FM 3-20.98 Reconnaissance and Scout Platoon (AUGUST 2009)

Appendix G

Table G-7. Measurement correlations for a steel stringer

MLC 30 bridge with concrete deck

50-FOOT

40-FOOT

30-FOOT

25-FOOT

20-FOOT

SPAN

STRINGER HEIGHT x WIDTH (inches)

8-FOOT

24-1/4

24-1/8

17-3/4

16-3/4

STRINGER

x 9

x 6-5/8

x 6-1/2

x 5-7/8

SECTION

6-FOOT

24-1/8

15-3/4

STRINGER

x 9

x 7

x 8-1/2

x 6-1/8

x 6

SECTION

4-FOOT

21-1/4

18-1/4

16-3/4

13-3/8

STRINGER

x 8-1/4

x 7

x 6-1/2

x 5-7/8

x 5-3/8

SECTION

2-FOOT

18-1/4

16-1/4

STRINGER

x 7

x 7-1/8

x 5-7/8

x 5-1/2

x 5

SECTION

Figure G-33. Steel stringer MLC 30 bridge

with concrete deck

TIMBER/STEEL TRESTLE MLC 30 BRIDGE

G-82. Before crossing a timber/steel trestle MLC 30 bridge, use the following evaluation steps to determine

if it is safe to cross:

Step 1. Is the roadway width 4.5 meters (14.75 feet) or greater? Is there 4.3 meters (14 feet) of

overhead clearance? Is the deck at least 8 inches thick (for 6-foot stringer sections) or at least 6

inches thick (for stringer sections of 4 feet of less)? If the answer to all three questions is yes, go

to step 2 for a timber trestle bridge or step 3 for a steel trestle bridge. If the answer to any

question is no, do not cross.

Step 2. For a timber trestle bridge, measure the span length, stringer spacing, and stringer

height and width

(refer to Figure G-34). Using Table G-8, find the row and column

corresponding to the bridge’s span length and stringer spacing. Does the timber stringer meet the

minimum requirements for overall height and width? If the answer is yes, it is safe to cross MLC

30 traffic; if the answer is no, do not cross.

Note. If these measurements fall between the values given, use the next higher measurement.

G-38

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Essential Field Data

Table G-8. Measurement correlations for

a timber trestle MLC 30 bridge

20-FOOT

15-FOOT

10-FOOT

SPAN

STRINGER HEIGHT x WIDTH

(inches)

6-FOOT

22 x 8

18 x 8

16 x 6

STRINGER

SECTION

4-FOOT

20 x 8

16 x 8

14 x 6

STRINGER

SECTION

2-FOOT

16 x 8

14 x 8

12 x 6

STRINGER

SECTION

Step 3. For a steel trestle bridge, measure the span length, stringer spacing, and stringer height

and width (refer to Figure G-34). Using Table G-9, find the row and column corresponding to

the bridge’s span length and stringer spacing. Does the steel stringer meet the minimum

requirements for overall height and width? If the answer is yes, it is safe to cross MLC 30

traffic; if the answer is no, do not cross.

Note. If these measurements fall between the values given, use the next higher measurement.

Table G-9. Measurement correlations for

a steel trestle MLC 30 bridge

50-FOOT

40-FOOT

30-FOOT

25-FOOT

20-FOOT

SPAN

STRINGER HEIGHT x WIDTH (inches)

6-FOOT

18-1/8

14-1/8

STRINGER

x 7-3/8

x 7

x 7-1/2

x 5-7/8

x 5-5/8

SECTION

4-FOOT

14-1/8

STRINGER

x 7

x 5-7/8

x 5-5/8

x 5-1/2

SECTION

2-FOOT

STRINGER

x 6-1/2

x 6

x 5-1/2

x 5

SECTION

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

G-39

Appendix G

Figure G-34. Timber/steel trestle MLC 30 bridge

COMPOSITE STEEL-CONCRETE STRINGER MLC 30 BRIDGE

G-83. Before crossing a composite steel-concrete stringer MLC 30 bridge, use the following evaluation

steps to determine if it is safe to cross:

Step 1. Is the roadway width 4.5 meters (14.75 feet) or greater? Is there 4.3 meters (14 feet) of

overhead clearance? Is the deck at least 5 inches thick? If the answer to all three questions is

yes, go to step 2; if the answer to any question is no, do not cross.

Step 2. Inspect the stringer to see if there is a plate on the bottom. There are three possible

configurations: no plate, a plate one-half or less the thickness of the flange, or a plate more than

one-half the thickness of the flange. Measure the span length, stringer spacing, and stringer

height and width (as illustrated in Figure G-35). Using one of the tables included here, find the

row and column corresponding to the bridge’s span length and stringer spacing. Does the

stringer meet the overall height and width requirements for its corresponding span length,

stringer spacing, and plate status? If the answer is yes, it is safe to cross MLC 30 traffic; if the

answer is no, do not cross.

Note. Use Table G-10 for no plate, Table G-11 for a plate one-half or less the thickness of the

flange, or Table G-12 for a plate more than one-half the thickness of the flange. If the span

length or stringer spacing falls between the values given, use the next higher measurement.

