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*FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B (FM 3-100.4)
Field Manual
Headquarters
Department of the Army
No. 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B (3-100.4)
Washington, DC 16 February 2010
Environmental Considerations
Contents
Page
PREFACE
iv
INTRODUCTION
v
PART ONE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
Chapter 1
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS OVERVIEW
1-1
Definitions
1-2
Environmental Implications
1-3
Linkage to the Army Universal Task List
1-10
Chapter 2
INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
2-1
Environmental Composite Risk Management
2-1
Planning Principles and Concepts
2-2
Integrating Environmental Considerations Into Plans, Orders, and Standing
Operating Procedures
2-6
Environmentally Specific Planning
2-8
Chapter 3
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS AND FORCE PROJECTION
3-1
Predeployment
3-1
Deployment
3-6
Employment
3-10
Sustainment
3-13
Redeployment
3-17
PART TWO COMMAND ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAM
Chapter 4
ESTABLISHING THE COMMAND ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAM
4-1
Fostering Environmental Stewardship
4-1
Establishing the Program
4-2
Environmental Programs
4-4
Program Assessment
4-10
Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
*This publication supersedes FM 3-100.4/MCRP 4-11B, 15 June 2000.
16 February 2010
FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
i
Contents
Chapter 5
GARRISON AND DEPLOYMENT CONSIDERATIONS
5-1
Garrison Considerations
5-1
Training Considerations
5-3
Chapter 6
ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITIES AND DUTIES
6-1
Command Responsibilities
6-1
Primary Staff
6-2
Special Staff
6-4
Personal Staff
6-5
Unit-Level Responsibilities
6-5
Appendix A
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS, LAWS, AND TREATIES
A-1
Appendix B
ENVIRONMENTAL ANNEX TO JOINT PLANS AND ORDERS
B-1
Appendix C
ENVIRONMENTAL APPENDIX TO THE ENGINEERING ANNEX FOR ARMY
OPERATION PLANS AND OPERATION ORDERS
C-1
Appendix D
ENVIRONMENTALLY RELATED RISK ASSESSMENT
D-1
Appendix E
ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE SURVEY
E-1
Appendix F
HAZARDOUS MATERIAL/HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
PROCEDURES FOR FIELD OPERATIONS
F-1
Appendix G
BASE CAMP OPERATIONS
G-1
Appendix H
ENVIRONMENTAL OFFICER
H-1
Appendix I
SAMPLE COMMAND POLICY
I-1
Appendix J
UNIT ENVIRONMENTAL STANDING OPERATING PROCEDURES
J-1
Appendix K
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS
K-1
Appendix L
ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAM RESOURCES
L-1
GLOSSARY
Glossary-1
REFERENCES
References-1
INDEX
Index-1
ii
FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
16 February 2010
Contents
Figures
Figure 5-1. Continual improvement
5-2
Figure B-1. Sample environmental considerations annex (annex L)
B-2
Figure C-1. Sample appendix 5 (environmental) to annex G (engineering)
C-2
Figure D-1. Sample completed risk management worksheet
D-2
Figure E-1. ECR format
E-6
Figure I-1. Sample commander's environmental policy letter
I-2
Figure I-2. Sample environmental officer appointment order
I-3
Figure J-1. Unit environmental SOP
J-2
Figure J-2. Tab A - Spill response plan to unit environmental SOPs
J-16
Figure J-3. Tab B - Spill equipment and materials to unit environmental SOPs
J-18
Figure J-4. Tab C - Electronic message report formats to unit environmental SOPs ...J-20
Figure K-1. Sample MSDS
K-4
Tables
Table 2-1. MDMP environmental considerations
2-5
Table 2-2. JOPES annexes and appendixes with significant environmental
considerations
2-7
Table 3-1. Sample basic packing list
3-5
Table 3-2. Deployment guidelines
.................................................................................. 3-6
Table 3-3. Sustainment guidelines
3-14
Table 3-4. Redeployment guidelines
3-18
Table D-1. Common environmental hazards
D-3
Table D-2. Hazard probability chart
D-4
Table D-3. Hazard severity chart
D-5
Table D-4. Risk assessment matrix
D-7
Table D-5. Environmentally related controls
D-8
Table E-1. Environmental baseline survey format
E-4
Table F-1. Personal protective equipment
F-4
Table F-2. Storage segregation chart
F-7
Table G-1. Typical environmental program areas and goals/impacts
G-5
Table H-1. Environmental officer duties
H-2
Table K-1. MSDS guide
K-1
Table K-2. Chemical hazards
K-3
16 February 2010
FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
iii
Preface
Field Manual (FM) 3-34.5/Marine Corps Reference Publication (MCRP) 4-11B establishes and explains the
principles of environmental support in full spectrum operations and the ways in which United States Army and
United States Marine Corps (USMC) commanders develop and implement command environmental programs.
This manual supports the doctrine found in Joint Publication
(JP)
3-34, FM
3-0, FM
3-34, and
FM 3-34.170/Marine Corps Warfighting Publication (MCWP) 3-17.4.
This manual provides guidance on integrating environmental considerations into the conduct of operations. It
defines environmental considerations and provides guidance on their integration into the operations process.
This manual also provides guidance on the development of command environmental programs and standing
operating procedures (SOPs) to support operations and training.
Terms that have joint or Army definitions are identified in both the glossary and the text. Glossary terms: The
glossary lists most terms used in FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B that have joint or Army definitions. Terms with an
asterisk in the glossary indicate that this FM is the proponent FM (the authority). Text references: Definitions
printed in boldface in the text indicate that this FM is the proponent FM. These terms and their definitions will
be incorporated into the next revision of FM 1-02/MCRP 5-12A. For other definitions in the text, the term is
italicized, and the number of the proponent FM follows the definition.
Where the term “mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time available, civil
considerations (METT-TC)” or “mission variables” is used, the USMC uses the term “mission, enemy, terrain
and weather, troops and support available, time available (METT-T).” Civil considerations are inherently
measured within the context of this acronym. The USMC title “environmental compliance officer” is generally
the same as he Army term “environmental officer” as used throughout the manual. Unless this publication states
otherwise, masculine pronouns do not refer exclusively to men.
This publication applies to the Active Army, the Army National Guard (ARNG)/Army National Guard of the
United States, the United States Army Reserve (USAR), and USMC commanders and staffs, at all echelons of
command, responsible for planning and executing operations. This doctrine applies to United States (U.S.)
unilateral operations and U.S. Army and Marine Corps forces in multinational operations subject to applicable
foreign nation laws and agreements.
The proponent for this publication is the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC).
Send comments and recommendations on Department of the Army (DA) Form 2028 (Recommended Changes
to Publications and Blank Forms) directly to Commander, Maneuver Support Center Directorate of Training,
ATTN: ATZT-TDD-E, 320 MANSCEN Loop, Suite 270, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri 65473-8929. Submit
an electronic DA Form 2028 or comments and recommendations in the DA Form 2028 format by e-mail to
<leon.mdottddengdoc@conus.army.mil>.
iv
FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
16 February 2010
Introduction
The military’s primary mission is to fight and win our nation’s wars. Warfare, by its very nature, is
destructive to humans and to the natural environment. Commanders are required to exercise judgment in
applying combat power and limit damage inflicted to the extent that mission accomplishment allows.
Commanders must plan to implement postconflict stability measures and always keep the health and safety
of their Soldiers, Marines, DA civilians, and contractors foremost in their planning. Integrating
environmental considerations into the planning process helps the military to identify, prevent, and mitigate
potential threats to the environment
(including those affecting historical and cultural resources) and
potential environmental threats to Soldiers and Marines.
Environmental considerations are not solely focused on protection of the environment. For example, force
health protection (FHP) issues may be directly linked to operational affects on the environment. FHP will
significantly benefit from the integration of environmental considerations in the conduct of operations.
Integrating environmental considerations also sustains resources, reduces the logistics footprint, promotes
positive foreign nation relations, and supports postconflict stability efforts. All of these objectives
contribute to the effectiveness of the mission and, when properly integrated, serve as force multipliers
rather than mission distracters.
The most seamless integration will occur in organizations that foster an environmental ethic, practice active
environmental sustainability, and perform an environmental risk assessment as early as possible when
planning an operation. Environmental considerations in planning must encompass all aspects of the
mission, from predeployment training through redeployment, and include such varied topics as targeting
considerations, protecting hazardous material
(HM) storage sites, and selecting base camp locations.
Environmental considerations will apply to all operations, although a risk assessment may cause their
relative importance to vary.
This manual is organized to aid commanders and staffs in their understanding of environmental
considerations, and it describes how to integrate and apply them through existing staff procedures. Part
One, Environmental Considerations, includes environmental planning in the conduct of operations. Part
Two, Command Environmental Program, provides guidance on the development and execution of unit
command environmental programs.
• Chapter 1 describes the way environmental considerations apply to operations—to include their
implications at the operational and tactical levels.
• Chapter 2 supports FM 5-0 by covering the way that environmental considerations are integrated
into planning activities of the operations process, to include their integration into environmental
risk assessments and the military decisionmaking process (MDMP). This chapter also discusses
integrating environmental considerations into plans, orders, and SOPs and includes a general
discussion of environmentally specific planning.
• Chapter 3 discusses what and when to plan. This includes environmental considerations in
predeployment, operations, and redeployment. This chapter also includes discussion of
environmental considerations within the context of some specific focus areas, including topics
such as predeployment environmental training; planning for HM storage, transportation, and
disposal; targeting considerations; base camp operational issues; Soldier and Marine health
considerations; and redeployment issues.
• Chapter
4 provides guidance on the establishment of unit-level environmental programs,
including the development of SOPs and environmental training requirements.
• Chapter 5 provides information on integrating environmental considerations into unit operations
in garrison, on deployments, and in training exercises.
16 February 2010
FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
v
Introduction
• Chapter 6 describes the way that various staff sections plan for and integrate environmental
considerations within various areas of expertise.
• Appendix A provides the primary environmental regulations and principal environmental laws
applicable to military activities.
• Appendix B provides the formation for the environmental annex and the environmental
appendix to the engineer annex.
• Appendix D discusses completing an environmental risk assessment.
• Appendix E provides guidance for conducting an environmental baseline survey (EBS).
• Appendix F discusses HM and hazardous waste (HW) management for field operations.
• Appendix G provides guidelines for integrating environmental considerations into base camp
operations.
• Appendix H provides additional information for the environmental officer.
• Appendix I provides an example of an environmental policy letter.
• Appendix J provides an example of a unit environmental SOP.
• Appendix K discusses the information required to complete a material safety data sheet
(MSDS).
• Appendix L provides a listing of resources for implementing and sustaining a unit
environmental program.
This manual serves as a guide to aid planners in identifying environmentally related issues as they pertain
to operations and enables them to integrate these issues into the operations process. While certain tactics,
techniques, and procedures identify the way units will accomplish these tasks and vary depending on the
situation, this manual provides a common frame of reference to guide commanders and their planners in
integrating environmental considerations into the mission.
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FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
16 February 2010
PART ONE
Environmental Considerations
Environmental considerations need to be integrated into the conduct of operations at
all levels of command. While their relevance will vary depending on the particular
situation, commanders and staffs must identify and integrate them as early as
possible in planning an operation. This part of the manual describes how
environmental considerations may influence operations and how they are integrated
into planning and other activities in the operations process.
Chapter 1
Environmental Considerations Overview
The U.S. national security strategy now includes a focus on environmental and
environmental security concerns. Lasting victories and successful end states will be
measured in part by how well the military addresses environmental considerations, to
include the protection and the conservation of natural and cultural resources; the
improvement of citizens’ living conditions in the affected nations; and FHP.
