitumen,
aerial photographs, 2-28, 2-30, 2-32
characteristics, 3-7
aggregate, 3-1
field-identification tests, 3-14
base and pavement, 2-33, 3-39
asphalts and tars, 3-16
blended, 3-37, 3-39, 3-40
asphalt emulsion, 3-18
characteristics, 3-19, 3-31
cements and cutbacks, 3-16
coarse, 3-21, 3-32, 3-33—3-34, 4-4
road tars, 3-18
deterioration, 4-5
safety precautions, 3-7
durability, 3-19, 3-32, 4-3, 4-9
bituminous design,
fine, 3-21, 3-32, 3-34—3-37, 4-4
blends, 3-41
gradation, 2-2, 3-21, 3-32, 3-41, 4-10, 4-11
compaction and shear test, 3-44
identification, 3-19
gyratory test, 3-41
in concrete, 4-3, 4-4
hot mix, 3-40
mineral filler, 3-22, 3-32
job-mix formula, 3-60
sampling, 3-13
marshall test, 3-46
selection, 4-97
optimum bitumen content, 3-41
sieve analysis, 3-32, 3-66, 3-72, 4-4
surface-area method, 3-59
specific gravity, 3-32—3-39, 4-13—4-15
variables, 3-41
surface moisture, 4-13—4-17
wall-friction test, 3-45
air-content test, 4-17, 4-20, 4-21
borderline soils, 2-11
air-entraining agents, 4-2, 4-8, 4-9
bulk specific gravity, 2-5, 2-69
apparent specific gravity, 2-5, 2-69, 3-32,
C
3-33—3-37, 4-13, 4-14
calcium carbide, 2-57, 2-58
asphalts,
calibration,
cement, 3-16
gyratory test machine, 3-45
cutback, 3-4, 3-16
hydrometer, 2-79
Index-1
FM 5-472/NAVFAC MO 330/AFJMAN 32-1221(I)
calibration (continued),
complete saturation, 2-109
sand displacement, 2-117
composite sample, 2-37
volumetric flask, 2-64
compression test, 4-25
California Bearing Ratio (CBR),
concrete,
expansive soils, 2-146
accelerators, 4-7
field in-place test, 2-134
admixtures, 4-7
free-draining soils, 2-150
aggregates, 4-3, 4-5, 4-9—4-17
test, 2-123, 2-124—2-134
air-content test, 4-20
undisturbed sample test, 2-38, 2-134
cement in, 4-1
cement, 4-1
compressive strength, 4-25, 4-28
air-entrained, 4-2
curing, 4-6
asphalt. See asphalts, cement.
cylinder, 4-25
hardening, 4-2
properties, 4-4
high-early strength, 4-7
retarders, 4-8
stabilizer, 5-3
slump test, 4-18
types, 4-2
test beams, 4-21
centrifugal extraction, 3-69
consistency limits. See Atterberg limits.
clay, 2-6, 2-7, 2-12, 2-21, 2-87
curing, 4-6, 4-22, 4-27
coarse aggregate. See aggregate, coarse.
cutter stock, 3-4
absorption, 4-13, 4-16
D
restriction, 4-4
deliberate survey, 2-26, 2-27
sieve analysis, 3-32
density,
specific gravity, 2-29, 3-33, 3-34
bituminous pavement, 3-72
surface moisture, 4-17
in-place, 2-116
coarse-grained soils, 2-9—2-11
maximum dry, 2-101
cohesive soils, 2-30, 2-32, 2-109 2-115
nuclear moisture-and-density tester, 2-123
cold-mix pavement, 3-56
sand-displacement test, 2-117
compaction,
soil, 2-5
curve, 2-109
stress deformation, 2-116
equipment, 2-115
water, 2-113
specifications, 2-112
water-displacement test, 2-123
test, 2-101, 2-154
dispersing agent, 2-80, 2-82
CBR mold, 2-45, 2-102
ductility test, 3-29
Proctor mold, 2-102
Dulin-Rotarex, 3-70
Index-2
FM 5-472/NAVFAC MO 330/AFJMAN 32-1221(I)
E
calibration, 2-83
emulsions,
dispersing agents, 2-82
asphalt, 3-4, 3-11, 3-18, 3-60
meniscus correction, 2-82
surface-area formula, 3-59
test, 2-80—2-87
entrapped air, 2-68
I
F
immersion-compression test, 3-21
feel test, 2-21
J
fine aggregate. See aggregate, fine.
job-mix formula, 3-60
specific gravity, 3-32—3-39
K
sieve analysis, 3-32
kinematic-viscosity test, 3-30
surface moisture, 4-13
L
fine-grained soils, 2-11
limits,
fineness modulus, 4-12
Atterberg. See Atterberg limits.
flash-point and fire-point tests, 3-22
liquid, 2-7, 2-90
flexural-strength test, 4-21, 4-22
plastic, 2-8
flocculate, 2-21
shrinkage, 2-8
freeze-thaw test, 5-7, 5-8
Los Angeles abrasion test, 3-39
fresh-concrete strength tests,
M
air content. See air-content test.
maps,
slump. See slump test.
agricultural, 2-29
frost, 5-6
geographical, 2-29
G
topographic, 2-29
grain shape, 2-3, 2-18
Marshall test, 3-46
grain-size, 2-18, 2-69
mechanical analysis, 2-70
gyratory test, 3-41
mechanical stabilization, 5-2
H
mineral filler. See aggregate, mineral filler.
hardened concrete,
modulus of rupture. See flexural-strength
test.