Figure G-35. Composite steel-concrete stringer MLC 30 bridge

G-40

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Essential Field Data

Table G-10. Measurement correlations for a composite

steel-concrete stringer MLC 30 bridge (with no plate)

50-FOOT

40-FOOT

30-FOOT

25-FOOT

20-FOOT

SPAN

STRINGER HEIGHT x WIDTH (inches)

10-FOOT

33-1/8

27-1/8

23-7/8

STRINGER

x 11-1/2

x 10

x 9

x 7-1/2

SECTION

8-FOOT

30-1/8

26-7/8

21-1/4

STRINGER

x 10-1/2

x 10

x 8-1/4

x 7-1/2

SECTION

6-FOOT

24-1/8

18-1/4

STRINGER

x 10-1/2

x 9

x 7-1/2

SECTION

4-FOOT

26-3/4

21-1/4

18-1/8

STRINGER

x 10

x 8-1/4

x 7-1/2

SECTION

Table G-11. Measurement correlations for a composite

steel-concrete stringer MLC 30 bridge (with a plate

one-half or less the thickness of the flange)

50-FOOT

40-FOOT

30-FOOT

25-FOOT

20-FOOT

SPAN

STRINGER HEIGHT x WIDTH (inches)

10-FOOT

30-1/8

26-7/8

21-1/4

STRINGER

x 10-1/2

x 10

x 8-1/4

x 7-1/2

SECTION

8-FOOT

24-1/8

21-1/8

STRINGER

x 10-1/2

x G-1/8

x 8-1/4

x 7-1/2

SECTION

6-FOOT

27-1/8

24-1/8

STRINGER

x 10

x 9

x 8-1/4

x 7-1/2

SECTION

4-FOOT

26-3/4

21-1/8

STRINGER

x 10

x 8-1/4

x 7-1/2

SECTION

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

G-41

Appendix G

Table G-12. Measurement correlations for a composite

steel-concrete stringer MLC 30 bridge (with a plate

more than one-half the thickness of the flange)

50-FOOT

40-FOOT

30-FOOT

25-FOOT

20-FOOT

SPAN

STRINGER HEIGHT x WIDTH (inches)

10-FOOT

24-1/4

21-1/4

STRINGER

x 10-1/2

x G-1/8

x 8-1/4

x 7-1/2

SECTION

8-FOOT

2G-7/8

24-1/4

21-1/8

STRINGER

x 10-1/2

x G-1/8

x 8-1/4

x 7-1/2

SECTION

6-FOOT

27-1/8

23-7/8

18-1/4

STRINGER

x 10

x 9

x 7-1/2

SECTION

4-FOOT

24-1/8

21-1/8

STRINGER

x 9

x 8-1/4

x 7-1/2

SECTION

CONCRETE SLAB MLC 70 BRIDGE

G-84. Before crossing a concrete slab MLC 70 bridge, use the following evaluation steps to determine if it

is safe to cross:

Step 1. Is the roadway width 4.5 meters (14.75 feet) or greater? Is there 4.3 meters (14 feet) of

overhead clearance? If the answer to both questions is yes, go to step 2; if the answer to either

question is no, do not cross.

Step 2. Measure the span length and deck thickness (refer to Figure G-36). Compare the span

length and deck thickness to minimum standards using Table G-13. Does the slab meet

minimum deck thickness for the corresponding span? If the answer is yes, it safe to cross MLC

70 traffic; if the answer is no, go to step 3.

Table G-13. Measurement correlations for

a concrete slab MLC 70 bridge

SPAN LENGTH

MINIMUM DECK

THICKNESS

30 feet

22 inches

20 feet

17 inches

10 feet

12 inches

Step 3. Take into account the following special condition: For each foot under the closest

higher span length shown the deck thickness can decrease by no more than ½ inch. Does the

slab meet minimum deck thickness required according to this special condition? If the answer is

yes, it is safe to cross MLC 70 traffic; if the answer is no, do not cross.

G-42

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Essential Field Data

Figure G-36. Concrete slab MLC 70 bridge

CONCRETE T-BEAM MLC 70 BRIDGE

G-85. Before crossing a concrete T-beam MLC 70 bridge, use the following evaluation steps to determine

if it is safe to cross:

Step 1. Is the roadway width 4.5 meters (14.75 feet) or greater? Is there 4.3 meters (14 feet) of

overhead clearance? Is the deck at least 6 inches thick? If the answer to all three questions is

yes, go to step 2; if the answer to any question is no, do not cross.

Step 2. Measure the span length, stringer spacing, and depth of the stringer (as illustrated in

Figure G-37). Is the stringer spacing no less than 6 feet and no more than 8 feet? If the answer is

yes, go to step 3; if the answer is no, do not cross.

Step 3. Does the stringer depth meet the minimum dimension for the corresponding span length

in Table G-14? If the answer is yes, it is safe to cross MLC 70 traffic; if the answer is no, do not

cross.

Note. If the span length falls between designated lengths, use the next higher value.

Table G-14. Measurement correlations for

a concrete T-beam MLC 70 bridge

SPAN LENGTH

MINIMUM STRINGER

DEPTH

20 feet

20 inches

30 feet

26 inches

40 feet

32 inches

50 feet

39 inches

60 feet

45 inches

70 feet

50 inches

80 feet

55 inches

90 feet

61 inches

100 feet

66 inches

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

G-43

Appendix G

Figure G-37. Concrete T-beam MLC 70 bridge

MASONRY ARCH MLC 70 BRIDGE

G-86. Before crossing a masonry arch MLC 70 bridge, use the following evaluation steps to determine if it

is safe to cross:

Step 1. Is the roadway width 4.5 meters (14.75 feet) or greater? Is there 4.3 meters (14 feet) of

overhead clearance? If the answer to both questions is yes, go to step 2; if the answer to either

question is no, do not cross.

Step 2. Measure the span length, arch ring, and fill (as shown in Figure G-38). Compare these

measurements to minimum standards using Table G-15. Do the arch ring and fill meet minimum

required dimensions for the designated span? If the answer is yes, it is safe to cross MLC 70

traffic; if the answer is no, go to step 3.

