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The Defense
synchronize information-related capabilities to achieve these objectives and create specific effects.
Commonly synchronized information-related capabilities to support the defense include cyberspace
operations, electronic warfare, military deception, military information support operations, and operations
security.
MOVEMENT AND MANEUVER
4-50. Defending commanders seek to defeat the attacks of enemy forces by attriting those forces with
repeated, unexpected engagements before they conduct their final assaults on friendly defensive positions.
Enemy forces attempt to withdraw or transition to the defense in the face of friendly counterattacks once their
attacks fail. If an enemy force succeeds in overrunning a key defensive position, that defending friendly unit
counterattacks to restore defensive integrity before that enemy force can either organize that position for
defense or exploit its success.
Exploit the Advantages of Terrain
4-51. Defending commanders exploit the advantages of occupying the terrain where an engagement will
occur. A defending force engages an attacker from locations that give that defending force an advantage.
Defensive positions in the MBA make use of existing and reinforcing obstacles. Commanders may shape the
battlefield by defending in one area to deny terrain to an enemy force while delaying in another area. This is
to deceive an enemy commander into believing that an attacking enemy force has achieved success.
4-52. Generally, defending forces have the advantage of preparing the terrain by reinforcing natural
obstacles, fortifying positions, and rehearsing operations. (See ATP 3-90.8 for guidance on integrating
obstacles into engagement areas and defensive positions.)
4-53. Terrain features that favor the defense include—
z
A series of parallel ridges across the line of hostile advance.
z
Unfordable streams, swamps, lakes, and other obstacles on the front and flanks.
z
High ground with good observation and long-range fields of fire.
z
Concealed movement routes immediately behind defensive positions.
z
A limited road network in front of the line of contact to confine an enemy force to predictable
avenues of approach.
z
A good road network behind the line of contact that allows commanders to reposition forces as a
battle progresses.
4-54. Depending on the mission variables, units can conduct survivability moves between their primary,
alternate, and supplementary positions. A survivability move is a move that involves rapidly displacing a
unit, command post, or facility in response to direct and indirect fires, the approach of a threat or as
a proactive measure based on intelligence, meteorological data, and risk assessment of enemy
capabilities and intentions. A survivability move includes those movements based on the impending
employment of weapons of mass destruction.
Disrupt the Enemy Attack at Every Opportunity
4-55. The defending force conducts operations in multiple domains to disrupt an enemy commander’s plan
and destroy key units and assets. Particularly the defending force seeks to degrade enemy forces’ command
and control capabilities and integrated fires complex as well as to destroy their reserve. This compels early
enemy culmination and allows the defending force to regain the initiative. The defending force conducts
spoiling attacks to disrupt enemy troop concentrations and attack preparations. The defending force rapidly
counterattacks an enemy success with its reserve, the forces at hand, or a striking force before the enemy
force can exploit that success.
Mass the Effects of Combat Power
4-56. The decisive operation can be tied to a geographical location or against an enemy force. In an area
defense, defending units use engagement areas to concentrate combat power from mutually supporting
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Chapter 4
positions in selected engagement areas. In a mobile defense, commanders use a striking force to generate
overwhelming combat power at the decisive point. Commanders can also mass effects by committing the
reserve. Commanders use economy of force measures in areas that do not involve the decisive operation.
Armored and Stryker Forces
4-57. When most of a defending force consists of units equipped with armored combat vehicles, commanders
can conduct a defense designed to take advantage of the tactical mobility and protection offered by those
systems. Combat vehicles provide defending forces with the capability to maneuver to delay the advance of
a strong enemy force and then immediately change from a dynamic to a static defense or counterattack.
Defending forces equipped with armored combat vehicles are well suited for use as security and MBA forces.
They are more suited for operations within a chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN)
contaminated environment than dismounted infantry forces because of their built-in CBRN overpressure
protection.
Dismounted Infantry Forces
4-58. Dismounted infantry forces facing an armored enemy force are primarily used in static roles within the
MBA or in security roles within their echelon support and consolidation areas. When facing armored enemy
forces, dismounted infantry forces are most effective when fighting from prepared defenses or in close terrain,
such as swamps, woods, hilly and mountainous areas, and urban areas. From those positions they can take
advantage of their foot mobility and short-range infantry and anti-armor weapons.
4-59. Commanders use airborne and air assault units in the same manner as they use other infantry forces
once those units deploy into their landing zones. However, there may be challenges extracting them,
particularly if those units come into direct contact with an enemy force. Because of its mobility and potential
reaction speed, an airborne or air assault force is often well suited for a reserve role during the defense. Its
tasks might include—
z
Rapid reinforcement of a threatened position.
z
Occupation of a blocking position, possibly in conjunction with existing defensive positions.
z
Reinforcement of encircled friendly forces.
z
Flank protection.
Aviation Forces
4-60. Aviation forces with their mix of manned and unmanned systems are particularly valuable in the
defense because of their speed, mobility, and versatility. Their tasks can include—
z
Conducting intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance, as part of information collection.
z
Performing security operations.
z
Conducting shaping operations or supporting efforts to establish the necessary conditions for
decisive operations by other forces or the main effort through attriting, disrupting, and delaying
the enemy.
z
Conducting counterattacks and spoiling attacks.
z
Controlling ground for limited periods where a commander does not wish to irrevocably commit
ground forces; for example, forward of an executed obstacle.
z
Countering enemy penetrations.
z
Closing gaps in a defensive plan before the arrival of ground maneuver forces.
z
Facilitating the disengagement of ground forces.
z
Countering enemy activities in the echelon support areas, in particular enemy airborne or air
assault forces.
z
Resupplying a defending force or facilitating casualty evacuation.
z
Assisting in the countermobility effort by employing minefields.
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The Defense
Ensure Mutual Support
4-61. Mutual support exists when positions and units support each other by direct and indirect fires, thus
preventing an enemy force from attacking one position without being subjected to fire from one or more
adjacent positions. Mutual support increases the strength of all defensive positions, prevents defeat in detail,
and helps prevent enemy infiltration between positions. Battle positions achieve the maximum degree of
mutual support when they are located to observe or monitor the ground between positions or when they
conduct patrols to prevent any enemy infiltration. At night or during periods of limited visibility, commanders
may position small units closer together to retain the advantages of mutual support. Unit leaders must
coordinate the nature and extent of their mutual support.
Mobility
4-62. During a defense, mobility tasks include breaching obstacles, clearing routes, and constructing and
maintaining combat roads and trails to support counterattacks. Mobility tasks are those combined arms
activities that mitigate the effects of obstacles to enable freedom of movement and maneuver. Engineer units
usually perform these tasks. Enemy fires and friendly use accelerate the normal wear on routes. Engineers
maintain the trafficability of those routes. Enemy fires may necessitate deploying engineer equipment, such
as assault bridging and bulldozers, forward. During a counterattack, engineer breaching systems open closed
lanes or breach hasty minefields placed by a retrograding enemy force.
4-63. Commanders establish the priority of mobility support based on the mission variables. This support
consists mainly of reducing obstacles and improving or constructing combat roads and trails to allow tactical
support vehicles to accompany combat vehicles. Commanders coordinate carefully to ensure that units leave
lanes or gaps in their obstacles that allow for the repositioning of main body units and the commitment of the
counterattacking force. CBRN reconnaissance systems also contribute to a force’s mobility in a contaminated
environment by marking contaminated and clean routes as well as providing CBRN expertise while
developing alternate COAs.
Countermobility
4-64. Commanders designate obstacle zones, belts, and groups depending on their authority. When planning
obstacles, commanders and staffs also consider future operations. Commanders design obstacles for current
operations so they do not hinder planned future operations. Any commander authorized to employ obstacles
can designate certain obstacles to shape the battlefield. There are two categories of reinforcing obstacles:
tactical and protective. Tactical obstacles shape enemy maneuver to maximize the effects of fires. Tactical
obstacles deny the ability of a force to move, mass, and reinforce; therefore, they affect the tempo of
operations. There are three types of tactical obstacles: directed, situational, and reserved. Commanders
employ protective obstacles to protect people, equipment, supplies, and facilities against threats. Protective
obstacles have two roles, defense or security.
4-65. Obstacles can provide additional protection from enemy attacks by forcing an enemy force to spend
time and resources to breach or bypass them. Effective obstacles block, turn, fix, or disrupt, forcing an enemy
to attempt to breach or bypass them. A commander integrates reinforcing obstacles with existing obstacles
to halt or slow enemy movement, canalize enemy movement into engagement areas, and protect friendly
positions and maneuver. The primary purpose for integrating obstacles with fires is to enhance the
effectiveness of those fires. Obstacles that are not covered by fire generally disrupt only the leading elements
of an attacking force for a short time. When possible, units conceal obstacles from hostile observation. They
coordinate obstacle plans with adjacent units and conform to the obstacle zone or belts of higher echelons.
4-66. Commanders designate the unit responsible for creating and overwatching each obstacle. Commanders
may retain execution authority for some obstacles—called reserved obstacles—or restrict the use of some
types of obstacles to allow other battlefield activities to occur. All units must know which gaps or lanes—
through obstacles and crossing sites—to keep open for movements, as well as the firing and self-destruct
times of scatterable mines to prevent delays in movement. Commanders must be specific and clear in their
orders for executing reserved obstacles and closing lanes. As each lane closes, the closing unit reports the
lane’s closure to prevent displacing units from moving into active obstacle areas.
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Chapter 4
4-67. Commanders at all echelons track defensive preparations, such as establishing Class IV and V supply
points and start or completion times of obstacle belts and groups. Commanders plan how units will restore
obstacles that an enemy force has breached. Commanders use artillery, air, or ground systems to reseed
minefields. Given time and resources, a defending force constructs additional obstacles in depth, paying
special attention to its assailable flanks and rear. (See ATP 3-90.8 for additional information about obstacles
and obstacle integration.)
