Главная Manuals FM 3-11.9 POTENTIAL MILITARY CHEMICAL/BIOLOGICAL AGENTS AND COMPOUNDS (JANUARY 2005)
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Witten, Benjamin, The Search for Toxic Chemical Agents (U), EATR 4210, Edgewood
Arsenal Research Laboratories, MD, November 1969, UNCLASSIFIED Report
(AD507852).
Witten, B., The Hydrolysis of MCE, Technical Division Memorandum Report 1121, USA
Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, August
1945, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB964102).
W.R. Kirner, Summary Technical Report of Division 9, NDRC Volume 1, Chemical Warfare
Agents, and Related Chemical Problems Part I-II, Office of Scientific Research and
Development, Washington, DC, 1946, UNCLASSIFIED Report (AD234270).
W.R. Kirner, Summary Technical Report of Division 9, NDRC Volume 1, Chemical Warfare
Agents, and Related Chemical Problems Parts III-VI, NDRC-DIV-9-VOL-1-PT1-2, Office of
Scientific Research and Development Washington, DC, 1946, UNCLASSIFIED Report
(AD234249).
Yang, Y., et al., “Characterization of HD Heels and the Degradation of HD in Ton
Containers,” In Proceedings of the 1996 ERDEC Scientific Conference on Chemical and
Biological Defense Research 19-22 November 1996, UNCLASSFIED Paper, ERDEC-SP-
048, USA Edgewood Research, Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, MD, October 1997, UNCLASSFIED Report (ADA334105).
Yang, Y., et al., “Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents,” Chem. Rev., Vol. 92, 1992.
Yang, Y, et al., “Hydrolysis of VX: Activation Energies and Autocatalysis,” In Proceedings of
the 1994 ERDEC Scientific Conference on Chemical Biological Defense Research 15-18
November1994, UNCLASSIFIED Paper, ERDEC-SP-036, USA Edgewood Research,
Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, May 1996,
UNCLASSFIED Report (ADA313080).
Yang, Y., et al., “Hydrolysis of VX with Equimolar Water at Elevated Temperatures:
Activation Parameters of VX, CV and EA 2192”, In Proceedings of the 1996 ERDEC
Scientific Conference on Chemical Biological Defense Research 19-22 November1996,
UNCLASSIFIED Paper, ERDEC-SP-048, USA Edgewood Research, Development and
Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, October 1997, UNCLASSFIED
Report (ADA334105).
Yang, Y., et al., “Perhydrolysis of Nerve Agent VX,” J. Org. Chem., Vol. 58, 1993.
Yaws, C.L., Matheson Gas Data Book, 7th ed., McGraw-Hill Companies, New York, NY,
2001.
Yvan J.F. Hutin (CDC), et al., “Research: Outbreak of Human Monkeypox, Democratic
Republic of Congo, 1996-1997,” Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 7, No. 3, May-June
2001.
Zeffert, B.M., and Coulter, P.B., Physical Constants of G-Series Compounds: Compounds EA
1210, EA 1211, EA 1212, EA 1213, EA 1214, Technical Division Memorandum Report
1292, USA Chemical Research and Development Laboratories, Army Chemical Center,
MD, July 1947, UNCLASSIFIED Report (ADB964904).
Zeffert, B.M. et al., “Properties, Interaction and Esterification of Methylphosphonic
Dihalides,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 82, 1960.
References-17
Zeffert, B.M. et al., Slow Fractional Crystallization of GB, CRLR-2, USA Chemical and
Radiological Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD, April 1951, UNCLASSIFIED
Report (AD498968).
Reference-18
GLOSSARY
PART I - ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
A
AC
hydrogen cyanide
ACAA
automatic chemical agent alarm
ACADA
automatic chemical agent detector/alarm
ACh
acetylcholine
AChE
acetycholinesterase
AFJMAN
Air Force Joint Manual
AFM
Air Force Manual
AI
area of interest, Avian Influenza (fowl plague)
AJD
Aujeszky’s disease
AMAD
automatic mustard agent alarm
AMEDD
Army Medical Department
AO
area of operations
APHIS
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
ASF
African swine fever
ASTM
American Society for Testing and Materials
atm
atmosphere
ATSDR
Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry
avdp
avoirdupois weight
B
BBTV
banana bunchy top virus
BG
Brigadier General
BMBL
Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Labs
BW
biological warfare
BWC
Biological Weapons Convention
BYD
Barley Yellow Dwarf (plant disease)
BZ
3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate (an incapacitating agent)
C
C
Celsius
CA
bromobenzylcyanide
CADK
chemical agent detector kit
CAM
chemical agent monitor
CANA
convulsant antidote for nerve agents
CAPDS
Chemical Agent Point Detection System
CARC
chemical agent-resistant coating
CAS
Chemical Abstract Service
CB
chemical-biological
CBD
coffee berry disease
CBPP
contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
CBR
chemical, biological, and radiological
CBW
chemical and biological warfare
Cd
Cadmium
CDC
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CEM
contagious equine metritis
Glossary-1
CFR
Code of Federal Regulations
CG
commanding general, phosgene
ChE
cholinesterase
CHPPM
US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine
CHRIS
Chemical Hazard Response Information System
CIC
chloroacetophenone in chloroform
CK
cyanogen chloride
Cl2
chlorine
CMPF
cyclohexyl methylphosphonafluoridate
CN
chloroacetophenone (tear gas or mace)
CNB
chloroacetophenone-in benzene
CNC
chloroacetophenenone-in chloroform
CNOH
cyanic acid
CNS
central nervous system
cP
centipoises
CR
dibenz (b,f)-1:4-oxazepine
CS
o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (a tear agent)
Ct
concentration time
CW
chemical warfare
CWA
chemical warfare agent
CWC
Chemical Weapons Convention
CWDD
Chemical Warfare Directional Detector
CX
phosgene oxime
CZ
combat zone
D
DA
diphenylchloroarsine (a vomiting agent), Department of the
Army
DC
diphenylcyanoarsine (a vomiting agent), District of Columbia
DF
methylphosphonic difluoride
DM
diphenylaminochloroarsine (Adamsite) (a vomiting agent)
DMDS
dimethyl disulfide
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
DOC
degree of confidence
DOD
Department of Defense
DOT
Department of Transportation
DP
diphosgene
dynes/cm
dynes per centimeter
E
ECBC
Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center
ECt
effective dosage of an aerosol
ED
ethyldichloroarsine, effective dose
EEE
eastern equine encephalitis
EHEC
enterohemorrhagic
EHS
extremely hazardous substances
EMPA
ethyl methylphosphonate
EMT
emergency medical technician
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
ERG
Emergency Response Guide
Glossary-2
F
F
Fahrenheit
F2
fluorine
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization
FM
field manual
FMD
foot and mouth disease
FMFM
Fleet Marine Field Manual
FP
freezing point
G
g
gram(s)
GA
tabun (a nerve agent)
GB
sarin (a nerve agent)
g/cm3
grams per cubic centimeter
GD
soman (a nerve agent)
GF
cyclosarin (a nerve agent)
GI
gastrointestinal
g/ml
grams per milliliter
H
H
Levinstein mustard (a blister agent)
H2S
hydrogen sulfide
H2SO4
sulphuric acid
HAZMAT
hazardous material
HBr
hydrogen bromide
HC
hexachloroethane