Table G-15. Measurement correlations for

a masonry arch MLC 70 bridge

SPAN LENGTH

MINIMUM

MINIMUM FILL

ARCH RING

10 feet

9 inches

6 inches

15 feet

9 inches

12 inches

20 feet

9 inches

24 inches

30 feet

13.5 inches

24 inches

40 feet

18 inches

24 inches

50 feet

22.5 inches

24 inches

Step 3. Take into account the following special condition: Fill can be reduced if the thickness

of the arch ring exceeds the specifications above. Compare these measurements using Table G-

16. Does the bridge span meet the minimum fill requirements for the corresponding arch ring

thickness according to this special condition? If the answer is yes, it is safe to cross MLC 70

traffic; if the answer is no, do not cross.

G-44

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Essential Field Data

Table G-16. Special conditions for minimum fill

on a masonry arch MLC 70 bridge

SPAN LENGTH

FOR EACH 1-INCH INCREASE ABOVE THE

MINIMUM ARCH RING, FILL CAN DECREASE

BY:

10 feet

Not applicable; fill must be no less than 6 inches

15 feet

1-1/4 inches

20 feet

If arch rings are 9 to 13.5 inches thick, fill can

decrease by 2-1/2 inches (total)

If arch rings are more than 13.5 inches thick, fill

can decrease by 1-1/4 inches per inch above

minimum

30 feet

If arch rings are 13.5 to 18 inches thick, fill can

decrease by 2-1/2 inches (total)

If arch rings are more than 18 inches thick, fill can

decrease by 1-1/4 inches per inch above minimum

40 feet and 50 feet

1-1/4 inches

Figure G-38. Masonry arch MLC 70 bridge

STEEL STRINGER MLC 70 BRIDGE WITH CONCRETE DECK

G-87. Before crossing a steel stringer MLC 70 bridge with a concrete deck, use the following evaluation

steps to determine if it is safe to cross:

Step 1. Is the roadway width 4.5 meters (14.75 feet) or greater? Is there 4.3 meters (14 feet) of

overhead clearance? Is the deck at least 5 inches and no more than 8 inches thick? If the answer

to all three questions is yes, go to step 2; if the answer to any question is no, do not cross.

Step 2. Measure the span length, stringer spacing, and stringer height and width (as illustrated

in Figure G-39). Using Table G-17, find the row and column corresponding to the span length

and stringer spacing of the bridge. Does the stringer meet the minimum requirements for overall

height and width? If the answer is yes, it is safe to cross MLC 70 traffic; if the answer is no, do

not cross.

Note. If these measurements fall between the values given, use the next higher measurement.

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

G-45

Appendix G

Table G-17. Measurement correlations for a steel stringer

MLC 70 bridge with concrete deck

50-FOOT

40-FOOT

30-FOOT

25-FOOT

20-FOOT

SPAN

STRINGER HEIGHT x WIDTH (inches)

8-FOOT

2G-1/2

23-5/8

21-5/8

16-3/4

14-1/4

STRINGER

x 11-3/4

SECTION

6-FOOT

27-1/2

21-5/8

16-3/4

13-3/8

STRINGER

x 11-3/4

SECTION

4-FOOT

23-5/8

1G-5/8

16-3/4

14-1/4

13-3/8

STRINGER

x 11-3/4

SECTION

2-FOOT

17-3/4

16-3/4

13-3/8

STRINGER

x 11-3/4

x 11

SECTION

Figure G-39. Steel stringer MLC 70 bridge

with concrete deck

TIMBER/STEEL TRESTLE MLC 70 BRIDGE

G-88. Before crossing a timber/steel trestle MLC 70 bridge, use the following evaluation steps to determine

if it is safe to cross:

Step 1. Is the roadway width 4.5 meters (14.75 feet) or greater? Is there 4.3 meters (14 feet) of

overhead clearance? Is the deck at least 8 inches thick (for 6-foot stringer sections) or at least 6

inches thick (for stringer sections of 4 feet of less)? If the answer to all three questions is yes, go

to step 2 for a timber trestle bridge or step 3 for a steel trestle bridge. If the answer to any

question is no, do not cross.

Step 2. For a timber trestle bridge, measure the span length, stringer spacing, and stringer

height and width (as illustrated in Figure G-40). Using Table G-18, find the row and column

corresponding to the bridge’s span length and stringer spacing. Does the timber stringer meet the

minimum requirements for overall height and width? If the answer is yes, it is safe to cross MLC

70 traffic; if the answer is no, do not cross.

Note. If these measurements fall between the values given, use the next higher measurement.

G-46

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Essential Field Data

Table G-18. Measurement correlations for

a timber trestle MLC 70 bridge

20-FOOT

15-FOOT

10-FOOT

SPAN

STRINGER HEIGHT x WIDTH (inches)

6-FOOT

24 x 12

24 x 10

18 x 8

STRINGER

SECTION

4-FOOT

22 x 12

22 x 8

16 x 8

STRINGER

SECTION

2-FOOT

22 x 12

20 x 8

14 x 8

STRINGER

SECTION

Step 3. For a steel trestle bridge, measure the span length, stringer spacing, and stringer height

and width (refer to Figure G-40). Using Table G-19, find the row and column corresponding to

the bridge’s span length and stringer spacing. Does the steel stringer meet the minimum

requirements for overall height and width? If the answer is yes, it is safe to cross MLC 70

traffic; if the answer is no, do not cross.

