FM 3-22.32 IMPROVED TARGET ACQUISITION SYSTEM, M41 (July 2005) - page 1

 

  Главная      Manuals     FM 3-22.32 IMPROVED TARGET ACQUISITION SYSTEM, M41 (July 2005)

 

Search            copyright infringement  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Content      ..      1       2         ..

 

 

 

FM 3-22.32 IMPROVED TARGET ACQUISITION SYSTEM, M41 (July 2005) - page 1

 

 

FM 3-22.32
FIELD MANUAL
HEADQUARTERS
No. 3-22.32
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
Washington, DC, 8 July 2005
IMPROVED TARGET ACQUISITION
SYSTEM, M41
CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE
iv
CHAPTER 1.
INTRODUCTION
1-1.
Objectives
1-1
1-2.
Training Strategy
1-1
1-3.
Description
1-2
1-4.
Technical Data
1-16
1-5.
Capabilities
1-17
1-6.
TOW Missiles
1-19
1-7.
Missile Identification
1-20
1-8.
Handling and Storage
1-28
1-9.
Inspection
1-32
1-10.
Gunner Notes
1-34
1-11.
Operation Under Unusual Conditions
1-36
1-12.
Destruction
1-37
1-13.
Duties and Responsibilities
1-37
CHAPTER 2.
CONTROLS AND INDICATORS
2-1.
Tripod Indicators
2-1
2-2.
Traversing Unit Controls
2-2
2-3.
Target Acquisition System Controls
2-12
2-4.
Target Acquisition System Indicators
2-15
2-5.
Fire Control System Controls and Indicators
2-35
2-6.
Battery Power Source Controls and Indicators
2-35
CHAPTER 3.
MOUNTED AND DISMOUNTED OPERATIONS
Section
I.
Mounted Operations
3-1
3-1.
Preventive Maintenance Checks and Services
3-1
3-2.
Mount the ITAS on the M1121 HMMWV
3-1
______________________________
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is
unlimited.
i
FM 3-22.32
Page
3-3.
Mounted Firing Positions
3-6
3-4.
Preparation of Missile for Firing
3-7
3-5.
Loading, Arming, and Unloading
3-7
3-6.
Target Engagement
3-8
3-7.
Troubleshooting a Tracker Engagement
3-12
3-8.
Manual Engagement
3-17
3-9.
Mount the ITAS from the Dismounted (Tripod)
Configuration
3-19
3-10. Stow ITAS on M1121 from Dismounted Position
3-20
Section
II.
Dismounted Operations
3-27
3-11. Dismount Actions
3-27
3-12. Dismounted Firing Positions
3-28
3-13. Firing Position Actions
3-28
CHAPTER 4.
FIRING TECHNIQUES
Section
I.
Fire Control Measures
4-1
4-1.
Firing Over Water
4-1
4-2.
Firing Over Electrical Lines
4-7
4-3.
Firing in Windy Conditions
4-8
4-4.
Firing Through Smoke and Area Fires
4-8
4-5.
Firing From Bunkers and Buildings
4-8
4-6.
Clearance Requirements
4-8
Section
II.
Target Engageability
4-9
4-7.
Determine if a Target is Within Range
4-9
4-8.
Determine Exposure Time
4-12
4-9.
Fire Commands
4-12
4-10.
Target Tracking
4-15
4-11.
Helicopter Engagement
4-16
CHAPTER 5.
TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Section
I.
Purpose and Fundamentals
5-1
5-1.
Fundamentals of Employment
5-1
5-2.
Employment Capabilities and Limitations
5-2
Section
II.
Employment in Offensive/Defensive Operations
5-3
5-3.
Offensive Operations
5-3
5-4.
Antiarmor Ambush Role
5-4
5-5.
Defensive Operations
5-4
5-6.
Other Tactical Operations
5-6
5-7.
Engagement Considerations
5-7
Section
III.
Fighting Positions
5-7
5-8.
Dismounted TOW Fighting Position
5-7
5-9.
Mounted TOW Fighting Position
5-9
5-10.
Camouflage Nets
5-10
ii
8 July 2005
FM 3-22.32
Page
CHAPTER 6. TRAINING PROGRAM
6-1.
Training Strategy
6-1
6-2.
Commander’s Training Assessment and Planning
6-3
6-3.
Training Devices
6-3
6-4.
Training Support Packages and Resources
6-6
6-5.
ITAS Gunnery Training
6-6
APPENDIX A.
SAFETY
A-1
APPENDIX B.
ITAS TRAINING DEVICES
B-1
APPENDIX C.
FORWARD LOOKING INFRARED
C-1
APPENDIX D.
ANTIARMOR RANGE CARD
D-1
APPENDIX E.
SYSTEM MESSAGES, WARNINGS, AND
MALFUNCTIONS
E-1
GLOSSARY
Glossary-1
REFERENCES
References-1
INDEX
Index-1
8 July 2005
iii
FM 3-22.32
PREFACE
This publication provides technical information, training techniques, and guidance on
the M41 Improved Target Acquisition System (ITAS). The intended users include unit
leaders, trainers and designated gunners. The users will find this information invaluable
in their efforts to successfully integrate this weapon system into their combat operations.
This publication applies to the Active Army, the Army National Guard
(ARNG)/Army National Guard of the United States (ARNGUS), and the United States
Army Reserve (USAR).
The proponent for this publication is the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine
Command. The preparing agency is the U.S. Army Infantry School. Send written
comments and recommendations on DA Form
2028
(Recommended Changes to
Publications and Blank Forms) directly to: Commandant, U.S. Army Infantry School,
ATTN: ATSH-IN, Fort Benning, GA 31905-5593. Send comments and recommendations
electronically by e-mail to doctrine@benning.army.mil. Follow the DA Form 2028
format or submit an electronic DA Form 2028.
Unless otherwise stated, whenever the masculine gender is used, both men and
women are included.
iv
8 July 2005
FM 3-22.32
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The Improved Target Acquisition System (ITAS) is the result of a
technology insertion program to upgrade the current tube-launched,
optically tracked, wire-guided (TOW) missile. The ITAS fires all existing
and future versions of the TOW family of missiles. The ITAS provides for
the integration of both the daysight and night vision sight (NVS) into a
single housing and for automatic boresighting. It has embedded training
(for sustainment training) and advanced built-in test/built-in-test
equipment (BIT/BITE), which provides fault detection and isolation. A
field tactical trainer
(FTT) will replace the current TOW
2 MILES
training device for force-on-force training. (The FTT will interface with
future MILES replacement systems [MILES II and MILES 2000] when
fielded.)
1-1.
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this manual is to provide soldiers, leaders, and units with an instrument
that includes the new ITAS technology with current TOW antiarmor doctrine and the
ARMY transformation of CMF 11B common core skills to include the heavy antiarmor
arena. Doctrine and training methodology must evolve with each technological
advancement and organizational change to prepare soldiers to be combat ready on the
ever-changing modern battlefield.
1-2.
TRAINING STRATEGY
The ITAS training strategy consists of five primary components:
Initial training.
Sustainment training.
Collective training.
Force-on-force training.
Leader training.
a. Initial Training. Trainers conduct initial gunner training in the unit for soldiers