HCl
hydrogen chloride
HCN
hydrogen cyanide
HD
distilled mustard (a blister agent)
HF
hydrogen fluoride
HFV
hemorrhagic fever virus
H/HD
sulfur mustards
HHS
health and human services
HL
mustard-lewisite mixture
HN
nitrogen mustard (HN-1, HN-2, HN-3)
HNO3
nitric acid
hr
hour
HSBD
Hazardous Substance Data Bank
HT
mustard-T mixture
HTH
high test hypochlorite (calcium hypochlorite)
I
ICAM
improved chemical agent monitor
IDA
Institute for Defense Analysis
IDLH
immediately dangerous to life and health
IEDK
individual equipment decontamination kit
ILO
International Labor Office
in
inch(es)
IND
investigational new drug
IPB
intelligence preparation of the battlespace
IPCS
International Program on Chemical Safety
IPDS
improved point detection system
Glossary-3
IR
infrared
ISBN
International Standard Book Number
ISCS
International Chemical Safety Cards
ITF
International Task Force
J
JE
Japanese encephalitis
JP
joint publication
JP-8
jet fuel grade
K
kg
kilogram(s)
KHV
Korean hemorrhagic fever
L
L
lewisite, liters
LCt50
medial lethal dosage of a chemical agent vapor or aerosol
LD
lethal dose
LD50
median lethal dosage of a liquid chemical agent
L/min
liters per minute
LSD
d-lysergic acid diethylamide
M
M
molarity (moles per liter)
MA
Massachusetts
MCCDC
Marine Corps Combat Development Command
MCPDS
Marine Corps Publication Distribution System
MCRP
Marine Corps Reference Publication
MD
Maryland, methyldichloroarsine
MDMA
3, 4-methylene dioxymethamphetimine (ecstasy)
MDMP
military decision making process
MFPA
methylfluorophosphonic acid
mg
milligrams
mg/kg
milligrams per kilogram
mg/m3
mg-min/m3
milligram-minute(s) per cubic meter
mg/mL
milligram per milliliter
MILSTRIP
military standard requisitioning and issue procedures
min
minute
MOPP
mission oriented protective posture
MP
melting point
MPA
methylposphonic acid
MSHA
Mine Safety and Health Administration
MV
minute volume
MV(L)
minute volume (in liters)
MW
molecular weight
N
N/A
not applicable
NAERG
North American Emergency Response Guide
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NAVMED
Navy medical
NBC
nuclear, biological and chemical
NBCC
nuclear, biological, chemical, and conventional
Glossary-4
NCI
National Cancer Institute
NCO
noncommissioned officer
NE
sulphur with small amounts of silica gel
ng
nanograms
NH3
ammonia
NIOSH
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NJ
New Jersey
NM
Dimethylpolysulfide
NPG
NIOSH Pocket Guide
NPL
National Priorities List
NR
none recommended
NRC
National Response Center
NTIS
National Technical Information Service
NTP
National Toxicity Program
NWDC
Navy Warfare Development Command
NTRP
Navy Tactical Reference Publication
NY
New York
O
OC
capsaicin
OCONUS
outside the continental United States
OH
Ohio
OPA
isopropylamine and isopropyl alcohol
OPR
office of primary responsibility
OSD
Office of the Secretary of Defense
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
P
PB
pyridostigmine bromide
PCB
polychlorinated biphenyls
PCl3
phosphorus trichloride
PCP
phencyclidine
PD
phenyldichloroarsine, Pierce’s disease
PEL
permissible exposure limit
pH
potential of hydrogen
PHS
Public Health Service
PIC
prior informed consent
PMPA
pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid
ppm
parts per million
PPR
peste des petits ruminants (pest of small ruminants)
PS
chloropicrin (a choking agent)
PSP
paralytic shellfish poisoning
PTP
Porton Technical Paper
PVNTMED
preventive medicine
Q
QL
2-diisopropylanminoethyl
R
RCA
riot control agent
REL
recommended exposure limit
RF
Russian Federation
RMP
risk management program
Glossary-5
ROA
rate of action
ROD
rate of detoxification
ROE
route of exposure
RP
red phosphorous
RTECS
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances
RVF
Rift Valley Fever
S
SA
arsine
SCP
Standards Completion Program
SCT
Secretariat of Communications and Transportation (Mexico)
SDK
skin decontamination kit
SEB
staphylococcal enterotoxin B
SGF
smoke generation fuels
SGF-2
fog oil
SME
subject matter expert
SMEDI
stillbirths, mummification, embryonic death and infertility
SO2
sulphur dioxide
SOF
special operations forces
SRC
State Research Center
STB
supertropical bleach
STEC
Shiga toxin-producing E. coli
STEL
short-term exposure limit
SVD
swine vesicular disease
SWO
staff weather officer
T
t½
half-life of a reaction
TIB
toxic industrial biological
TIC
toxic industrial chemical
TIM
toxic industrial material
TIR
toxic industrial radiological
TLE
toxic load exponent
TLV
threshold limit value
TM
technical manual
TO
theater of operation
TOF
trioctylophosphite
TRADOC
United States Army Training and Doctrine Command
TWA
time-weighted average
U
UK
United Kingdom
UN
United Nations
UNEP
United Nations Environment Program
UNEPO
United Nations Environmental Protection Organization
US
United States
USA
United States of America
USACMLS
United States Army Chemical School
USAF
United States Air Force
USAMRIID
United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious
Diseases
USCG
United States Coast Guard
Glossary-6
USDA
United States Department of Agriculture
USEPA
United States Environmental Protection Agency
USMC
United States Marine Corps
USN
United States Navy
USSR
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
UV
ultraviolet
V
VEE
Venezuelan equine encephalitis
VHF
viral hemorrhagic fever
VND
velogenic Newcastle disease
vol
volume
FP
vapor pressure
VTEC
vertoxin-producing E. coli
VX
a persistent nerve agent
Vx
a persistent nerve agent
W
WEE
western equine encephalitis
WF6
tungsten hexafluoride
WHA
World Health Assembly
WHO
World Health Organization
WMD
weapons of mass destruction
WP
white phosphorous
WWI
World War I
WWII
World War II
Z
ZnCl2
zinc chloride
Symbols
µg
microgram
µg/kg
micrograms per kilogram
Glossary-7
PART II - TERMS AND DEFINTIONS
acetylcholine - The neurotransmitter of the cholinergic portion of the nervous
system. (The Textbook of Military Medicine)
acetylcholinesterase - An enzyme that hydrolyzes acetylcholine very rapidly
(thereby stopping its activity). Acetylcholinesterase is found at the receptor sites of
tissue supplied with nerves by the cholinergic nervous system. Most cholinesterase-
inhibiting compounds are either organophosphates or carbamates. (The Textbook of
Military Medicine)
acid - 1. A compound yielding a hydrogen ion in a polar solvent (e.g., in water);a.’s
form salts by replacing all or part of the ionizable hydrogen with an electropositive
element or radical. An a. containing one ionizable atom of hydrogen in the molecule
is called monobasic; one containing two such atoms, dibasic; and one containing
more than two, polybasic. 2. In popular language, any chemical compound that has
a sour taste (given by the hydrogen ion). 3. Sour; sharp to the taste. 4. Relating to
a.; giving an a. reaction. For individual acids, see specific names. Bilea.’s,
taurocholic and glyocholic a.’s, used when bilary secretion is inadequate and for
biliary colic.
(Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
acidosis - A state characterized by actual or relative decrease of alkali in body
fluids in relation to the acid content. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
acute - Of short and sharp course, not chronic; said of a disease. (Stedman’s
Medical Dictionary)
acute toxicity - Toxic effects occurring within moments to a few days of toxic
exposure. (Review and Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3-
11.9, ECBC-TR-349)
aerosol - A liquid or solid composed of finely divided particles suspended in a
gaseous medium. Examples of common aerosols are mist, fog, and smoke. (JP 1-02)
alga, algae (p) - A division of eukaryotic, photosynthetic, nonflowering organisms
that includes many seaweeds. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
alkali - A strongly basic substance yielding hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution; e.g.,
sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxid. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
ambient temperature - Temperature of the surrounding air or other medium.
(EPA, Terms of Environment)
amino acids - An organic acid in which one of the CH hydrogen atoms has been
replaced by NH2. An ǂ-amino acid is an amino acid of the general formula R-
CHNH2COOH; the L forms of these are the hydrolysis products of proteins.
(Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
analogue - A compound that resembles another in structure but is not necessarily
as isomer. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
anthrax - An acute bacterial disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. (Control of
Communicable Diseases Manual)
Glossary-8
antibiotics - a soluble substance derived from a mold or bacterium that inhibits the
growth of other microorganisms. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
antibody - A protein made by vertebrates as the immune response to a foreign
macromolecule or antigen. (The Biological & Chemical Warfare Threat)
antigen - a molecule capable of eliciting a specific antibody or T-cell response.
(USACHPPM TG 204)
antiplant (biological) - Living organisms that cause disease or damage to plants.
(Textbook of Military Medicine)
antitoxin - An antibody formed in response to and capable of neutralizing a
biological poison; an animal serum containing antitoxins. (Medical Management of
Biological Casualties Handbook)
aqueous - Watery; of, like, or containing water. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
arrhythmia - Loss of rhythm; denoting especially an irregularity of the heartbeat.
(Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
arthralgia - Severe pain in a joint, especially one not inflammatory in character.
(Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook)
arthropods - A member of the phylum Arthropoda that includes the classes
Crustacea (crabs, shrimps, crayfish, lobsters), Insecta, Arachnida (spiders, scorpions,
mites, ticks), Chilopoda (centipedes), Diplopoda (millipedes), Merostomata
(horseshoe crabs), and various other extinct or lesser known groups. (Stedman’s
Medical Dictionary)
arsenical - Drug or agent, the effect of which depends o its arsenic content.
(Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
ataxia - An inability to coordinate muscle activity during voluntary movement, so
that smooth movements occur. (Medical Management of Biological Casualties
Handbook)
atropine - Is used as an antidote for nerve agent poisoning. It inhibits the action of
acetylcholine at the muscle junction by binding to acetylcholine receptors. (Textbook
of Military Medicine)
bacteria - Single-celled, microscopic, plant-like organisms. (TM 3-216/AFM 355-6)
base - Any molecule or ion that combines with a hydrogen ion; e.g., OH-, CN-, NH3.
(Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
binary chemical munition - A munition in which chemical substances, held in
separate containers, react when mixed or combined as a result of being fired,
launched, or otherwise initiated to produce a chemical agent. (JP 1-02)
binary precursors - The component chemicals that combine to produce binary
chemical agents. Examples of two common binary chemical agent components are
as follows: a. The components for binary GB (GB2) are methylphosphonic difluoride
(DF) and isopropyl alcohol with an amine added (OPA). b. The components for
binary VX (VX2) are ethyl 2-didsopropyl aminoethyl methylphosphonite (QL) and
dimethylpolysulfide (NM). (AR 50-6)
Glossary-9
boiling point - The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the
pressure of the gas above it. Normal boiling point is the temperature at which vapor
pressure of a liquid equals one atmosphere (atm). (General Chemistry with
Qualitative Analysis, 9th ed.)
biological agent - A microorganism that caused disease in personnel, plants, or
animals or causes the deterioration of materiel. (JP 1-02)
biological ammunition - a type of ammunition, the filler of which is primarily a
biological agent. (JP 1-02)
biological defense -The methods, plans, and procedures involved in establishing
and executing defensive measures against attacks using biological agents. (JP 1-02)
biological environment - Conditions found in an area resulting from direct or
persisting effects of biological weapons. (JP 1-02)
biological operation - employment of biological agents to produce casualties in
personnel or animals or damage to plants. (JP 1-02)
biological threat - A threat that consists of biological material planned to be
deployed to produce casualties in personnel or animals or damage plants. (JP 1-02)
biological weapon - An item of materiel which projects, disperses, or disseminates
a biological agent including arthropod vectors. (JP 1-02)
bioregulator - Organic chemicals that regulate cell processes. (The Biological &
Chemical Warfare Threat)
biovar - A group of bacterial strains distinguishable from other strains of the same
species o the basis of physiological characters. Formerly called biotype. (Stedman’s
Medical Dictionary)
blepharospasm - Spasmodic winking, or contraction of the orbicularis oculi
muscle. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
blister agent - A chemical agent which injures the eyes and lungs, and burns or
blisters the skin. Also called vesicant agent. (JP 1-02)
blood agent - A chemical compound, including the cyanide group, the affects bodily
functions by preventing the normal utilization of oxygen by body tissues. (JP 1-02)
botulism - Poisoning by toxin derived from the microorganism Clostridium
botulinum. (Control of Communicable Diseases Manual)
brucellosis - A systemic bacterial disease characterized by irregular fever .