Note. If these measurements fall between the values given, use the next higher measurement.

Table G-19. Measurement correlations for

a steel trestle MLC 70 bridge

50-FOOT

40-FOOT

30-FOOT

25-FOOT

20-FOOT

SPAN

STRINGER HEIGHT x WIDTH (inches)

6-FOOT

27-1/2

23-5/8

1G-5/8

16-3/4

13-3/8

STRINGER

x 11-3/4

SECTION

4-FOOT

23-5/8

1G-5/8

16-3/4

15-3/4

13-3/8

STRINGER

x 11-3/4

SECTION

2-FOOT

1G-5/8

16-3/4

13-3/8

STRINGER

x 11-3/4

x 11

SECTION

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

G-47

Appendix G

Figure G-40. Timber/steel trestle MLC 70 bridge

COMPOSITE STEEL-CONCRETE STRINGER MLC 70 BRIDGE

G-89. Before crossing a composite steel-concrete stringer MLC 70 bridge, use the following evaluation

steps to determine if it is safe to cross:

Step 1. Is the roadway width 4.5 meters (14.75 feet) or greater? Is there 4.3 meters (14 feet) of

overhead clearance? Is the deck at least 5 inches thick? If the answer to all three questions is

yes, go to step 2; if the answer to any question is no, do not cross.

Step 2. Inspect the stringer to see if there is a plate on the bottom. There are three possible

configurations: no plate, a plate one-half or less the thickness of the flange, or a plate more than

one-half the thickness of the flange. Measure the span length, stringer spacing, and stringer

height and width (as shown in Figure G-41). Using one of the tables included here, find the row

and column corresponding to the bridge’s span length and stringer spacing. Does the stringer

meet the overall height and width requirements for its corresponding span length, stringer

spacing, and plate status? If the answer is yes, it is safe to cross MLC 70 traffic; if the answer is

no, do not cross.

Note. Use Table G-20 for no plate, Table G-21 for a plate one-half or less the thickness of the

flange, or Table G-22 for a plate more than one-half the thickness of the flange. If the span

length or stringer spacing falls between the values given, use the next higher measurement.

G-48

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Essential Field Data

Table G-20. Measurement correlations for a composite

steel-concrete stringer MLC 70 bridge (with no plate)

50-FOOT

40-FOOT

30-FOOT

25-FOOT

20-FOOT

SPAN

STRINGER HEIGHT x WIDTH (inches)

10-FOOT

33-7/8

30-1/8

24-1/8

STRINGER

x 15-3/4

x 12

x 10-1/2

x 9

x 7-1/2

SECTION

8-FOOT

36-1/2

35-7/8

23-7/8

STRINGER

x 12-1/8

x 12

x 10-1/2

x 9

x 7-1/2

SECTION

6-FOOT

36-1/8

33-1/4

2G-7/8

21-1/4

STRINGER

x 12

x 11-1/2

x 10-1/2

x 8-1/4

x 7-1/2

SECTION

4-FOOT

35-7/8

26-3/4

18-1/4

STRINGER

x 12

x 10-1/2

x 10

x 7-1/2

SECTION

Table G-21. Measurement correlations for a composite

steel-concrete stringer MLC 70 bridge (with a plate

one-half or less the thickness of the flange)

50-FOOT

40-FOOT

30-FOOT

25-FOOT

20-FOOT

SPAN

STRINGER HEIGHT x WIDTH (inches)

10-FOOT

36-3/4

35-7/8

24-1/8

STRINGER

x 16-5/8

x 12

x 10-1/2

x 9

x 7-1/2

SECTION

8-FOOT

36-3/8

35-7/8

2G-7/8

23-7/8

STRINGER

x 12-1/8

x 12

x 10-1/2

x 9

x 7-1/2

SECTION

6-FOOT

33-1/8

27-1/8

21-1/8

STRINGER

x 12

x 11-1/2

x 10

x 8-1/2

x 7-1/2

SECTION

4-FOOT

33-1/4

24-1/4

18-1/4

STRINGER

x 11-1/2

x 10-1/2

x 9

x 7-1/2

SECTION

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

G-49

Appendix G

Table G-22. Measurement correlations for a composite

steel-concrete stringer MLC 70 bridge (with a plate

more than one-half the thickness of the flange)

50-FOOT

40-FOOT

30-FOOT

25-FOOT

20-FOOT

SPAN

STRINGER HEIGHT x WIDTH (inches)

10-FOOT

36-1/2

35-7/8

23-7/8

STRINGER

x 12-1/8

x 12

x 10-1/2

x 9

x 7-1/2

SECTION

8-FOOT

36-3/8

33-1/4

2G-7/8

23-7/8

STRINGER

x 12-1/8

x 11-1/2

x 10-1/2

x 9

x 7-1/2

SECTION

6-FOOT

33-1/8

27-1/8

21-1/8

STRINGER

x 12

x 11-1/2

x 10

x 8-1/4

x 7-1/2

SECTION

4-FOOT

33-1/4

26-7/8

18-1/4

STRINGER

x 11-1/2

x 10-1/2

x 10

x 7-1/2

SECTION

Figure G-41. Composite steel-concrete stringer MLC 70 bridge

AVLB CROSSING RECONNAISSANCE

G-90. Generally, the best site to deploy an AVLB is across a span where a bridge has been destroyed or

across an existing bridge that will not hold the unit’s vehicles. In both cases, abutments on both sides

should be intact, in good shape, and less than 80 feet apart. Crossing at areas without bridge abutments

requires a detailed evaluation of both sides to ensure the ground is firm enough to hold both the bridge and

the heaviest vehicle in the unit. Once a bridge has been buried in the mud at both ends, it is difficult to

retrieve. Refer to Table G-23 for a summary of AVLB characteristics.