assigned to ITAS crews. Using the guidelines prescribed in Chapter 6 of this manual,
trainers train the soldiers to successfully complete the Gunner’s Skills Test (GST).
b. Sustainment Training. Sustainment training ensures retention of skills learned
during initial training. This training takes place entirely in the unit monthly, bimonthly,
quarterly, and annually.
(1) Gunners retain their skills by practicing engaging targets at least monthly. The
gunner fires selected engagements from the monthly sustainment exercises using the
basic skills trainer (BST). The gunner practices field engagements using the FTT every
quarter.
(2) Once a quarter, the gunner completes the entire GST. If he does not perform
satisfactorily, he retrains until he qualifies.
8 July 2005
1-1
FM 3-22.32
c. Collective Training. Collective training takes place in the unit to integrate the
ITAS into the unit’s overall combat power. The ITAS is integrated into collective training
using the FTT.
d. Force-On-Force Training. Force-on-force training is conducted with the FTT
during squad, platoon, company, and battalion field-training exercises
(FTXs) and
situational-training exercises (STXs).
e. Leader Training. Leader training is conducted when units are fielded with the
equipment (new equipment training) and at the institution. Leaders are taught to train,
maintain, and employ the ITAS during Officer and Noncommissioned Officer Education
System courses (OES and NCOES, respectively) and in the Anti-Armor Leaders Course
at Fort Benning, GA. This training must continue in units formally through
noncommissioned officer
(NCO) and officer development classes, and informally
through personal initiative.
(1) ITAS leaders’ training begins with the basic understanding of the ITAS, its
capabilities and limitations, then moves to understanding the fundamentals of ITAS
tactical employment, and includes how to integrate the ITAS into company-level training.
(2) Leaders must learn and then practice how to employ and integrate the ITAS into
their units. Using tactical exercises without troops (TEWT) is an effective way to develop
the leader’s tactical understanding. Employing gunners with their squads helps train other
squad or fire team members to perform their duties (providing security, locating targets,
and so on). After-action reviews (AARs) must be conducted after all training exercises so
ITAS security, operation, and employment considerations can be more effectively
integrated into the unit training plan. (See Chapter 5 for more information on tactical
employment considerations.)
1-3.
DESCRIPTION
The system components consist of a target acquisition system (TAS), a fire control
system (FCS), a battery power source (BPS), a modified M220A2 traversing unit (TU),
the existing launch tube and tripod, and a modification kit for the M966 high-mobility,
multipurpose, wheeled vehicle
(HMMWV) that changes the vehicle to the M1121
HMMWV.
a. Target Acquisition System. The TAS aids the gunner in the detection,
recognition, and classification of targets. It provides the gunner with passive and active
range information to the target and with BIT capability. The TAS also provides a means
for the gunner to control the missile during target engagement using manual and tracker
methods of engagement.
(1) The TAS (Figure 1-1) provides high-power binocular viewing in both the night
vision sight (NVS) and daysight modes of operation. It offers a narrow field of view
(NFOV) and a wide field of view (WFOV). The TAS enables the gunner to track targets
in darkness and periods of limited visibility.
(2) The TAS receives power from the BPS through the FCS in the dismounted
(tripod) configuration, and uses vehicle and BPS power in the mounted
(M1121)
configuration.
(3) The TAS components (Figure 1-1 and Figures 1-2 and 1-3, page 1-4) are:
(a) Vent Valve. The vent valve is used by maintenance personnel to remove any
moisture inside the TAS. This is done by purging the system with nitrogen.
1-2
8 July 2005
FM 3-22.32
(b) Main Housing. The main housing houses the NVS and daysight so that both are
boresighted together, and it protects the sight assemblies.
(c) Eyepiece Assembly. The eyepiece assembly allows viewing the TAS display with
both eyes.
(d) Target Acquisition System Strap. The TAS strap is used to lift and carry the TAS.
(e) Front Window Cover. The front window cover protects the front window during
handling, storage, and transit.
(f) Retainer Knob. The retainer knob secures the TAS front sight window cover to
the main housing when the sighting system is in use.
(g) SADA II Cooler. The standard advanced dewier assembly (SADA) II cooler cools
down the NVS to its operating temperature.
(h) Traversing Unit Connector. The TU connector provides connections for the TAS
to the TU coil cable to the FCS.
(i) Video Test Connector. The video test connector provides a means to connect a
video device or test equipment to troubleshoot the TAS.
(j) Index Lug Slot. The index lug slot mates with the index lug on the TAS mount
during assembly.
(k) Target Acquisition System Transit Case. The TAS transit case is used to store and
protect the TAS when not in use (Figure 1-3, page 1-4)
(l) Lens Cleaning Kit. The lens cleaning kit is used to clean the lens on the NVS and
daysight. It consists of pads, a bottle of detergent, and a plastic bag to store the kit.
(m)Clip-on Filter Assemblies. Clip-on filter assembly numbers 1 and 2 snap on over
the TAS daysight lens to provide limited protection from enemy countermeasures (lasers)
when using the TAS daysight. The clip-on filter assemblies are stored in the TAS transit
case.
Figure 1-1. Target acquisition system.
8 July 2005
1-3
FM 3-22.32
Figure 1-2. Target acquisition system (continued).
Figure 1-3. TAS transit case.
1-4
8 July 2005
FM 3-22.32
b. Fire Control System. The FCS provides the computer functions required by the
ITAS. It tracks the target and the missile and sends commands to the missile to guide the
missile to the target. The FCS also contains circuitry that allows the gunner to test the
ITAS before placing it into operation. The components of the FCS
(Figure
1-4,
page 1-6) are:
(1) Main Housing. The main housing is a rugged case that protects the FCS
electronics. The sides of this housing are constructed to aid heat dissipation for the
enclosed electronics through cooling fins.
(2) Power Switch. The power switch, located under the security cover next to the J2
connector, turns on the FCS. The security cover prevents accidentally turning off the