Environmental considerations comprise a broad band of issues that must be
integrated into all phases of military operations (from premobilization training, to the
employment of forces, to the redeployment to home stations). Environmental
considerations impact planning at all levels (from strategic to tactical) and at all
echelons. Increasingly complex operations make the integration of environmental
considerations even more challenging. Each operation presents a unique set of
requirements that relates to and is influenced by the environment. Requirements vary
according to the differences in the natural environment; the effects of military
operations; the duration of the operation; and the various cultural, political, and
religious sensitivities involved. While standards for environmental protection may
not be as stringent in some overseas operations as they are in garrison, they are of
great importance. Integrating these standards into full spectrum operations presents
unique challenges. Senior commands must integrate environmental guidance into
their operation plans (OPLANs) and operation orders (OPORDs). This guidance is
essential to provide the balance between the operational framework and the
environmental ethic within which subordinate commands conduct their operations.
This chapter discusses environmental considerations and outlines their implications
within the context of full spectrum operations.
16 February 2010
FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
1-1
Chapter 1
DEFINITIONS
1-1. As doctrine continues to evolve, many doctrinally related definitions have been changed and
updated. Defining environmental considerations and their associated terms gives a better understanding of
their means of implementation.
CONTINGENCY OPERATIONS AND EXPEDITIONS
1-2. Since the Cold War, U.S. forces have conducted an increasing number of contingency operations
and expeditions. U.S. forces are living and working outside of the established garrison environment,
conducting operations in nations that previously saw limited U.S. military involvement.
1-3. A contingency operation, such as a response to a natural disaster conducted in the continental United
States (CONUS), will require that the military follow U.S. environmental laws and regulations with limited
exceptions. An expedition, which by definition is conducted in a foreign country, requires guidance and
analysis from the senior command to determine the applicable policy and legal requirements.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
1-4. Environmental considerations is the spectrum of environmental media, resources, or programs that
may impact on, or are affected by, the planning and execution of military operations. Factors may include,
but are not limited to, environmental compliance, pollution prevention (P2), conservation, protection of
historical and cultural sites, and protection of flora and fauna. (JP 3-34) They include a myriad of specifics
dealing with protection of the natural and cultural environment and environmental considerations in FHP.
The natural environment is the human ecosystem, including both the physical and biological systems
that provide resources (clean air, clean water, healthy surroundings, and sufficient food), necessary
to sustain productive human life. Included in the natural environment are man-made structures,
such as water and wastewater treatment facilities and natural/cultural resources. It represents more
than habitat and living species; it includes a broad range of considerations, some of which are man-made.
Force health protection is defined as measures to promote, improve, or conserve the mental and physical
well-being of Servicemembers. These measures enable a healthy and fit force, prevent injury and illness,
and protect the force from health hazards. (JP 4-02)
1-5. An environmental area of interest is an environmentally sensitive area that may be deemed
worthy of special consideration because of its unique and important qualities relative to adjacent
areas
(for example, the only forest within a large region) or the importance of its natural
environment function (for example, a wetland, flood plains, permafrost area, or an endangered
species critical habitat). The environmental area of interest includes man-made structures, such as
wastewater treatment plants and dams.
1-6. Environmental stewardship is the integration and application of environmental values into the
military mission in order to sustain readiness, improve quality of life, strengthen civil relations, and
preserve valuable natural resources. (JP 1-02) Environmental stewardship represents the reflection of
leader and individual awareness of and commitment to protecting the environment. It is a proactive, values-
based concept that helps to ensure the sustainability and conservation of resources.
1-7. Sustainability is a process by which resources are used in a manner that allows their continued
availability. As applied to an environmental strategy, a sustainable Army simultaneously meets current as
well as future mission requirements worldwide, safeguarding human health, improving quality of life, and
enhancing the natural environment (see The Army Strategy for the Environment for additional information).
1-8. The principles of environmental stewardship and sustainability support environmental protection.
Environmental protection is the application of human ingenuity and resources, through the
disciplines of science and engineering, as required by environmental protection laws, regulations,
and policies, to protect the natural environment. They accomplish this by adding the dimensions of
human attitudes and values to the technical environmental protection process.
1-2
FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
16 February 2010
Environmental Considerations Overview
1-9. FHP is a vital concern for every commander. Many of the factors that affect the health of Soldiers
and Marines may be directly related to environmental considerations within the theater and to the effects
on the environment created by military actions. While FHP is not subordinate to environmental
considerations, it does encompass many aspects of it.
1-10. The areas relating to preventive and curative health contain embedded environmental considerations
as required by both national and international environmental protection laws. In addition, other aspects of
FHP contain environmental components, such as managing medical waste (defined as any waste that is
generated in the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals), blood supply,
and HM related to medical operations. See JP 4-02, JP 4-02.1, and other Service-specific health service
support manuals.
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS AND RISK MANAGEMENT
1-11. A hazard is a condition with the potential to cause injury, illness, or death of personnel; damage to
or loss of equipment or property; or mission degradation. (JP 3-33) Hazards are subcomponents of risks
and, at times, the terms are used interchangeably.
1-12. An environmental hazard is defined as all activities that may pollute, create negative noise-
related effects, degrade archaeological/cultural resources, or negatively affect threatened or
endangered species habitats. They also include environmental health-related hazards. An
environmental hazard is a subset of all hazards.
1-13. Hazards create risks that the military must anticipate, plan for, and mitigate. The composite risk
management (CRM) process is one of detecting, assessing, and controlling risk arising from operational
factors and balancing that risk with mission accomplishment. Environmental risks are those risks both to
and from the environment that must be included in the CRM process. This would also include counter-
proliferation and consequence management actions associated with chemical, biological, radiological,
nuclear, and high-yield explosives (CBRNE), including toxic industrial materials (TIMs) and improvised
explosive devices (IEDs). Toxic is defined as capable of producing illness, injury, or damage to
humans, domestic livestock, wildlife, or other organisms through ingestion, inhalation, or absorption
through any body surface.
ENVIRONMENTAL RECONNAISSANCE
1-14. The military conducts environmental reconnaissance to gather technical information pertaining to
environmental conditions, including conditions relating to safety and FHP. Environmental reconnaissance
is defined as the systematic observation and recording of site or area data collected by visual or
physical means, dealing specifically with environmental conditions as they exist, and identifying
areas that are environmentally sensitive or of relative environmental concern, for information and
decisionmaking purposes. Commanders use this information to assess the impact of military operations in
the environment and the effect that the environment may have on military and civilian personnel. Chapter 3
and Appendix E provide further guidance and information. Refer also to FM 3-34.170/MCWP 3-17.4 for
further information.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS
1-15. The military has a new appreciation for the interdependence between military missions, the global
community, and the environment. Factors influencing international security and stability have dramatically
changed. Global population and industrial activity have grown, and technological advances have
accelerated. These phenomena have begun to shift the foundations of strategic analysis, altering the
relationships between human populations and the supporting natural environment. As nations industrialize,
they use more natural resources, which can lead to potential conflicts over the exploitation of scarce
resources. In addition, rapidly industrializing nations frequently fail to implement adequate environmental
controls. These inadequate environmental controls can lead to conflicts with neighbors and can present
health concerns to their population and to U.S. military personnel conducting operations.
16 February 2010
FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
1-3
Chapter 1
1-16. Protecting natural resources and the facilities exploiting them are now major components of
planning. U.S. forces must plan to protect natural and cultural resources and mitigate conflicts driven by
these issues. Failure to do so may have impacts far beyond the initial damage that results. Environmental
considerations will impact operations at all levels of command and should be integrated, as appropriate,
into the conduct of those operations. Integration of environmental considerations into activities at home
stations provides a means for promoting the principles of stewardship and sustainability that will support
environmental protection at home and abroad.
OPERATIONS PROCESS
1-17. When conducting full spectrum operations, commanders must balance environmental protection and
mission requirements. Military environmental protection principles do not necessarily override other
operational or mission variables; rather they are standard considerations for inclusion in the conduct of the
operation. The mission variables for the operation determine and quantify the time and resources devoted
to environmental protection. Commanders must analyze environmental considerations and impacts in
concert with the operational and mission variables.
1-18. Environmental considerations and their relative importance will vary based on the type of operation,
but the U.S. military must address them to ensure that it meets its objectives. Environmental
considerations, regardless of the type of mission, are significant in each of the activities of the operations
process and must be addressed throughout each phase of the operation. Issues such as site selection, target
selection, HM transportation, FHP, risk management, base camp site selection, base camp operation,
community relations, redeployment and camp closure actions, sensitive site exploitation, and
environmental remediation in support of reconstruction efforts now play an important part in how the
military plans and conducts operations.
1-19. Commanders and staffs must plan for and integrate environmental considerations into each phase of
the operation as early as possible. While predeployment, deployment, employment, sustainment, and
redeployment of forces each present different environmental challenges, the early integration of
environmental considerations into the planning activities for each phase will enable building on the success
of previous phases. Chapter 3 details the various aspects of integrating environmental considerations in
each phase of an operation.
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
1-20. An extensive legal framework addresses environmental protection. Various international treaties,
status-of-forces agreements (SOFAs), the overseas environmental baseline guidance document (OEBGD),
final governing standards (FGS), and U.S. military Services regulations provide direction on conducting
operations while protecting the environment. These laws/regulations impact military operations by
preventing certain operations
(such as environmental modification as prohibited by the
1977
Environmental Modification Convention) and by regulating others (such as the cross border movement of
HM regulated by the Basel Convention). While the United States is not a party to the 1977 addition
(Protocol I) to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, it states that combatants are required to “…protect the
natural environment against widespread, long-term, and severe damage” during war. The United States and
international communities each expect greater environmental protection during military operations than in
the past.
1-21. The OEBGD prescribes implementation guidance and procedures for environmental compliance
(defined as the unconditional obeying of international, foreign nation, federal, state, and local
environmental rules, regulations, and guidelines that affect current operations) on Department of
Defense (DOD) facilities outside the continental United States (OCONUS), but does not apply specifically
to ships, aircraft, or the ground component in a selected contingency. It is meant for guiding the use of
temporary and fixed facilities; however, the information may serve as a useful guideline for other
situations. FGS developed for each foreign nation are country-specific and designed to provide guidance
on particular aspects of environmental protection, such as effluent discharges (defined as the accidental
or intentional spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, or dumping of a substance
into or on any land or water) or base camp-specific management practices.
1-4
FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
16 February 2010
Environmental Considerations Overview
1-22. Environmental considerations are not restricted to land operations. Maritime operations are also
regulated by international law, such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea (article 236), and
by U.S. statutes, such as the Marine Mammal Protection Act.
1-23. U.S. forces must be aware of the environmental laws that may impact operations and plan
accordingly. While the United States may not be signatory to some of these legal requirements, the political
environment may still require the United States to adhere to them. Military members who violate
environmental laws or regulations may be punished under the Uniform Code of Military Justice.
Commanders and the personnel under their command must be aware of the requirements to avoid potential
violations of international laws and to maintain the national environmental ethic. Environmental ethic is
defined as taking care of the environment because it is the right thing to do; this ethic is the
operating principle and value that governs individual Soldiers, units, and the Army.
COMPETITION FOR RESOURCES
1-24. Strategic resources such as oil, minerals, and water supplies have often been catalysts for conflict.