Enemy Airborne and Air Assault Attacks
4-68. Defeating an enemy airborne or air assault attack begins with a good IPB process to determine the
enemy force’s capabilities to conduct vertical envelopment and to identify enemy airfields, pickup zones,
drop zones, and landing zones. Armed with an appreciation of an enemy force’s capability to conduct vertical
envelopment, commanders take steps to counterattack enemy forces before they launch, during their
movement to the drop zone, or at the landing zone. Commanders may request joint offensive and defensive
counterair support. After prioritizing the risk of each potential drop or landing zone to the operation,
commanders establish surveillance of these areas to alert defending forces if an enemy insertion takes place.
Units also sight their weapons to cover the most probable drop and landing zones. The fire support plan
includes these zones in its target list for area fires munitions and scatterable munitions. Defending forces
emplace obstacles in these locations and impede avenues of approach to critical friendly installations and
activities as part of their countermobility and survivability efforts.
4-69. If enemy forces succeed in landing, a defending force contains and counterattacks them before they
become organized and are reinforced. Friendly field artillery and attack helicopters must quickly engage
enemy forces to take advantage of the concentration of targets in landing and drop zones. Joint fires can also
be employed against such insertion areas. Available base and base cluster defense and response forces keep
the enemy force under observation, designating targets for available fires. If more enemy troops land and
consolidate, base cluster defense forces and the quick response force try to fix that enemy force to allow a
tactical combat force to counterattack. Defending commanders may need to commit their reserve if an enemy
force is too large for their tactical combat force to reduce.
Limited Visibility and Obscuration
4-70. An attacking enemy force can be expected to create or take advantage of limited visibility conditions.
Normally, a defending commander can expect an attacker taking advantage of these conditions to—
z
Conduct reconnaissance to locate a defender’s weapons, obstacles, and positions.
z
Breach or reduce defensive obstacles.
z
Infiltrate through gaps in a defender’s coverage caused by reduced target acquisition ranges.
4-71. Two limited visibility conditions exist: those which mechanical aids, such as thermal sights, can
overcome or partially overcome and those which mechanical aids cannot overcome. The first category
includes darkness. The second category includes dense battlefield dust, obscurants, heavy rain, snow, fog, or
any other conditions which cannot be at least partially overcome by artificial illumination, image
intensification, radar, or other sensors. In this case, defending units may need to move closer to the avenues
of approach they are guarding. Sensors may still be of some value in these conditions.
4-72. Commanders use obscurants to disrupt an enemy force’s assault or movement formations and to deny
an enemy force’s use of target acquisition optics, visual navigation aids, air avenues of approach, landing
zones, and drop zones. Obscurants create gaps in enemy formations by separating or isolating attacking units
and disrupting their planned movement. Obscurants affect both friendly and enemy forces.
INTELLIGENCE
4-73. Just as in the offense, intelligence collection is continuous. Intelligence officers, in coordination with
the rest of the staff, develop a synchronized and integrated information collection plan that satisfies the unit
commander’s maneuver, targeting, and information requirements. These requirements in the defense are
similar to those in the offense. Intelligence analysis helps commanders decide on the precise time and place
to counterattack.
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The Defense
4-74. During planning, commanders use intelligence products to identify probable enemy objectives and
approaches. From those probable objectives and approaches they develop named areas of interest and targeted
areas of interest. In a defense, IPB should be able to determine an enemy force’s strength, COAs, and the
location of enemy follow-on forces. IPB products also identify cyberspace activities, cross-domain
capabilities, patterns of enemy operations and the enemy force’s vulnerabilities to counterattack, interdiction,
electronic warfare, air attacks, and canalization by obstacles. Commanders study an enemy force’s capability
to conduct air attacks against friendly forces, insert forces behind friendly units, employ CBRN and explosive
weapons or devices, and employ asymmetric or unconventional forces and tactics. The intelligence staff also
evaluates how soon enemy follow-on forces can be committed. Defending commanders can then decide
where to arrange their forces to defend and shape the battlefield.
4-75. Commanders designate targeted areas of interest and named areas of interest as necessary.
Commanders determine the most advantageous area for an enemy force’s main attack as well as other military
aspects of terrain, including observation and fields of fire, avenues of approach, key terrain, obstacles, and
cover and concealment. (See ATP 3-34.80 for a detailed discussion of observation and fields of fire, avenues
of approach, key terrain, obstacles, and cover and concealment.) A defending unit continuously performs
information collection tasks during a battle so that the defending commander can make the appropriate
decisions and adjustments to the defense.
4-76. Some information collection assets are susceptible to loss. Defensive plans must also address the
sustainment, replacement, and reconstitution of information collection assets throughout the execution of a
defense.
FIRES
4-77. The targeting process ensures the collective and coordinated use of Army indirect and joint fires to
gain and maintain fire superiority throughout defensive operations. In the defense, commanders use fires to
neutralize, suppress, or destroy enemy forces. Commanders can also use fires to delay or disrupt an enemy
force’s ability to execute a given COA and to enhance the effects of massed direct fires or the employment
of scatterable munitions.
Army Indirect Fires and Joint Fires in the Defense
4-78. A defending force is less effective when an attacking enemy force can deploy in combat formations
within the MBA. A defending force is more effective if it can locate and attack enemy forces while enemy
forces are stationary and concentrated in assembly areas or advancing along LOCs. To engage enemy forces
in vulnerable locations, a defending force must effectively employ available indirect and joint fires
throughout its AO. A defending force must be closely linked to target acquisition means, including
information collection assets.
4-79. As defensive plans develop, commanders visualize how to synchronize, coordinate, and distribute the
effects of indirect and direct fires at decisive times and places. All elements in the fire support chain—from
joint fires observers and platoon forward observers in fire support teams to the echelon fires cell, including
the supporting tactical air control party and the supporting fires units—must understand the commander’s
intent, the scheme of maneuver, and the obstacle plan. A defender’s ability to mass fires quickly and then
rapidly reposition forces is a major factor in disrupting the enemy. Commanders place permissive FSCMs as
close as possible to friendly positions to enable the rapid engagement of attacking enemy forces by indirect
and joint fires. Commanders coordinate the massing of fire effects on enemy targets concentrated at obstacles
and other choke points before they can disperse. Proper distribution of fires prevents the massing of enemy
combat power at these points and ensures that friendly forces destroy or neutralize high-payoff targets without
wasting assets through repetitive engagements by multiple friendly systems.
4-80. Fire support assets continue to target enemy combat units to force them to deploy once an engagement
moves into the MBA. At the same time, fire support assets inflict casualties, disrupt the cohesion of an enemy
force’s attack, and impede an enemy force’s ability to mass combat power. Commanders take advantage of
the range and flexibility of fire support weapons to mass fires at critical points, such as obstacles and
engagement areas, to slow and canalize an enemy force to provide better targets for direct fire systems. Fire
support systems cover barriers, gaps, and open areas within the MBA.
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Chapter 4
4-81. Units conduct defensive operations and designate FPFs for each of their supporting artillery units and
mortar platoons. Both direct and indirect-fire weapons can provide FPFs. A direct fire weapon system’s final
protective line is a form of FPFs. Commanders can only assign each weapon, firing battery, or platoon a
single FPF. An FPF is a priority target for that weapon or unit, and those weapons or units are laid on that
target when they are not engaged in other fire missions. When an enemy force initiates its final assault into a
defensive position, a defending unit initiates its FPFs.
Air and Missile Defense
4-82. Army air defense artillery forces operate interdependently with other elements of a joint and
multinational team by providing air and missile defense. They contribute to the deterrence or defeat of enemy
aerial threats by protecting the force, protecting high-value assets, and enabling a force’s freedom to operate.
This mission is normally accomplished within a joint theater-wide structure and requires integration and close
coordination between Army air defense artillery forces and other counterair forces.
4-83. Freedom of movement is essential to a successful defense. During large-scale combat operations, most
friendly forces will not initially operate under the protection of air superiority. The joint force commander
normally seeks to gain and maintain air superiority as quickly as possible to allow all friendly forces, not just
ground forces, to operate without prohibitive interference from enemy air and missile threats. This counterair
mission integrates both offensive operations and defensive operations by all joint force components. In an
environment where air and missile threats exist, a defending ground force operates within a joint counterair
operation designed to attain the degree of air superiority required by the joint force commander to accomplish
the mission.
4-84. Ground commanders mitigate the risk of air and missile attack through various activities. These
activities include camouflage, concealment, military deception, dispersion, redundancy, and protective
construction. These activities improve unit survivability by reducing the likelihood of being detected and
targeted from the air and by mitigating the potential effects of air surveillance and attack. Units improve
survivability by detecting air and missile launches, predicting impact points, providing threat identification,
and disseminating early warning.
SUSTAINMENT
4-85. Commanders address several unique sustainment considerations in the defensive plan. Priorities for
replenishment normally include ammunition and materiel to construct obstacles and defensive positions.
There is usually a reduced need for bulk fuel. Some situations may have an increased demand for
decontaminants and CBRN collective and personal protective equipment. Commanders consider stockpiling
or caching ammunition and limited amounts of petroleum products in centrally located positions within the
MBA. Commanders plan to destroy those stocks if necessary as part of denial operations. The supply of
obstacle materials in a defense can be a significant problem that requires detailed coordination and long lead
times. Commanders consider the transportation and manpower required in obtaining, moving, and uncrating
barrier material and obstacle creating munitions.
4-86. Sustainment unit commanders and sustainment staff officers understand their supported commander’s
intent. They establish support priorities in accordance with that intent and plan sustainment operations to
ensure support for the overall operation. Commanders also address sustainment during branches and sequels
to a defensive plan, such as a counterattack into the flank of an adjacent unit. This allows sustainment units
to anticipate the needs of the maneuver units they support.
