FM 44-80 VISUAL AIRCRAFT RECOGNITION (30 September 1996) - page 9

 

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FM 44-80 VISUAL AIRCRAFT RECOGNITION (30 September 1996) - page 9

 

 

MODEL 410 (TELEDYNE RYAN)
GENERAL DATA
Country of Origin. USA.
Similar Aerial Platforms. Pioneer, Scout, MK-105 Flash.
Role. Reconnaissance, EW.
Armament. None.
Dimensions. Length: 21 ft, 6 in (6.60 m). Span: 31 ft, 3 in (9.55 m).
WEFT DESCRIPTION
Wings. High-mounted, tapered with a blunt tip.
Engine(s). Four-cylinder turbo on rear of fuselage in the opposing position.
Fuselage. Round and tapers to the front and rear. Flat bottom. Fixed landing gear.
Tail. Tapered back fins mounted on booms. Rectangular flat between fins.
USER COUNTRY
USA.
MIRACH 26 (ALENIA)
GENERAL DATA
Country of Origin. Italy.
Similar Aerial Platform. MK-105 Flash, Shaheen, Mastiff, Ranger.
Role. Close-range tactical mini-UAV.
Armament. None.
Dimensions. Length: 12 ft, 6 in (3.85 m). Span: 15 ft, 5 in (4.73 m).
WEFT DESCRIPTION
Wings. High-mounted, straight to midwing, and tapered to square tips.
Engine(s). Small piston engine mounted on the rear of the body in the opposing position.
Fuselage. Rounded, with curved spine. Long, wide belly fins. Sensors.
Tail. Thin tail booms to tall, swept-back fins. Rectangular flat between fins.
USER COUNTRY
Italy.
MIRACH 100 (METEOR)
GENERAL DATA
Country of Origin. Italy, Iraq, Libya.
Similar Aerial Platform. Mirach 150, MQ-2 Bigua, C.22, Marakub 100 (Iraq).
Role. Target drone, tactical cruise.
Armament. HE warhead on cruise.
Dimensions. Length: 13, ft 5 in (4.126 m). Span: 5 ft, 9 in (1.804 m).
WEFT DESCRIPTION
Wings. Low-mounted, back-tapered and semidelta with square tips.
Engine(s). Single jet on top rear. Oval intake and round exhaust.
Fuselage. Round, tapered to the front and rear. Two belly fins.
Tail. Back-tapered, V-type flats on sides of engine. Tail cone.
USER COUNTRIES
Argentina (MQ-2 Bigua), Greece, Iraq, Italy, Libya.
MK-105 FLASH (IAT)
GENERAL DATA
Country of Origin. France, Germany, USA, UK.
Similar Aerial Platform. Mirach 26, Shaheen, MK III, Mastiff, Ranger ADS 90.
Role. Short-range multirole UAV.
Armament. Usually none.
Dimensions: Length: 10 ft, 9 in (3.34 m). Span: 14 ft, 4 in (4.40 m).
WEFT DESCRIPTION
Wings. High-mounted and forward tapered from midwing to the square tips.
Engine(s). Four-cylinder, prop driven on rear of fuselage in the opposing position.
Fuselage. Round with round, glass nose. IR bubble sensor on belly. Thin booms.
Tail. Back-tapered fins on booms. Square flat on top of fins.
USER COUNTRIES
France, Germany,
MK-106 HIT (IAT)
GENERAL DATA
Country of Origin. France, Germany, USA, UK.
Similar Aerial Platform. Harry, Donier DAR, Raki, AW-10.
Role. Multirole, reconnaissance/targeting.
Armament. None.
Dimensions. Length: 6 ft, 5 in (2 m). Span: 6 ft, 8 in (2.1 m).
WEFT DESCRIPTION
Wings. Mid-mounted and semidelta with square tips. Winglets at tips. Large semidelta canards mounted
high at the nose section.
Engine(s). Four-cylinder, prop-driven and mounted in the rear in opposing position.
Fuselage. Round, tapering to the round nose. Launch fairing on belly.
Tail. No fins or flats.
USER COUNTRIES
France, Germany, USA, UK.
PIONEER (AAI, IAI)
GENERAL DATA
Country of Origin. Israel, USA.
Similar Aerial Platforms. Scout, Hunter, Scout II.
Role. Short and medium-range surveillance and reconnaissance.
Armament. None.