The current struggle to obtain and secure adequate energy resources is the latest in a series of natural
resource-driven conflicts. Historically, the United States was largely explored and founded by nations
seeking to take advantage of its natural resources; wars were fought over such mundane but lucrative
resources as the fur trade and access to timber. Adequate sources for ships’ masts were as important then as
oil supplies are today. As more nations industrialize, the list of potential resource-driven trouble spots
around the globe increases.
1-25. As nations compete for resources, the potential for armed conflict increases. Water rights in the
Middle East, access to diamond mines in Africa, and ownership of islands with access to oil deposits off
the Philippines all present potential areas for future conflict. These conflicts may impact the United States,
either through the requirement for armed intervention or the requirement for humanitarian assistance.
1-26. Theater-level planners consider the possibility of environmentally driven conflicts within their areas
of responsibility (AORs). Planners must prepare for these sources of conflicts between states alongside
conflicts based on political, economic, religious, ethnic, and other issues. These plans must address
potential trouble spots and the effect environmental considerations may have on military action at the
source of the conflict.
ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE
1-27. In addition to competition for resources, environmental and natural disasters may result in conflict. A
nuclear plant accident or a major industrial spill (defined as a generic term that encompasses the
accidental and the deliberate but unpermitted discharge or release of a pollutant) on a river that
affects more than one nation may create economic damage to all parties and increase tensions between
neighbors. The resulting claims for financial and legal settlements, along with the hostile feelings
engendered, have the potential to lead to armed conflict. Man-made conflicts and disasters as well as
natural disasters create tremendous impacts on the local populations and the environment.
1-28. In addition to overt armed conflict issues, the struggle for resources and the environmental damage
resulting from human and natural events may lead to humanitarian crises. The loss of habitat, clean water
sources, cropland, and mineral rights upsets economic, social, and cultural systems. The resulting poverty,
disease, and malnutrition create the need for humanitarian-assistance operations. In addition, the flow of
refugees within and across national borders can upset the balance of the population and increase ethnic and
religious tensions between rival groups.
1-29. Contingency planning must address stability efforts in areas affected by environmental issues. These
issues include the effect that local and regional conflicts and natural disasters have on the environment.
Planners must develop contingency plans, which integrate environmental considerations into the response
to environmental disasters.
16 February 2010
FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
1-5
Chapter 1
ETHNIC, CULTURAL, RELIGIOUS, AND HISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS
1-30. As the number of conflicts between rival empires and political/economic systems decreases, the
number of conflicts based on the human dimensions of ethnicity, culture, and religion increases. The
breakup of European empires has left rival ethnic groups competing for dominance in nations throughout
the world. Conflicts relating to these ethnic, cultural, and religious issues can create humanitarian-related
crises. These conflicts create long-term population displacement and engender long-lasting hatreds difficult
to resolve, even after economic and quality of life disparities have been addressed. In these situations,
symbolism may be critical. The possession of or damage to cultural, religious, or historical sites may be
adequate provocation for armed conflict.
INFORMATION OPERATIONS
1-31. Information operations (IO) include not only tactical and computer systems information security but
also the way that information regarding U.S. operations is presented and perceived. The control, protection,
and flow of information in the global media may have both positive and negative impacts on operations.
During Operation Desert Storm, Iraqi forces destroyed oil wells throughout Kuwait. This destruction—
with its associated environmental impacts—was portrayed as “environmental terrorism” in the media and
helped to galvanize support against the regime of Saddam Hussein. Similarly, any environmental damage
created by U.S. forces conducting operations, however unintentional, may be used as a weapon in the
public information campaign against U.S. operations and undermine U.S. strategic objectives.
1-32. The U.S. military maintains a strong environmental ethic to support national values. Commanders
now stress environmental stewardship and sustainability as an essential part of military operations.
National values stress that the military use sound environmental judgment while conducting its operations
and minimize environmental damage to the extent possible.
1-33. The fact that the U.S. military displays that it cares for the environment means that support for sound
environmental practices in contingency operations becomes even more essential. The public will not
support wanton environmental destruction; any violations of the environmental ethic—real or perceived—
will negatively impact IO and can undermine U.S. strategic objectives. Commanders and staffs must be
aware of public perceptions and understand the implications that may result. The following vignette
provides an example of how lack of environmental consideration can affect public perception. Negative
public perception can impede IO.
1-6
FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
16 February 2010
Environmental Considerations Overview
Issue
Maneuver damage angers Korean civilians.
Discussion
The convoy routes that U.S. Army units take to and from their field training exercise
(FTX) locations in Korea include travel through civilian population areas. During an
FTX, wet and muddy field conditions caused vehicles to deposit large amounts of
mud on the roadways. This resulted in hazardous driving conditions, angering the
local population.
The unit’s maneuver damage control plan included procedures to use water trucks to
wash the mud from the roadway. However, due to freezing temperatures, the team
chose not to use the water trucks. This decision was not coordinated with the local
authorities and gave them a false perception of U.S. inaction and indifference. The
local populace responded by organizing roadblocks with tractors and wagons, which
halted movement of Army vehicles. This incident reinforced Korean perceptions of
the “ugly Americans.”
Techniques and Procedures
Units must—
• Include maneuver damage control in unit SOPs.
• Address maneuver damage in the OPORD.
• Identify all hazards associated with each FTX task.
• Coordinate with local authorities for the convoy movement.
• Conduct a route reconnaissance to identify hazards.
• Select alternate routes around populated areas and civilian traffic patterns.
• Clean the mud off vehicles before redeployment.
• Employ a maneuver control damage team with the proper equipment.
FORCE HEALTH PROTECTION/PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
1-34. As nations continue to industrialize, the quantity of toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) and TIMs
created and used increases. In most of the developing nations, the standards for the storage and disposal of
these materials are much lower than they are in more developed nations. Disposal (waste) is defined as the
discharge, deposit, injection, dumping, spilling, leaking, or placing of any solid waste or hazardous
waste into or on any land or water. The act is such that the solid waste or hazardous waste, or any
constituent thereof, may enter the environment or be emitted into the air or discharged into any
waters, including groundwater. U.S. forces conducting combat operations may be exposed, accidentally
or intentionally, to a hazardous substance (defined as elements, compounds, mixtures, solutions, and
substances that, when released into the environment, may present a substantial danger to public
health and welfare or the environment). Environmental considerations must address the impacts of
operations, to include targeting potentially dangerous industrial sites. Forces involved in stability missions
may encounter HM in the base camp and in operational areas. These materials present significant health
threats to exposed Soldiers and Marines. Any future use of the contaminated area may also present health
risks to the civilian population.
1-35. Sanitation standards in developing nations are also much lower than in developed nations. Open
sewers, unsafe drinking water, open-pit landfills, contaminated standing water, insect- and rodent-borne
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Chapter 1
vectors, and other contamination sources are prevalent. Soldiers and Marines exposed to these hazards may
become sick or injured through these chemical and biological exposures.
1-36. Commanders and staffs must plan health protection and preventive medicine measures for their
personnel. Immunizations, personal protective equipment
(PPE), and training requirements must be
addressed for individual Soldiers and Marines, while planners integrate health protection into operations
such as base camp site selection. See FM 4-02 for additional information. The following vignette provides
an example of how environmental hazards might affect FHP considerations.
Issue
The improper disposal of HW affects Soldier and Marine health and welfare
(Operation Iraqi Freedom).
Discussion
U.S. forces occupying a base camp in Iraq failed to properly dispose of their HW.
Insecticides; used vehicle batteries; petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL); and other
HW were dumped in the same area as solid waste. Additionally, fuel and gray water
trucks were parked nearby and leaked their contents into the dump. The unit did not
implement spill containment or cleanup procedures to prevent the hazardous fluids
from potentially entering the water table. These wastes also posed an environmental
health hazard to the Soldiers and Marines occupying the camp and to any civilians
that might occupy the site later. Mixing wastes increased the likelihood of
spontaneous combustion. Additionally, enemy fire hitting this area increased the risk
of toxic and noxious vapors against which the Soldiers’ and Marines’ protective gear
would be ineffective.
Techniques and Procedures
Commanders must—
• Practice environmental management during operational deployments.
• Appoint and train an environmental officer for both garrison and operational
environments.
• Conduct environmental assessments and environmental risk assessments.
• Apply the laws, regulations, and other guidance documents pertaining to the
disposal of solid and HW (to include foreign nation laws).
• Establish local environmental and waste-management policies and procedures.
• Use the deployed base camp mayor, Directorate of Public Works (DPW), or unit
environmental officer to report environmental and waste-management issues.
• Train personnel within the unit on HM/HW handling and procedures.
• Consult with preventive medicine units for monitoring support.
• Ensure that tenant units have access to sufficient quantities of proper HW storage
containers.
FORCE SUSTAINMENT
1-37. U.S. forces consume large quantities of materials. HM and POL products in particular are used in
large quantities. All of these materials require proper transportation, handling, storage, and disposal
techniques. Military operations also generate large quantities of waste products. Waste is defined as any
discarded material. Human waste, medical waste, hazardous waste (defined as a solid waste that is
either listed as such in federal law or exhibits any of the four hazardous characteristics—ignitability,
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FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
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Environmental Considerations Overview
corrosiveness, reactivity, or toxicity), damaged or destroyed military material, construction materials, and
even household/consumer products all require proper disposal. Base camp facilities supporting operations
need to be constructed, maintained, and closed at the end of operations. These sites should address FHP
issues, waste disposal, and HM/HW storage.
1-38. Commanders and staffs should develop plans to address the environmental component of force
sustainment. Much of the effort is resource-intensive, requiring spill cleanup, storage containers, and
construction materials. Adequate subject matter experts (SMEs) provide advice and help plan and manage
operations; legal and contracting experts arrange for transportation and disposal by foreign nation or
civilian contractors. These requirements may present significant challenges to conducting operations.
Commanders and staffs must also integrate P2 concepts and technology to help reduce waste disposal
requirements. See the following vignette pertaining to the effect of environmental considerations on force
sustainment.
Issue
The disposal of used motor oil involves excessive cost and effort.
Discussion
Before May 2002, all of the Army's used oil products were transported from the
Balkans to Germany for disposal, requiring a large logistical support structure.
Recently, a problem with used oil has been identified in Afghanistan and Iraq.
Weekly oil generation there is estimated at 10,000 to 20,000 gallons. The U.S.
military currently spends a significant amount of money collecting, storing, and
disposing of used motor oil. These costs are even more dramatic overseas and in
forward-deployed locations.
Techniques and Procedures
The Army has identified a technology called oil reutilization that will transform used
motor oil into usable fuel without spending resources on collection, storage, or
disposal of the oil. This technology removes the oil from the crankcase, filters the
mixture, blends it with fuel from the vehicle fuel tank, and deposits it into the vehicle
for use as fuel.
The oil reutilization process has proven to eliminate used oil from the waste stream
and results in fuel cost savings. Aside from cost savings relating to waste-oil disposal
and fuel purchases, the reduced manpower resulting from the oil reutilization process
was an added benefit. Before the use of an oil reutilization unit, the Balkans’ disposal
process required handling the waste eight separate times by multiple individuals. The
waste reutilization unit cycle is a one-person, three-step process conducted in a local
maintenance shop.
STABILITY OPERATIONS
1-39. Stability operations, whether conducted after major combat operations or in support of natural-
disaster recovery, present many environmental challenges. These challenges include areas such as
remediation of environmental damage, sensitive-site exploitation, environmental restoration (defined as
the systematic removal of pollution or contaminants from the environment, especially from the soil
or groundwater, by physical, chemical, or biological means; also known as remediation or
environmental cleanup), and environmental considerations as they apply to construction operations.