4-87. Maneuver units resupply regularly in case an enemy breakthrough disrupts sustainment. The
sustainment enterprise may deliver combat-configured loads to its maneuver units. Combat-configured loads
are typically packages of potable and non-potable water, CBRN defense supplies, barrier materials,
ammunition, petroleum, oil, and lubricants (collectively known as POL), medical supplies, and repair parts
tailored to a specific size unit. Sustainment organizations resupply their supported maneuver units until those
maneuver forces request otherwise. Commanders use information systems to accurately tailor these
combat-configured loads to the demands of supported maneuver units.
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The Defense
4-88. Commanders may need to infiltrate resupply vehicles to reduce detection chances when an enemy force
possesses a significant air, satellite, or unmanned aircraft capability. Commanders may also use military
deception, camouflage, concealment, and obscurants to help conceal logistic operations.
4-89. Terrain management is a critical consideration when establishing bases and base clusters in the support
area. Commanders position each sustainment unit where it can best fulfill its support tasks while using
minimal resources to maintain security in conjunction with other units located in an echelon support area. In
contiguous operations, commanders position echelon sustainment facilities farther away from the FEBA in a
defense than in the offense to avoid interfering with the movement of units between battle positions or the
forward movement of counterattack forces. Commanders locate these assets far enough behind friendly lines
that likely enemy advances will not compel the relocation of critical sustainment capabilities at inopportune
times. However, those sustainment capabilities supporting a unit must be close enough to provide responsive
support. In noncontiguous operations, commanders position sustainment assets in bases and base clusters
within the perimeters of ground maneuver units to provide security and avoid interrupting their sustainment
functions. Commanders distribute sustainment units with similar functions throughout the defensive area in
both environments. This distribution allows commanders to designate one sustainment unit to pick up the
workload of a displacing second sustainment unit until the second sustainment unit is once again operational.
(See ATP 3-91 for a discussion of the use of bases and base clusters within the division support area.)
4-90. A defending commander provides maintenance support as far forward as possible at maintenance
collection points to reduce the need to evacuate equipment. The goal of the maintenance effort is to fix as far
forward as possible damaged systems that can be quickly returned to a unit in combat-ready condition.
Commanders ensure that multifunctional forward logistic elements contain the maximum variety of
maintenance personnel with appropriate equipment, such as repair sets, kits, and outfits, to rapidly repair
weapon systems.
4-91. Medical support associated with the defense anticipates significant casualties, just as in the offense.
Commanders plan to augment available ambulances for mass casualty situations. Units plan for mass
casualties and have evacuation plans, including casualty collection points and ambulance exchange points,
and account for the use of both standard and nonstandard air and ground evacuation platforms.
PROTECTION
4-92. In defensive operations, commanders protect forces and critical assets by synchronizing, integrating,
and organizing protection capabilities and resources. Commanders incorporate available protection
capabilities as they understand and visualize threats and hazards in an operational environment. Commanders
then apply the elements of combat power to prevent or mitigate these threats or hazards from negatively
impacting friendly operations. Commanders use decision support tools and analysis to assess a unit’s critical
assets and key vulnerabilities. (See ADP 3-37 for additional information on protection.)
4-93. In defensive operations, commanders protect forces and critical assets by performing security
operations. Forces providing security in a defense can deter, detect, or defeat enemy reconnaissance efforts
while creating standoff distances from enemy direct- and indirect-fire systems. Commanders secure the
movement of combat trains and protect cached commodities.
4-94. Commanders clearly define responsibilities for the security of units within the support area. This
requires assigning an individual responsibility for defensive planning and risk mitigation in that support area.
That individual can designate the commanders of tenant units within support areas as base and base cluster
commanders (except medical corps officers). Base and base cluster commanders are responsible for the local
security of their respective bases and base clusters. A commander responsible for a support area can also
designate protection standards and defensive readiness conditions for tenant units and units transiting the
area. Higher protection standards may impact the ability of those supporting sustainment units to accomplish
their primary missions to support the operations of maneuver and other forces. The support area commander
coordinates to mitigate the effects of performing security operations on the primary functions of units located
within an echelon support area.
(There are two approaches for arraying base camps: dispersed and
consolidated. See ATP 3-37.10 for the strengths and weaknesses of each approach.)
4-95. Troop movements and resupply convoys are critical. Staffs balance terrain management, movement
planning, convoy security requirements, and traffic-circulation control priorities. They plan multiple routes
4-15
Chapter 4
throughout an AO and closely control their use. Commanders may allocate mobility resources to maintain
main supply routes to support units and supplies moving forward and to evacuate personnel and equipment
to the rear. Commanders coordinate movements with affected organic and external Army aviation, fire
support, air defense units, and ground maneuver units. As required, military police protect movements,
prevent congestion, and respond to maneuver plan changes. Military police can provide necessary convoy
escorts, or maneuver units can use their resources, to provide necessary convoy security. In some
circumstances transportation units can provide their own security.
Survivability Operations
4-96. An attacking enemy force usually has the initiative. A defending commander must take a wide range
of actions to reduce the risk of losses, including developing a survivability plan. Survivability in the defense
prioritizes hardening command posts, artillery positions, air and missile defenses, and other critical
equipment and supply areas. It also includes preparing individual, crew-served, and combat vehicle fighting
positions.
4-97. To avoid detection and destruction by enemy forces, units move frequently and quickly establish
survivability positions. To provide flexibility, units may need primary, alternate, and supplementary
positions. This is particularly true of units defending key or decisive terrain. Units enhance their survivability
using concealment, military deception, decoy or dummy positions, dispersion, and field fortifications.
Commanders increase security during defensive preparations because an enemy force will attack lightly
defended areas whenever possible.
4-98. When preparing area and mobile defenses, engineer units assist maneuver and supporting units prepare
survivability positions. Commanders locate these positions throughout a defending unit’s security area,
MBA, and support area. Requirements beyond the capabilities of BCT engineer battalions pass through a
higher headquarters to an attached Army maneuver enhancement brigade or any functional engineer brigade
supporting the division or corps. These engineer units also prepare any strong points required by the division
or corps concept of operations.
4-99. Survivability tasks include using engineer equipment to help in constructing trenches, command post
shelters, and artillery, firing, radar, and combat vehicle fighting positions. Commanders provide guidance on
the level of protection (such as hull defilade, turret defilade, or overhead cover), system priorities, and early
employment of specialized engineer equipment that can construct survivability positions. (See ATP 3-37.34
for additional information concerning the construction and maintenance of survivability positions.)
4-100. Commanders use dispersion to limit the damage done by enemy attacks. Enemy forces should never
be able to put a unit out of action with just a single attack. Dispersed troops and vehicles force attacking
forces to concentrate on a single small target that may be missed. The wider the dispersion of unit personnel
and equipment is, the greater potential for limiting damage it has. Commanders position forces and
installations to avoid congestion, but they do not disperse them to the extent that there is a risk of defeat in
detail by an enemy employing conventional munitions or weapons of mass destruction.
4-101. Commanders protect supply stocks against blast, shrapnel, incendiaries, and CBRN contamination
using dispersion and constructing survivability positions. Forces can protect vehicles carrying supplies
against almost anything but a direct hit by constructing berms large enough to accommodate the vehicles and
deep enough to keep supplies below ground level. The echelon staff advises sustainment operators about
storage area site selection that reduces the requirements for engineer survivability support without reducing
the required degree of protection.
4-102. Units also use cover to limit the amount of damage and casualties that they can receive because of
an enemy attack. Folds in the earth, natural depressions, trees, buildings, and walls offer cover. If a
commander deploys in flat terrain lacking cover, digging in or sandbagging can offer some protection. Units
employ obscuration if they are moving and cannot use natural cover or cannot build fortifications.
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The Defense
Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Defense
4-103. Defending units are often in fixed positions and have an increased vulnerability to CBRN threats
and hazards. Commanders specify the degree of acceptable risk and establish priorities for CBRN defense
assets.
4-104. Units establish, train, rehearse, and exercise a CBRN defense plan to protect personnel and
equipment from CBRN hazards. Mission-oriented protective posture (known as MOPP) analysis can be used
as a tool to support—
z
Determining the appropriate protective posture, estimating unit and personnel effectiveness (for
example, mission degradation).
z
Estimating additional logistic requirements (for example, water resupply and individual protective
equipment replenishment).
z
Assessing and weighing the tradeoffs between agent exposures versus degraded performance (for
example, wearing full CBRN protective equipment).
Medical personnel continuously maintain and conduct comprehensive health surveillance (health, medical,
occupational, and environmental health surveillance). Commanders ensure that their units can conduct
operational and thorough decontamination of military personnel and equipment. Commanders are responsible
for CBRN passive defense training to prepare their units to respond properly to CBRN threats.
4-105. Commanders integrate CBRN reconnaissance and surveillance into the overall information
collection plan. Employment of CBRN reconnaissance and surveillance capabilities should not duplicate the
efforts of conventional reconnaissance assets.
4-106. CBRN personnel contribute to the overall protection of units located in defensive positions. CBRN
personnel perform CBRN vulnerability assessments including a threat assessment and vulnerability analysis,
and they recommend vulnerability reduction measures for commanders to consider before and after units
move into their defensive positions. These assessments provide a list of preventive measures that can range
from the use of obscurants, reconnaissance, mission-oriented protective posture, and other aspects of CBRN
defense. (For more information on CBRN vulnerability assessment, see ATP 3-11.36. For more information
on CBRN protection, see ATP 3-11.32.)
Physical Security and Antiterrorism
4-107. Enemy forces employ all means to attack defending maneuver elements, command and
communications nodes, LOCs, sustainment sites, and civilian population centers in an attempt to disrupt the
defense. Commanders pay attention to physical security and antiterrorism operations throughout a defense.
This is especially true when a defending unit conducts noncontiguous operations.
4-108. The success of a unit defense may depend on protecting the support area from enemy attacks.