Dimensions. Length: 13 ft, 9 in (4.26 m). Span: 16 ft, 7 in (5.11 m).
WEFT DESCRIPTION
Wings. High-mounted and straight with square tips. Struts on wings attached to body.
Engine(s). Single, prop-driven and mounted in fuselage rear in the opposing position.
Fuselage. Oval, slab-sided, tapers to a pointed nose and rear. Fixed landing gear.
Tail. Booms mounted to square fins which extend above and below a straight flat.
USER COUNTRIES
Israel, USA.
12-34
PREDATOR (GAAS)
GENERAL DATA
Country of Origin. USA.
Similar Aerial Platform. D-4 NPU.
Role. Reconnaissance, targeting.
Armament. None.
Dimensions. Length: 26 ft, 6 in (8.12 m). Span: 41 ft, 7 in (12.71 m).
WEFT DESCRIPTION
Wings. Low-mounted and sharply-tapered with a slight positive slant.
Engine(s). Single, prop-driven and mounted on rear in the opposing position.
Fuselage. Round, tubular. Bulging at the front one-third.
Tail. Low-mounted rectangular flats and sharp negative slant. No fin.
USER COUNTRIES
USA.
SHMEL-1 Yak-061 (YAKOVLEV)
GENERAL DATA
Country of Origin. CIS.
Similar Aerial Platform. None.
Role. Remote terrain observation.
Armament. None.
Dimensions. Length: 9 ft, 1 in (2.78 m). Span: 10 ft, 6 in (3.25 m).
WEFT DESCRIPTION
Wings. High-mounted and straight with blunt, negative slanted tips.
Engine(s). Prop-engine and has a round enclosure at the rear in the opposing position.
Fuselage. Rounded, bullet nose. Pads on feet of four curved legs for landing.
Tail. Three swept-back stabilizers on rear of craft forming the engine housing.
USER COUNTRIES
CIS, Syria.
TAIFUN (SYSTEMTECHNIK NORD)
GENERAL DATA
Country of Origin. Germany.
Similar Aerial Platform. Brevel.
Crew. None.
Role. Anti-armor drone.
Armament. Shaped charge.
Dimensions. Length: 5 ft 9 in (1.8 m). Span: 7 ft 5 in (2.3 m).
WEFT DESCRIPTION
Wings. X-section. Mid-mounted, back-tapered with square tips.
Engine(s). Two cylinder, piston engine with prop mounted in the opposing position.
Fuselage. Round, cylinder-shape with bulbous nose and blunt rear.
Tail. Back-tapered top and belly fin with square tips and sensor pods.
USER COUNTRY
Germany.
TOMAHAWK AGM-86 (BOEING AEROSPACE)
GENERAL DATA
Country of Origin. USA.
Similar Aerial Platforms. Apache.
Role. Air-launched cruise missile.
Armament. Nuclear or HE warhead.
Dimensions. Length: 20 ft, 7 in (6.32 m). Span: 11 ft, 9 in (3.65 m).
WEFT DESCRIPTION
Wings. Low-mounted, swept-back, and untapered with small, square tips.
Engine(s). Turbofan in aft section. Oval intake and a round exhaust. May have propfan.
Fuselage. Slabsided with flat bottom. Tapers to a round nose and at rear section.
Tail. Fin backtapered with square tip. Flats low-mounted and straight. Some versions have V-tail.
USER COUNTRY
USA.