FCS.
(3) BIT Indicator Lamp. The BIT indicator lamp is located under the security cover
next to the J5 connector on top of the FCS across from the power switch. The indicator
lamp illuminates when a failure occurs within the FCS.
(4) J1 Connector. The J1 connector provides a connection for input power from the
BPS.
(5) J2 Connector. The J2 connector provides electrical interface with the TU coil
cable.
(6) J3 Connector. The J3 connector provides electrical interface with the test,
measurement, and diagnostic equipment (TMDE).
(7) J4 Connector. The J4 connector provides electrical interface with the FTT.
(8) J5 Connector. The J5 connector is not used.
(8) FCS Handle. The FCS handle is used to lift and carry the FCS.
(9) FCS Stow Bag. The FCS stow bag protects the FCS when not in use and during
stowed movement on the HMMWV. The interface cable is also stowed in the FCS stow
bag (Figure 1-5, page 1-6).
(10) Interface Cable. The interface cable provides the electrical connection for
power between the BPS and the FCS. The interface cable is used in the dismounted
configuration (tripod) and is stowed in the FCS stow bag when the ITAS is used in the
HMMWV configuration (Figure 1-5, page 1-6).
8 July 2005
1-5
FM 3-22.32
Figure 1-4. Fire control system.
Figure 1-5. FCS stow bag.
1-6
8 July 2005
FM 3-22.32
c. Battery Power Source. The BPS provides power for ITAS dismount operations
and power conditioning for vehicle power when the ITAS is mounted on the HMMWV.
(1) The BPS uses four rechargeable, silver zinc batteries connected in series to
provide power for the ITAS during dismount operations, and power conditioning for the
vehicle when the ITAS is mounted on the M1121 HMMWV (Figure 1-6).
Figure 1-6. Battery power source.
(2) When mounted, a vehicle power relay automatically selects HMMWV power
instead of BPS power until the vehicle batteries drop below 23.5V. It then switches to
BPS power, which is indicated by BPS INTERNAL as seen on the TAS display. BIT
circuitry provides the battery capacity status, the internal charger electronics status, and
the battery replacement maintenance status. The results of BIT checks can be seen on the
BPS display.
(3) BPS Components. The BPS components are as follows:
(a) Battery Compartment. The battery compartment contains four rechargeable, silver
zinc batteries. If one of the batteries goes bad, all four batteries must be replaced.
8 July 2005
1-7
FM 3-22.32
(b) J1 Connector. The J1 connector provides a means to connect the vehicle power
cable (VPC) to use vehicle power to operate the ITAS mounted, and to recharge the
batteries.
(c) J2 Connector. The J2 connector provides the means to connect the FCS to the
BPS.
(d) J3 Connector. The J3 connector provides a means to connect 115 volts (V) or 240
volts of alternating current (AC) power to recharge the BPS batteries off the vehicle,
when necessary. A switch inside the BPS automatically detects which voltage is being
used.
(e) Controls and Indicators. Controls and indicators provide interface with the
gunner. (See Chapter 2 for further discussion.)
(f) BPS Handles. The BPS handles are used to lift and carry the BPS.
(h) Recharge Cable. The recharge cable is used to connect power from the 115VAC
source to the J3 connector on the BPS. An adapter must be used for 240VAC.
(i) Absorbers. The absorbers protect the BPS.
d. Lithium-Ion Power Source. The lithium-ion power source (LPS) (Figure 1-7) is
a direct replacement to the BPS. It has increased battery lifetime, increased system
operational time
(silent watch), reduced charge times, and improved vehicle power
filtering. The components of the LPS are the lithium-ion battery box
(LBB), the
vehicle-mounted charger (VMC), and the lithium-ion AC charger (LAC).
Figure 1-7. Lithium-ion power source.
1-8
8 July 2005
FM 3-22.32
(1) Lithium-ion Battery Box. The LBB contains the lithium-ion batteries and the
battery monitoring and control circuitry.
WARNINGS
1. Use specified charger only.
2. Do not overcharge.
3. The battery may explode if damaged, or if
disposed of by fire.
4. Do not short circuit.
(2) Vehicle-Mounted Charger. The vehicle-mounted charger
(VMC) converts
vehicle power voltage to the voltage required to charge the LBB. The VMC charges at a
rate approximately four times the discharge rate of the LBB. If the LBB is used for eight
hours silent watch, the vehicle engine must run for two hours to recharge the LBB.
(3) Lithium-Ion AC Charger. The lithium-ion AC charger (LAC) converts facility
120VAC or 240VAC to the voltage required to charge the LBB. The LAC charges at a
rate approximately twice the discharge rate of the LBB. If the LBB is used for eight hours
silent watch and receives no engine-on vehicle charge, the LAC will take approximately
four hours to recharge the LBB. The LAC draws approximately 10 amps from the facility
power. Only one LAC should be connected to each power circuit.
WARNING
The VMC and LAC can become very hot and
cause burns to personnel.
e. Traversing Unit. The TU provides a stable mounting base for the TAS and
launch tube along with gunner’s controls to permit target tracking, missile firing, and
missile guidance (Figure 1-8, page 1-10). It is mounted on the tripod or the TU adapter on
the M1121 HMMWV. TU components (Figure 1-9, page 1-11) are:
(1) Elevation Brake. The elevation brake reduces elevation line-of-sight disturbances
resulting from launch transients after missile firing.
(2) Elevation Lock. The elevation lock locks the TU in elevation to prevent
movement during loading and movement of the HMMWV. The lock has detents in the
+30-degree and -8-degree positions.
(3) Azimuth Lock. The azimuth lock locks the TU to prevent movement during
loading and movement of the HMMWV.
(4) Handgrips. The handgrips (left and right) provide the gunner interface with the
TAS. Switches on the left handgrip control the surveillance functions of the NVS and
menu options. Switches on the right handgrip initiate track gates, initiate the laser range
finder (LRF), and launch the missile. The handgrips also allow the gunner to slew the TU
during surveillance and when tracking a moving target.
8 July 2005
1-9
FM 3-22.32
(5) Coil Cable. The coil cable provides electrical interface between the FCS and TAS
through the TU.
(6) Limiters. Elevation and depression limiters are located on the traversing unit for
use when firing from the HMMWV as safety devices. When the elevation and depression