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Chapter 1
1-40. During these types of operations, environmental protection requirements will most likely be more
stringent than during combat operations. The military may require additional equipment, materials, and
expertise to support these requirements. Planners will need to integrate requirements as early as possible to
ensure that adequate resources are available.
LINKAGE TO THE ARMY UNIVERSAL TASK LIST
1-41. The Army Universal Task List includes two tasks that specify support to environmental
considerations, although environmental considerations are inherent in a number of other Army tactical
tasks. These two tasks, Develop a Command Environmental Program and Conduct Actions to Control
Pollution and Hazardous Materials (see FM 7-15 for current task numbers), include specific aspects of
environmental considerations that must be integrated into and the conduct of operations, providing
measures of effectiveness for each task.
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Chapter 2
Integrating Environmental Considerations
Military operations integrate environmental considerations into planning throughout
the operations process, regardless of the echelon or type of operation. What will
differ are the specifics of the planning guidance received to support a given
operation, the risks associated with the environmental considerations relative to the
other mission requirements, and the echelon at which the risks are addressed. Failure
to consider the environmental impact of military activities may adversely affect the
operation. Potential impacts include endangering Soldier, Marine, and civilian health;
causing operational delay; creating adverse public opinion; and incurring excessive
financial costs. This chapter discusses the integration of environmental considerations
early during planning and the use of the CRM process to aid with the assessment and
management of environmentally related risk. Integrating environmental
considerations does not require a new process or system. The military can include
environmental considerations within the same activities used in the conduct of the
operation. For specifics on the joint/multi-Service planning process, see Chairman of
the Joint Chiefs of Staff
(CJCS) Manual
3122.03C, Volume II;
FM 5-0; and JP 5-0.
ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITE RISK MANAGEMENT
2-1. CRM is the process of identifying, assessing, and controlling risks arising from operational factors
and making decisions that balance that risk with mission benefits (see FM 5-19). The five steps (see
Appendix D) are performed throughout the planning and the rest of the operations process.
2-2. It is crucial to identify environmental risks associated with an operation early. The earlier the risk is
identified, the easier it is to avoid or mitigate. Since many environmental risks have significant impacts on
the health of Soldiers, Marines, and civilians, it is especially important to identify these early enough in the
process to avoid negative health effects and to take the necessary precautions.
2-3. Risk is characterized by both the probability and the severity of a potential loss that may result from
the presence of an adversary or a hazardous condition. During mission analysis, the commander and staff
assess the two following kinds of risk:
z
Tactical risk (defined as the risk concerned with the hazards that exist because of the presence
of either the enemy or an adversary).
z
Accident risk (defined as all operational risk considerations other than tactical risk. Includes
risks to friendly forces and risk posed to civilians by an operation, as well as the impact of
operations on the environment).
2-4. The CRM process addresses safety and other operational issues, and the environmental CRM process
is performed in the same manner. Risks to the environment and to the health of Soldiers, Marines, and
civilians are identified and analyzed, and mitigation measures are developed to minimize the risks. These
risks are included in the course of action
(COA) development and selection process, to assist in
determining the best COA for a given operation or mission. Appendix D provides additional guidance. The
following vignette shows how using CRM can prevent financial expenditure and environmental hazards.
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2-1
Chapter 2
Issue
Fuel leaks from an aboveground storage tank threaten the source of drinking water.
Discussion
Fuel supplies for the heating systems in the barracks of an overseas installation were
located in an aboveground storage tank. The storage tank was located 200 meters
from a creek, and a buried fuel line supplying the storage tank was leaking,
threatening the installation’s drinking water supply. Although the storage tank was
located in the unit’s company area, the unit did not routinely inspect its infrastructure,
believing it to be the installation’s responsibility.
The unit could have detected the leak by noticing the stains on the ground and the
strong smell of fuel oil. Based on these indicators, the unit should have reported the
situation to the facility engineers. Because the unit failed to report the situation in a
timely manner, the facility engineers were forced to install an expensive extraction
fuel/water separator to recover more than 700 gallons of fuel oil.
Techniques and Procedures
• Commanders must conduct risk assessments for items containing HMs located
within their unit areas even though the equipment is maintained by other
agencies.
• Units should include an inspection procedure in their environmental SOP for
aboveground storage tanks.
• Unit environmental officers should be appointed and trained to conduct weekly
environmental inspections of the unit areas.
• Individuals may contact the installation environmental management office or
during deployment the next higher command environmental officer for more
information and assistance.
PLANNING PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS
2-5. Integration of environmental considerations begins with planning and must be included in the
planning focus at each echelon. Higher echelon environmental planning guidance provides a foundation for
corresponding planning at lower echelons. Environmental planning is defined as efforts that consider
the impact of operation, training, exercises, or weapon system introduction on the environment and,
where necessary, allow decisionmakers to take early action to eliminate or mitigate those impacts.
Planning guidance provides the foundation of information for subordinate commanders and staffs to
effectively integrate and implement environmental considerations into their planning and operations.
2-6. Planning at the strategic level involves developing strategic military objectives and tasks in support
of the national security strategy and developing force and materiel requirements necessary to accomplish
those tasks. This is the level that policy is translated into strategic military objectives. Combatant
commanders plan at this level by participating in the development of the national military strategy, the
theater estimate, and theater strategies. At this level, planners determine broad policy on environmental
considerations. These considerations may include making decisions on the rules of engagement for
targeting cultural sites, developing guidance for targeting industrial infrastructure as pertains to
environmental considerations, deciding which environmental laws and treaties pertain to the situation, and
determining the level at which the military may conduct environmental remediation and restoration.
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FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
16 February 2010
Integrating Environmental Considerations
2-7. Planning at the operational level links the tactical employment of the forces to their strategic
objectives through design, organization, integration, and implementation of campaigns, major operations,
and battles. At this level, planners review and decide how to specifically apply environmental policy and
general procedures. Operational-level decisions may include items such as selecting (or not selecting)
potential targets, developing guidance for base camp site selection, developing guidance on recycling
programs, and planning for the transportation of HM.
2-8. Planning at the tactical level is how units employ tactics to fight and win engagements and battles.
These engagements and battles are the means by which units carry out operations. In a similar vein,
environmental considerations at the tactical level are the tactics, techniques, and procedures units use to
implement guidance from higher headquarters. These tactical-level environmental decisions include items
such as unit environmental SOPs, field sanitation, landfill construction, and steps to protect HM and POL
stockpiles.
JOINT PLANNING PROCESS
2-9. Operational planning (see JP 5-0, JP 5-00.1, and JP 5-00.2) encompasses all phases required for
conducting operations to include mobilization, deployment, employment, sustainment, and redeployment
of forces. JP 3-34 provides the framework for the integration of environmental considerations into joint
operational engineer planning. Joint operations planning includes deliberate, campaign, and crisis action
planning. Although the specific steps are different, these three processes are similar and interrelated.
Deliberate Planning
2-10. Deliberate planning takes place primarily during peacetime to develop OPLANs for contingencies
identified in strategic planning documents. It relies heavily on assumptions regarding the political and
military circumstances existing when the plan is implemented. Integrating probable environmental
considerations during this time is important. Planning for environmental considerations should take into
account numerous possibilities, from the likelihood of environmentally driven conflicts, to possible enemy
COAs that may impact the environment, to decisions regarding the environmental protection level
(defined as the varying level of environmental protection that can reasonably be afforded at any
particular time during military operations, given the absolute requirement that such a diversion of
resources away from the mission at hand does not adversely affect that mission, any friendly
personnel, or indigenous or refugee populations) enforced by U.S. forces. Deliberate planning is a
highly structured process that engages commanders and staffs in methodically developing fully coordinated
plans for contingencies and transitioning to and from war or other operations. Plans developed because of
deliberate planning provide a foundation for campaign and crises action planning.
Campaign Planning
2-11. Campaign planning is employed by the military when the scope of operations requires more than a
single operation. Integrating environmental considerations into campaign planning is largely the same as
integrating them into deliberate planning. During campaign planning, the standards and guidance for
environmental considerations in one or more of the OPLANs may involve significantly different planning
guidance given different operational areas or different situations within an assigned area of operation (AO).
Causes for these differences include variations within full spectrum operations, international agreements or
similar documents, specific operational objectives, and other aspects of the operating environment.
Crisis Action Planning
2-12. Crisis action planning involves developing OPLANs and OPORDs in response to an imminent crisis
in a time-sensitive manner. It follows prescribed crises action procedures for formulating and implementing
an effective response within the time permitted by the crisis. Planners base this plan on the circumstances
existing at the time of the event.
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Chapter 2
2-13. The military adapts and employs a basic process for planning and executing operations in crises. An
adequate and feasible military response to a crisis demands a flexible adaptation of this process. For a
crisis, planners follow established crisis action plan procedures to adapt previously prepared OPLANs to
meet the specific situation or develop new OPLANs based on the crisis. Maintaining environmental
considerations and related information in existing plans becomes critical when dealing with crisis plans.
2-14. Planners integrate environmental considerations into crisis action plans, using environmental
considerations already identified in the deliberate planning process or information already obtained
regarding a potential AO. As with any operation, the scope of the relevant environmental considerations
will vary with the type of mission being executed. In a situation such as a hostage rescue operation, the
environmental considerations would be limited to certain targeting or cultural issues. In other situations,
such as the response to an environmental disaster, the environment is the key component of the mission.
The more information staff sections have about environmental considerations affecting their respective
AO, the faster they can integrate them into the OPLAN.
MULTINATIONAL OPERATIONS PLANNING
2-15. Multinational operations planning requires that the staff be aware of the environmental constraints
placed on multinational operations by international agreements applicable to U.S. forces. Military material
restrictions, such as limitation on depleted uranium ammunition, may also limit the method by which U.S.
forces conduct multinational operations. Additionally, the military must consider foreign nation cultural
and historical sensitivities as a factor in planning multinational operations. Many international forces with
which U.S. forces operate may have different standards for integrating environmental considerations. U.S.
forces will have to coordinate and sometimes assist multinational forces in integrating environmental
considerations to ensure consistent standards and levels of protection for the environment, the civilian
population, and deployed Soldiers and Marines.
MILITARY DECISIONMAKING PROCESS
2-16. Each supporting OPLAN, regardless of the military Service, requires the military to complete a
formal planning process. This process, which varies among Services, includes at a minimum a mission
analysis, running estimates, COAs, and a command approval process. These supporting plans reflect each
Service’s specific requirements, including their specific measures for dealing with and integrating
environmental considerations. Just as the joint planning process requires staffs to work together to analyze
environmental considerations, Service staffs work together to analyze and integrate environmental
considerations into their planning documents.
2-17. Staff sections use the guidance provided in their higher headquarters plans and orders to develop
their own supporting plans. The military integrates environmental CRM and environmental considerations
in varying levels of detail, based on the higher headquarters plan, the situation, and the planning echelon.
2-18. MDMP is a planning tool that establishes procedures for analyzing a mission and producing a plan
or order. This process applies across the spectrum of conflict. Table 2-1 depicts the seven steps in the
MDMP (see FM 5-0 for more information). Each step begins with input that builds on the previous steps.
The output of each step drives subsequent steps; therefore, any initial errors or omissions impact later steps
in the process. It is important to integrate environmental considerations into each step of the process.
2-19. Table 2-1 uses the MDMP framework to discuss how to integrate environmental considerations into
the MDMP. Environmental considerations are generally addressed as a function of risk, much like safety
considerations.
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FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
16 February 2010
Integrating Environmental Considerations
Table 2-1. MDMP environmental considerations
Input
Steps
Output
•
The environmental appendix or
annex from higher-level order
Step 1.