APPENDIX
MASTER AIRCRAFT LIST
GROUND-ATTACK, CLOSE AIR SUPPORT, AND FIGHTER-BOMBER
AIRCRAFT
A-4 Skyhawk
F-104 Starfighter
MiG-27 Flogger D,J
A-6 Intruder
F-111 Aardvark
MiG-29 Fulcrum
A-7 Corsair II
F-117A Night Hawk
Mirage III/5
A-10A Thunderbolt II
Fantan A, Q-5
Mirage F1
A-37 Dragonfly
G.91Y
SF.260W
Alpha Jet
Galeb/Jastreb
Su-7B Fitter A
AMX
Hawk
Su-17,-20,-22 Fitter
AV-8B Harrier II
Jaguar
Su-24 Fencer
Buccaneer
Kfir
Su-25 Frogfoot
Draken
L-39 Albatross
Super Etendard
F-1
Magister CM.170
Tornado IDS
F-4 Phantom II
M.B. 326
Viggen AJ-37
F-5 Freedom Fighter/Tiger II
M.B. 339A
Yak-28 Brewer
F-16 Fighting Falcon
MiG-17 Fresco
Yak-38 Forger
F/A-18 Hornet
MiG-21 Fishbed
AIR SUPERIORITY AND INTERCEPTOR AIRCRAFT
F-14 Tomcat
MiG-25 Foxbat
Su-15 Flagon
F-15 Eagle
MiG-31 Foxhound
Su-27 Flanker
MiG-19 Farmer
Mirage 2000
Tornado ADV
MiG-23 Flogger B
BOMBER AIRCRAFT
B-1B Lancer
Il-28 Beagle
Tu-26 Backfire
B-2
Tu-16 Badger
Tu-95 Bear
B-52 Stratofortress
Tu-22 Blinder
Tu-160 Blackjack
Canberra
CARGO AND TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT
An-12 Cub
Buffalo, C-8A
C-141B Starlifter
An-24 Coke, An-26 Curl
C-5 Galaxy
C-160 Transall
An-32 Cline
Caribou, C-7A
DC-3 Dakota
An-72 Coaler
C-17A Globemaster III
G.222
An-124 Condor
C-123 Provider
Il-14 Crate
Aviocar C-212
C-130 Hercules
Il-76 Candid
UTILITY AIRCRAFT
An-2 Colt
O-2 Skymaster
Skyvan 3M
C-12 Super King Air, B200
OV-10 Bronco
U-6A Beaver
C-23A Sherpa
Skyservant
U-8F Seminole, Queen Air
King Air
PC-7
UV-18A Twin Otter
O-1 Bird Dog
HELICOPTER AIRCRAFT
AH-1F Cobra
Gazelle
Mi-28 Havoc
AH-1W Super Cobra
Hirundo A109
OH-6A Cayuse
AH-64 Apache
Ka-50 Hokum
OH-13 Sioux
Alouette II
Lynx
OH-58D Kiowa
Alouette III
Mangusta A129
Puma
BO 105
Mi-1 Hare
Scout, Wasp
CH-3/HH-3E Jolly Green Giant
Mi-2 Hoplite
SH-3 Sea King
CH-46 Sea Knight
Mi-4 Hound
Super Frelon
CH-47 Chinook
Mi-6 Hook
UH-1 Iroquois
CH-53 Sea Stallion
Mi-8 Hip
UH-1N Model 212
Dauphin 2
Mi-24 Hind
UH-60A Black Hawk
Defender 500
Mi-26 Halo
EARLY WARNING, OBSERVATION, AND RECONNAISSANCE
AIRCRAFT
A-50 Mainstay
EF-111A Raven
P-3C Orion
E-2C Hawkeye
Il-20 Coot-A
S-2 Tracker
E-3A Sentry
Nimrod AEW3
S-3A Viking
EA-6B Prowler
OV-1 Mohawk
UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES AND CRUISE MISSILES
Apache CWS
D-4 NPU
Pioneer
AS-4 Kitchen
DR-3 Reys
Predator
AS-15 Kent
Model 324
Raven
Banshee BTT-3
Model 410
Scout
Brevel
Mirach 26
Shmel-1 Yak-061
BQM-34 Firebee II
Mirach 100
Taifun
C-101
MK-105 Flash
Tomahawk AGM-86
Crecerelle
MK-106 HIT
GLOSSARY
AAI
AAI Corporation
AAM
air-to-air missile
AEW
airborne early warning
AGM
air-to-ground missile
aileron
aircraft roll control
ALCM
air-launched cruise missile
altitude
height above sea level
ART-V
aircraft recognition training-visual 35-millimeter slide kit
ASM
air-to-surface missile
aspect
aircraft appearance with respect to a ground observer
assault gunship rotary- and fixed-wing aircraft, armed and equipped to carry combat
troops into battle and operating from land or sea
ASW
antisubmarine warfare
ATF
advanced tactical fighter
ATGM
antitank guided missile
ATOLL
AA-2-2 air-to-air missile, CIS (former USSR)
attitude
inclination of aircraft in relation to the ground (heading, pitch,
and roll)
Avenger
30-millimeter cannon on A-10A Thunderbolt II. FAAD weapon system
AWACS
Airborne Warning and Control System
BAe
British Aerospace (aircraft manufacturer)
butterfly tail rounded tail fin and flats of a particular aircraft type (O-1 Bird
Dog)
cabin
housing on an aircraft for troops or cargo
CAI
computer aided instruction
canards
winglets, controllable or fixed, located forward of the center of
gravity
canopy
cover for cockpit
CAS
close air support
CASA
Construcciones Aeronauticas SA
CBU
cluster bomb unit
CD
compact disc
chord
straight line joining the leading and trailing edges of an airfoil
section
CIS
Commonwealth of Independent States (formerly USSR)
clean
aircraft in flight with landing gear, flaps, slats retracted, and or
without
external stores
cluttered
aircraft with external stores (bombs, missiles, and fuel tanks)
cockpit
housing for crew and aircraft instrumentation
COIN
(co-in) counterinsurgency
detection
(DOD) in tactical operations, the perception of an object of possible
military
interest, but unconfirmed by recognition.