limiters are in the “UP” position and pinned, firing angle limitation will be +20 degrees
and -10 degrees.
Figure 1-8. Traversing unit.
1-10
8 July 2005
FM 3-22.32
Figure 1-9. TU components.
(7) TAS Mount. The TAS mount provides mechanical and electrical connection of
the TAS to the TU (Figure 1-10, page 1-12). The TAS mount components are:
(a) TAS Mount Coupling Clamp. The TAS mount coupling clamp is used to lock or
unlock the TAS on the TAS mount.
(b) Index Lug. The index lug allows the TAS to be aligned properly with the TAS
mount.
(c) TAS Mount Connector. The TAS mount connector provides electrical connection
to the TAS.
(d) TAS Mount Connector Knob. The TAS mount connector knob raises or lowers the
TAS mount connector to connect to or disconnect from the TAS.
(e) TAS Mount Connector Cover. The TAS mount connector cover protects the TAS
mount connector when not in use.
(f) Locking Collar. The locking collar prevents accidental opening of the coupling
clamp handle while the TAS is connected to the TU.
(g) Alignment Marks. The alignment marks help the gunner orient the TAS mount
connector knob.
(h) Locking Tab. The locking tab prevents the coupling clamp from accidentally
unlocking.
8 July 2005
1-11
FM 3-22.32
Figure 1-10. TAS mount components.
(8) Bridge Clamp Assembly. The bridge clamp assembly closes down over the top of
an encased missile, when one is loaded, to secure it in the TU and launch tube. The
bridge clamp assembly components are:
(a) Bridge Clamp Handle. The bridge clamp handle locks the bridge clamp to the TU.
(b) Arming Lever. The arming lever arms the missile when raised and disarms the
missile when lowered.
(c) Umbilical Connector. The umbilical connector provides electrical interface
between the TU and the missile when loaded. The umbilical connector extends down
about one inch when the arming lever is raised to mate with the electrical connector on
the missile.
(d) Detent. The detent pushes the missile sheer pin down through the detent boot in
the missile case to allow missile firing.
(9) Trunnion. The trunnion is a U-shaped structure that supports the missile when
loaded in the launch tube.
(10) Fire Trigger. The fire trigger launches the missile when squeezed.
(11) Launch Tube Latch. The launch tube latch secures the launch tube to
the trunnion.
1-12
8 July 2005
FM 3-22.32
(12) TAS Interface Cable. The TAS interface cable provides an electrical interface
between the TAS mount and the TU.
(13) Trunnion Guide Pins. The trunnion guide pins mate with trunnion guides on
the encased missile.
e. Launch Tube. The launch tube seats the forward end of the enclosed missile and
provides mechanical guidance for the first part of the missile flight (Figure 1-11). The
launch tube components and their functions are:
(1) Missile Guidance Slots. The missile guidance slots guide the missile into position
in the launch tube.
(2) Index Lugs. The index lugs align the launch tube to the TU.
(3) Mating Hole. The TU locating pin fits into the launch tube mating hole during
launch tube installation.
(4) Launch Tube Catch. The launch tube catch locks the launch tube into place.
Figure 1-11. Launch tube.
f. Tripod. The ITAS tripod (Figure 1-12, page 1-14) provides a stable platform for
the ITAS during dismount operations (Figure 1-13, page 1-15). The major components of
the tripod are the coupling clamp, level indicators, and tripod legs.
(1) Coupling Clamp. The coupling clamp locks the TU to the tripod. The coupling
clamp handle activates the coupling clamp. The locking spring prevents accidental
opening of the coupling clamp handle.
(2) Level Indicators. Level indicators allow the gunner to level the tripod when set up
on uneven terrain.
(3) Tripod Legs. The tripod legs provide a means to set up the tripod. The three legs
on the tripod each have the following components:
8 July 2005
1-13
FM 3-22.32
(a) Foot. The foot makes the tripod work on various types of terrain and provides a
secure footing when other components are mounted on the TU.
(b) Anchor Claw. The anchor claw prevents the tripod legs from shifting side to side
on soft ground.
(c) Detent Stop Lever. The detent stop lever releases the mechanism from detent
stops. Press and release this lever to adjust the tripod legs.
(d) Lock Handle. The lock handle locks the tripod legs at any height regardless of
detent stop position.
(e) Detent Stop Markings. These markings on each leg denote three adjustable height
positions for the tripod assembly. The detent will automatically “click” into position as
the gunner lifts up on the tripod body to adjust the height of the tripod.
Figure 1-12. ITAS tripod.
1-14
8 July 2005
FM 3-22.32
Figure 1-13. ITAS tripod configuration.
g. Encased Missile. The encased missile is the ammunition that is fired from the
ITAS. The encased missile components (Figure 1-14, page 1-16) and their functions are
as follows:
(1) Forward Handling Ring and Quick Release Clamp. The forward handling ring
and quick release clamp provide missile protection during storage and movement.
(2) Indexing Lugs. The indexing lugs mate with the missile guidance slots in the
launch tube.
(3) Trunnion Guide. The trunnion guide mates with the trunnion guide pins on the
TU to lock the missile in place.
(4) Rear Handling Ring. The rear handling ring provides missile protection during
storage and movement.
(5) Diaphragm. The diaphragm houses the humidity indicator and acts as a watertight
seal.
(6) Humidity Indicator. The humidity indicator shows if the missile has water or
humidity in it.
(7) Electrical Connector. The electrical connector mates with the TU umbilical
connector to provide all electrical signals.
(8) Protective Cover. The protective cover protects the electrical connector.
8 July 2005
1-15
FM 3-22.32
(9) Detent Boot. The detent boot protects the shear pin.
Figure 1-14. Encased missile components.
1-4.
TECHNICAL DATA
Table 1-1 shows the technical data and characteristics of the ITAS.
TAS Technical Data
AN/T55-12
Weight (average w/out transit case
54.5 lbs.
and cleaning kit)
Dimensions:
Length
26.0 in. (includes eye cup)
Width
15.5 in.
Height
15.5 in.
FCS Physical Characteristics
AN/TSW-15
Weight (average w/out carry bag)
36 lbs.
Dimensions:
Length
12.0 in.
Width
10.0 in.
Height
9.0 in.
Table 1-1. Technical data and characteristics of ITAS.
1-16
8 July 2005
FM 3-22.32
BPS Physical Characteristics
PP-8450/TSS
Weight with battery
57.5 lbs.
Dimensions:
Length
14.0 in.
Width