•
Commander’s initial guidance
•
Foreign nation agreements and
Receipt of
•
Warning order
OEBGD
mission
•
Lessons learned
•
Environmental areas of interest
•
Specified, implied, and essential
environmental tasks
•
Higher headquarters
•
Specialized assistance for an EBS, such
order/plan/intelligence
as an environmental or contingency real
preparation of the battlefield
estate support team
(IPB)
•
Tactical and accidental environmental
Step 2.
•
Running estimates
risks (see the discussion of CRM in this
Mission
chapter and in Appendix D)
•
Geospatial information and
analysis
products resulting from terrain
•
Initial environmental reconnaissance
analysis
•
Environmental considerations in restated
•
Facts and assumptions
mission
•
Commander’s intent
•
Commander’s guidance
•
Warning order
•
Restated mission
•
Initial commander’s intent
•
Updated environmental risk controls
•
Planning guidance
Step 3.
•
Refined commander's intent and
•
Commander’s critical
COA
planning guidance
information requirements
development
•
Enemy environmental COA
(CCIR)
•
Updated running estimates
•
Updated environmental risk
Step 4.
controls
COA
•
Refined commander's intent
Environmental protection level matrix
analysis (war
and planning guidance
game)
•
Enemy COA
• Residual risk
Step 5.
Environmental protection level
• Environmental considerations significant
COA
matrix
enough to appear in commander’s intent
comparison
or guidance
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FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
2-5
Chapter 2
Table 2-1. MDMP environmental considerations (continued)
Input
Steps
Output
Step 6.
• Approved residual risk with implementing
controls
Decision matrix
COA
approval
• Refine commander’s intent and guidance
• Approved COA
Step 7.
• Refined commander’s intent
Orders
OPORD
and guidance
production
• Refined CCIR
INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS INTO
PLANS, ORDERS, AND STANDING OPERATING PROCEDURES
2-20. Plans and orders are the means by which commanders express their vision, intent, and decisions.
Plans and orders form the basis by which commanders synchronize military operations. They encourage
initiative by providing the “what” and “why” of a mission, while leaving the “how” of the mission up to
subordinates. They provide subordinates with the operational and tactical freedom to accomplish the
mission by providing the minimum restrictions and details necessary for synchronization and coordination.
SOPs provide units with standardized procedures for the execution of routine actions.
OPERATION PLANS AND OPERATION ORDERS
2-21. Plans and orders normally include environmental considerations in coordinating instructions. This
can be as special or coordinating instructions and may be included in either an annex or appendix based on
the level of the operation. When specific command procedures dictate, staff officers include some
environmental considerations in other annexes. Unit planning at brigade level and below will normally
include only those elements required by the higher headquarters order or plan and are not included in a unit
SOP. Table 2-2 lists some of the annexes and appendixes including environmental considerations within
the Joint Operation Planning and Execution System (JOPES) format. These areas of concern will be similar
for all branch-specific orders, regardless of the particular order format. Chapter 6 further describes staff
section input for environmental considerations.
2-22. The engineer is the primary staff integrator for environmental considerations. However,
environmental concerns are addressed by every staff officer, as applicable, in respective annexes and
appendixes. Joint plans or orders following the JOPES format contain a separate annex
(annex L,
Environmental Considerations). In the context of an Army order following the format in FM 5-0, the
specified appendix is appendix 5, Environmental Considerations, to annex G, Engineering. The format for
annex L is included in appendix B, and a sample of appendix 5 to annex G is included in appendix C of
this manual. Table
2-2 provides information concerning JOPES annexes and appendixes containing
significant environmental considerations.
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FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
16 February 2010
Integrating Environmental Considerations
Table 2-2. JOPES annexes and appendixes with significant environmental considerations
JOPES
Proponent
Principal Staff and
Comments
Location
Staff
Special Capabilities
Intelligence
All, primarily civil
Contains the environmental priority intelligence requirements
Annex B
staff officer
affairs (CA), engineer,
(PIR), which may include information on planned base
Appendix 1
(J-2)
and surgeon
camps and other sites.
Ensures that elements to perform critical environmental
Operations
All, primarily CA,
missions are included in the task organization, especially
Annex C
staff officer
engineer, and
engineer, medical, and CA deployment sequence may be
(J-3)
surgeon
critical to perform missions in a timely fashion.
CA, engineer, fire
Annex B,
support element
Addresses cultural considerations and the environmental
J-2
Appendix 4
(FSE), staff judge
effects of specific targeting.
advocate (SJA)
Chemical,
biological,
Annex C,
radiological,
Addresses riot control agents and herbicides requiring the
SJA, surgeon
Appendix 2
and nuclear
integration of environmental considerations.
(CBRN)
officer
Addresses reconnaissance in general, to include specific
Annex C,
CBRN, engineer,
engineer and CBRN reconnaissance assets and the
J-3
Appendix 7
J-2
necessary expertise to verify base camp or other similar
locations.
CBRN, explosive
Annex C,
Addresses clearing of hazards for air base operability with
Engineer
ordnance disposal
Appendix 8
environmental considerations.
(EOD)
Annex C,
Addresses clearing of unexploded explosive ordnance
Appendix
Engineer
CBRN, EOD
(UXO) for base camps and other similar sites, which may be
13
necessary.
Addresses POL, which always contains significant
Annex D,
Logistics staff
Engineer, J-4,
embedded environmental considerations. Plan for HM/HW
Appendix 1
officer (J-4)
surgeon
transportation, storage, and disposal.
Annex D,
Addresses water sampling, well-site selection, and
J-4
Engineer, surgeon
Appendix 2
preparation for containing environmental considerations.
Annex D,
CA, J-4, SJA,
Addresses the engineer support plan, which must integrate
Engineer
Appendix 6
surgeon
environmental considerations.
Annex E,
Engineer, FSE, J-3,
Includes those considerations associated with the
SJA
Appendix 4
J-4
environmental law of war (LOW).
Public affairs
CA, engineer, SJA,
Addresses environmental considerations of concern to the
Annex F
officer (PAO)
surgeon
PAO.
Engineer, SJA,
Covers the spectrum of environmental considerations, with a
Annex G
CA
surgeon
primary focus on cultural considerations.
Addresses CA, engineer, legal, and medical considerations
Annex L
Engineer
J-4, SJA, surgeon
that may involve all members of the Joint Environmental
Management Board (JEMB).
J-2, J-3, J-4, any staff
requiring geospatial
Addresses geospatial information for base camps and other
Annex M
Engineer
information to support
similar sites.
planning
CA, engineer, SJA,
Addresses environmental considerations and guidance to be
Annex P
J-4
surgeon
included where applicable.
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FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
2-7
Chapter 2
Table 2-2. JOPES annexes and appendixes with significant environmental considerations
(continued)
JOPES
Proponent
Principal Staff and
Comments
Location
Staff
Special Capabilities
Addresses numerous areas with environmental
Annex Q
Surgeon
Surgeon
considerations embedded, other than in appendix 6
and appendix 10.
Addresses FHP, a principal component of environmental
Annex Q,
Surgeon
CA, engineer
considerations. Remediation is often linked to engineer
Appendix 6
actions.
Addresses medical intelligence critical to the planning phase
Annex Q,
and especially critical to support EBSs and environmental
Appendix
Surgeon
Engineer
health site assessments (EHSAs) for base camps and other
10
similar sites.
STANDING OPERATING PROCEDURES
2-23. To enhance effectiveness and flexibility, commanders standardize routine or recurring actions not
requiring their personal involvement in SOPs, which detail the way forces execute these unit-specific
techniques and procedures. Commanders develop SOPs from doctrinal sources, applicable portions of
higher headquarters procedures, a higher commander’s guidance, and experience. These SOPs are as
complete as possible, allowing new arrivals or newly attached units to quickly become familiar with the
unit’s routine. SOPs apply until commanders change them. The benefits of SOPs include—
z
Simplified, brief combat orders.
z
Enhanced understanding and teamwork among commanders, staffs, and troops.
z
Standard synchronized staff drills.
z
Standard abbreviated or accelerated decisionmaking techniques.
2-24. Unit commanders are responsible for complying with the applicable environmental requirements
established by the commander in the environmental considerations annex or appendix of the OPLAN or
OPORD. Subordinate commanders should keep the higher command staff informed of conditions that may
result in noncompliance or the potential for noncompliance. Unit SOPs (see Appendix J) at battalion and
company levels must incorporate specific responsibilities. The operations officer is responsible for tactical
and administrative SOPs that include preparing, coordinating, authenticating, publishing, and distributing
them. Other staff sections provide input.
ENVIRONMENTALLY SPECIFIC PLANNING
2-25. Environmentally specific planning focuses on providing units with the additional environmentally
related resources and information+ necessary to accomplish their missions. This planning includes
identifying environmental hazards/risks posed by an operation and considering ways to reduce these
hazards/risks through planning. Environmentally specific planning is included, as appropriate, in the
running estimates produced at all echelons during the planning process. Chapter 3 includes further
guidance for integrating specific environmental considerations into operations.
ELEMENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
2-26. Staffs should plan the operation to achieve mission objectives while minimizing adverse affects on
the environment. Although not all of the following elements are applicable to all operations, they should
prove helpful in planning. These elements include—
z
Identifying operational objectives and the activities that are proposed to obtain those objectives,
to include logistics and HM.
z
Identifying potential alternative means of obtaining operational objectives. Alternatives may
include using new technologies to minimize impacts on the environment.
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FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
16 February 2010
Integrating Environmental Considerations
z
Identifying the environmental requirements applicable to the AO.
z
Identifying adverse environmental health and environmental impacts resulting from an
operation.
z
Establishing formal relationships and coordinating with other disciplines with roles in
environmental planning and operations.
z
Linking environmental considerations to CA planning.
z
Identifying the environmental characteristics of the affected area.
z
Identifying possible environmental emergencies that may occur.
z
Determining how an environmental emergency would affect the environment in the AO and the
way in which the military could prevent or mitigate it.
z
Determining the environmental and operational risk associated with the operation.
z
Negotiating applicable agreements to allow for the unimpeded transit of HM/HW by military
and contracted assets.
z
Determining contractor status, to include privileges and immunities, in support of the operation.
z
Identifying environmental resources and reach capabilities.
KEY ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING FACTORS
2-27. Commanders should consider the environment and FHP during each phase of the operation. In
planning and conducting military operations, regardless of geographic location, commanders should give
appropriate consideration to—
z
Legal requirements and constraints.
z
Cultural, historical, and religious factors.
z
The presence of environmentally sensitive ecosystems.
z
Potential environmentally related health risks to Soldiers and Marines.
z
Potential for environmental terrorism on the part of enemy forces.
z
Targeting considerations to avoid damage to cultural, historical, or religious sites or damage to
facilities resulting in environmental damage or health risks to Soldiers and Marines.
z
Site selection for base camps and other facilities.
z
Camp closure and site cleanup.
z
Transportation, storage, and disposal of HM, HW, and POL.
z
Spill prevention, containment reporting, and cleanup requirements.
z
Transportation, storage, and disposal of medical and infectious waste.
z
Solid and human waste management.
z
Water and wastewater management.
z
P2 and recycling efforts to reduce waste generation and logistics efforts.
z
Possible environmental remediation/restoration of damaged areas.
z
Environmental requirements pertaining to sensitive site exploitation.
z
Environmental controls pertaining to construction operations.