G-50

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Essential Field Data

Table G-23. AVLB characteristics

ALLOCATION

Engineer battalion of a heavy division:

12 launchers

12 bridges

Engineer company of an armor/infantry (M) separate brigade:

4 launchers

4 bridges

TRANSPORTATION

Bridge carried on launcher (modified M48 or M60A1 chassis)

Bridge weights 15 tons

20-ton crane transfers bridge to launcher in 20 to 30 minutes

CAPABILITIES

MLC 60 vehicle

One vehicle at a time can cross the AVLB

AVLB is 19.2 meters (63 feet) long. It spans these gaps:

18.3 meters (60 feet) using prepared abutments

17 meters (57 feet) using unprepared abutments

ASSEMBLY/

Launched in 2 to 5 minutes by buttoned-up 2-man crew

PROPULSION

Retrieved from either end; one Soldier exposed; guide and

connect

Allow 0.9 meter (3 feet) bearing for unprepared abutment, 0.5

meter (1.5 feet) for prepared abutment

REMARKS/

M48A2 requires gas; M60 and M48A5 are diesel

LIMITATIONS

Scissors launch requires 10 meters (32.8 feet) overhead

clearance

Maximum launch slope:

Uphill - 2.7 meters (9 feet)

Downhill - 2.7 meters (9 feet)

Sideslope - 0.3 meters (1 feet)

AVLB fords water 1.2 meters (4 feet) deep

BRIDGE CONDITION

G-91. It is essential to note the bridge’s general condition, paying particular attention to evidence of

damage from natural causes

(such as rot, rust, and deterioration) or combat action. Classification

procedures presume that a bridge is in good condition. If the bridge is in poor condition, the class

determined through mathematical computations must be reduced according to the classifier’s judgment.

WIDTH AND HEIGHT RESTRICTIONS

G-92. Table G-24 summarizes width restrictions for bridges. If a one-lane bridge does not meet width

requirements, post a rectangular warning sign under the classification sign showing the actual clear width

(see Figure G-42). If it is a route restriction, annotate it in the route classification formula. For a two-lane

bridge, downgrade the two-way classification to the highest class for which it does qualify (one-way

classification is not affected). Post a limited-clearance sign if the overhead clearance is less than 4.3

meters. These signs must be a minimum of 40 centimeters in height or width, with a yellow background

and the appropriate description in black letters. Separate rectangular signs are used if necessary to denote

width limitations, height limitations, or other technical information.

Note. The same signs are used for tunnels, if applicable.

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

G-51

Appendix G

Table G-24. Minimum roadway widths

BRIDGE CLASSIFICATION

ROADWAY WIDTH

(meters)

One-way

Two-way

2.75 to 3.34

3.35 to 3.99

4 to 4.49

4.5 to 4.99

100

5 to 5.4

150

5.5 to 7.2

150

7.3 to 8.1

150

8.2 to 9.7

150

100

Over 9.8

150

Note. Minimum overhead clearance for all classes is 4.3 meters.

Figure G-42. Width and height signs

BRIDGE TRAFFIC CONTROL PROCEDURES

G-93. Posting standard bridge signs and other signs needed for proper and efficient traffic control across a

bridge is the engineer’s responsibility. Additional signs are used when vehicles require special controls

while crossing. When necessary, holding areas, turnouts for parking and unloading vehicles, and

checkpoints are installed near bridges to provide the necessary control during crossings.

G-52

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Essential Field Data

FULL NATO BRIDGE SYMBOL

G-94. Bridge information is recorded on a map or overlay using the full NATO bridge symbol (refer to

Figure G-43). It is different from an on-site bridge classification sign; do not confuse the two. The

information necessary for the full NATO bridge symbol includes the following:

Bridge’s serial number.

Geographic location.

Bridge’s MLC.

Overall length.

Traveled-way width.

Overhead clearance.

Available bypasses.

Figure G-43. Full NATO bridge symbol

G-95. A bridge serial number is assigned for future reference and is recorded in the symbol’s lower portion

(assign a number according to unit SOP). For proper identification, do not duplicate serial numbers within

any single map sheet, overlay, or document. The unit S2 can obtain special maps containing bridge

information for developed areas of the world.

G-96. An arrow extending from the symbol to the exact map location shows the bridge’s geographic

location. The bridge’s MLC number is shown in the symbol’s top portion. This number indicates the

bridge’s carrying capacity; classifications for both single- and double-flow traffic are included. In those

instances where dual classifications for wheeled and tracked vehicles exist, both classifications are shown.

G-97. The bridge’s overall length is the distance between abutments, measured along the bridge’s

centerline. This figure is placed to the right of the circle and is expressed in meters.

G-98. The minimum lane width is the clear distance between curbs. Place this figure below the symbol and

express it in meters. Bridges may be obstructions to traffic flow when the traveled-way width on the bridge

is less than the minimum standard prescribed for the overall route. Refer to the minimum roadway widths

listed earlier in Table G-24.

G-99. The overhead clearance is the minimum distance between the bridge’s surface and any obstruction

above it. This figure is shown (in meters) to the left of the symbol. Underline any overhead clearance less

than the minimum required by the bridge classification number (refer to Table G-25). Unlimited overhead

clearance is indicated by the infinity symbol (). Often, a telltale (see Figure G-44) or other warning

device can be posted before the bridge to indicate overhead clearance limitations. Report any overhead

clearance less than 4.3 meters as an obstruction in the route classification formula. A question mark is used

to indicate information that is unknown or undetermined and is included as part of the bridge

reconnaissance symbol.