18.0 in.
Height
9.5 in.
Launch Tube Physical Characteristics
M22
Weight
11 lbs.
Dimensions:
Length
42.0 in.
Width
9.0 in.
Height
8.0 in.
Tripod Physical Characteristics
M159A1
Weight
22 lbs.
Dimensions:
Length
42.5 in.
Width
13.5 in.
Height
13.5 in.
Table 1-1. Technical data and characteristics of ITAS (continued).
1-5.
CAPABILITIES
The ITAS can fire all existing and future TOW missiles. It can operate day or night and
in all weather conditions enabling the gunner to see the target through either the daysight
or NVS. The system includes an LRF to accurately determine the range to the target. The
ITAS has the following enhanced capabilities over the M220A2.
Aided target tracking (ATT) and an elevation brake provide the ITAS gunner with
an improved probability of a hit over the M220A2.
The ITAS performs better in degraded battlefield conditions (smoke, limited
visibility, and so on).
Built-in gunner initiated boresight provides for better accuracy and faster
boresighting.
An acquisition system for viewing both the daysight and NVS is used so the
gunner does not have to move his head from sight to sight as with the M220A2.
Built-in test software can identify system failures and display them in the TAS
display.
An eye-safe LRF and passive ranging provide the gunner improved means of
determining range to target.
The ITAS operates at altitudes up to 3,050 meters (10,000 feet).
The ITAS has an improved first round hit capability against stationary or moving
targets.
The crew (driver, gunner, and squad leader) can carry all components, short
distances, to a dismounted firing position.
a. The ITAS has two sights with two fields of view each for a total of four different
combinations: NVS wide field of view (WFOV), NVS narrow field of view (NFOV),
daysight wide field of view (DWFOV), and daysight narrow field of view (DNFOV).
8 July 2005
1-17
FM 3-22.32
(1) Night Vision Sight (NVS). The NVS allows the gunner to view the target area in
wide (4x) or narrow (12x) fields of view. (Figure 1-15 shows examples of the difference
between these fields of view.)
(a) WFOV. The WFOV covers an 8-degree area compared to the narrow 2.7-degree
field of view. The gunner uses the WFOV to scan a large general target scene for
potential targets. However, he will be able to distinguish very little detail about any
object he sees at long ranges.
(b) NFOV. The gunner uses the NFOV primarily to recognize and engage targets, and
perform battle damage assessment (BDA). It covers one-third of the target area seen by
WFOV. Using the NFOV, the gunner can see target details more clearly, which allows
him to determine whether or not an object is a target and possibly identify it as friendly or
enemy.
(c) Zoom. Zoom doubles the magnification of the NVS when it is in surveillance
mode. WFOV doubles from 4x to 8x magnification and NFOV doubles from 12x to 24x
magnification. If the track gates are selected or the missile is armed, the zoom will
automatically revert to the NVS FOV listed in the state box.
Figure 1-15. ITAS NVS fields of view.
(2) Daysight. The daysight provides two fields of view with the same power as the
NVS fields of view (Figure 1-16).
1-18
8 July 2005
FM 3-22.32
Figure 1-16. ITAS daysight fields of view.
b. Aided Target Track Capability. The ITAS has a unique feature called ATT.
Using ATT capability, gunners can smooth out the normal jitter associated with the TOW
when tracking targets at maximum range and increase their probability of a target hit. The
ATT capability is only available in the NVS mode. (If the gunner must engage a target
using the daysight, he must manually track the target. Using manual track, the gunner
must keep the crosshairs on the center of visible mass until the missile impacts.) Using
ATT, the gunner activates his track gates, places them around the target, adjusts them to
target size, and locks them on the target. The track gates will stay around the target and
follow the target (if moving) as long as the gunner keeps the target in the field of view.
However, the gunner must keep the crosshairs centered on the target when the system is
armed, at trigger pull, and during missile flight. ATT will cause the missile to fly to the
center of mass within the track gates.
1-6.
TOW MISSILES
The TOW missile used with any TOW weapon system is encased in a launch container
that is put into the TOW launcher when ready for use. The TOW missile comes in many
attack types (BGM series) containing a high-explosive warhead and several practice
types (BTM series), which have an inert warhead. Missile size and weight data are
summarized in Table 1-2, (page 1-20) (all values are nominal). The various types of
missiles are identified in Table 1-3 (pages 1-21 and 1-22). (TM 9-1410-470-34 provides
detailed information on the operation and maintenance of the TOW missile.)
8 July 2005
1-19
FM 3-22.32
Guided Missile, Practice
Guided Missile, Surface Attack
(Inert Warhead, Live Motors)
BGM-71-Series
BTM-71-Series
Length
50.6 inches (128.4 centimeters)
50.6 inches (128.4 centimeters)
Diameter
8.6 inches (21.9 centimeters)
8.6 inches (21.9 centimeters)
Volume
1.7 cubic feet (48.1 liters)
1.7 cubic feet (48.1 liters)
Weight*
-71A-Series
54.2 pounds (24.6 kilograms)
54.2 pounds (24.6 kilograms)
-71C-Series
54.2 pounds (24.6 kilograms)
54.2 pounds (24.6 kilograms)
-71D-Series
61.3 pounds (27.9 kilograms)
61.3 pounds (27.9 kilograms)
-71E-Series
64.1 pounds (29.1 kilograms)
64.1 pounds (29.1 kilograms)
-71F-Series
63.9 pounds (29.0 kilograms)
-71H-Series
66.1 pounds (30.0 kilograms)
EXPLOSIVE WEIGHT
Warhead
-71A-Series
5.3 pounds (2.4 kilograms)
-71C-Series
4.5 pounds (2.0 kilograms)
-71D-Series
6.9 pounds (3.1 kilograms)
None
-71E-Series
7.0 pounds (3.2 kilograms)
-71F-Series
5.2 pounds (2.4 kilograms)
-71H-Series
7.0 pounds (3.2 kilograms)
Launch motor
1.2 pounds (0.55 kilogram)
1.2 pounds (0.55 kilogram)
Flight motor
-71A-Series
5.8 pounds (2.5 kilograms)
5.8 pounds (2.5 kilograms)
-71C-Series
5.8 pounds (2.5 kilograms)
5.8 pounds (2.5 kilograms)
-71D-Series
7.1 pounds (3.2 kilograms)
7.1 pounds (3.2 kilograms)
-71E-Series
7.1 pounds (3.2 kilograms)
7.1 pounds (3.2 kilograms)
-71F-Series
7.1 pounds (3.2 kilograms)
7.1 pounds (3.2 kilograms)
-71H-Series
7.1 pounds (3.2 kilograms)
7.1 pounds (3.2 kilograms)
*Overpack shipping container weighs 35.3 pounds (16.0 kilograms)
Table 1-2. TOW encased missile size and weight chart.
1-7.
MISSILE IDENTIFICATION