(NATO) the discovery by
any means
the presence of a person or object of potential military
significance.
DHC
DeHavilland Canada (aircraft manufacturer)
dihedral
upward or positive slope of the wings or tail flats (anhedral is the
downward
or negative slope)
DOD
Department of Defense
dogtooth
horizontal step in the leading edge of the wing resulting from an
increase in
chord
dorsal spine
fairing along the back of an aircraft, usually housing avionic
equipment
drone
pilotless aircraft (remotely controlled)
ECM
electronic countermeasures
elevator
a hinged, horizontal surface that controls the pitch of an aircraft
ELINT
electronic intelligence
EMB
Embraer (aircraft manufacturer)
Exocet
French-built air-to-surface missile (antiship)
FAAD
forward area air defense
fairing
streamlined covering (also curvature in spine connected to the tail
fin)
fence
projection parallel to the wing chord that modifies the distribution
of
pressure
ferry range
maximum range without payload
fin
vertical stabilizer
flap
movable surface that increases the lift or drag of an aircraft
flat
horizontal stabilizer
FLIR
forward looking infrared
fuselage
body of an aircraft
GCS
ground control station
glove
located at the pivots on variable-geometry aircraft. It is
impossible
to have one-piece pivotal aircraft because at zero sweep, the inner
ends
would overlap (the solution to this problem is a fixed inner wing
called
a glove).
GOAR
ground observation aircraft recognition (an obsolete 35-millimeter
slide kit
superseded by ART-V)
Grail
CIS-built built SA-7, man-portable antiaircraft missile
gunship
generally a helicopter that was designed for battlefield attack.
Also some
fixed-wing aircraft are designated gunships (AC-47, AC-119, and AC-
130).
hardpoint
reinforced stations to which external stores can be attached. Pylon
is
another term.
HARM
US-built AGM 88A high-speed antiradiation missile used against air
defenses.
Hellfire
helicopter-launched fire and forget. The missile is also fired from
some
attack fixed-wing aircraft (A-10A Thunderbolt II).
HOT
air-to-ground antitank missile, also called Euromissile Hot. Full
name is
"hautsubsonique optiquement teleguide tire d'un tube".
IAI
Israel Aircraft Industries (aircraft manufacturer)
IAT
International Aerospace Technology
identification
(DOD/IADB) the process of determining the friendly or hostile
character of an
unknown detected contact. In ground combat operations,
discrimination between
recognizable objects as being friendly or enemy, or the name that
belongs to
the object as a member of a class.
(NATO) In imagery interpretation,
the
discrimination between objects within a particular type or class
IFF
identification, friend or foe (generally electronic)
incidence
angle at which a wing is set in relation to the fuselage axis
IR
infrared
KMPH
kilometers per hour
knot
one nautical mile (1.152 land miles per hour)
loiter
flight endurance
LEX
leading edge extension
LERX
leading edge root extension
Mach
speed of sound. One Mach=1,116 feet per second at sea level
maritime
actions performed by forces over, under, or on the seas
Maverick
US-built AGM-65 air-to-surface missile
MBB
Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm (aircraft manufacturer)
mission
primary task
mm
millimeter
MPCS
mission planning and control station
MPH
miles per hour
nacelle
enclosed engine housing (also an enclosed passenger cabin like the C-
119)
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NOE
nap-of-the-earth (flying low, using natural cover)
NOGS
night observation gunsight
NOS
night observation surveillance
open lattice
uncovered tail boom with visible framework
ordnance
aircraft weapons load
Phoenix
US-built AIM-54 air-to-air missile
PNVS
pilot's night vision sensor
port
left side looking forward
pylon
structure that links aircraft to loads, drop-tank, bombs, and engines
PZL
Panstwowe Zaklady Lotniczc (state aviation works) at the cities of
Mielec
and Swidnik in Poland
QSTAG
Quadripartite Standardization Agreement
radius
the distance an aircraft can fly and return including standoff and
loiter
RAF
Royal Air Force
RAM
Ramenskoye Flight Test Center in the former USSR
range
performance characteristic expressed as total distance
recognition
(DOD/IADB) the determination by any means of the individuality of
objects
such as aircraft. In ground operations, the determination that an
object
is similar within a category of something, for example, aircraft
(helicopter,
fixed wing jet, cargo, etcetera).