(Control of Communicable Diseases Manual)
bubo - Inflammatory swelling of one or more lymph nodes in the groin. (Stedman’s
Medical Dictionary)
carcinogen - Any cancer-producing substance. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
case-fatality rate - Usually expressed as the percentage of persons diagnosed as
having a specified disease who die as a result of that illness within a given period.
This term is most frequently applied to a specific outbreak of acute disease in which
all patients have been followed for an adequate period of time to include all
attributable deaths. (Control of Communicable Diseases Manual)
Glossary-10
casualty - Any person who is lost to the organization by having been declared
dead, duty status - whereabouts unknown, missing, ill, or injured. (JP 1-02)
catalyst - A substance that accelerates a chemical reaction but is not consumed or
changed permanently thereby. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
central nervous system - The nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal
cord. (Hazardous Chemicals in Human and Environmental Health, WHO)
chemical agent - Any toxic chemical intended for use in military operations. (JP 1-
02)
chemical agent cumulative action - the building up, within the human body, of
small ineffective doses of certain chemical agents to a point where eventual effect is
similar to one large dose. (JP 1-02)
chemical ammunition - a type of ammunition, the filler of which is primarily a
chemical agent. (JP 1-02)
chemical ammunition cargo - cargo such as white phosphorous munitions (shell
and grenades). (JP 1-02)
chemical, biological, and radiological operation - a collective term used only
when referring to a combined chemical, biological, and radiological operation (JP 1-
02)
chemical defense - the methods, plans and procedures involved in establishing
and executing defensive measures against attack utilizing chemical agents. (JP 1-02)
chemical dose - the amount of chemical agent, expressed in milligrams, that is
taken or absorbed by the body. (JP 1-02)
chemical environment - conditions found in an area resulting from direct or
persisting effects of chemical weapons. (JP 1-02)
chemical monitoring - the continued or periodic process of determining whether
or not a chemical agent is present. (JP 1-02)
chemical operations - employment of chemical agents to kill, injure, or
incapacitate for a significant period of time, man or animals, and deny or hinder the
use of areas, facilities, or material; or defense against such employment. (JP 1-02)
chemical survey - the directed effort to determine the nature and degree of
chemical hazard in an area and to delineate the perimeter of the hazard area. (JP 1-
02)
chemical warfare - All aspects of military operations involving the employment of
lethal and incapacitating munitions/agents and the warning and protective
measures associated with such offensive operations. Since riot control agents and
herbicides are not considered to be chemical warfare agents, those two items will by
referred to separately or under the broader term “chemical,” which will be used to
include all types of chemical munitions/agents collectively. Also called CW. (JP 1-02)
Chikungunya virus disease - A febrile viral disease characterized by arthalgia or
arthritis. (Control of Communicable Diseases Manual)
Glossary-11
cholera - An acute bacterial disease of serious consequence. (Control of
Communicable Diseases Manual)
cholinergic - Relating to nerve cells or fibers that employ acetylcholine as their
neurotransmitter. (Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook)
coagulate - To convert a fluid or a substance in solution into a solid or gel.
(Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
compound - A substance formed by the covalent or electrostatic union of two or
more elements, generally differing entirely in physical characteristics from any of its
components. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
concentration - The quantity of a substance per unit volume or weight.
(Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
conjunctiva, pl. conjunctivae - The mucous membrane inventing the anterior
surface of the eyeball and the posterior surface of the lids. (Medical Management of
Biological Casualties Handbook)
contamination - 1. The deposit, absorption, or absorption of radioactive material,
or of biological or chemical agents on or by structures, areas, personnel, or objects.
2. Food and/or water made unfit for consumption by humans or animals because of
the presence of environmental chemicals, radioactive elements, bacteria or
organisms, the byproduct of the growth of bacteria or organisms, the decomposing
material (to include the food substance itself), or waste in the food or water. (JP 1-
02)
contamination control - Procedures to avoid, reduce, remove, or render harmless,
temporarily or permanently , nuclear, biological, and chemical contamination for the
purpose of maintaining or enhancing the efficient conduct of military operations. (JP
1-02)
convulsion - A violent spasm or series of jerkings of the face, trunk, or extremities.
(Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
coronary - Specifically, denoting the blood vessels of the heart. (Stedman’s
Medical Dictionary)
corrosive - Causing gradual deterioration or consummation of a substance by
another, especially by biochemical or chemical reaction. (Stedman’s Medical
Dictionary)
cutaneous - Relating to the skin. (Medical Management of Biological Casualties)
cyanosis - A dark bluish or purplish coloration of the skin and mucous membrane
due to deficient oxygenation of the blood, evident when reduced hemoglobin I the
blood exceeds 5 g/mL. (Medical Management of Biological Casualties)
cytotoxin - A specific substance, usually with reference to antibody, that inhibits or
prevents the functions of cells, causes destruction of cells, or both. (Stedman’s
Medical Dictionary)
decomposition temperature - The temperature at which a chemical breaks down
into two or more substances. (College Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis)
Glossary-12
decontamination - The process of making any person, object, or area safe by
absorbing, destroying, neutralizing, making harmless, or removing chemical or
biological agents, or by removing radioactive material clinging to or around it. (JP 1-
02)
decontamination station - A building or location suitably equipped and organized
where personnel and material are cleansed of chemical, biological or radiological
contaminants. (JP 1-02)
defoliant operation - The employment of defoliating agents on vegetated areas in
support of military operations. (JP 1-02)
defoliating agent - A chemical which causes trees, shrubs, and other plants to
shed their leaves prematurely. (JP 1-02)
degree of confidence - An indication of the level of confidence in each toxicity
estimate. It is a subjective evaluation based on the quality and quantity of the
underlying data and the method(s) by which the estimate was derived. (Review and
Recommendations for Human Toxicity Estimates for FM 3-11.9, ECBC-TR-349).
dehydrate - To extract water from; to lose water. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
density (liquid/solid) - Is the mass per unit volume of the substance. (General
Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis, 9th ed.)
desiccate - Exsiccation; to dry thoroughly; to render free from moisture. (Stedman’s
Medical Dictionary)
detection - The act of locating NBC hazards by use of NBC detectors or monitoring
and/or survey teams. (JP 1-02)
diathesis - The constitutional or inborn state disposing to a disease, group of
diseases, or metabolic or structural anomaly. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
dilate - To perform or undergo a physiologic or artificial enlargement of a hollow
structure or opening. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
dilute solution - Solutions of chemical agents in concentration and quantities
reduced by admixture (dilution) to levels that present significantly reduced hazards.