The TOW missile family consists of several distinct missile types, each designed to
defeat a specific target. It is important that the crew of a TOW firing platform can
identify the various types. The following paragraphs describe each of the TOW missile
types and provide information that will allow the crew to identify them.
NOTE: The short model number, such a 71A, is used in the identification figures.
Dash extensions may be added to form the complete model number. The part
numbers, NSN, and complete model numbers for each missile type are shown
in Table 1-3.
1-20
8 July 2005
FM 3-22.32
Type/Model No.
NSN
Part No.
Remarks
WITH ANALOG ELECTRONIC UNIT
STD/BGM-71A
1410-00-087-1521
10189999
3,000 meter basic: all code N
STD/BGM-71A-2
1410-01-139-1512
13100906
3,000 meter basic w/MOIC
STD/BGM-71A-2A
1410-01-257-6493
13296259
3,000 meter basic w/CLM & MOIC
STD/BGM-71A-4B
NONE
13296438
3,000 meter basic w/CLM & MOIC/
MOIC E
STD/BTM-71A
1410-00-087-1527
10190149
3,000 meter practice
STD/BTM-71A-2
1410-01-137-9976
13100908
3,000 meter w/MOIC & practice
warhead
STD/BTM-71A-2A
1410-01-257-6494
13296260
3,000 meter w/MOIC, practice warhead
& new non-CLM
STD/BTM-71A-2B
1410-01-309-8301
13296486
3,000 meter w/MOIC, practice warhead
& CLM
Type/Model No.
NSN
Part No.
Remarks
EXT/BGM-71A-1
1410-01-007-2507
11500160
3,750 meter basic
EXT/BGM-71A-3
1410-01-181-6032
13100902
3,750 meter basic w/MOIC
EXT/BGM-71A-3A
1410-01-257-7584
13296261
3,750 meter basic w/MOIC & CLM
EXT/BGM-71A-5B
1410-01-406-9252
13296436
3,750 meter basic w MOIC/MOIC E
EXT/BTM-71A-1
1410-01-007-2508
11500162
3,750 meter practice
EXT/BTM-71A-1B
1410-01-309-8302
13296489
3,750 meter practice w/CLM
EXT/BTM-71A-3
1410-01-180-6791
13100904
3,750 meter practice w/MOIC
EXT/BTM-71A-3A
1410-01-257-7585
13296262
3,750 meter practice w/MOIC & CLM
ITOW/BGM-71C
1410-01-106-8514
13060893
ITOW
ITOW/BGM-71C-1
1410-01-180-6790
13100900
ITOW w/MOIC
ITOW/BGM-71C-1A
1410-01-257-7583
13296263
ITOW w/MOIC & CLM
ITOW/BGM-71C-2B
1410-01-309-8303
13296476
ITOW w/CLM
ITOW/BGM-71C-3B
1410-01-406-9251
13296440
ITOW w/MOIC E
TOW 2/BGM-71D
1410-01-135-2092
13194422
TOW 2
TOW 2/BGM-71D-1B
1410-01-301-0815
13296474
TOW 2 w/CLM
TOW 2/BGM-71D-2B
NONE
13296597
TOW 2 w/CLM & IMOIC
TOW 2/BTM-71D-1B
1410-01-303-5172
13296497
TOW 2 w/practice warhead & CLM
TOW 2/BTM-71D-2B
NONE
13296596
TOW 2 w/practice warhead, CLM, &
IMOIC
TOW 2/BTM-71D-5
1410-01-469-8929
13589825
TOW 2 w/IMOIC
TOW 2A/BGM-71E
1410-01-229-9948
13218444
TOW 2A
TOW 2A/BGM-71E-1B
1410-01-300-0254
13296473
TOW 2A w/CLM
TOW 2A/BGM-71E-2B
NONE
13296598
TOW 2A w/CLM & IMOIC
WITH DIGITAL ELECTRONIC UNIT
EXT/BTM-71A-3B
1410-01-313-5364
13296324
3,750 meter basic w/CLM
ITOW/BGM-71C-4B
1410-01-313-5365
13296321
ITWO w/CLM
TOW 2/BGM-71D-3B
1410-01-313-5366
13296322
TOW 2 w/CLM
TOW 2A/BGM-71E-3B
1410-01-313-5367
13296323
TOW 2A w/CLM
TOW 2A/BGM-71E-4B
1410-01-370-2288
13426448
TOW 2A w/spliceless harness
TOW 2A/BGM-71E-5B
1410-01-379-8260
13426588
TOW 2A Navy missiles (ISD)
TOW 2A/BGM-71E-6B
1410-01-379-8253
13456991
TOW 2A hero case (green)
TOW 2A/BTM-71E-2B
1410-01-343-8924
13367100
TOW 2A w/practice warhead & CLM
TOW 2A/BTM-71E-3B
1410-01-370-2292
13456963
TOW 2A w/spliceless harness
TOW 2B/BGM-71F
1410-01-322-5444
13296442
TOW 2B
TOW 2B/BGM-71F-1
1410-01-370-2289
13426441
TOW 2B w/spliceless harness
TOW 2B/BGM-71F-1A
1410-01-473-0281
13457302
TOW 2B w/spliceless harness & GEN 1
Table 1-3. TOW missile identification.
8 July 2005
1-21
FM 3-22.32
TOW 2B/BGM-71F-3
1410-01-503-6776
13608643
TOW 2B AERO; 4,000 meters
TOW 2B/BGM-71F-4
1410-01-603-6774
13608669
TOW 2B AERO w/GEN 1; 4,000 meters
TOW 2B/BGM-71F-5
1410-01-503-6779
13608697
TOW 2B AERO w/GEN 3A; 4,000 mtrs
TOW 2B/BGM-71F-6
1410-01-511-2655
13608720
TOW 2B AERO w/GEN 2; 4,000 meters
TOW BB/BGM-71H
110-01-500-0245
13607748
Bunker-buster warhead
CLM—coated launch motor
MOIC—missile ordnance inhibit circuit
MOIC E—missile ordnance inhibit circuit enhancement (requires MOIC)
IMOIC—improved missile ordnance inhibit circuit (replaces MOIC/MOIC E)
NOTE: BGM model number prefix indicates HEAT warhead.
BTM model number prefix indicates practice warhead.
Table 1-3. TOW missile identification (continued).
a. TOW Basic (BGM- and BTM-71A-Series) (Figure 1-17). This is the original
TOW missile that was developed in the 1960’s. It was originally designed with a range of
3,000 meters, but was extended to 3,750 meters, which is the range of all of the missiles
except those with the AERO designation. The basic TOW has a 6-inch diameter body
with a 5-inch diameter warhead, which has a crush switch (ogive) at the nose. The crush
switch activates upon contact with the target, allowing the warhead to detonate. Both
HEAT and practice warheads are available.
NOTE: Few basic TOW missiles remain in the U.S. Army inventory, and they are
used for training only.
Figure 1-17. TOW basic missile with identification.
1-22
8 July 2005
FM 3-22.32
b. Improved TOW (ITOW, BGM- and BTM-71C-Series) (Figure 1-18). The
ITOW was the first TOW missile with a stand-off probe. It was designed to provide
better penetration of the armor while using the 5-inch warhead. There is a crush switch in
both the probe and the curved nose surface behind the probe, which allows the warhead
to detonate upon impact with the target. The ITOW missile has a range of 3,750 meters
and both HEAT and practice warheads are available.
NOTE: Few of the ITOW missiles remain in the U.S. Army inventory, and they are
used for training only.
Figure 1-18. ITOW missile and identification.
c. TOW 2 (BGM- and BTM-71D-Series) (Figure 1-19, page 1-24). The TOW 2
missile (and the remaining TOW missiles discussed) has an enhanced tracking link and a
6-inch diameter warhead. The enhanced tracking link allows it to be guided successfully
under a variety of environmental conditions, including rain and smoke. The 6-inch
diameter warhead allows more explosive to be contained within the warhead. The TOW 2
warhead also has a probe with a crush switch that allows for better penetration of the
warhead charge. As with ITOW, both the probe and the curved surface of the nose behind
the probe are crush switches, which allows the warhead to detonate upon impact with the
target. The TOW 2 missile has a range of 3,750 meters, and both HEAT and practice
warheads are available.
8 July 2005
1-23
FM 3-22.32
Figure 1-19. TOW 2 missile and identification.
d. TOW 2A (BGM- and BTM-71E-Series) (Figure 1-20). The TOW 2A looks