(NATO) the determination of the
nature or
a detected person, object, or phenomenon, and possibly its class or
type.
This may include the determination of a individual within a
particular
class or type.
RISTA
reconnaissance, intelligence, surveillance, targeting and acquisition
RN
Royal Navy
role
function, such as a fighter-bomber
RPV
remotely piloted vehicle
SAAB
SAAB-Scania
sawtooth
a step in the leading edge of an aircraft wing
SEAD
suppression of enemy air defenses
service ceiling operational height above sea level
Shadow
AC-119 Flying Boxcar gunship
Shrike
US-built AGM-5 air-to-surface antiradiation missile
Sidewinder
US-built AIM-9 -series air-to-air missile
signature
smoke, infrared, or radar fingerprints
SL
sea level
SLAR
side-looking airborne radar
Sparrow
US-built AIM-7 air-to-air missile
Spectre
AC-130 Hercules gunship
Spooky
AC-47 Skytrain gunship
SRAM
short-range attack missile
stabilizer
part of the tail assembly (horizontal flats and vertical fin(s))
starboard
right side looking forward
Stealth
low-visibility aircraft with little or no radar signature
STOL
short takeoff and landing
store
payload
strake
small stabilizer on aircraft surface (Kfir nose section)
strategic bomber
aircraft designed primarily for long-range bombing or missile
attack
strategic transport
aircraft designed primarily for the transport of cargo or
personnel
over long distances
threat aircraft
bearing the military markings and or having the configuration
of an
aircraft employed by a known hostile nation, or meeting the
criteria
as prescribed by policy
swept-back
backwards inclination of the wing or tail plane, measured relative
to the fuselage by the wing or tail plane center line
subsonic
a speed less than the speed of sound
supersonic
a speed in excess of the speed of sound
tactical air ops
USAF term air operations involving the six combat functions
of
counterair, close air support, air interdiction, air
reconnaissance,
airlift, and special operations
TADS
target acquisition and designation sight
tail plane
horizontal stabilizer-tail flat
taper
diminishing width from base to the tip
TEC
training extension course
turbofan
gas-turbine engine with a large diameter cowled fan
turbojet
simple gas turbine with compressor, combustion chamber, turbine,
and propulsive nozzle
turboshaft
as turbine where energy is transferred from gas jet to drive a
high-speed shaft and helicopter blade
UAV
unmanned aerial vehicle
UK
United Kingdom
USSR
former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics restructured to
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
VACR
visual aircraft recognition
variable geometry
movable wings
ventral fin
stabilizing surface attached to the undersurface of an aircraft,
commonly called a belly fin
VSTOL
vertical short takeoff and landing
WEFT
wings, engine(s), fuselage, tail. Method used to learn aircraft's
major parts for recognition training
Wild Weasel
an aircraft specifically modified to identify, locate, and physically
destroy or suppress enemy ground-based air defense systems
REFERENCES
SOURCES USED
These are the sources quoted or paraphased in this publication.
ACCP IS4400. Visual Aircraft Recognition. 1 April 1995.
DA Form 2028. Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms. February 1974.
QSTAG 699. Aircraft Recognition Training. 20 January 1984.
DOCUMENTS NEEDED
These documents must be available to the intended users of this publication.
GTA 44-2-17. Combat Aircraft - CAS, Fighter-bomber and Air Superiority. January 1996.
GTA 44-2-18. Combat Aircraft - Helicopter. January 1996.
GTA 44-2-19. Combat Aircraft - UAV, Bomber and Cargo. January 1996.
READINGS RECOMMENDED
These readings contain relevant supplemental information.
(O) JCS Pub 3-01.3. Joint Doctrine for Air Defense From Oversea Land Areas. 23 May 1964.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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