Also called RDTE dilute solution. (AR 50-6)
dimer - A compound or unit produced by the combination of two like molecules; in
the strictest sense, without loss of atoms (thus nitrogen tetroxide, N2O4, is the
dimmer of nitrogen dioxide, NO2). (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
disease - Morbus; illness; sickness; an interruption, cessation, or disorder of body
functions, systems, or organs. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
deoxyribonucleic acid - the genetic material of all organisms and viruses (except
for a small class of RNA-containing viruses) that code for structures and materials
used in normal metabolism. (The Biological & Chemical Warfare Threat)
dosage - The amount of substance administered (or received) per body weight.
(USACHPPM TG 204)
Glossary-13
dose - The amount of substance or energy that is taken into or absorbed by the
body; the amount of substance, radiation, or energy absorbed in a unit volume, an
organ, or an individual. (USACHPPM TG 204)
dysentery - A disease marked by frequent watery stools, often with blood and
mucus, and characterized clinically by pain, tenesmus, fever, and dehydration.
(Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
dyspnea - Shortness of breath, a subjective difficulty or distress in breathing,
usually associated with disease of the heart or lungs. (Medical Management of
Biological Casualties Handbook)
Eastern and Western Equine Encephalitis, Japanese Encephalitis (EEE,
WEE, JE) - A group of acute inflammatory disease involving the brain, spinal cord,
and meninges. (Control of Communicable Diseases Manual)
edema - An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in cells, tissues, or
serous cavities. (Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook)
endemic -Present in a community or among a group of people; said of a disease
prevailing continually in a region. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
end point - A biological effect used as an index of the effect of a chemical on an
organism. (Hazardous Chemicals in Human and Environmental Health, WHO,
2000)
endogenous - Originating or produced within the organism or one of its parts.
(Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
endotoxin - A bacterial toxin not freely liberated into the surrounding medium, in
contrast to exotoxin. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
enterotoxin - Intestinotoxin; a cytotoxin specific for the cells of the intestinal
mucosal. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
environment - The milieu; the aggregate of all the external conditions and
influences affecting the life and development of an organism. (Stedman’s Medical
Dictionary)
enzyme - Organic catalyst; a protein, secreted by cells, that acts as a catalyst to
induce chemical changes in other substances, itself remaining apparently unchanged
by the process. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
epidemic - A disease whose frequency of occurrence is in excess of the expected
frequency in a population during a given time interval; distinguished from endemic,
since the disease is not continuously present but has been introduced from outside.
(Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
eruption - A breaking out, specially the appearance of lesions on the skin.
(Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
erythema - Inflammatory redness of the skin. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
exotoxin - Extracellular toxin; a specific, soluble, antigenic, usually heat labile,
injurious substance elaborated by certain gram-positive bacteria (rarely by gram-
negative species); it is formed within the cell, but is released into the environment
Glossary-14
where it is rapidly active in extremely small amounts. (Stedman’s Medical
Dictionary)
Far Eastern Tickborne Encephalitis - A tick-born viral diseases often associated
with focal epilepsy and flaccid paralysis. (Control of Communicable Diseases
Manual)
febrile - Denoting or relating to a fever. (Medical Management of Biological
Casualties)
flaccid - Relaxed, flabby, or without tone. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
flash point - The temperature at which a liquid or volatile solid gives off sufficient
vapor to form an ignitable mixture near the surface of the liquid. (Hawley’s
Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 13th ed.)
foliar - Pertaining to or resembling a leaf or leaflet. (Stedman’s Medical
Dictionary)
freezing point/melting point - The temperature at which the solid and liquid
phases of a given substance are in equilibrium and is generally equivalent to the
melting point. (General Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis, 9th ed.)
gene - A functional unit of heredity which occupies a specific place or locus on a
chromosome, is cable of reproducing itself exactly at each cell division, and is
capable of directing the formation of an enzyme or other protein. (Stedman’s
Medical Dictionary)
genetic engineering - The directed alteration or manipulation of genetic material.
(The Biological & Chemical Warfare Threat)
glanders - Communicable disease of horses, mules, and donkeys. (Control of
Communicable Diseases Manual)
G-series nerve agents - Chemical agents of moderate to high toxicity developed in
the 1930s that act by inhibiting a key nervous system enzyme. Examples are Tabun
(GA), sarin (GB), soman (GD), and GF. (The Biological & Chemical Warfare Threat)
half-life - Of a reaction-time required for half of the original concentration of the
limiting reactant to be consumed Also called t1/2. (College Chemistry with Qualitative
Analysis, 8th ed.)
hazard - A condition with the potential to cause injury, illness, or death of
personnel; damage to or loss of equipment or property; or mission degradation. (JP
1-02)
hemolysis - Alteration, dissolution, or destruction of red blood cells in such a
manner that hemoglobin is liberated into the medium in which the cells that are
suspended, e.g., by specific complement-fixing antibodies, toxins, various chemical
agents, tonicity, alteration of temperature. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
hemorrhage - Bleeding; an escape of blood through ruptured or unruptured vessel
walls. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
hepatitis - Inflammation of the liver; usually from a viral infection, but sometimes
from toxic agents. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
Glossary-15
herbicide - A chemical compound that will kill or damage plants. (JP 1-02)
hydrolysis - The reaction of a compound with water whereby decomposition of the
substance occurs. (General Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis, 9th ed.)
hygiene - Cleanliness that promotes health and well being, especially of a personal
nature. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
ileus - Mechanical, dynamic, or adynamic obstruction of the bowel; may be
accompanied by severe colicky pain, abdominal distention, vomiting, absence of
passage of stool, and often fever and dehydration. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
incapacitating agent - An agent that produces temporary physiological or mental
effects, or both, which will render individuals incapable of concerted effort in the
performance of their assigned duties. (JP 1-02)
incapacitating illness or injury - The casualty status of a person (a) whose
illness or injury requires hospitalization but medical authority does not classify as
very seriously ill or injured; or (b) seriously ill or injured and the illness or injury
makes the person physically or mentally unable to communicate with the next of
kin. Also called III. (JP 1-02)
incubation period - The interval (in hours, days, or weeks) between the initial,
effective exposure to an infectious organism and the first appearance of symptoms of
the infections. (Control of Communicable Diseases Manual)
indigenous - Native; natural to the country where found. (Stedman’s Medical
Dictionary)
industrial chemicals - Chemicals developed or manufactured for use in industrial
operations or research by industry, government, or academia. These chemicals are
not primarily manufactured for the specific purpose of producing human casualties
or rendering equipment, facilities, or areas dangerous for human use. Hydrogen
cyanide, cyanogen chloride, phosgene, and chloropicrin are industrial chemicals that
also can be military chemical agents. (JP 1-02)
infectivity - The infectivity of an agent reflects the relative ease with which
microorganisms establish themselves in a host species. Pathogens with high
infectivity cause disease with relatively few organisms. (FM 8-9)
inflammation - aA fundamental pathologic process consisting of a dynamic
complex of cytologic and histologic reactions that occur in the affected blood vessels
and adjacent tissues in response to an injury or abnormal stimulation caused by a
physical, chemical, or biologic agent. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
insecticide - An agent that kills insects. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
intoxication - Poisoning. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
intravenous - Within a vein or veins. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
inversion - An increase of air temperature with increase in altitude (the ground
being colder than the surrounding air). When an inversion exists, there are no
convection currents and wind speeds are below 5 knots. The atmosphere is stable
and normally is considered the most favorable state for ground release of chemical
agents. (FM 3-6)
Glossary-16
ion - An atom or group of atoms carrying an electric charge by virtue of having
gained or lost one or more valence electrons. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
jaundice - A yellowish staining of the integument, sclerae, and deeper tissues and
the excretions with bile pigments, which are increased in the plasma. (Stedman’s
Medical Dictionary)
lachrymator (lacrimator) - An agent (such as tear gas) that irritates the eyes and
produces tears. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
lapse - A marked decrease in air temperature with increasing altitude because the
ground is warmer than the surrounding air. This condition usually occurs when
skies are clear and between 1100 and 1600 hours, local time. Strong convection
currents exist during lapse conditions. For chemical operations, the state is defined
as unstable. This condition is normally considered the most unfavorable for the
release of chemical agents. (FM 3-6)
latent heat of vaporization - The quantity of energy absorbed or given off as a
substance undergoes a change in state with no change in temperature. (Hawley’s
Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 13th ed.) Also called Enthalpy of vaporization
(ƦHv).