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

G-53

Appendix G

Table G-25. Minimum overhead clearances

MINIMUM OVERHEAD

BRIDGE CLASSIFICATION

CLEARANCE

Up to MLC 70

4.5 meters

Above MLC 70

4.5 meters

Figure G-44. Use of telltale for bridge restrictions

G-100. Bypasses around the bridge site are indicated using arrows similar to (and branching away from)

the arrow connecting the bridge symbol to its location on the map. Bypass arrows should show the

approximate route of the bypass. Refer to the discussion of bypasses in the following section.

Note. Railway bridges that could be used by road vehicles in an emergency should be classified

and identified on the map or overlay. The symbol for a railway bridge should indicate whether it

is “use easy” or “use difficult.”

SECTION X - BYPASSES

G-101. Bypasses are detours along a route allowing traffic to avoid an obstruction. Bypasses limited to

specific vehicle types, such as those capable of swimming or deep-water fording, are noted in the

reconnaissance report. Each bypass is represented symbolically as an arrow. The bypass arrow extends

either from the tunnel, ford, bridge, or overpass symbol itself or from the arrow that connects the symbol to

the map location of the tunnel, ford, bridge, or overpass. The arrow should indicate the approximate route

of the bypass.

Note. Platoons may employ UAS overflights to preview the terrain for advanced knowledge of

an area prior to reaching the location. HUMINT may provide advance information on

established bypasses known by the local population.

G-102. Bypasses are classified as easy, difficult, or impossible. Table G-26 illustrates the map symbols

used to indicate each bypass classification. Considerations for the bypass categories include the following:

A bypass is considered easy when a 5-ton vehicle can cross the obstacle within the immediate

vicinity without work to improve the bypass.

A difficult bypass also allows vehicles to cross the obstacle within the immediate vicinity;

however, some work will be necessary to prepare the bypass.

G-54

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Essential Field Data

Note. An estimation of the time, manpower, and equipment necessary to prepare the bypass

must be included in the reconnaissance report.)

The bypass is considered impossible when it would entail repairing an existing route feature

(such as a bridge or tunnel) to cross the obstacle, building a new feature, or providing a detour

to cross or move around the obstacle outside the immediate vicinity of the original route.

Table G-26. Bypass symbols

SYMBOL

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

BYPASS EASY. Use when the obstacle can be

crossed in the immediate vicinity by a U.S. 5-ton truck

without work to improve the bypass.

BYPASS DIFFICULT. Use when the obstacle can

be crossed in the immediate vicinity, but some work

is necessary to improve the bypass.

BYPASS IMPOSSIBLE. Use when the obstacle can

be crossed only by repairing or constructing a route

feature or by detouring around the obstacle.

SECTION XI - MEASUREMENT CONVERSIONS

G-103. This section includes tables covering the basic computations for converting English measurements

to their metric equivalents. The following conversions are included:

Table G-27 lists conversions for common distance measurements (inches to centimeters; feet to

meters; yards to meters; miles to kilometers).

Table G-28 shows conversions of miles per hour to kilometers per hour.

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

G-55

Appendix G

Table G-27. English to metric distance measurement conversions

INCHES to CENTIMETERS

FEET to METERS

1 inch = 2.54 centimeters

1 foot = 0.30 meters

2 inches = 5.08 centimeters

2 feet = 0.61 meters

3 inches = 7.62 centimeters

3 feet = 0.91 meters

4 inches = 10.16 centimeters

4 feet = 1.22 meters

5 inches = 12.70 centimeters

5 feet = 1.52 meters

6 inches = 15.24 centimeters

6 feet = 1.83 meters

7 inches = 17.78 centimeters

7 feet = 2.13 meters

8 inches = 20.32 centimeters

8 feet = 2.44 meters

9 inches = 22.86 centimeters

9 feet = 2.74 meters

10 inches = 25.40 centimeter

10 feet = 3.05 meters

20 inches = 50.80 centimeters

20 feet = 6.10 meters

30 inches = 76.20 centimeters

30 feet = 9.14 meters

40 inches = 101.60 centimeters

40 feet = 12.19 meters

50 inches = 127.00 centimeters

50 feet = 15.24 meters

60 inches = 152.40 centimeters

60 feet = 18.29 meters

70 inches = 177.80 centimeters

70 feet = 21.34 meters

80 inches = 203.20 centimeters

80 feet = 24.38 meters

90 inches = 228.60 centimeters

90 feet = 27.43 meters

100 inches = 254.00 centimeters

100 feet = 30.48 meters

YARDS to METERS

MILES to KILOMETERS

1 yard = 0.91 meters

1 mile = 1.61 km

2 yards = 1.83 meters

2 miles = 3.22 km

3 yards = 2.74 meters

3 miles = 4.83 km

4 yards = 3.66 meters

4 miles = 6.44 km

5 yards = 4.57 meters

5 miles = 8.05 km

6 yards = 5.49 meters

6 miles = 9.66 km

7 yards = 6.40 meters

7 miles = 11.27 km

8 yards = 7.32 meters

8 miles = 12.87 km

9 yards = 8.23 meters

9 miles = 14.48 km

10 yards = 9.14 meters

10 miles = 16.09 km

20 yards = 18.29 meters

20 miles = 32.19 km

30 yards = 27.43 meters

30 miles = 48.28 km

40 yards = 36.58 meters

40 miles = 64.37 km

50 yards = 45.72 meters

50 miles = 80.47 km

60 yards = 54.86 meters

60 miles = 96.56 km

70 yards = 64.00 meters

70 miles = 112.65 km

80 yards = 73.15 meters

80 miles = 128.75 km

90 yards = 82.30 meters

90 miles = 144.84 km

100 yards = 91.44 meters

100 miles = 62.14 km

G-56

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Appendix H

Demolitions and Obstacles

This appendix provides information on demolitions commonly used in platoon

operations and on obstacles that scouts may have to breach or construct in their AO.