Commanders must address the early detection and immediate destruction of enemy forces attempting to
attack support areas. Enemy attacks in these areas against sustainment and other facilities can range in size
from individual saboteurs to enemy airborne or air assault insertions targeted against key military and civilian
facilities and capabilities. These enemy activities, especially at smaller unit levels, may even precede the
onset of large-scale combat and be almost indistinguishable from terrorist acts.
4-109. Planners determine how military police elements supporting a defending unit will enhance unit
physical security and antiterrorism capabilities by performing area security tasks inside and outside an
echelon support area. Military police may defeat Level II threats against bases and base clusters located in
an echelon support area. They will maintain contact with Level III threats until a tactical combat force can
respond. (See ATP 3-91 for a discussion of the threat levels. See FM 3-90-2 for a discussion of security
operations.)
Conduct Population and Resource Control
4-110. Commanders plan for dislocated civilians and the effect that they have on the defense. Civil affairs
units help commanders in planning population and resource control measures. A defending unit uses
host-nation and international organizations as much as possible to minimize the effects of disaster or conflict
on dislocated civilians and thereby avoid diverting unit resources to conduct stability operations.
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Chapter 4
BREAKOUT
4-111. A breakout is an operation conducted by an encircled force to regain freedom of movement or
contact with friendly units. A breakout differs from other attacks only in that a simultaneous defense in
other areas of the perimeter must be maintained. An encircled force normally attempts to conduct a breakout
when—
z
Opportunity exists to attack.
z
An encircled force does not have sufficient relative combat power to defend itself against enemy
forces attempting the encirclement.
z
An encircled force does not have adequate terrain available to conduct its defense.
z
An encircled force cannot sustain itself long enough to be relieved by forces outside the
encirclement.
EXFILTRATION
4-112. If the success of a breakout attack appears questionable, or if it fails and a relief operation is not
planned, one way to preserve a portion of the force is through organized exfiltration. (See FM 3-90-1 for a
detailed description of exfiltration.)
ATTACKING DEEPER INTO ENEMY TERRITORY
4-113. A COA that enemy forces do not expect from an encircled force is to attack deeper to seize key
terrain. It involves great risk, but it may offer the only feasible COA under some circumstances. Attacking
may allow an encircled unit to move to a location where it can be extracted by other ground, naval, or air
forces. Attacking deeper is only feasible if a unit can sustain itself while isolated, although sustainment can
come from aerial resupply and enemy supply stocks.
4-114. When an enemy is attacking, an encircled friendly force that attacks deeper into the enemy rear area
may disrupt the enemy’s offense and provide an opportunity for linkup from another direction. If an enemy
is defending and the attacking force finds itself isolated, it may continue the attack toward its assigned
objective or a new objective located on more favorable defensive terrain.
LINKUP
4-115. A linkup is a meeting of friendly ground forces, which occurs in a variety of circumstances. It
happens when an advancing force reaches an objective previously seized by an airborne or air assault forces.
A linkup can also occur when an encircled element breaks out to rejoin friendly forces or a force comes to
the relief of an encircled force. It also occurs when converging maneuver forces meet by moving toward each
other, or when one force is stationary. Whenever possible, joining forces exchange as much information as
possible before starting a linkup operation. The headquarters ordering the linkup establishes—
z
The common operational picture.
z
The command and support relationship and responsibilities of each force before, during, and after
linkup.
z
FSCMs and direct fire control measures.
z
The linkup method.
z
Recognition signals and communication procedures.
z
Subsequent operations.
TRANSITION
4-116. Defending commanders assess the success of their defense and determine if they can transition to
the offense. If a defense is unsuccessful, defending commanders transition into retrograde operations.
Transition from one type of operation to another requires mental as well as physical agility from the involved
formations and an accurate understanding of the situation.
4-18
The Defense
4-117. Commanders deliberately plan for the transition process and allow the setting of the conditions
necessary for a successful transition. Such planning addresses the need to control the tempo of operations,
maintain contact with both enemy and friendly forces, and keep enemy forces off balance. It establishes the
procedures and priorities by which a unit prepares for its next mission. It establishes the required organization
of forces and control measures necessary for success in accordance with the mission variables.
4-118. Prior planning decreases the time needed to adjust the tempo of combat operations when a unit
transitions from defensive operations to offensive operations. This planning allowing subordinate units to
conduct parallel planning and prepare for subsequent operations. Preparations include resupplying unit basic
loads and repositioning or reallocating supporting systems.
4-119. Planning also reduces the amount of time and confusion that arises when a unit is unsuccessful in its
defensive efforts and must transition to retrograde operations. Commanders designate units to conduct denial
operations and to evacuate casualties and equipment. Commanders use retrograde operations to preserve their
forces as combat-capable formations until they can establish those conditions necessary for a successful
defense. Plans should account for both failure and success, and they should account for a transition to
offensive or stability operations.
TRANSITION TO THE OFFENSE
4-120. A defending commander seeks a window of opportunity to transition to offensive operations by
anticipating when and where an enemy force will reach its culminating point or require an operational pause
before it can continue. During these windows, the combat power ratios mostly favor a defending force. An
enemy force will do everything it can to keep a friendly force from knowing when it is overextended. The
following items indicate that an enemy force is becoming overextended:
z
Enemy forces begin to transition to the defense—this defense may be by forces in or out of contact
with friendly forces.
z
Enemy forces suffer heavy losses.
z
Enemy forces start to deploy before encountering friendly forces.
z
Enemy forces are defeated in most engagements.
z
Enemy forces are committed piecemeal in continued attacks.
z
Enemy aviation forces are used in place of ineffective ground forces.
z
Enemy reserve forces are identified among attacking forces.
z
Examination of captured or killed enemy soldiers and captured or destroyed enemy equipment and
supplies shows that the enemy forces cannot adequately sustain themselves.
z
Enemy forces have a noticeable reduction in their tempo of operations.
z
Local counterattacks meet with unexpected success.
4-121. In a mobile defense, transitioning to an offense generally follows a striking force’s attack. In an area
defense, commanders designate a portion of their force to conduct the counterattack, selecting units based on
the commander’s concept of operations. However, commanders allocate available reserves to this
counterattack effort.
4-122. Commanders reorganize and resupply to support the offense. These actions require a transition in
the sustainment effort, with a shift in emphasis from ensuring a capability to defend from a chosen location
to an emphasis on ensuring a force’s ability to advance and maneuver. For example, in a defense the
sustainment effort may have focused on the forward stockage of Class IV and V items and the rapid
evacuation of damaged systems. In an offense, the sustainment effort may need to focus on providing
petroleum, oils, and lubricants; forward repair and maintenance; and replacement of combat losses. A
transition is often a time in which units can perform deferred equipment maintenance. Additional assets may
also be available on a temporary basis for casualty evacuation and medical treatment because of a reduction
in the tempo of operations.
4-123. Commanders should not wait too long to transition from defensive operations to offensive operations
as an enemy force approaches its culminating point. Enemy forces will be dispersed, extended in depth, and
weakened. At that time, any enemy defensive preparations will be hasty, and enemy forces will not be
adequately prepared for defense. Commanders want enemy forces weakened when transitioning to the
4-19
Chapter 4
offense, and they do not want to give an enemy force time to prepare for the defense. Additionally, the
psychological shock on enemy soldiers will be greater if they suddenly find themselves defending on
unfavorable terms.
4-124. There are two methods for transitioning to an offense. The first, and generally preferred method, is
to attack using forces not previously committed to a defense. This method is preferred because defending
units may still be decisively engaged, tired, or depleted. These attacking forces may come from the reserve
or consist of reinforcements. Since these forces have not recently been actively involved in combat, they are
more likely to—
z
Be at authorized strength levels.
z
Have a higher combat system operationally readiness rate.
z
Have leaders and Soldiers who are more likely to be rested and more capable of prolonged,
continuous operations.
z
Have a complete basic load of supplies.
z
Have the time and energy to plan and prepare to conduct the offensive operations.
z
Be able to maneuver out of physical contact with an enemy force.
4-125. The second method is to perform a type of offensive operation using currently defending forces.
This method generally has the advantage of being more rapidly executed and thus more likely to catch an
enemy force by surprise. Speed of execution in this method results from not having to conduct an approach
or tactical road march from reserve assembly areas or, in the case of reinforcements, move from other AOs
and reception, staging, onward movement, and integration locations. Speed also results from not having to
conduct a forward passage of lines and performing the liaison necessary to establish a common operational
picture that includes knowledge of the enemy force’s patterns of operation.
4-126. If units in contact participate in an attack, commanders must retain sufficient forces in contact to fix
enemy forces. Commanders concentrate an attack by reinforcing select subordinate units so they can execute
the attack and, if necessary, maintain the existing defense. Commanders can also adjust the defensive
boundaries of subordinate units so entire units can withdraw and concentrate for an attack.
TRANSITION TO STABILITY
4-127. A force may transition from defensive operations to stability operations. This generally occurs if the
force reaches and establishes a defense along a LOA. Then, there may be a negotiated end to hostilities from
which the force transitions to stability. While improving its defensive preparations, the force may begin to
increase the amount of resources dedicated to stability.
4-20
Chapter 5
Enabling Operations
The enabling operations discussed in this chapter are reconnaissance, security, troop
movement, relief in place, and passage of lines. Enabling operations apply to all
elements of decisive action. Other publications discuss other enabling operations. For
example, FM 3-13 discusses information operations, ATP 3-90.4 discusses mobility
operations, and ATP 3-90.8 discusses countermobility operations. Commanders direct
enabling operations to support the conduct of the offensive, defensive, and stability
operations and defense support of civil authorities tasks. Enabling operations are
usually conducted by commanders as part of their shaping operations or supporting
efforts.
RECONNAISSANCE
5-1. Reconnaissance is a mission undertaken to obtain, by visual observation or other detection methods,
information about the activities and resources of an enemy or adversary, or to secure data concerning the
meteorological, hydrographic, or geographic characteristics of a particular area (JP 2-0). Reconnaissance
accomplished by small units primarily relies on the human dynamic rather than technical means.