lesion - One of the individual points or patches of a multifocal disease. (Stedman’s
Medical Dictionary)
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis - A viral infection of animals, transmissible to
humans. (Control of Communicable Diseases Manual)
macular - Relating to or marked by a small spot, perceptibly different in color from
the surrounding tissue. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
malaise - A feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness, an out-of-sorts feeling,
often the first indication of an infection or other disease. (Stedman’s Medical
Dictionary)
mass casualty - Any large number of casualties produced in a relatively short
period of time, usually as the result of a single incident such as a military aircraft
accident, hurricane, flood, earthquake, or armed attack that exceeds local logistical
support capabilities. (JP 1-02)
mean lethal dose - The dose of chemical agent that would kill 50 percent of
exposed, unprotected and untreated personnel. (JP 1-02)
median incapacitating dose - The amount or quantity of chemical agent which
when introduced into the body will incapacitate 50 percent of exposed, unprotected
personnel. (JP 1-02)
Melioidosis - An uncommon bacterial infection with manifestations ranging from
benign to fatal septicemia. (Control of Communicable Diseases Manual)
membrane - A thin sheet or layer of pliable tissue, serving as a covering or
envelope of a part, the lining of a cavity, as a partition or septum or to connect two
structures. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
meningitis - Inflammation of the membranes of the brain or spinal cord.
(Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
Glossary-17
microbes - Any very minute organism. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
minute volume - The amount of air expelled from the lungs in a minute that is
assumed to be 15 L, unless otherwise stated. This amount represents mild activity.
(USACHPPM TG 204)
miosis - The excessive smallness or contraction of the pupil of the eye. The pupil is
unable to dilate and remains contracted; thus, performance of tasks, navigating on
foot, identifying or engaging targets, or driving vehicles is practically impossible.
Miosis is often accompanied by pain, headaches, and pinpointing of the pupils.
(USACHPPM TG 204)
miscible - Capable of being mixed and remaining so after the mixing process
ceases. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
molecular weight - The value represented by the sum of the atomic weights of all
the atoms in a molecule. (General Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis, 9th ed.)
molecule - The smallest possible quantity of a di-, tri-, or polyatomic substance
that retains the chemical properties of the substance. (Stedman’s Medical
Dictionary)
Monkeypox - A sporadic zoonosic infection resembling smallpox. (Control of
Communicable Diseases Manual)
morbidity - The ratio of sick to well individuals in a community; sick rate.
(USACHPPM TG 204)
myalgia - Muscular pain. (Medical Management of Biological Casualties
Handbook)
mycotoxin - A fungal toxin. They can cause illness or death upon ingestion skin
contact, or inhalation. They exhibit great stability and heat resistance. Mycotoxins
are difficult to detect, to identify, and to decontaminate. (USACHPPM TG 204)
mydirasis - Dilation of the pupil. (Steadman’s Medical Dictionary)
myiasis - Any infection due to invasion of tissues or cavities of the body by larvae of
dipterous insects. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
myocardia - The middle layer of the heart, consisting of cardiac muscle.
(Steadman’s Medical Dictionary)
neat chemical agent - A nondiluted, full-strength (as manufactured) chemical
agent. A chemical agent manufactured by the binary synthesis route will also be
considered a neat agent regardless of purity. (AR 50-6)
necrosis - Pathologic death of one or more cells, or of a portion of tissue or organ,
resulting from irreversible damage. (USACHPPM TG 204)
nerve agent - A potentially lethal chemical agent which interferes with the
transmission of nerve impulses. (JP 1-02)
neural - Relating to any structure composed of nerve cells or their processes, or
that o further development will evolve into nerve cells. (Stedman’s Medical
Dictionary)
Glossary-18
neuro- - Combining form denoting a nerve or relating to the nervous system.
(Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
neuron - The functional unit of the nervous system; conducts or transmits nerve
impulses. (Hazardous Chemicals in Human and Environmental Health, WHO)
neurotoxin - Any substance that is capable of destroying or adversely affecting
nerve tissue. (Hazardous Chemicals in Human and Environmental Health, WHO)
neurotransmitter - Chemical responsible for the transfer of information along the
nervous system. (Hazardous Chemicals in Human and Environmental Health,
WHO)
neutralization - The act of altering chemical, physical, and toxicological properties
to render the chemical agent ineffective for use as intended. (AR 50-6).
nonpersistent agent - A chemical agent that when released dissipates and/or loses
its ability to cause casualties after 10 to 15 minutes. (JP 1-02)
nuclear, biological, and chemical capable nation - A nation that has the
capability to produce and employ one or more types of nuclear, biological, and
chemical weapons across the full range of military operations and at any level of war
in order to achieve political and military objectives. (JP 1-02)
odor - Emanation from any substance that stimulates the olfactory cells in the
organ of smell. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
operational decontamination - Decontamination carried out by an individual
and/or a unit, restricted to specific parts of operationally essential equipment,
material and/or working areas, in order to minimize contact and transfer hazards
and to sustain operations. This may include decontamination of the individual
beyond the scope of immediate decontamination, as well as decontamination of
mission-essential spares and limited terrain decontamination. (JP 1-02)
organic solvent - An organic chemical compound that dissolves another to form a
solution.