16 February 2010
FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
2-9
Chapter 3
Environmental Considerations and Force Projection
Environmental considerations play a part in all phases of an operation. Planners must
consider the effect environmental considerations have and how they may constrain or
influence various actions and decisions. In the predeployment, deployment, and
redeployment phases of operations, these considerations will be rather clear, and
units will have to adhere to the laws and regulations with little margin for
noncompliance. In the employment and sustainment phases of the operation, units
will have greater latitude (based on the situation and the commander’s guidance) in
integrating environmental considerations into the operation. Integrating
environmental considerations early into the planning activities and effectively
identifying and managing environmental risk are key elements of the process.
PREDEPLOYMENT
3-1. Predeployment environmental considerations include training with a focus on environmental
principles, analysis of operational and mission variables (including initial environmental risk assessment
and integrating environmental considerations into IPB and other planning activities), and logistics
planning. Integrating environmental considerations early establishes the foundation for future success and
allows subordinate units to begin planning for environmental considerations earlier in their planning
process.
TRAINING
3-2. Predeployment environmental training is essential for personnel to gain the proper skill sets to
conduct operations in a manner supporting environmental principles. This training includes not only
individual skills but also collective training in the integration of environmental considerations into
planning and operations.
Individual Skill Sets
3-3. Protecting the environment, Soldiers, Marines, and civilians from environmental health hazards
begins with training the individual. This includes the training conducted as a part of the Soldier’s and
Marine’s individual job and the training related to specific additional duties and deployment
considerations. Commanders must ensure that their assigned personnel maintain the necessary skills to
protect themselves and the environment. Staffs must plan and integrate this training into routine training
schedules to ensure that Soldiers and Marines possess the required expertise before deployment.
Predeployment environmental training assists in the deployment of military units by reducing the
requirement to conduct additional environmentally specific training during deployment, thereby allowing
units to focus on mission-specific requirements. While each Service includes specific requirements for both
routine job-related and additional duty-specific training, the following areas should generally be addressed
to ensure adequate numbers of trained personnel:
z
The environmental protection portion of the unit SOP.
z
Environmentally related additional duty-specific training.
z
Spill prevention and response.
16 February 2010
FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
3-1
Chapter 3
z
Hazard communication
(HAZCOM) (defined as the responsibility of leaders and
supervisors concerning possible hazards in the workplace and notification of hazards and
necessary precaution to their Soldiers).
z
HW operations and emergency response.
z
HM/HW transportation, storage, and handling certifications.
z
Environmental officer training.
z
HM/HW certifier courses.
z
Field sanitation.
z
Satellite accumulation point operation.
z
MSDS recognition and use.
z
First aid procedures for HM/HW exposure.
z
Installation environmental awareness training.
z
Geneva Convention and LOW training.
z
Personal health and hygiene.
Collective and Staff-Level Training
3-4. In addition to individual Soldier and Marine skills, units integrate environmental considerations into
unit and staff training. While units are already required to integrate environmental considerations into
FTXs, they can also integrate these considerations into simulation training exercises. Simulation exercises
allow staffs to include planning for environmental considerations, to include those not normally
encountered in CONUS field training. The more experienced staffs are at identifying and planning for
environmental factors, the more proficient they will become at integrating these factors into the conduct of
operations.
3-5. In addition to collective staff training, certain staff positions require that individuals be aware of
various environmental considerations impacting their running estimates. SJA, CA, and contracting officers
in particular must be aware of pertinent environmental laws, regulations, and treaties that may impact
military operations. Predeployment training is essential to ensure the rapid integration of environmental
considerations into the running estimates.
3-6. Once units are alerted for deployment to a specific AO, they must ensure that personnel are trained
in specific aspects of environmental considerations pertaining to that area. The location of the operation,
intermediate staging locations en route, and other foreign nations that supply lines may run through will
have differing requirements for environmental protection and present different health hazards to the
Soldiers and Marines. Training at all echelons may be necessary to prepare personnel for deployment. This
training may include—
z
Environment health hazards in the area.
z
Cultural, religious, and political sensitivities.
z
Recognition and protection of endangered species (defined as those species designated by the
Secretary of the Interior that are in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant
portion of their range) or habitats.
z
Recognition of cultural or archaeological artifacts and buildings.
z
Specific environmental laws, regulations, and treaties.
z
Transportation requirements for HM/HW.
z
Theater-specific training for handling, storing, transporting, and disposing of HM/HW, solid
waste (defined as any material or substance [solid or liquid] that is inherently waste-like by
being no longer suitable for its originally intended purpose), medical waste, gray water
(water that has been used for dish washing, cooking, showers, or laundry, but does not include
water used for wash racks or latrine facilities), and recycling programs.
z
Rules of engagement.
z
Infrastructure assessment.
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FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
16 February 2010
Environmental Considerations and Force Projection
3-7. The following vignette displays the importance of integrating environmental considerations into
training.
Issue
The Joint Readiness Training Center
(JRTC) integrates environmental
considerations into its tactical scenarios.
Discussion
JRTC takes a proactive approach to environmental considerations by writing
scenarios with socioeconomic implications rather than treating “no-dig” areas as
administrative restrictions. For example, units are advised that the local population
has reservations about U.S. forces being in the area. Units are also informed that a
power line providing electrical power to the local town is buried somewhere in the
area and if severed would adversely affect their units’ ability to accomplish the
mission. To create defensive positions and avoid digging in this area, units
constructed berms by hauling soil from less sensitive areas.
This JRTC scenario forces units to consider the long-term effects of their actions.
The mission end state may be impaired when units do not consider socioeconomic
and environmental impacts.
Techniques and Procedures
Commanders must—
• Integrate environmental considerations into the mission analysis phase of the
MDMP. During mission analysis, the commander and his staff conduct a risk
assessment, which includes identifying all environmentally related hazards.
• Develop innovative solutions to limit training distracters, which may be the result
of environmental considerations
(for example, making environmental
considerations part of the tactical scenario).
• Consult the unit environmental officer throughout the planning process.
ANALYSIS OF OPERATIONAL AND MISSION VARIABLES
3-8. Combatant commanders are responsible for a specific AOR. This responsibility entails planning for
various contingency operations. As a part of the predeployment phase of the operations, staffs must
integrate environmental considerations into contingency planning. This planning includes information
gathering on specific countries within the AOR and the integration of environmental considerations into
specific plans. Each staff section must take into consideration a myriad of concerns, listing them in their
running estimates and intelligence collection plan/IPB for specific countries or operational situations. In
addition, planners must include environmental considerations in their risk assessment for conducting
operations. This information is essential to allow commanders and staffs to develop plans that protect the
environment against undue harm and the health of Soldiers and Marines and support stability operations
(as required) in a fashion that adheres to U.S. national values.
16 February 2010
FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
3-3
Chapter 3
3-9. Topics or areas of concern include:
z
What are the applicable laws, treaties, FGS, and regulations?
z
Are there any threatened species
(defined as those species that are likely to become
endangered within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of their
range) or endangered species and/or designated critical habitats (defined as a designated area
declared essential for the survival of a protected species under authority of the
Endangered Species Act [ESA])?
z
What are the cultural, ethnic, and religious sensitivities?
z
What are the environmental health hazards?
z
What is the status of the infrastructure that supports environmental considerations?
z
What effect will terrain and weather have on operations (as they pertain to the environment)?
z
What types of industry, agriculture, and natural resources are present?
z
What types of industry or agriculture that generate HM/HW are present?
z
Are there specific environmental issues (such as water rights) that may be catalysts for conflict?
z
Are there potential targets for environmental terrorism? If so, what are the anticipated results of
the damage?
z
What is the attitude of the public toward environmental matters in the affected foreign nation?
z
Are specific forces, such as facility engineer teams, required to support environmental activities?
LOGISTICS PLANNING
3-10. Early planning is essential to ensure adequate time to obtain and transport resources. Predeployment
planning helps identify the logistic requirements in time to make the necessary arrangements for
procurement, storage, and transportation. Adequate provision for environmental considerations may have a
significant impact on the logistics system in the areas of transportation, material procurement, and
contracting. Much of this information will be provided to subordinate commands in the higher
headquarters OPLAN/OPORD. The development of environmentally sustainable logistics and the use of
new products and technology will enhance logistics support.
3-11. During predeployment, unit personnel must prepare a basic load list of equipment and other supplies
required to protect the health of personnel and the environment until the supply system is established.
Equipment and supply considerations include—
z
Adequate PPE for use when handling HM/HW.
z
Spill response equipment. The basic planning guidance is to have enough material to contain the
substance in the largest container. Ensure that team members are trained and aware of
procedures to request additional assistance.
z
Material and waste containers (including secondary containment), overpack containers, labels,
markers, placards, signage, and bung wrenches.
z
Fueling operations equipment. Ensure that spark-proof tools, PPE, and other equipment is
available.
z
Trained personnel to handle the HM/HW. Ensure that HMs (explosives and POL) are properly
labeled and MSDS is on hand.
z
Trained personnel to handle solid waste.
3-12. A sample of a basic packing list is provided in table 3-1. This list may not be all-inclusive, and unit
personnel must adjust their lists as necessary.
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FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
16 February 2010
Environmental Considerations and Force Projection
Table 3-1. Sample basic packing list
Item
Number Packed
55-gallon drums
2
Bags for sand bags (secondary containment)
150
Block and brace material
60
Bung wrenches
6
Drip pans
12
Eye wash
22
Labels, markers, placards, and signage
15
Large funnels
5
Locks
17
MSDSs
18
Nonspark tools (shovel and pick)
5
Overpack drums
3
PPE
55
Rags
75
Rolls of plastic
25
Spill kits
5
Used bladder material/canvas
12
Wooden pallets
10
Transportation
3-13. Transporting HM/HW is subject to various laws, regulations, and treaties. Relevant requirements and
procedures must be addressed to ensure the safe and legal movement of these materials. Since the
movement of HM across international boundaries requires coordination, initial planning must include
provisions to enact or establish procedures with foreign governments to transport them. Planners must
determine these requirements early in the planning process to avoid unexpected delays when the materials
become essential. In addition to coordination requirements, planners must include planning for adequate
resources to transport HM/HW to and from HW accumulation sites. A hazardous waste accumulation site
is a specially designed site for the temporary collection of hazardous wastes where no container may
remain onsite for more than 90 days (the definition was shortened, and the complete definition is printed
in the glossary).
Material Procurement and Contracting
3-14. Planning for environmental considerations includes procuring and contracting materials. These
materials may be nonpolluting or may be to support other aspects of environmental protection, such as spill
response. Purchasing reusable or nonpolluting alternatives reduces the logistics burden by reducing the
quantity of HW that must be stored, handled, or transported. Logistics planners must plan to purchase and
transport these materials as early as possible to ensure that units maintain adequate, accessible stockpiles.
In addition to purchasing materials, military forces must be prepared to implement recycling programs.
These programs help to reduce the waste stream by reusing serviceable materials, such as construction
materials, tents, and shipping containers.
16 February 2010
FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
3-5
Chapter 3
DEPLOYMENT
3-15. As military forces deploy, specific environmental considerations become more obvious. The
additional specific training and resources required are supported by the various installations that support
the deployment. In addition, further transportation requirements will become necessary for HM/HW.
Adequate predeployment planning mitigates the impact for deploying units and supporting installations for
additional environmental requirements. If this planning is not done during predeployment, it will create a
greater burden on the deploying force because of time constraints. Guidelines for deployment are listed in
table 3-2.