Reconnaissance is a focused collection effort. Units perform it before, during, and after operations to provide
commanders and staffs information used in the IPB process so they can formulate, confirm, or modify COAs.
5-2. Commanders orient their reconnaissance assets by identifying a reconnaissance objective within an
AO. The reconnaissance objective is a terrain feature, geographic area, enemy force, adversary, or
other mission or operational variable about which the commander wants to obtain additional
information. Every reconnaissance mission specifies a reconnaissance objective that clarifies the intent of
the effort and prioritizes those efforts by specifying the most important information to obtain. Commanders
assign reconnaissance objectives based on priority information requirements resulting from the IPB process
and the reconnaissance asset’s capabilities and limitations. As information about a specific location, such as
the cross country trafficability of a specific area, a reconnaissance objective can confirm a specific activity
or location of a threat. Furthermore, a reconnaissance unit uses the reconnaissance objective to guide it in
setting priorities when it lacks time to complete all the tasks associated with a specific type of reconnaissance
operation.
5-3. There are seven fundamentals of successful reconnaissance. Commanders—
z
Ensure continuous reconnaissance.
z
Do not keep reconnaissance assets in reserve.
z
Orient on reconnaissance objectives.
z
Report information rapidly and accurately.
z
Retain freedom of maneuver.
z
Gain and maintain enemy contact.
z
Develop the situation rapidly.
5-4. The responsibility for accomplishing reconnaissance does not reside solely with reconnaissance units.
Every unit has an implied mission to report information about the terrain, civilian activities, and friendly and
enemy dispositions. Troops in contact with an enemy and reconnaissance patrols of maneuver units, at all
echelons, collect information on enemy units and activities. In echelon support and consolidation areas,
reserve maneuver forces, functional and multifunctional support and sustainment elements, other
governmental agencies, and multinational forces observe and report civilian, adversary, and enemy activity
5-1
Chapter 5
and significant changes in terrain trafficability. Although all units conduct reconnaissance, ground cavalry,
aviation attack reconnaissance units, scouts, and special forces are specifically trained to conduct
reconnaissance operations. Some branches, such as the Corps of Engineers and Chemical Corps, conduct
specific reconnaissance operations that complement the force’s overall reconnaissance effort. However,
BCT, division, and corps commanders primarily use their organic or attached reconnaissance—ground or
air—and intelligence elements to accomplish reconnaissance.
5-5.
The five types of reconnaissance operations are—
z
Area reconnaissance is a type of reconnaissance operation that focuses on obtaining detailed
information about the terrain or enemy activity within a prescribed area. Commanders assign
an area reconnaissance when information on the enemy situation is limited or when focused
reconnaissance will yield specific information on the area in question. An area reconnaissance
differs from a zone reconnaissance in that the unit conducting an area reconnaissance starts from
an LD.
z
A reconnaissance in force is a type of reconnaissance operation designed to discover or test
the enemy’s strength, dispositions, and reactions or to obtain other information. A
commander assigns a reconnaissance in force when an enemy force is operating within an area
and the commander cannot obtain adequate intelligence by other means. The unit commander
plans for both the retrograde or reinforcement of the friendly force (in case it encounters superior
enemy forces) and for the exploitation of its success.
z
Route reconnaissance is a type of reconnaissance operation to obtain detailed information of
a specified route and all terrain from which the enemy could influence movement along that
route. Route reconnaissance provides new or updated information on route conditions, such as
obstacles and bridge classifications, and enemy, adversary, and civilian activity along the route.
z
Special reconnaissance is reconnaissance and surveillance actions conducted as a special
operation in hostile, denied, or diplomatically and/or politically sensitive environments to collect
or verify information of strategic or operational significance, employing military capabilities not
normally found in conventional forces (JP 3-05). Special reconnaissance provides an additional
capability for commanders and supplements other conventional reconnaissance and surveillance
actions.
z
Zone reconnaissance is a type of reconnaissance operation that involves a directed effort to
obtain detailed information on all routes, obstacles, terrain, and enemy forces within a zone
defined by boundaries. Obstacles include existing, reinforcing, and areas with CBRN
contamination. Commanders assign a zone reconnaissance mission when they need additional
information on a zone before committing other forces. Zone reconnaissance is the most time- and
resource-intensive form of reconnaissance.
SECURITY OPERATIONS
5-6. The main difference between conducting security operations and reconnaissance is that security
operations orient on the force or facility being protected while reconnaissance orients on the enemy and
terrain. Security operations aim to protect a force from surprise and reduce the unknowns in any situation.
Commanders conduct security operations to the front, flanks, or rear of a friendly force. Security operations
are shaping operations. As a shaping operation, economy of force is often a consideration when planning.
5-7. The four types of security operations are—
z
Area security is a type of security operation conducted to protect friendly forces, lines of
communications, and activities within a specific area. The security force may be protecting the
civilian population, civil institutions, and civilian infrastructure with the unit’s AO.
z
Cover is a type of security operation done independent of the main body to protect them by
fighting to gain time while preventing enemy ground observation of and direct fire against
the main body. Commanders use the cover task offensively and defensively. (Cover as a doctrinal
term also has other definitions.)
5-2
Enabling Operations
z
Guard is a type of security operation done to protect the main body by fighting to gain time
while preventing enemy ground observation of and direct fire against the main body. Units
performing a guard cannot operate independently. They rely upon fires, functional support, and
multifunctional support assets of the main body.
z
Screen is a type of security operation that primarily provides early warning to the protected
force.
5-8. The cover, guard, and screen security operations employ increasing levels of combat power and
provide increasing levels of security for a force’s main body. However, more combat power in the security
force means less combat power for the main body. Area security preserves a commander’s freedom to move
reserves, position fire support means, provide for command and control, and conduct sustaining operations.
5-9. All maneuver forces can conduct security operations. All three types of Army BCTs—armored,
infantry, and Stryker—conduct security operations as part of their mission-essential task lists. Commanders
ensure that subordinate units conduct security operations required by the situation. Habitual support
relationships with attachments and standard operating procedures are required to obtain proficiency in the
conduct of these operations.
5-10. Successful security operations depend on properly applying five fundamentals:
z
Provide early and accurate warning.
z
Provide reaction time and maneuver space.
z
Orient on the force, area, or facility.
z
Perform continuous reconnaissance.
z
Maintain enemy contact.
(See FM 3-90-2 and FM 3-98 for additional information on the conduct of security operations.)
TROOP MOVEMENT
5-11. Troop movement is the movement of Soldiers and units from one place to another by any available
means. The ability of a commander to posture friendly forces for a decisive or shaping operation depends on
the commander’s ability to move those forces. The essence of battlefield agility is the capability to conduct
rapid and orderly movement to concentrate combat power at decisive points and times. Successful movement
places troops and equipment at their destination at the proper time, ready for combat. The following are types
of troop movements:
z
Administrative movement is a movement in which troops and vehicles are arranged to
expedite their movement and conserve time and energy when no enemy ground interference
is anticipated. Commanders only conduct administrative movements in secure areas.
Commanders normally do not employ administrative movements once their units deploy into
combat operations. The echelon logistic staff officer usually supervises these types of moves. (See
FM 4-01 for a discussion of Army transportation operations.)
z
Approach march is the advance of a combat unit when direct contact with the enemy is
intended. An approach march emphasizes speed over tactical deployment. Armored, Stryker, and
infantry forces conduct tactical road marches and approach marches.
z
A tactical road march is a rapid movement used to relocate units within an area of operations
to prepare for combat operations. The primary use of a tactical road march is rapid movement.
However, the moving force employs security measures even when contact with enemy forces is
not expected. During tactical road marches, commanders are always prepared to take immediate
action if an enemy attacks. (See ATP 4-01.45 for a discussion of tactical convoy operations.)
METHODS OF TROOP MOVEMENT
5-12. Troop movements are made by dismounted marches and mounted marches using vehicles. Units also
use available transportation modes—motor transport, air, rail, and water—in various combinations. The
method employed depends on the situation, size, and composition of the moving unit; distance the unit must
cover; urgency of execution; and condition of the troops. It also depends on the availability, suitability, and
capacity of the different means of transportation. Troop movements over extended distances have significant
5-3
Chapter 5
sustainment requirements. When necessary, dismounted and mounted marches can be hurried by conducting
a forced march. (See FM 4-01 for a discussion of these various transportation modes.)
MOVEMENT CONTROL
5-13. Movement control is the dual process of committing allocated transportation assets and regulating
movements according to command priorities to synchronize distribution flow over lines of communications
to sustain land forces. Commanders’ priorities guide the conduct of movement control. Movement control
gives commanders the ability to deconflict troop movements with the distribution of supplies and services.
RELIEF IN PLACE
5-14. A relief in place is an operation in which, by direction of higher authority, all or part of a unit is
replaced in an area by the incoming unit and the responsibilities of the replaced elements for the mission and
the assigned zone of operations are transferred to the incoming unit (JP 3-07.3). (Note. The Army uses an
AO instead of a zone of operations.) The incoming unit continues the operation as ordered. Commanders
conduct a relief in place as part of a larger operation, primarily to maintain the combat effectiveness of
committed units. The higher echelon headquarters directs when and where to conduct a relief, and it
establishes the appropriate control measures. The commanders participating in the relief in place
communicate when the relieving commander has sufficient combat power and understanding of the AO to
assume responsibility of the area.
5-15. There are three types of relief in place operations:
z
A sequential relief in place occurs when each element within the relieved unit is relieved in
succession, from right to left or left to right, depending on how it is deployed.
z
A simultaneous relief in place occurs when all elements are relieved at the same time.
z
A staggered relief in place occurs when a commander relieves each element in a sequence
determined by the tactical situation, not its geographical orientation.
5-16. Simultaneous relief in place takes the least time to execute but is easily detected by the enemy.