(General Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis)
organophosphorus compound - A compound, containing phosphorus and carbon,
whose physiological effects include inhibition of cholinesterase; many pesticides and
virtually all nerve agents are organophosphorus combpounds. (Stedman’s Medical
Dictionary)
oxidize - To combine or cause an element or radical to combine with oxygen or lose
electrons.
(Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
oxime - A compound resulting from the action of hydroxylamine, NH2OH, on a
ketone or an aldehyde to yield the group ɟN-OH attached to the former carbonyl
carbon atom. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
parenteral - By some other means that through the GI tract; referring particularly
to the introduction of substances into an organism by intravenous, subcutaneous,
intramuscular, or intramedullary injection. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
pathogen - A disease-producing microorganism. (JP 1-02)
pathogenic - Causing disease or abnormality. (Steadman’s Medical Dictionary)
Glossary-19
peptide - Molecules formed from two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
(General Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis, 9th ed.)
percutaneous - Through the skin; when applied to chemical agents, refers to route
of entry into the body. (The Biological & Chemical Warfare Threat)
persistency - In biological or chemical warfare, the characteristics of an agent
which pertains to the duration of its effectiveness under determined conditions after
its dispersal. (JP 1-02)
persistent agent - A chemical agent that, when released, remains able to cause
casualties for more than 24 hours to several days or weeks. (JP 1-02)
pesticide - General term for an agent that destroys fungi, insects, rodents, or any
other pest. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
pH - A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. A value of seven is neutral;
low numbers are acid, large numbers are alkaline. Strictly speaking, pH is the
negative logarithm of the hydrogen-ion concentration. (FM 10-52)
physical state - Chemical agents may exist as solids, liquids, or gases. (General
Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis, 9th ed.)
plague - A zoonosis involving rodents and their fleas, which transfer the bacterial
infection to various animals and to people. (Control of Communicable Diseases
Manual)
plasma - The fluid (noncellular) portion of the circulating blood, as distinguished
from the serum obtain after coagulation. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
polymerize - To bring about a reaction in which a high molecular-weight product is
produced by successive addition to or condensations of a simpler compound.
(Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
polypeptide - A petide formed by the union of an indefinite (usually large) number
of amino acids by peptide likes (-NH-CO-). (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
postmortem - Pertaining to or occurring during the period after death. (Stedman’s
Medical Dictionary)
potable - Water that is free from disease-producing organisms, poisonous
substances, and chemical or biological agents and radioactive contaminants that
make it unfit for human consumption and many other uses. (FM 10-52)
prophylaxis - Prevention of disease or of a process which can lead to disease.
(Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
prostration - A marked loss of strength, as in exhaustion. (Medical Management of
Biological Casualties Handbook)
proteins - Macromolecules consisting of long sequences of ǂ-amino acids in peptide
(amide) linkage. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
protective clothing - Clothing especially designed, fabricated, or treated to protect
personnel against hazards cause by extreme changes in physical environment,
dangerous working conditions, or enemy action. (JP 1-02)
Glossary-20
Psittacosis - An acute, generalized chlamydial disease caused by Chlamydia
psittaci. (Control of Communicable Disease Manual)
pulmonary - Relating to the lungs. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
pyridostigmine bromide - An antidote enhancer that blocks acetylcholinesterase,
protecting it from nerve agents. When taken in advance of nerve agent exposure, PB
increases survival provided that atropine and oxime (Mark I NAAK) and other
measures are taken. Also called PB. (Textbook of Military Medicine)
Q fever - An acute febrile rickettsial disease caused by Coxiella burnetii. (Control of
Communicable Disease Manual)
quarantine - The isolation of a person with a known or possible contagious disease.
(Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
rate of action - The rate at which the body reacts to or is affected by agent. Also
called ROA. (DA PAM 385-61)
rate of detoxification - The rate at which the body is able to counteract the effects
of poisonous substance (DA PAM 385-61)
ratification - The declaration by which a nation formally accepts with or without
reservation the content of a standardization agreement. (JP 1-02)
reaction - In chemistry, the intermolecular action of two or more substances upon
each other, whereby these substances are caused to disappear, new ones being
formed in their place. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
reagent - Any substance added to a solution of another substance to participate in
a chemical reaction. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
receptor - A structural protein molecule on the cell surface or within the cytoplasm
that binds to a specific factor, such as hormone, antigen, or neurotransmitter.
(Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
recombinant DNA - DNA resulting from the insertion into the chain, by chemical
or biological means, of a sequence (a whole or partial chain of DNA) not originally
present in that chain. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
rhabdovirus - Any virus of the family Rhabdoviridae, a family of rod- or bullet-
shaped viruses of vertebrates, insects, and plants, including radies virus and
vesicular stomatitis virus (of cattle). (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
rickettsiae - Intracellular parasitic organisms in size between bacteria and
viruses. (TM 3-216/AFM 355-6)
riot control agent - Any chemical that is not listed in the Chemical Weapons
Convention, which can produce rapidly in humans sensory irritate or disabling
physical effects which disappear within a short time following termination of
exposure. Also called RCA. (JP 1-02)
riot control operations - The employment of riot control agents and/or special
tactics, formations and equipment in the control of violent disorders. (JP 1-02)
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever - A disease of the spotted fever group rickettsiae
caused by Rickettsia rickettsii. (Control of Communicable Disease Manual)
Glossary-21
rodenticide - An agent legal to rodents. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
ruminant - An animal that chews the cud, material regurgitated from the rumen
for rechewing; e.g., the sheep, cow, deer, or antelope. (Stedman’s Medical
Dictionary)
Salmongellosis - A bacterial disease manifested by acute enterocolitis. (Control of
Communicable Disease Manual)
septicemia - Systemic disease caused by the spread of microorganisms and their
toxins via the circulating blood. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
Shigellosis - An acute bacterial disease involving the large and distal small
intestine. (Control of Communicable Disease Manual)
slurry - A thin semifluid suspension of a solid in a liquid. (Stedman’s Medical
Dictionary)
Smallpox - A systemic viral disease caused by the Variola virus. (Control of
Communicable Disease Manual)
smoke screen - A cloud of smoke used to conceal ground maneuver, obstacle
breaching, recovery operations, and amphibious assault operations as well as key
assembly areas, supply routes, logistic facilities. (JP 1-02)
solubility - The quantity of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent to
produce a saturated solution. (General Chemistry with Quyalitative Analysis, 9th
ed.)
specific heat - The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of
a substance one degree C. (General Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis, 9th ed.)
spore - Resistant, dormant cell of some bacteria; primitive reproductive bodies of
fungi. (USACHPPM TG 204)
sternutator - A substance, such as a gas, that induces sneezing. (Stedman’s
Medical Dictionary)
stupor - A state of impaired consciousness in which the individual shows a marked
diminution in his reactivity to environmental stimuli. (Stedman’s Medical
Dictionary)
symptoms - Information related by an individual about himself/herself that may
indicate illness or injury. Signs or observations are made about an individual or an
animal that may indicate illness or injury. (USACHPPM TG 204)
synapse - The functional membrane-to-membrane contact of the nerve cell with
another nerve cell, an effector (muscle, gland) cell, or a sensory receptor cell.
(Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
synergistic - Acting together to enhance the effect of another force or agent.
(USACHPPM TG 204)
synthesize - The formation of compounds by the union of simpler compounds or
elements. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
systemic - Spread throughout the body, affecting all body systems and organs, not
localized in one spot or area. (USACHPPM TG 204)
Glossary-22
tenesmus - A painful spasm of the anal sphincter with an urgent desire to evacuate
the bowel or bladder, involuntary straining, and the passage of but little fecal matter
or urine. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
terrorism - The calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence
to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the
pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological. (JP 1-02)
terrorist - An individual who uses violence, terror, and intimidation to achieve a
result. (JP 1-02)
terrorist groups - Any element regardless of size or espoused cause, that commits
acts of violence or threatens violence in pursuit of its political, religious, or
ideological objectives. (JP 1-02)
tetrodotoxin - A highly poisonous fugu toxin. (Textbook of Military Medicine)
thickened agent - An agent to which a polymer or plastic has been added to
minimize vaporization prior to its deposition on the target. (Joint CB Technical
Data Source Book, Volume V, Part One: Agent H)
toxemia - A condition caused by the circulation of toxins in the blood.
(USACHPPM TG 204)
toxic - Harmful to living organisms; oisonous. (USACHPPM TG 204)
toxic chemical, biological, or radiological attack - An attack directed at
personnel, animals, or crops, using injurious agents of chemical, biological, or
radiological origin. (JP 1-02)
toxicity - The degree to which a substance or mixture of substances can harm
humans or animals. Acute toxicity involves harmful effects in an organism through
a single or short-term exposure. Chronic toxicity is the ability of a substance or
mixture of substances to cause harmful effects over an extended period, usually
upon repeated or continuous exposure sometimes lasting for the entire life of the
exposed organism. Subchronic toxicity is the ability of the substance to cause effects
for more than one year but less than the lifetime of the exposed organism. (EPA,
Terms of Environment)
toxins - Poisonous substances produced by living organisms. (The Biological &
Chemical Warfare Threat)
toxin agent - A poison formed as a specific secretion product in the metabolism of a
vegetable or animal organism, as distinguished from inorganic poisons. Such
poisons can also be manufactured by a synthetic process. (JP 1-02)
toxoid - A toxin biologically inactivated by chemical or physical means, usually for
vaccine production purposes. Because a prerequisite for toxoid generation is toxin
production, the technology involved has applicability to BW. (The Biological &
Chemical Warfare Threat)
Trench fever - A nonfatal bacterial disease. (Control of Communicable Disease
Manual)
Glossary-23
trichothecene mycotoxin - A very large family of chemically related toxins
produced by various species of mold to include Fusarium. (Textbook of Military
Medicine)
Tularemia - A zoonotic bacterial disease. (Control of Communicable Disease
Manual)
Typhus fever - A rickettsial disease transmitted by body lice. (Control of
Communicable Disease Manual)
ultraviolet - Denoting electromagnetic rays beyond the violet end of the visible
spectrum. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
urticant - The third group listed under blister agent, although not a true vesicant.
Causes erythema, wheals, and urticaria. (Textbook of Military Medicine)
V-series nerve agents - A class of chemical agents developed in the 1950s that act
by inhibiting a key nervous system enzyme. The are generally persistent and have a
moderate to high toxicity. Examples are VE, VG, VM, VS, and VX. (The Biological
& Chemical Warfare Book)
vaccine - A substance administered to induce immunity in the recipient. (The
Biological & Chemical Warfare Threat)
vapor density - The ratio of the weight of a given volume of a gaseous substance
and that of the same volume of another gas measured under the same conditions of
pressure and temperature. (Hawley’s Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 13th ed.)
vapor pressure - The pressure exerted by a vapor when a state of equilibrium
exists between the vapor and its liquid (or solid) state. (General Chemistry with
Qualitative Analysis, 9th ed.)
vector - An animal, insect, or other organism that carries and transmits a virus or
other microorganism. (USACHPPM TG 204)
Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Disease - A viral infection
involving a cycle with horses, mosquitoes and man. (Control of Communicable
Disease Manual)
venom - A poisonous fluid secreted by snakes, spiders, scorpions, etc. (Stedman’s
Medical Dictionary)
vesicle - A small circumscribed elevation of the skin containing fluid. (Stedman’s
Medical Dictionary)
viable - Capable of living. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
viremic - The presence, as in smallpox, of a virus in the bloodstream. (Stedman’s
Medical Dictionary)
virulence - The capacity of a microorganism to produce disease. (The Biological &
Chemical Warfare Threat) The virulence of an agent reflects the relative severity of
disease produced by that agent. Different microorganisms and different strains of
the same microorganism may cause diseases of different severity. (FM 8-9)
Glossary-24
virus - Any of a large group of submicroscopic agents infecting plants, animals, and
bacteria and unable to reproduce outside the tissues of the host. (USACHPPM TG
204)
visceral - Relating to an organ of the digestive, respiratory, urogenital, and
endocrine systems as well as the spleen, the heart, and great vessels; hollow and
multilayered walled organs. (Stedman’s Medical Dictionary)
viscosity - In general, the resistance to flow or alteration of shape, by any
substance as a result of molecular cohesion; most frequently applied to liquids as the
resistance of a fluid to flow because of a shearing force. (Stedman’s Medical
Dictionary)
volatile - Capable of vaporizing or evaporating readily. (Hazardous Chemicals in
Human and Environmental Health, WHO)
volatility - The tendency of a solid or liquid material to pass into the vapor state at
a given temperature. (Hawley’s Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 13th ed.)
weapons of mass destruction - Weapons that are capable of a high order of
destruction and/or of being used in such a manner as to destroy large numbers of
people. Weapons of mass destruction can be high explosives or nuclear, biological,
chemical, and radiological weapons, but exclude the means of transporting or
propelling the weapon where such means is a separable and divisible part of the
weapon. Also called WMD. (JP 1-02)
weapon(s) system - A combination of one or more weapons with all related
equipment, materials, services, personnel, and means of delivery and deployment (if
applicable) required for self-sufficiency. (JP 1-02)
zoonosis - An infection or infestation shared in nature by humans and other
animals that are the normal or usual host; a disease of humans acquired from an
animal source. (USACHPPM TG 204)
Glossary-25
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