SECTION I - DEMOLITIONS

H-1. A reconnaissance or scout section’s basic load of demolitions will provide enough explosives and

mines to breach or construct an obstacle during a mission. This discussion outlines basic guidelines for the

employment of demolitions in military operations. Table H-1 summarizes the characteristics and uses of

military explosives.

WARNING

This discussion and accompanying illustrations may not provide

enough information to allow safe employment of explosives;

therefore, scouts must be thoroughly familiar with fuzes, charge

settings, and firing demolitions before using this information. For

more information, refer to FM 3-34.214 and DA Pam 350-38.

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

H-1

Appendix H

Table H-1. Characteristics of military explosives

Detonation

Relative

Size, Weight, and

Explosive

Use

Velocity

Effectiveness

Packaging

(fps)/(mps)

Factor

1 lb: 48/box

TNT

Breaching/demolition

22,600/6,900

1.00

1/2 lb: 96/box

1/4 lb: 192/box

8 X 2.5 lb/sack,

Tetrytol 75/25

Breaching/demolition

23,000/7,000

1.20

2 sacks/box

30 X 1.25 lb block/box

C4 (M112)

Cutting and breaching

26,400/8,040

1.34

(1 block=2”x1”x10”

=20 cu in)

4 X 1/2 lb sheets/pack

Sheet

w/20 packs/box

Explosive

Cutting

24,000/7,300

1.14

(one sheet is

(M186)

3 x ¼ x 12 in)

M1 Dynamite

Demolition

20,000/6,100

0.92

100 X1/2 lb sticks/box

Detonating

20,000 to 24,000/

3 X 1,000 ft rolls or

Priming demolitions

1.66

Cord

6,100 to 7,300

8 X 500 ft rolls/box

Ammonium

Cratering/earthmoving

8,900/2,700

0.42

1 X 40 lb canister/box

Nitrate

Bangalore

Wire breaching/

10 X 5 ft sections/kit

Torpedo,

25,600/7,800

1.17

demolition

(176 lbs)

M1A2

Shaped

Charges

1 X 40 lb shaped

Cutting

25,600/7,800

1.17

M2A3, M2A4,

charge/box

and M3A1

PRIMING EXPLOSIVES

H-2. Explosives may be primed, either electrically or nonelectrically, with a detonating cord. Refer to the

illustration in Figure H-1.

H-2

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Appendix H

SAFETY

GENERAL SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

H-4. The following safety considerations and procedures apply when scouts must operate with and around

explosives and demolitions:

Conduct CRM operations, completing risk assessments and identifying all hazards and control

measures. Refer to Appendix E of this manual.

Do not attempt to conduct a demolitions mission if you are unsure of demolition procedures;

review references or get assistance.

Do not let inexperienced personnel handle explosives.

Avoid dividing responsibility for demolition operations.

Use the minimum number of personnel necessary to accomplish the demolition mission.

Take your time when working with explosives; make your actions deliberate.

Post guards to prevent access inside the danger radius.

Maintain control of the blasting machine or initiation source.

Use the minimum amount of explosives required to accomplish the mission while keeping

sufficient explosives in reserve to handle any possible misfires.

Maintain accurate accountability of all explosives and accessories. Always store blasting caps

separately and at a safe distance from other explosives.

Ensure that all personnel and equipment are accounted for before detonating a charge.

Ensure that you give warnings before initiating demolitions; give the warning “FIRE IN THE

HOLE!” three times.

Guard the firing points.

Assign a competent safety officer for every demolition mission.

Dual-initiate all demolitions, regardless of whether they are single- or dual-primed.

Avoid using deteriorated or damaged explosives.

Do not dismantle or alter the contents of any explosive material.

Avoid mixing live and inert (dummy) explosives.

Assess the environmental impact of all demolition operations according to the environmental

risk assessment procedures covered in Appendix E of this manual.

MINIMUM SAFE DISTANCES

H-5. To ensure safety in the employment of explosives, scouts must maintain a minimum safe distance.

Table H-2 lists the minimum safe distances for personnel during detonation of explosives in the open.

H-4

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3 August 2009

Demolitions and Obstacles

Table H-2. Minimum safe distances for explosives

EXPLOSIVES (LB)

SAFE DISTANCE

EXPLOSIVES (LB)

SAFE DISTANCE

(M)

27 OR LESS

300

150

534

311

175

560

327

200

585

342

225

609

356

250

630

369

275

651

392

300

670

413

325

688

431

350

705

449

375

722

100

465

400

737

125

500

425

750

500

800

NOTES:

1. For explosives over 500 pounds, use the following formula to calculate the safe

distance:

Safe distance (meters) = 100 x

2. The minimum safe distance for personnel in a missile-proof shelter is 91.4 meters.

INDUCED-CURRENT DETONATION

H-6. Induced currents can prematurely detonate explosives. Figure H-3 lists the distances at which

transmitters can detonate explosives by transmitted induced currents.

H-7. Electric firing should not be performed within

155 meters

(504 feet) of energized power

transmission lines. When it is necessary to conduct blasting operations at distances closer than 155 meters,

nonelectric firing systems should be used or the power lines de-energized.