Sequential or staggered reliefs can occur over a significant amount of time. These three relief techniques can
occur regardless of the mission and operational environment in which the unit is participating.
5-17. A relief in place can be characterized as either deliberate or hasty depending on the amount of planning
and preparation associated with the relief. The major differences are the depth and detail of planning and the
time available. Deliberate planning allows unit commanders and staffs to identify, develop, and coordinate
solutions to potential problems before they occur. (See FM 3-90-2 for additional information on the conduct
of a relief in place.)
PASSAGE OF LINES
5-18. A passage of lines is an operation in which a force moves forward or rearward through another force’s
combat positions with the intention of moving into or out of contact with the enemy (JP 3-18). A passage of
lines may be designated as a forward or rearward passage of lines. A passage of lines occurs under two
conditions:
z
A forward passage of lines occurs when a unit passes through another unit’s positions while
moving toward the enemy.
z
A rearward passage of lines occurs when a unit passes through another unit’s positions while
moving away from the enemy.
Ideally, a passage of lines does not interfere with conducting the stationary unit’s operations. (See FM 3-90-2
for additional information on passage of lines.)
5-19. A commander conducts a passage of lines to continue an attack or conduct a counterattack, retrograde,
or security operation when one unit cannot bypass another unit’s position. The conduct of a passage of lines
potentially involves close combat. It involves transferring the responsibility for an AO between two
commanders. That transfer of authority usually occurs when roughly two-thirds of the passing force has
moved through the passage point. If not directed by higher authority, the two unit commanders determine—
5-4
Enabling Operations
by mutual agreement—the time to transfer command. They disseminate this information to the lowest levels
of both organizations.
5-20. A commander’s reasons for conducting a passage of lines are to—
z
Sustain the tempo of the offense.
z
Maintain the viability of the defense by transferring responsibility from one unit to another.
z
Transition from a delay or security operation by one force to a defense.
z
Free a unit for another mission or task.
The headquarters directing the passage of lines is responsible for determining when the passage of lines starts
and finishes.
5-5
Glossary
The glossary lists acronyms and terms with Army or joint definitions. Where Army and
joint definitions differ, (Army) precedes the definition. Terms for which ADP 3-90 is
the proponent are marked with an asterisk (*). The proponent publication for other
terms is listed in parentheses after the definition.
SECTION I - ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ADP
Army doctrine publication
AO
area of operations
ATP
Army techniques publication
BCT
brigade combat team
COA
course of action
DA
Department of the Army
FEBA
forward edge of the battle area
FLOT
forward line of own troops
FM
field manual
FPF
final protective fire
FSCM
fire support coordination measure
IPB
intelligence preparation of the battlefield
JAGIC
joint air-ground integration center
JP
joint publication
LD
line of departure
LOA
limit of advance
LOC
line of communications
MBA
main battle area
TTP
tactics, techniques, and procedures
U.S.
United States
SECTION II - TERMS
*actions on contact
A series of combat actions, often conducted nearly simultaneously, taken on contact with the enemy to
develop the situation.
*administrative movement
A movement in which troops and vehicles are arranged to expedite their movement and conserve time
and energy when no enemy ground interference is anticipated.
airspace control
Capabilities and procedures used to increase operational effectiveness by promoting the safe, efficient,
and flexible use of airspace. (JP 3-52)
Glossary-1
Glossary
*alternate position
A defensive position that the commander assigns to a unit or weapon system for occupation when the
primary position becomes untenable or unsuitable for carrying out the assigned task.
*approach march
The advance of a combat unit when direct contact with the enemy is intended.
*area defense
A type of defensive operation that concentrates on denying enemy forces access to designated terrain
for a specific time rather than destroying the enemy outright.
area of influence
A geographical area wherein a commander is directly capable of influencing operations by maneuver
or fire support systems normally under the commander’s command or control. (JP 3-0)
area of interest
That area of concern to the commander, including the area of influence, areas adjacent thereto, and
extending into enemy territory. (JP 3-0)
area of operations
An operational area defined by a commander for land and maritime forces that should be large enough
to accomplish their missions and protect their forces. (JP 3-0)
*area reconnaissance
A type of reconnaissance operation that focuses on obtaining detailed information about the terrain or
enemy activity within a prescribed area.
*area security
A type of security operation conducted to protect friendly forces, lines of communications, and
activities within a specific area.
ARFOR
The Army component and senior Army headquarters of all Army forces assigned or attached to a
combatant command, subordinate joint force command, joint functional command, or multinational
command. (FM 3-94)
Army personnel recovery
The military efforts taken to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated
personnel. (FM 3-50)
*art of tactics
Three interrelated aspects: the creative and flexible array of means to accomplish missions, decision
making under conditions of uncertainty when faced with a thinking and adaptive enemy, and the
understanding of the effects of combat on Soldiers.
*assailable flank
A flank exposed to attack or envelopment.
*assault position
A covered and concealed position short of the objective from which final preparations are made to
assault the objective.
*assault time
The moment to attack the initial objectives throughout the geographical scope of the operation.
assured mobility
A framework—of processes, actions, and capabilities—that assures the ability of a force to deploy,
move, and maneuver where and when desired, to achieve the commander’s intent. (ATP 3-90.4)
*attack
A type of offensive operation that destroys or defeats enemy forces, seizes and secures terrain, or both.
Glossary-2
Glossary
*attack by fire position
The general position from which a unit performs the tactical task of attack by fire.
*attack position
(Army) The last position an attacking force occupies or passes through before crossing the line of
departure.
*avenue of approach
(Army) A path used by an attacking force leading to its objective or to key terrain. Avenues of
approach exist in all domains.
*axis of advance
The general area through which the bulk of a unit’s combat power must move.
basic load
The quantity of supplies required to be on hand within, and moved by a unit or formation, expressed
according to the wartime organization of the unit or formation and maintained at the prescribed levels.
(JP 4-09)
*battalion
A unit consisting of two or more company-, battery-, or troop-size units and a headquarters.
*battalion task force
A maneuver battalion-size unit consisting of a battalion headquarters, at least one assigned company
size-element, and at least one attached company-size element from another maneuver or support unit
(functional or multifunctional).
*battery
A company-size unit in a field artillery or air defense artillery battalion.
*battle
A set of related engagements that lasts longer and involves larger forces than an engagement.
*battle drill
Rehearsed and well understood actions made in response to common battlefield occurrences.
*battle handover line
A designated phase line where responsibility transitions from the stationary force to the moving force
and vice versa.
*battle position
A defensive location oriented on a likely enemy avenue of approach.
*breakout
An operation conducted by an encircled force to regain freedom of movement or contact with friendly
units.
*brigade
A unit consisting of two or more battalions and a headquarters company or detachment.
*brigade combat team
(Army) A combined arms organization consisting of a brigade headquarters, at least two maneuver
battalions, and necessary supporting functional capabilities.
*bypass criteria
Measures established by higher echelon headquarters that specify the conditions and size under which
enemy units and contact may be avoided.
Glossary-3
Glossary
civil-military operations
Activities of a commander performed by designated military forces that establish, maintain, influence,
or exploit relations between military forces and indigenous populations and institutions by directly
supporting the achievement of objectives relating to the reestablishment or maintenance of stability
within a region or host nation. (JP 3-57)
clearance of fires
The process by which the supported commander ensures that fires or their effects will have no
unintended consequences on friendly units or the scheme of maneuver. (FM 3-09)
close combat
Warfare carried out on land in a direct-fire fight, supported by direct and indirect fires and other assets.
(ADP 3-0)
combat information
Unevaluated data, gathered by or provided directly to the tactical commander which, due to its highly
perishable nature or the criticality of the situation, cannot be processed into tactical intelligence in time
to satisfy the user’s tactical intelligence requirements. (JP 2-01)
combat power
(Army) The total means of destructive, constructive, and information capabilities that a military unit or
formation can apply at a given time. (ADP 3-0).
combined arms
The synchronized and simultaneous application of arms to achieve an effect greater than if each
element was used separately or sequentially. (ADP 3-0)
command and control warfighting function
The related tasks and a system that enable commanders to synchronize and converge all elements of
combat power. (ADP 3-0)
*committed force
A force in contact with an enemy or deployed on a specific mission or course of action, which
precludes its employment elsewhere.
*company
A unit consisting of two or more platoons, usually of the same type, with a headquarters and a limited
capacity for self-support.
*company team
A combined arms organization formed by attaching one or more nonorganic armor, mechanized
infantry, Stryker infantry, or infantry platoons to a tank, mechanized infantry, Stryker, or infantry
company, either in exchange for, or in addition to, its organic platoons.
concept of operations
(Army) A statement that directs the manner in which subordinate units cooperate to accomplish the
mission and establishes the sequence of actions the force will use to achieve the end state. (ADP 5-0)
consolidate gains
Activities to make enduring any temporary operational success and to set the conditions for a
sustainable security environment, allowing for a transition of control to legitimate authorities.
(ADP 3-0)
coordinating altitude
An airspace coordinating measure that uses altitude to separate users and as the transition between
different airspace control elements. (JP 3-52)
coordination level
A procedural method to separate fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft by determining an altitude below
which fixed-wing aircraft normally will not fly. (JP 3-52)
Glossary-4
Glossary
*corps
An echelon of command and tactical formation that employs divisions, multi-functional brigades, and
functional brigades to achieve objectives on land.
countermobility operations
(Army) Those combined arms activities that use or enhance the effects of natural and man-made
obstacles to deny enemy freedom of movement and maneuver. (ATP 3-90.8)
*cover
(Army) A type of security operation done independent of the main body to protect them by fighting to
gain time while preventing enemy ground observation of and direct fire against the main body.
*crew
A small military unit that consists of all personnel operating a particular system.
decisive operation
The operation that directly accomplishes the mission. (ADP 3-0)
*decisive terrain
Key terrain whose seizure and retention is mandatory for successful mission accomplishment.