Table 3-2. Deployment guidelines
•
Forward the EBS to higher headquarters after it has been performed
•
Ensure that all unit personnel comply with off-limits area restrictions
•
Ensure that hazard signs are standardized and personnel are briefed on
their meaning
•
Verify that units dig (fighting positions and tank ditches) only in approved
areas
Adhere to general
•
Ensure that all personnel know and comply with special environmental
guidelines (applies
requirements
to training and
•
Use downtime for conducting opportunity training on environmental
OCONUS
concerns
deployments)
•
Ensure that leaders monitor high-risk operations and activities
•
Report spills and maneuver damage to the proper headquarters
immediately
•
Verify that leaders are making on-the-spot corrections
•
Conduct periodic environmental conditions reports (ECRs) as necessary,
and pass them to the proper headquarters in a timely fashion
•
Ensure that leaders are explaining and marking the noise-restricted areas
Reduce Noise
•
Ensure that units are complying with community/installation noise
abatement hours
•
Ensure that personnel drive vehicles on secondary roads and bypass
when possible to minimize off-road damage
•
Ensure that personnel move vehicles into bivouac or assembly areas in
columns
Minimize Vehicle
Movement
•
Designate personnel to remove mud and debris from roadways
Damage
•
Drive carefully in wooded areas to avoid vehicle damage to vegetation
•
Stay on approved and marked trails and routes when driving off-road,
minimizing cross-country movement
•
Cross streams and ditches only at approved crossings
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FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
16 February 2010
Environmental Considerations and Force Projection
Table 3-2. Deployment guidelines (continued)
•
Obtain a special permit, if required, to train in wetland areas
•
Ensure that sensitive and off-limits areas are designated, well marked,
and avoided
•
Limit the use of vehicles and other destructive activities when possible
Protect Wetlands
(Marshes,
•
Ensure that drivers use designated bridges and crossing sites
Swamps, and
•
Ensure that units observe prohibitions against discharging wastewater
Bogs)
into wetlands or waterways
•
Prohibit refueling or field maintenance operations near or in wetlands or
surface waters
•
Ensure that units observe prohibitions against filling any wetlands areas
Protect Threatened
Endangered
•
Ensure that personnel exercise care to avoid disturbing threatened and
Species and Other
endangered species, habitats, and sensitive areas
Protected Wildlife,
•
Verify that sensitive areas are marked
Vegetation, and
Habitats
•
Ensure that units avoid digging in or near sites or structures designated
as cultural resources
•
Verify that personnel follow instructions not to modify or destroy these
sites in any way
Protect
•
Confirm that personnel understand that destroying or defacing
Natural/Cultural
archaeological sites, including collections of artifacts, is a violation of the
Resources
law
•
Ensure that personnel immediately report the discovery of any artifacts
and wait for clearance to resume training
•
Ensure that sensitive and off-limits areas are designated and avoided
•
Ensure that units exercise care to prevent ground covering from being
stripped of vegetation
Discern Use of
•
Verify that units use camouflage nets instead of live vegetation, whenever
Camouflage
possible
•
Brief personnel regarding local guidance on the use of vegetation for
camouflage
•
Ensure that each unit polices its area
•
Establish designated accumulation points for proper trash disposal
•
Dispose of field kitchen wastes only as authorized
Dispose of Waste
•
Dispose of medical and human wastes in an approved manner
Properly
•
Verify that units correctly dispose of liquid waste from kitchens, showers,
and baths
•
Ensure that units properly dispose of reverse osmosis water purification
unit discharges
16 February 2010
FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
3-7
Chapter 3
Table 3-2. Deployment guidelines (continued)
•
Comply with OPORD/installation environmental management office
procedures for HW turn-in and disposal
•
Obtain approval before using chlorobenzalmalononitrile (tear gas) and
smoke
•
Properly mark and report unexploded munitions
•
Minimize the use of hazardous substances
•
Place HW and POL waste products in separate containers
•
Ensure that containers requiring long-term storage before disposal are
protected from weather and inspected to prevent container failure
Dispose of HM and
•
Ensure that waste description records are handed off to replacement
HW Properly
units
•
Deliver HW and POL waste to a designated waste collection point
•
Ensure that POL and vehicle maintenance waste products are not
dumped into sewers, ditches, or streams
•
Ensure that spill teams are available on-site
•
Confirm that adequate spill response equipment and material are
available
•
Ensure that spill teams respond immediately to reported spill locations
•
Report spills as required by local regulations and the unit SOP
•
Refuel vehicles only at designated sites
Refuel and
•
Protect ground surfaces by using POL drip pans
Maintain Vehicles
•
Use POL-absorbing compounds during refueling operations
•
Use only designated vehicle wash facilities and equipment
•
Confirm that fighting positions, gun emplacements, and other excavated
areas are properly refilled
•
Collect communications and obstacle wires for proper disposal or reuse
•
Properly police and remove all wastes and recyclables
Perform Recovery
Operations
•
Mark and report unexploded munitions
•
Report, contain, and clean up hazardous spills according to directives
•
Coordinate for and perform an environmental site closure survey to
document the condition of the AO
•
Inspect all sites before departing the AO
MOBILIZATION
3-16. As forces increase their training tempo in preparation for deployment and as additional forces
(including ARNG and USAR forces) are mobilized, demands on training facilities, areas, and ranges will
increase. This training will place additional strain on installations and may stress installation sanitation,
maintenance, and recycling facilities. These strains will be most apparent on overseas installations that do
not regularly host large numbers of military personnel. Planners need to analyze the effects that this
increase in personnel will have on installations supporting these operations. In some circumstances, it may
prove necessary to request excusal from or modification to certain environmental requirements for the
mission. These issues must be addressed early to allow time for the legal and regulatory issues to be
resolved, for engineer and facility planners to develop solutions, and for logistic specialists to acquire the
3-8
FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
16 February 2010
Environmental Considerations and Force Projection
needed materials. The installation environmental, engineering, and logistic offices are essential points of
contact for coordinating mobilization planning.
3-17. Questions that affect mission planning pertaining to mobilization activities include—
z
What are the applicable laws, treaties, regulations, FGS, and installation operational procedures?
z
Will it be possible to obtain adjustments or exemptions to laws and regulations? What are the
procedures for this?
z
Will the installation infrastructure support added personnel—in particular water, wastewater,
sewage treatment, solid waste disposal, medical waste, and recycling centers? What steps need
to be taken to increase capacity?
z
How will training areas and ranges be impacted by increased use? What mitigation steps are
necessary to reduce damage?
z
Are there adequate billeting areas? If not, are additional structures (for example, warehouses,
hangars, and bunkers) safe for extended occupation by military personnel?
z
Are dining facilities adequate? Are new food service personnel properly trained to avoid food
contamination and the spread of food-borne illnesses?
z
Are adequate facilities available for personnel hygiene? If not, have arrangements been made to
increase them?
z
Are medical facilities adequate for the increased population?
TRANSPORTATION
3-18. The deployment of military forces requires a tremendous allocation of transportation assets. It
involves transporting vehicles, equipment, materials, and personnel to distant locations. Units must
transport various forms of HM/HW, including POL products and ammunition, in a manner safe for the
environment and for military personnel and civilians. This process involves training in the proper
procedures and handling, storing, inspecting, and certifying loads. Planners must negotiate transit
agreements with other nations as well to ensure the legal movement of materials. Considerations in the
movement of material include—
z
Negotiating international transit agreements.
z
Identifying HM/HW.
z
Ensuring that adequate numbers of personnel are trained to certify HM.
z
Preparing vehicles and equipment for shipment.
z
Implementing safety procedures for HM/HW specific hazards
(flammable, combustible,
corrosive, reactive, and health).
z
Coordinating with local authorities to transport HM/HW and ammunition.
z
Arranging the security for HM/HW and ammunition shipments.
z
Conducting customs inspections of personnel and equipment.
z
Ensuring that the correct documentation for HM/HW is acquired.
16 February 2010
FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
3-9
Chapter 3
3-19. The following vignette demonstrates the importance of complying with environmental requirements
with regard to vehicles, equipment, materials, and rear detachment personnel.
Issue
Rear detachment personnel were unprepared to comply with environmental
requirements.
Discussion
Many deploying units fail to realize the importance of maintaining environmentally
trained personnel as part of their rear detachment.
The rear detachment is responsible for the continued maintenance of existing
facilities and HM storage areas and compliance with installation and state
environmental requirements. Failure to maintain trained personnel increases
environmental/safety risk and decreases the ability to meet regulatory requirements.
Techniques and Procedures
Deploying unit commanders must ensure that stay-back personnel maintain the
necessary training, facility access, and equipment to carry on the unit’s rear
detachment mission.
Develop an environmental SOP that encompasses rear detachment responsibilities
and procedures, to include—
• Training rear detachment personnel to assume environmentally related duties.
• Ensuring that the rear detachment has a trained environmental officer.
• Conducting an inventory and walk-through inspection of facilities/supplies
between the deploying unit commander and the rear detachment officer in
charge. Note all environmentally related issues.
• Ensuring that adequate spill kits are available for rear detachment use.
• Ensuring that rear detachment personnel have access to HM lockers, container
express (CONEX), or POL storage bins.
EMPLOYMENT
3-20. The employment of military forces often creates a significant impact on the environment. While
much of this impact is unavoidable, commanders must seek to minimize its impact to the greatest practical
extent. Reducing or mitigating environmental damage serves to support U.S. goals. Protecting the
environment and the health of military and civilian personnel reduces long-term reconstruction and medical
costs, supports IO, and aligns with U.S. national values.
INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION OF THE BATTLEFIELD
3-21. Identifying environmental risks early and developing mitigation plans is essential to avoid
unwarranted environmental damage. The IPB process identifies aspects of the operating environment
crucial to the commanders’ decisionmaking. The engineer and CA staffs must work with the intelligence
staff to integrate environmental considerations into the IPB. Geospatial engineers can generate geospatial
data, provide geospatial information, and create terrain visualization products to further the staff’s analysis
of the physical environment and help them visualize those aspects of the terrain that may require additional
environmental consideration. By identifying environmental considerations, the other staff elements can
3-10
FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
16 February 2010
Environmental Considerations and Force Projection
develop plans, which take into account various environmental factors
(such as terrain, weather,
infrastructure, and civil considerations). These considerations may include:
z
Potential weapons of mass destruction (WMD) sites.
z
Potential targets that the enemy may attack to inflict environmental damage.
z
Industries and factories that emit, produce, or store TICs/TIMs.
z
Location of oil and gas pipelines.
z
Potential second- and third-order effects of damage to industrial facilities and WMD sites.
z
Endangered species or critical habitats.
z
Historic, cultural, or religious sites or structures.
z
Ability of the local infrastructure to support environmental considerations (such as sewer and
water treatment plants).
z
Effect of the weather and the terrain on the potential spread of contaminants.
z
Potential force beddown and operating base locations.
z
Material and technology used in the AOR that may be hazardous.
ENVIRONMENTAL RECONNAISSANCE
3-22. Environmental reconnaissance focuses on the collection of technical information on existing
environmental conditions and the identification of environmentally sensitive areas or areas of relative
environmental concern. Planners use the information they collect to assess the impact of military
operations on the environment and identify potential environmental impacts on safety and other aspects of
protection. With adequate information on both risks, planners can mitigate the impact of environmental
concerns on the operation. (See the vignette on page 3-12 for an example.)
3-23. Environmental reconnaissance is a multidisciplinary task best conducted by a base team augmented
as necessary with additional expertise. The engineer will likely be responsible for coordinating
environmental reconnaissance but should rely on other branches for help, depending on expected areas of
concern and required expertise. In many circumstances, however, a team may consist of one to two
personnel with limited experience. To obtain effective results, commanders and staffs must work to
coordinate for and obtain additional expertise or, at a minimum, additional training support before
conducting an environmental reconnaissance.