similar to the TOW 2 missile. The difference is contained in the tip of the probe. The
probe contains a tip-charge, which detonates when the probe impacts the target through
the use of a crush switch. After a short delay, the main charge detonates. The tip-charge
is designed to remove the reactive armor of some armored vehicles, thereby allowing the
main charge to penetrate the vehicle itself. The TOW 2A warhead is the full 6-inch
diameter of the body. The TOW 2A missile has a range of 3,750 meters, and both HEAT
and practice warheads are available.
Figure 1-20. TOW 2A missile and identification.
1-24
8 July 2005
FM 3-22.32
e. TOW 2B 9BGM-71F and 71F-1-Series) (Figure 1-21). With the advent of
multiple layers of reactive armor on target vehicles, the TOW 2B was developed to attack
the target from the top
(fly-over-shoot-down [FOSD]). The TOW 2B contains two
sensors; one identifies the iron in the armored vehicle, and the other optically determines
when the target is below the missile. Both sensors are required to differentiate the target
from the ground the missile is flying over.
(1) The TOW 2B contains two warheads that detonate downward when the target is
identified by both sensors. This causes the two penetrators to enter the target from the
top, usually through the turret where the armor is not as strong. The missile case is
identified as containing a TOW 2B with the visual missile insignia, which shows the
missile flying over the target.
(2) The nose of the TOW 2B missile is also an ogive configuration (crush switch),
which allows the warheads to detonate in the direct attack mode. The TOW 2B has a
range of 3,750 meters, and it is not available with a practice warhead.
Figure 1-21. TOW 2B missile and identification.
f. TOW 2B AERO (BGM-71F-3) (Figure 1-22, page 1-26). This version of the
TOW 2B missile has an effective range of 4,000 meters, compared to the 3,750-meter
range of previous TOW missiles. This longer range allows the TOW crew to engage a
target well beyond the range of the weapons of the target vehicle. A crush switch is
located behind the aerodynamic nose of the TOW 2B AERO, which enhances the range.
A tactile bar is located aft of the umbilical connector, which makes it easier to identify
this missile in a low-light environment. (The target detection and warhead description are
the same as for the TOW 2B). The TOW 2B AERO is not available with a practice
warhead.
8 July 2005
1-25
FM 3-22.32
Figure 1-22. TOW 2B AERO missile and identification.
g. TOW 2B AERO with GEN 1 (BGM-71F-4), 2 (BGM-71F-6), and 3A
(BGM-71F-5) (Figure 1-23). This is another version of the TOW 2B missile that has a
range of 4,000 meters. It can defeat a target’s active protection system, thereby allowing
the TOW 2B missile to successfully engage any armored vehicle up to 4,000 meters.
(1) To identify the generation (GEN) of the missile, tactile notches are contained on
the plate of the holdback pin. GEN 1 type missile (BGM-71F-4) has a single notch;
GEN 2 type missile
(BGM-71F-6) has two notches; and GEN
3A type missile
(BGM-71F-5) has three notches (one at each of the three flat edges of the plate).
(2) The target detection and warhead description are the same as for the TOW 2B
missile. This missile is not available with a practice warhead.
1-26
8 July 2005
FM 3-22.32
Figure 1-23. TOW 2B AERO missile with identification
and GEN tactile identification.
h. TOW BB (BGM-71H) (Figure 1-24, page 1-28). The TOW BB missile is a
bunker-buster—a modification to the TOW 2A missile. It has a range of 3,750 meters and
can defeat bunkers, breach masonry walls, and engage all targets in support of military
operations in urban terrain (MOUT). The TOW BB should only be fired from under
armor (as noted on the missile case).
(1) The nose of the TOW BB is the crush switch, which allows the warhead to
detonate upon impact with the target. The warhead is the full 6-inch diameter of the
missile body. The TOW BB is not available with a practice warhead.
(2) Two tactile bars are located aft of the umbilical connector on the curvature of the
missile case and are used to identify the missile as a bunker-buster.
8 July 2005
1-27
FM 3-22.32
Figure 1-24. TOW BB missile and identification.
1-8.
HANDLING AND STORAGE
Use the following procedures for handling and storage of encased TOW missiles.
WARNINGS
1. Damaged TOW missiles can misfire or hangfire
and seriously injure or kill soldiers.
2. Do not load missiles with damaged cases.
3. Do not load missiles with damaged
diaphragms.
4. Do not load missiles with a pink humidity
indicator on the rear diaphragm.
5. Do not upload TOW missiles that have had the
front end cap removed for more than 30 days.
Any TOW missile with the front end cap
removed for more than 30 days should be
returned to the ammunition supply point (ASP)
as soon as possible.
a. Handling. Do not try to remove the missile from the launch container (Figure
1-25). Do not handle the encased missile roughly or drop it. Damage may occur to the
motor propellant grain or other components and cause a failure at launch or in flight.
1-28
8 July 2005
FM 3-22.32
Figure 1-25. Launch container with encased missile.
b. Storage. Protect encased missiles from sun, rain, and moisture. Use at least
6 inches of dunnage under the wooden overpacks (Figure 1-26). Put waterproof cover
over and around the stack of missiles. The shelter should be big enough to provide good
air circulation. The shelter and encased missiles should be accessible, in good condition,
and ready for immediate use.
Figure 1-26. Palletized encased missiles.
(1) All encased missiles in a storage area must be stored with the nose end pointing in
the same direction. Direction and storage should provide the least danger to personnel
and equipment in case of explosion or fire.
8 July 2005
1-29
FM 3-22.32
(2) The storage area should provide the most protection from damage, corrosion, or
deterioration. The storage temperature must be between
-53.9 and
+68.3 degrees
Centigrade (-65 to 155 degrees Fahrenheit). The storage area should—
Be on level ground and have the most protection from the weather.
Have good drainage.
Be arranged so that inspection of the missile can be performed as required.
Meet quantity-distance requirements.
(3) Missiles are encased and stored in wooden overpacks. The encased missiles must
be inspected before they are stored. (Storage data is included in Table 1-4.)
Guided Missile, Practice
Guided Missile Surface
Nomenclature