*decisive engagement
An engagement in which a unit is considered fully committed and cannot maneuver or extricate itself.
defeat
To render a force incapable of achieving its objectives. (ADP 3-0)
*defeat in detail
Concentrating overwhelming combat power against separate parts of a force rather than defeating the
entire force at once.
defeat mechanism
A method through which friendly forces accomplish their mission against enemy opposition.
(ADP 3-0)
defensive operation
An operation to defeat an enemy attack, gain time, economize forces, and develop conditions favorable
for offensive or stability operations. (ADP 3-0)
*delay
When a force under pressure trades space for time by slowing down the enemy’s momentum and
inflicting maximum damage on enemy forces without becoming decisively engaged.
*deliberate operation
An operation in which the tactical situation allows the development and coordination of detailed plans,
including multiple branches and sequels.
*detachment
A tactical element organized on either a temporary or permanent basis for special duties.
*direction of attack
A specific direction or assigned route a force uses and does not deviate from when attacking.
*disengagement line
A phase line located on identifiable terrain that, when crossed by the enemy, signals to defending
elements that it is time to displace to their next position.
*division
An echelon of command and tactical formation that employs brigade combat teams, multi-functional
brigades, and functional brigades to achieve objectives on land.
Glossary-5
Glossary
economy of force
The judicious employment and distribution of forces so as to expend the minimum essential combat
power on secondary efforts to allocate the maximum possible combat power on primary efforts.
(JP 3-0)
*encirclement operations
Operations where one force loses its freedom of maneuver because an opposing force is able to isolate
it by controlling all ground lines of communications and reinforcement.
engagement
A tactical conflict, usually between opposing lower echelon maneuver forces. (JP 3-0)
*engagement area
An area where the commander intends to contain and destroy an enemy force with the massed effects
of all available weapons and supporting systems.
*exploitation
(Army) A type of offensive operation that usually follows a successful attack and is designed to
disorganize the enemy in depth.
*field army
An echelon of command that employs multiple corps, divisions, multi-functional brigades, and
functional brigades to achieve objectives on land.
*final coordination line
A phase line close to the enemy position used to coordinate the lifting or shifting of supporting fires
with the final deployment of maneuver elements.
final protective fire
An immediately available, prearranged barrier of fire designed to impede enemy movement across
defensive lines or areas. (JP 3-09.3)
fire support coordination measure
A measure employed by commanders to facilitate the rapid engagement of targets and simultaneously
provide safeguards for friendly forces. (JP 3-0).
fires warfighting function
The related tasks and systems that create and converge effects in all domains against the adversary or
enemy to enable operations across the range of military operations. (ADP 3-0)
*fire team
A small military unit typically containing four or fewer Soldiers.
*fixing force
A force designated to supplement the striking force by preventing the enemy from moving from a
specific area for a specific time.
*flank
The right or left limit of a unit.
*flanking position
A geographical location on the flank of a force from which effective fires can be placed on that flank.
*forms of maneuver
Distinct tactical combinations of fire and movement with a unique set of doctrinal characteristics that
differ primarily in the relationship between the maneuvering force and the enemy.
forward edge of the battle area
The foremost limits of a series of areas in which ground combat units are deployed to coordinate fire
support, the positioning of forces, or the maneuver of units, excluding areas in which covering or
screening forces are operating. (JP 3-09.3)
Glossary-6
Glossary
forward line of own troops
A line that indicates the most forward positions of friendly forces in any kind of military operation at a
specific time. (JP 3-03)
*forward passage of lines
Occurs when a unit passes through another unit’s positions while moving toward the enemy.
*guard
A type of security operation done to protect the main body by fighting to gain time while preventing
enemy ground observation of and direct fire against the main body.
*hasty operation
An operation in which a commander directs immediately available forces, using fragmentary orders, to
perform tasks with minimal preparation, trading planning and preparation time for speed of execution.
intelligence operations
(Army) The tasks undertaken by military intelligence units through the intelligence disciplines to
obtain information to satisfy validated requirements. (ADP 2-0)
intelligence warfighting function
The related tasks and systems that facilitate understanding the enemy, terrain, weather, civil
considerations, and other significant aspects of the operational environment. (ADP 3-0)
*key terrain
(Army) An identifiable characteristic whose seizure or retention affords a marked advantage to either
combatant.
*limit of advance
A phase line used to control forward progress of the attack.
*line of contact
A general trace delineating the location where friendly and enemy forces are engaged.
line of departure
In land warfare, a line designated to coordinate the departure of attack elements. (JP 3-31)
*linkup
A meeting of friendly ground forces, which occurs in a variety of circumstances.
*local security
The low-level security activities conducted near a unit to prevent surprise by the enemy.
*main battle area
The area where the commander intends to deploy the bulk of the unit’s combat power and conduct
decisive operations to defeat an attacking enemy.
*main body
The principal part of a tactical command or formation. It does not include detached elements of the
command, such as advance guards, flank guards, and covering forces.
*maneuver
(Army) Movement in conjunction with fires. (joint) Employment of forces in the operational area,
through movement in combination with fires and information, to achieve a position of advantage in
respect to the enemy. (JP 3-0)
*meeting engagement
A combat action that occurs when a moving force, incompletely deployed for battle, engages an enemy
at an unexpected time and place.
*mobile defense
A type of defensive operation that concentrates on the destruction or defeat of the enemy through a
decisive attack by a striking force.
Glossary-7
Glossary
mobility tasks
Those combined arms activities that mitigate the effects of obstacles to enable freedom of movement
and maneuver. (ATP 3-90.4)
movement and maneuver warfighting function
The related tasks and systems that move and employ forces to achieve a position of relative advantage
over the enemy and other threats. (ADP 3-0)
*movement
The positioning of combat power to establish the conditions for maneuver.
movement control
(Army) The dual process of committing allocated transportation assets and regulating movements
according to command priorities to synchronize distribution flow over lines of communications to
sustain land forces. (ADP 4-0)
*movement formation
An ordered arrangement of forces for a specific purpose and describes the general configuration of a
unit on the ground.
*movement to contact
(Army) A type of offensive operation designed to develop the situation and to establish or regain
contact.
mutual support
That support which units render each other against an enemy, because of their assigned tasks, their
position relative to each other and to the enemy, and their inherent capabilities. (JP 3-31)
*objective
(Army) A location used to orient operations, phase operations, facilitate changes of direction, and
provide for unity of effort.
*objective rally point
An easily identifiable point where all elements of the infiltrating unit assemble and prepare to attack
the objective.
obscurant
Material that decreases the level of energy available for the functions of seekers, trackers, and vision
enhancement devices. (ATP 3-11.50)
operational framework
A cognitive tool used to assist commanders and staffs in clearly visualizing and describing the
application of combat power in time, space, purpose, and resources in the concept of operations.
(ADP 1-01)
operation
A sequence of tactical actions with a common purpose and a unifying theme. (JP 1)
*operations in depth
The simultaneous application of combat power throughout an area of operations.
passage of lines
An operation in which a force moves forward or rearward through another force’s combat positions
with the intention of moving into or out of contact with the enemy. (JP 3-18 )
*piecemeal commitment
The immediate employment of units in combat as they become available instead of waiting for larger
aggregations of units to ensure mass, or the unsynchronized employment of available forces so that
their combat power is not employed effectively.
Glossary-8
Glossary
*platoon
A subdivision of a company or troop consisting of two or more squads or sections.
*point of departure
The point where the unit crosses the line of departure and begins moving along a direction of attack.
position of relative advantage
A location or the establishment of a favorable condition within the area of operations that provides the
commander with temporary freedom of action to enhance combat power over an enemy or influence
the enemy to accept risk and move to a position of disadvantage. (ADP 3-0)
*primary position
The position that covers the enemy’s most likely avenue of approach into the area of operations.
*probable line of deployment
A phase line that designates the location where the commander intends to deploy the unit into assault
formation before beginning the assault.
protection warfighting function
The related tasks and systems that preserve the force so the commander can apply maximum combat
power to accomplish the mission. (ADP 3-0)
*pursuit
A type of offensive operation designed to catch or cut off a hostile force attempting to escape, with the
aim of destroying it.
rally point
An easily identifiable point on the ground at which units can reassemble and reorganize if they become
dispersed. (ATP 3-21.20)
*rearward passage of lines
Occurs when a unit passes through another unit’s positions while moving away from the enemy.
reconnaissance
A mission undertaken to obtain, by visual observation or other detection methods, information about
the activities and resources of an enemy or adversary, or to secure data concerning the meteorological,
hydrographic, or geographic characteristics of a particular area. (JP 2-0)
*reconnaissance in force
A type of reconnaissance operation designed to discover or test the enemy’s strength, dispositions, and
reactions or to obtain other information.
*reconnaissance objective
A terrain feature, geographic area, enemy force, adversary, or other mission or operational variable
about which the commander wants to obtain additional information.
reconstitution
Those actions, including regeneration and reorganization, commanders plan and implement to restore
units to a desired level of combat effectiveness commensurate with mission requirements and available
resources. (JP 3-02)
relief in place
An operation in which, by direction of higher authority, all or part of a unit is replaced in an area by
the incoming unit and the responsibilities of the replaced elements for the mission and the assigned
zone of operations are transferred to the incoming unit. (JP 3-07.3)
*reserve
(Army) That portion of a body of troops that is withheld from action at the beginning of an
engagement to be available for a decisive movement.
Glossary-9
Glossary
*retirement
When a force out of contact moves away from the enemy.
*retrograde
(Army) A type defensive operation that involves organized movement away from the enemy.
*route reconnaissance
A type of reconnaissance operation to obtain detailed information of a specified route and all terrain
from which the enemy could influence movement along that route.
rules of engagement
Directives issued by competent military authority that delineate the circumstances and limitations
under which United States forces will initiate and/or continue combat engagement with other forces
encountered. (JP 3-84)
*science of tactics
The understanding of those military aspects of tactics—capabilities, techniques, and procedures—that
can be measured and codified.