compressive-strength test, 4-25
moisture, 2-6
flexural-strength test, 4-21
capillary action, 2-6
hasty survey, 2-26, 2-27
concrete curing, 4-6
Hazen’s effective size, 2-77
content, 2-54—2-62
hot-mix bituminous concrete, 3-40
gravitational, 2-6
hydration, 4-1, 4-6, 4-7
hydroscopic action, 2-6
hydrometer,
surface, 4-17
analysis, 2-70, 2-79
Index-3
FM 5-472/NAVFAC MO 330/AFJMAN 32-1221(I)
N
bituminous, 3-12
nonplastic fines, 2-10
cylinders, 2-43—2-47
nuclear-moisture-density tester, 2-123
equipment,
O
CBR mold, 2-45—2-47
optimum bitumen content, 3-41
soil trafficability sampler, 2-43, 2-44
gyratory test, 3-41
pit, 3-13
Marshall test, 3-46
quartering, 2-48
surface-area method, 3-59
stockpile, 3-14
optimum moisture content, 2-54
sampling procedure,
P
bag, 2-36
penetration test, 3-27
CBR, 2-45
penetrometer, 3-27
chunk, 2-39
permafrost areas, 2-33
composite, 2-36
pH test, 5-5
cylinder, 2-43
pick-and-click test, 5-7
moisture content, 2-38
plant control,
stockpile, 4-9
centrifugal extraction, 3-69
undisturbed, 2-38
controlling production, 3-67
sand-displacement test, 2-117
density test, 3-72
Saybolt-Furor viscosity, 3-30
gyratory test, 3-68
sedimentation test, 2-19
high-type, 3-65
shine test, 2-25
intermediate type, 3-66
shrinkage limit, 2-8
Marshall test, 3-68
sieve analysis, 2-70
production, 3-66
slump test, 4-18
plasticizer, 4-9
softening-point test, 3-30
Q
soil,
quartering samples, 2-48—2-50
borderline, 2-11
R
coarse grained, 2-9—2-11
retarders, 4-8
field identification, 2-13
ribbon test, 2-25
field tests, 2-15
roll (thread) test, 2-22
fine-grained, 2-11
S
organic, 2-8
samples,
symbols, 2-9
aggregate, 3-13
Index-4
FM 5-472/NAVFAC MO 330/AFJMAN 32-1221(I)
soil field-classification tests,
stabilization,
bite or grit, 2-21
additive, 5-2
breaking or dry strength, 2-24
frost areas, 5-6
feel, 2-21
mechanical, 5-2
odor, 2-19
stabilizing agents, 5-3—5-4
ribbon, 2-25
Stokes’ law, 2-79
roll or thread, 2-22
stripping test, 3-20
sedimentation, 2-19
swell potential, 2-146
shine, 2-25
swell test, 3-20
visual, 2-15
T
wet shaking, 2-23
tars, 3-6
soil profile, 2-2
technical soils report, 2-152
soil stabilization,
test beams, 4-21
additive, 5-2
test pits, 2-31
bituminous, 5-2, 5-4
thin-film oven test, 3-31
frost areas, 5-6
U
mechanical, 5-2
undisturbed samples, 2-134
modification, 5-3
Unified Soil Classification System,
stabilizing agents 5-3,
classification factors, 2-9
soil trafficability, 2-43
coarse-grained soil, 2-9—2-11, B-5—B-8,
B-9
soils,
embankments and foundations, B-15—B-22
definition, 2-1
fine-grained soil, 2-11, B-8, B-11
gradation, 2-4
roads and airfields, B-22—B-26
grain-size determination, 2-3
soil groups, B-4—B-9
particle shapes, 2-3
V
plasticity characteristics, 2-2
viscosity tests, 3-30
properties, 1-2
kinematic, 3-30
solubility test, 3-30
Saybolt-Furor, 3-30
specific gravity, 2-5, 2-62—2-68, 3-22
W
apparent, 2-5, 2-69, 3-33, 3-34—3-37
water, in soil, 2-6
bulk, 2-5, 2-69
absorption, 2-6
definition, 2-5
capillary fringe, 2-6
mineral filler, 3-32
capillary moisture, 2-6
spot test, 3-31
hygroscopic moisture, 2-6
Index-5
FM 5-472/NAVFAC MO 330/AFJMAN 32-1221(I)
subsurface, 2-6
wet-dry test, 5-7, 5-8
surface, 2-6
wet-shaking test, 2-19
water balloon device, 2-123
Z
water-cement ratio, 4-5
zero air voids, 2-109
Index-6
FM 5-472
Materials Testing
FORMS
DD FORM 1205 SOIL MOISTURE-CONTEENT CETERMINATION
DD FORM 1206 GRAIN-SIZE ANALYSIS (SIEVE METHOD)
DD FORM 1207 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION GRAPH - AGGREGATE GRADATION CHART
DD FORM 1208 SPECIFIC-GRAVITY TESTS
DD FORM 1209 LIQUID- AND PLASTIC-LIMITS DETERMINATION
DD FORM 1210 LABORATORY COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL (COMPACTION
TEST)
DD FORM 1211 LABORATORY SOIL-COMPACTION TEST GRAPH
DD FORM 1212 LABORATORY CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (CBR) TEST DATA
DD FORM 1215 IN-PLACE DENSITY DETERMINATION - SAND-CONE METHOD
DD FORM 1216 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF BITUMINOUS MIX COMPONENTS
DD FORM 1217 BITUMINOUS MIX DESIGN - AGGREGATE BLENDING
DD FORM 1218 MARSHALL METHOD - COMPUTATION OF PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT
MIXTURES
DD FORM 1219 BITUMINOUS MIX CURVES
DD FORM 1793 DETERMINATION OF ASPHALT CONTENT
DD FORM 1794 GRAIN-SIZE ANALYSIS (HYDROMETER METHOD)
DD FORM 2463 CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (CBR) ANALYSIS
DD FORM 2464 REPORT OF FOUNDATION AND BORROW INVESTIGATION
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