3-24. Many operations require fixed facilities, structures, or other real property as logistics, command and
control, administration, communications, billeting, and maintenance areas. Planners must ensure that any
hazards from HM/HW, POL, CBRN contamination, disease vectors, and other contamination sources (such
as open sewers or medical waste) are identified and mitigated, if possible, before the unit occupies the site.
Planners must also understand the site layout and the layout of the surrounding civilian infrastructure to
help determine overall site suitability and to plan for locating various base camp/installation functions. In
addition to protecting military personnel and civilians, an environmental baseline survey (defined as an
assessment or study done on an area of interest [a property] in order to define the environmental
state or condition of that property prior to use by military forces. Used to determine the
environmental impact of property use by military forces and the level of environmental restoration
needed prior to returning the property upon their departure) will also help determine site condition
before occupation, thereby limiting liability to U.S. forces for any damage incurred. If the tactical situation
permits, commanders conduct or direct an EBS before occupying any of these sites. An EBS is typically
performed by or with support from engineer elements. However, units may conduct an initial site
assessment without assistance from engineer elements. Ideally, units will conduct a full EBS in conjunction
with an EHSA. Appendix E provides additional information.
16 February 2010
FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
3-11
Chapter 3
Issue
EBS prevents Soldiers’ and Marines’ exposure to toxic substances during Operation
Enduring Freedom.
Discussion
U.S. and coalition forces occupied former Soviet bases during Operation Enduring
Freedom. They discovered a stockpile of leaking electrical transformers. The
commanders’ risk assessment determined that due to their age, these transformers
potentially contained carcinogens. Subsequently, the commanders determined that
the risk to Soldiers and Marines, the cost of cleanup, and the value of the real estate
parcel to mission needs did not warrant immediate removal of the transformers.
However, as a risk mitigation procedure, the site was effectively marked and posted
as a hazardous area and recorded on the EBS document.
During its real-world mission, the unit employed proper risk assessment procedures
acquired through training scenarios. By taking the necessary precautions, the
commanders protected Soldiers and Marines from an environmental hazard and
helped safeguard the mission and Soldier and Marine health and well-being. Doing
the right thing came as second nature.
Techniques and Procedures
To help safeguard the health and well-being of Soldiers and Marines, leaders must—
• Ensure the completion of an EBS before occupying base camps or existing
facilities. (Appendix E contains information on conducting an EBS and initial site
survey.)
• Conduct a risk assessment to include environmentally related risk before and
during operations.
TARGETING CONSIDERATIONS
3-25. Destroying various targets may result in environmental or civil consequences. Throughout the
planning process, staffs and commanders must determine if the damage inflicted is worth the relative cost.
In most cases, environmental considerations will be of second- or third-order importance in target
selection. However, certain targets must be analyzed based on their effect on the environment.
3-26. Destroying industrial and WMD facilities may result in significant environmental impacts. These
impacts may be long-lasting and impact the conduct of U.S. military operations. Releasing TICs/TIMs
could spread contamination over U.S. forces, impeding operations, and possibly posing severe health
issues to exposed military and civilian personnel. This contamination may affect air, water, and soil. In
addition, these negative impacts could create significant political repercussions, especially if the
contamination plume affects neighboring nations. The destruction of these targets and the possible
resulting long-term effects must be evaluated against the relative gain. Whenever possible, the military
should avoid targeting these types of facilities or consider alternate means to disable them. Other means
may include precision targeting by specific weapons (which disable the facility without creating some of
the detrimental effects) or disabling ancillary and supporting structures and systems (which render actual
target destruction unnecessary). In some instances, it may be necessary to conduct detailed target analysis
and to consult civilian experts in the field to determine the best means of disabling the facility while still
preventing the excessive release of contaminants.
3-27. Destroying other targets that make up the national infrastructure may be desirable based on military
necessity. For instance, it may be beneficial to destroy power generation stations, denying enemy forces
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16 February 2010
Environmental Considerations and Force Projection
reliable electrical power. As with other industrial sites, planners must weigh the costs and benefits. If the
operation is going to later include stability operations, the military may have to rebuild what was
destroyed. This process may cost considerable sums of money and impede the progress of the stability
operation. This may in turn fuel continued hostility toward U.S. forces and interests.
3-28. The enemy may use various historic, cultural, and religious sites as sanctuaries. These targets may
have particular significance for certain populations. While the enemy may be using them for protection
from U.S. forces, destroying them may result in negative reactions among the local and world populations.
While U.S. forces have the right under the LOW to attack otherwise-protected targets if used by the enemy,
commanders should still be aware of the potential implications of unnecessarily damaging or destroying
these targets. In some circumstances, it may be better to avoid targeting certain sites to avoid adverse
reactions. Other measures, such as isolating the target or using local security forces to secure the site, may
be more beneficial to long-term U.S. interests.
COMBAT OPERATIONS
3-29. As forces engage in combat operations, a certain amount of environmental damage will occur. The
steps the military takes to reduce and mitigate that damage will vary with the situation and the operation. In
major combat operations, the importance of environmental considerations may be less compared to other
concerns. In other operations, such as peacekeeping or peace enforcement, the situation may allow for
more comprehensive safeguards. Nevertheless, certain steps may be necessary to avoid damage impacting
the ability of U.S. forces to conduct the operation and to safeguard the health of Soldiers and Marines. By
integrating environmental considerations into the IPB and conducting environmental risk assessment,
commanders and staffs may identify and avoid unnecessary impacts. These vary from the targeting
considerations addressed above, to practicing good field sanitation measures, protecting HM/HW and POL
stockpiles, and securing vital infrastructure against damage. In addition, international law as prescribed in
the Geneva Convention and the 1977 Engineer Modification Convention specifically forbids modifying the
environment or deliberately destroying the environment as a means of waging war. Some of the
considerations in conducting combat operations include—
z
Identifying and securing vital infrastructure against damage and looting, to include power
plants, water treatment plants, hospitals, dams, and pumping stations.
z
Securing locations that may be targets for environmental terrorism.
z
Identifying and protecting historic, cultural, and religious sites, to include museums, schools,
and universities.
z
Avoiding damage (where possible) to agricultural land.
z
Avoiding damage (where possible) to threatened and endangered species and their habitats and
important habitats such as wetlands and estuaries.
z
Securing HM/HW and POL stockpiles against damage.
z
Ensuring that personnel wear and use the proper PPE.
z
Practicing good field sanitation and personal hygiene.
SUSTAINMENT
3-30. The military’s concern for environmental considerations must extend throughout the operation.
Environmental considerations must be integrated into plans and daily operations, as U.S. forces establish
base camps, continue to pursue combat operations, and conduct stability operations. These include areas
such as logistics operation; base camp and installation operations; sensitive site exploitation; historical,
cultural, and religious site protection; and reconstruction operations.
3-31. Units perform inspections, ensure that environmental protection measures are in place, and ensure
that HM/HW areas are clean and orderly during the sustainment phase. Units also note, document, and
report changes in conditions if necessary. These changes may be significant enough to include with the
EBS, such as finding new conditions at the site or increasing the area of the site. Use an environmental
conditions report (defined as a concise summary of environmental conditions at a base camp site,
based on the environmental baseline survey, supported by maps and backup documents, prepared
16 February 2010
FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
3-13
Chapter 3
by base camp commanders for each base camp; the environmental conditions report documents
conditions at the site if claims or other legal challenges arise against the government) to document
these findings. Use table 3-3 as a guideline during the sustainment phase.
Table 3-3. Sustainment guidelines
Maintenance Area
•
Place drip pans or absorbent pads under vehicles and refueling nozzle in the
drip pan
Containment
•
Ensure that POL storage and waste areas maintain secondary containment
and are in good condition
•
Empty water from secondary containment and dispose as HW
•
Ensure that POL and fuel storage areas are located away from populated
areas and are kept clean and orderly
HM/HW
•
Ensure that warning signs can be read from 50 feet away
Locations
•
Ensure that lids are on (no funnels), areas are secure, and proper labels are
on containers
•
Maintain MSDSs for all material, and keep spill response and unit SOPs
readily available
Environmental
Documentation
•
Label and date all waste containers as soon as the first drop hits
•
Maintain turn-in documents and waste manifests
•
Keep lids shut tightly when not adding or removing material. Ensure that there
are no leaks or corrosion
Containers
•
Empty containers in the vehicle maintenance HW accumulation site when they
are full or nearly full
•
Keep incompatible materials separated to prevent reactions
•
Order new PPE, dry sweep, prevention tools, and spill kits when necessary
Kits
•
Use gloves and goggles during fueling operations
HW Collection
•
Ensure that secondary containment is in good condition
Containment
•
Empty water accumulating in secondary containment as HW
•
Locate HW accumulation sites away from populated spaces
HW
Accumulation
•
Keep sites clean and orderly
Site
•
Ensure that warning signs can be read from 50 feet away
•
Keep spill response plans and unit SOPs available
Environmental
•
Label and date all waste containers when the first drop hits
Documentation
•
Keep inventory of incoming and outgoing wastes
•
Check for leaks
•
Empty containers when full or nearly full
Containers
•
Keep lids tightly closed when not in use
•
Keep wastes segregated
•
Order new PPE, dry sweep, prevention tools, and spill kits when necessary
•
Keep spill response equipment in good condition, and make sure it is
Kits
accessible
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FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
16 February 2010
Environmental Considerations and Force Projection
Table 3-3. Sustainment guidelines (continued)
HM Supply and Storage Area
•
Ensure that secondary containment is in good condition
•
Empty water that accumulates in secondary containment as HW
Containment
•
Make sure tent heaters, pot belly stoves, generators, and light sets have
secondary containment
•
Locate HMs away from populated areas
HM Locations
•
Ensure that warning signs may be read from 50 feet away
•
Keep locations clean and orderly, and eliminate trip hazards
•
Keep spill response plans and unit SOPs readily available
Environmental
•
Label and date all waste accumulation containers
Documentation
•
Keep inventory of incoming/outgoing materials
•
Keep items orderly
Containers
•
Store incompatible materials separately
•
Make sure lids are on tightly when not in use
•
Order new PPE, dry sweep, spill kits, and prevention tools when necessary
Kits
•
Keep spill response equipment in good condition, and make sure it is
accessible
•
Locate wastes away from populated areas
•
Keep locations clean and orderly
Other Wastes
•
Ensure that wastes are segregated
•
Recycle as appropriate
•
Ensure that burning is conducted downwind of the population
LOGISTICS OPERATIONS
3-32. Providing logistics support to military operations requires extensive planning. The more material
required for military forces, the greater the transportation effort. This effort translates into greater cost and
more personnel. The more personnel required to support logistics operations, the higher the demand on
base camps and protection requirements. The more planners reduce the logistics burden, the more they can
reduce the overall mission support requirements.
3-33. Reducing the quantity of HM/HW can significantly reduce logistics requirements. Using available
nonpolluting materials reduces the time and expense of adhering to extensive requirements that protect
against spills and the process of transporting the HW out of the theater. Fuel conservation measures can
also reduce the amount of POL required. In addition, recycling programs for materials (in particular Class
II and Class IV) can reduce the amount of material shipped into and out of the theater.
3-34. Logistics planners must also ensure that they make adequate provisions for environmental and
health-related products. These products range from spill containment materials to PPE and to contracting
for portable latrine and shower units. Integrating these considerations as early planning factors is important
to ensuring that adequate resources are available when needed. See the following vignette to better
understand the importance of sound sustainment operations.
16 February 2010
FM 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B
3-15
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