*screen
A type of security operation that primarily provides early warning to the protected force.
*section
(Army) A tactical unit of the Army and Marine Corps smaller than a platoon and larger than a squad.
*security area
That area occupied by a unit’s security elements and includes the areas of influence of those security
elements.
*security operations
Those operations performed by commanders to provide early and accurate warning of enemy
operations, to provide the forces being protected with time and maneuver space within which to react
to the enemy, and to develop the situation to allow commanders to effectively use their protected
forces.
*sequential relief in place
Occurs when each element within the relieved unit is relieved in succession, from right to left or left to
right, depending on how it is deployed.
*simultaneous relief in place
Occurs when all elements are relieved at the same time.
situational understanding
The product of applying analysis and judgment to relevant information to determine the relationships
among the operational and mission variables. (ADP 6-0)
special reconnaissance
Reconnaissance and surveillance actions conducted as a special operation in hostile, denied, or
diplomatically and/or politically sensitive environments to collect or verify information of strategic or
operational significance, employing military capabilities not normally found in conventional forces.
(JP 3-05)
*squad
A small military unit typically containing two or more fire teams.
*staggered relief in place
Occurs when a commander relieves each element in a sequence determined by the tactical situation,
not its geographical orientation.
Glossary-10
Glossary
*striking force
A dedicated counterattack force in a mobile defense constituted with the bulk of available combat
power.
*strong point
A heavily fortified battle position tied to a natural or reinforcing obstacle to create an anchor for the
defense or to deny the enemy decisive or key terrain.
*subsequent position
A position that a unit expects to move to during the course of battle.
*supplementary position
A defensive position located within a unit’s assigned area of operations that provides the best sectors
of fire and defensive terrain along an avenue of approach that is not the primary avenue where the
enemy is expected to attack.
*support by fire position
The general position from which a unit performs the tactical mission task of support by fire.
supporting distance
The distance between two units that can be traveled in time for one to come to the aid of the other and
prevent its defeat by an enemy or ensure it regains control of a civil situation. (ADP 3-0)
supporting range
The distance one unit may be geographically separated from a second unit yet remain within the
maximum range of the second unit’s weapons systems. (ADP 3-0)
survivability
(Army) A quality or capability of military forces which permits them to avoid or withstand hostile
actions or environmental conditions while retaining the ability to fulfill their primary mission.
(ATP 3-37.34)
*survivability move
A move that involves rapidly displacing a unit, command post, or facility in response to direct and
indirect fires, the approach of a threat or as a proactive measure based on intelligence, meteorological
data, and risk assessment of enemy capabilities and intentions.
sustainment warfighting function
The related tasks and systems that provide support and services to ensure freedom of action, extend
operational reach, and prolong endurance. (ADP 3-0)
tactical level of warfare
The level of warfare at which battles and engagements are planned and executed to achieve military
objectives assigned to tactical units or task forces. (JP 3-0)
*tactical mobility
The ability of friendly forces to move and maneuver freely on the battlefield relative to the enemy.
*tactical road march
A rapid movement used to relocate units within an area of operations to prepare for combat operations.
*tactics
(Army) The employment, ordered arrangement, and directed actions of forces in relation to each other.
tempo
The relative speed and rhythm of military operations over time with respect to the enemy. (ADP 3-0)
*terrain management
The process of allocating terrain by establishing areas of operations, designating assembly areas, and
specifying locations for units and activities to deconflict activities that might interfere with each other.
Glossary-11
Glossary
*time of attack
The moment the leading elements of the main body cross the line of departure, or in a limited-visibility
attack, the point of departure.
*troop
A company-size unit in a cavalry organization.
*troop movement
The movement of Soldiers and units from one place to another by any available means.
*uncommitted force
A force that is not in contact with an enemy and is not already deployed on a specific mission or course
of action.
warfighting function
A group of tasks and systems united by a common purpose that commanders use to accomplish
missions and training objectives. (ADP 3-0)
*withdraw
To disengage from an enemy force and move in a direction away from the enemy.
*zone reconnaissance
A type of reconnaissance operation that involves a directed effort to obtain detailed information on all
routes, obstacles, terrain, and enemy forces within a zone defined by boundaries.
Glossary-12
References
All websites accessed on 15 July 2019.
REQUIRED PUBLICATIONS
These documents must be available to intended users of this publication:
DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. June 2019.
ADP 1-02. Terms and Military Symbols. 14 August 2018.
RELATED PUBLICATIONS
This publication references these publications.
JOINT PUBLICATIONS
Most joint publications are available online: https://www.jcs.mil/Doctrine/.
JP 1. Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States. 25 March 2013.
JP 2-0. Joint Intelligence. 22 October 2013.
JP 2-01. Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations. 5 July 2017.
JP 3-0. Joint Operations. 17 January 2017.
JP 3-02. Amphibious Operations. 4 January 2019.
JP 3-03. Joint Interdiction. 9 September 2016.
JP 3-05. Special Operations. 16 July 2014.
JP 3-07.3. Peace Operations. 1 March 2018.
JP 3-08. Interorganizational Cooperation. 12 October 2016.
JP 3-09.3. Close Air Support. 10 June 2019.
JP 3-15. Barriers, Obstacles, and Mine Warfare for Joint Operations. 06 September 2016.
JP 3-18. Joint Forcible Entry Operations. 11 May 2017.
JP 3-31. Joint Land Operations. 24 February 2014.
JP 3-52. Joint Airspace Control. 13 November 2014.
JP 3-57. Civil-Military Operations. 9 July 2018.
JP 3-84. Legal Support. 02 August 2016.
JP 4-09. Distribution Operations. 14 March 2019.
ARMY PUBLICATIONS
Most Army doctrinal publications are available online: https://armypubs.army.mil/.
ADP 1-01. Doctrine Primer. 31 July 2019.
ADP 2-0. Intelligence. 31 July 2019.
ADP 3-0. Operations. 31 July 2019.
ADP 3-07. Stability. 31 July 2019.
ADP 3-28. Defense Support of Civil Authorities. 31 July 2019.
ADP 3-37. Protection. 31 July 2019.
ADP 4-0. Sustainment. 31 July 2019.
References-1
References
ADP 5-0. The Operations Process. 31 July 2019.
ADP 6-0. Mission Command: Command and Control of Army Forces. 31 July 2019.
ATP 2-01.3. Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield. 1 March 2019.
ATP 3-07.5. Stability Techniques. 31 August 2012.
ATP 3-11.32/MCWP 10-10E.8/NTTP 3-11.37/AFTTP 3-2.46. Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and
Procedures for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Passive Defense.
13 May 2016.
ATP 3-11.36/MCRP 10-10E.1/NTTP 3-11.34/AFTTP 3-2.70. Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and
Procedures for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Planning.
24 September 2018.
ATP 3-11.50. Battlefield Obscuration. 15 May 2014.
ATP 3-21.20. Infantry Battalion. 28 December 2017.
ATP 3-34.5/MCRP 4-11B. Environmental Considerations. 10 August 2015.
ATP 3-34.80. Geospatial Engineering. 22 February 2017.
ATP 3-37.10/MCRP 3-40D.13. Base Camps. 27 January 2017.
ATP 3-37.34/MCTP 3-34C. Survivability Operations. 16 April 2018.
ATP 3-90.4/MCWP 3-17.8. Combined Arms Mobility. 8 March 2016.
ATP 3-90.8/MCWP 3-17.5. Combined Arms Countermobility Operations. 17 September 2014.
ATP 3-90.40. Combined Arms Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction. 29 June 2017.
ATP 3-91. Division Operations. 17 October 2014.
ATP 3-91.1/AFTTP 3-2.86. The Joint Air Ground Integration Center. 17 April 2019.
ATP 3-92. Corps Operations. 7 April 2016.
ATP 4-01.45/MCRP 3-40F.7/AFTTP 3-2.58. Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for
Tactical Convoy Operations. 22 February 2017.
ATP 4-16. Movement Control. 5 April 2013.
FM 1-04. Legal Support to the Operational Army. 18 March 2013.
FM 2-0. Intelligence. 6 July 2018.
FM 3-0. Operations. 6 October 2017.
FM 3-01. U.S. Army Air and Missile Defense Operations. 2 November 2015.
FM 3-04. Army Aviation. 29 July 2015.
FM 3-09. Field Artillery Operations and Fire Support. 4 April 2014.
FM 3-13. Information Operations. 6 December 2016.
FM 3-16. The Army in Multinational Operations. 8 April 2014.
FM 3-50. Army Personnel Recovery. 2 September 2014.
FM 3-52. Airspace Control. 20 October 2016.
FM 3-63. Detainee Operations. 28 April 2014.
FM 3-90-1. Offense and Defense Volume 1. 22 March 2013.
FM 3-90-2. Reconnaissance, Security, and Tactical Enabling Tasks Volume 2. 22 March 2013.
FM 3-94. Theater Army, Corps, and Division Operations. 21 April 2014.
FM 3-96. Brigade Combat Team. 8 October 2015.
FM 3-98. Reconnaissance and Security Operations. 1 July 2015.
FM 4-01. Army Transportation Operations. 3 April 2014.
FM 4-95. Logistics Operations. 1 April 2014.
FM 6-0. Commander and Staff Organization and Operations. 5 May 2014.
FM 6-02. Signal Support to Operations. 22 January 2014.
References-2
References
FM 27-10. The Law of Land Warfare. 18 July 1956.
OBSOLETE PUBLICATION
Field Service Regulations United States Army. 2 November 1923.
http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p4013coll9/id/126/rec/2.
PRESCRIBED FORMS
This section contains no entries.
REFERENCED FORMS
Unless otherwise indicated, DA forms are available on the Army Publishing Directorate Web site:
https://armypubs.army.mil/.
DA Form 2028. Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms.
References-3
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