(Inert Warhead, Live Motors)
Attack (BGM-71-Series)
(BTM-71-Series)
National stock number (NSN)
See Table 4-2.
See Table 4-2.
Basic color of encased missile
Olive drab
Olive drab
Color of data markings on
White or yellow
White
encased missile
Color code marking on encased
Four 2-inch brown squares 90°
Four 2-inch brown squares 90°
missile aft end
apart or 2-inch stripe
apart or 2-inch stripe
Color code marking on encased
Four 2-inch yellow squares 90°
Four 2-inch blue squares 90°
missile warhead end
apart or 2-inch stripe
apart or 2-inch stripe
Basic color of wooden overpack
Olive drab or unpainted
Olive drab or unpainted
container
Black (not to exceed 4-inch
Blue (not to exceed 4-inch
Color code marking on wooden
squares) six places diagonally
squares) six places diagonally
overpack
opposite on tope corners, sides,
opposite on tope corners, sides,
and ends
and ends
Color of data marking on wooden
White or black
White or black
overpack
Bar code label
Encoded NIIN, PN, SN, and QTY
Encoded NIIN, PN, SN, and QTY
UN marking on wooden overpack
ROCKETS UN: 0181
ROCKET MOTORS UN: 0280
UN POP marking on wooden
4D/Y43/S/YR
4D/Y43/S/YR
overpack
USA/DOD
USA/DOD
DOT hazard classification
Class A EXPLOSIVE
Class A EXPLOSIVE
Quantity-distance classification
1.1
1.1
Storage compatibility group
E
C
Storage temperature limit
-65 to +155°F (-53.9 to + 68.3°C)
-65 to +155°F (-53.9 to + 68.3°C)
Table 1-4. TOW encased missile color coding, shipment, and storage data.
c. Overpack Data. The TOW encased missile is normally shipped and stored in a
wooden overpack to protect it from transportation shocks. (Data for the overpack is
included in Table 1-5.) The overpack contains the encased missile and padding around
the missile. The launch container is part of the encased missile and provides protection
for it. Take care in handling the encased missile (Figure 1-27).
1-30
8 July 2005
FM 3-22.32
Figure 1-27. Encased missile in wooden overpack shipping container.
Weight (empty)
35.3 pounds
Weight (with missile)
-71A-Series
89 pounds
-71C-Series
89 pounds
-71D-Series
93 pounds
-71E-Series
97 pounds
-71F-Series
97 pounds
-71H-Series
99 pounds
Stacking height
12.0 inches
Length
57.6 inches
Volume
4.8 cubic feet
Table 1-5. Overpack shipping container data (all values are nominal).
8 July 2005
1-31
FM 3-22.32
1-9.
INSPECTION
Encased TOW missiles must be inspected upon receipt of shipment. Inspection is also
required once a year for stored missiles.
NOTES:
1. Notify the supporting organization for scheduling of inspections.
2. Refer to TM 9-1410-470-34 for instructions on removing encased missiles
from the wooden overpack shipping container and replacement of the
encased missile into the overpack shipping container after inspection.
WARNING
If the wooden overpack shipping container or
launch container is punctured or damaged in
such a way that the missile inside may be
damaged, the missile should be treated as
hazardous material and EOD personnel notified.
a. Inspect outside the wooden overpack shipping container to make sure it is not
damaged in any way.
b. If the encased missile is in a plastic bag, open the bag, remove the encased
missile,, and discard the bag.
c. The humidity indicator is visible at the aft end of the encased missile (Figure
1-28). If the missile is in the overpack, the humidity indicator will be visible through the
window at the rear of the overpack (Figure 1-29). If the humidity indicator is blue,
proceed with the inspection. If the humidity indicator is pink, return the encased missile
to the appropriate ASP as soon as possible.
Figure 1-28. Humidity indicator on encased missile.
1-32
8 July 2005
FM 3-22.32
Figure 1-29. Wooden overpack shipping container.
d. Check the marking (Figure 1-30) on the wooden overpack shipping container to
ensure the ammunition is identified correctly. (See Tables 1-2 [page 1-20], 1-3 [pages
1-21 and 1-22], and 1-4 [page 1-31] for missile identification data.)
Figure 1-30. Missile wooden overpack markings.
8 July 2005
1-33
FM 3-22.32
e. Check the shipping papers to ensure that the ammunition received matches what
is on the shipping documents.
f. Check the launch container for the proper markings, identification, and color
coding (Figure 1-31 and Table 1-4 [page 1-31]).
Figure 1-31. Launch container markings.
g. Check the forward and rear handling rings on the encased missile to make sure
they are not damaged.
1-10. GUNNER NOTES
Each TOW missile type has one of two modes of attack: direct or fly-over-shoot-down
(FOSD).
a. Direct Attack. All BGM-71A-, -71C-, -71D-, -71E-, and -71H-series, and all
BTM-series (practice missiles), are direct attack missiles. These missile fly on the
gunner’s line of sight to the target (Figure 1-32). The missile will hit the target where the
gunner’s crosshairs are positioned (Figure 1-33). The warhead detonates upon impact
with the target.
Figure 1-32. Direct attack: missile flies line of sight.
1-34
8 July 2005
FM 3-22.32
Figure 1-33. Gunner’s aim point.
b. Fly-Over-Shoot-Down. The BGM-71-series of missiles (TOW 2B and TOW 2B
AERO) are optimized to use the FOSD type of attack (Figure 1-34). The missile will fly
over the target and shoot down when the warhead detonates. These missiles fly above the
gunner’s line of sight, so they can engage targets that are hidden (for example, behind a
berm). Sensors determine when the warhead will detonate. There are two sensors: one is
a magnetometer that senses and looks for a large concentration of iron below it; the
second sensor ranges down to the ground and identifies when the range changes relative
to known target profiles. When these two conditions are met, the warhead detonates,
forming two penetrators that shoot down upon the target.
(1) For the TOW 2B and TOW 2B AERO missiles, the gunner must always keep the
crosshairs of the TOW weapon system at the center of mass of the target—or where the
center of mass would be for a hidden target (Figure 1-34). The software in the launcher
determines how high the missile will fly. The launcher will fly the missile about 10 feet
above the gunner’s line of sight so it flies over the target (Figure 1-35, page 1-36). If the
gunner’s aim point is too high, the missile will fly too far above the target to kill it.
Figure 1-34. Gunner’s aim point for FOSD TOW missiles.
8 July 2005
1-35

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Content      ..      1       2         ..

 

 

///////////////////////////////////////