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

H-5

Appendix H

Figure H-3. Premature detonation by induced current

CAUTION

If electric blasting caps are to be transported near operating

transmitters or vehicles (including helicopters) in which a transmitter is

to be operated, the caps must be placed in a metal can. The cover of

the can must be snug and lap over the body of the can to a minimum

depth of 1/2 inch. Caps should not be removed from the container in

proximity of the operating transmitters. The metal container must have

metal-to-metal contact with the lid.

H-8. Misfires should be handled by the person who placed the charge. For safety purposes, allow 30

minutes before investigating the misfire on all nonelectric or buried charges. Aboveground misfires should

be blown in place by priming at least 1 pound of explosive and placing it as close as possible to the charge

without disturbing it. When dealing with buried misfires, remove excess earth, except for at least 1 foot of

earth around the charge. Then blow the charge in place with at least 2 pounds of explosive. Do not attempt

to move or disarm a misfire, and do not abandon misfired explosives.

Note. For complete procedures for handling misfires of electric and nonelectric systems, refer to

FM 3-34.214.

H-6

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3 August 2009

Demolitions and Obstacles

MODERN DEMOLITION INITIATOR FIRING SYSTEMS

H-9. Modern demolition initiators (MDI), a family of nonelectric blasting caps and associated items

described in Table H-3, have been used in the civilian sector for more than 20 years. The snap-together

components simplify initiation systems and some types of explosive priming. The MDI system was

developed to effectively replace electric demolition systems. It removes the requirement to dual-initiate

demolition systems except when there is a high probability of the system becoming cut. FM 3-34.214

provides more information on MDI.

H-10. Nonelectric priming with MDIs is safer and more reliable than the current nonelectric priming

methods. MDI blasting caps are factory-crimped to precut lengths of shock tube or time-blasting fuse.

Because the caps are sealed units, they are moisture-resistant and will not misfire in damp conditions. A

shock tube may be spliced using excess shock tube from an M12 or M13 or a precut splicing-tube splicing

kit. Every splice in a shock tube reduces the reliability of the priming system. Prime military explosives

with the MDI the same as with standard, nonelectric initiation systems. Use only high-strength MDI

blasting caps (M11, M14, M15) to prime explosive charges. M12 and M13 relay-type blasting caps do not

have sufficient power to detonate most explosives, although you can use all MDI blasting caps to initiate a

shock tube. Use only the M11, M14, or M15 blasting caps to initiate detonating cord or military explosives

directly.

WARNING

Use care when cutting and splicing the shock tube. When cutting

the shock tube, always tie an overhand knot in the left over shock

tube.

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

H-7

Appendix H

Table H-3. MDI components

COMPONENTS

DESCRIPTION

PACKAGING

M11

High-strength, nonelectric blasting cap, factory crimped to a

6/package, 10

30-ft length of shock tube—used to prime all standard military

packages per

explosives, including detonation cord, or to initiate the shock

box

tube of other MDI blasting caps. A red flag is attached one

meter from the cap, and a yellow flag is attached two meters

from the cap.

M12

8 spools/

Low-strength, nonelectric blasting cap¹, factory crimped to a

cardboard box,

500-ft length of shock tube—used as a transmission line from

6 boxes/

an initiator to another relay cap or to a high-strength, shock

packing box

tube blasting cap that initiates military explosives. Can

actuate up to five shock tubes held by the connector.

M13

4 spools/

Low-strength, nonelectric blasting cap¹, factory crimped to a

cardboard box,

1000-ft length of shock tube—used as a transmission line

6 boxes/

from an initiator to another relay cap or to a high-strength,

packing box

shock tube blasting cap that initiates military explosives. Can

actuate up to five shock tubes held by the connector.

M14

High-strength, nonelectric, delay blasting cap, factory crimped

1 package, 60

to a 7 ½-ft length of time-blasting fuse-instead of the usual

per wooden

yellow band every 18 in. a marker band and the minimum

box

burning time in minutes (from the band to the detonator) are

marked on the fuse. Used to detonate all standard military

explosives or initiate shock-tube blasting caps and detonating

cord approximately 5 minutes after ignition.

M15

30/box, 4

Nonelectric blasting cap, delay²—consists of two blasting

boxes/package

caps, factory crimped at each end of a 70-ft length of shock

, 6 packages/

tube. One blasting cap is low-strength to initiate another piece

wooden box

of shock tube, while the second is high-strength to initiate

other explosives. A red flag is attached one (1) meter from

the high-strength blasting cap, and a yellow flag is attached

two (2) meters from the low-strength cap. Used to create

staged detonations, as required for quarrying, ditching, and

cratering operations.

Blasting cap and shock tube holder—clamping device used to

hold the shock tube’s branch lines secure to a high-strength

blasting cap of the M11 or M14. Can hold up to five shock

tubes and one (1) blasting cap. Can also connect an MDI

blasting cap to detonating cord.

M81

Time-blasting fuse igniter with shock tube capability—M81

5 paperboard

and M60 fuse igniters are almost identical except the plug

box/package, 6

packages/

and screw end cap are colored black on the M81.³

wooden box

Note. The M81 has a stronger primer than the M60.

Does not have enough output to initiate most military explosives.

Blasting caps are slightly larger that standard military blasting caps and will not fit into standard

cap wells.

The M60 fuse igniter will not reliably initiate the shock tube.

H-8

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3 August 2009

Demolitions and Obstacles

TYPES OF MDI FIRING SYSTEMS

H-11. With the introduction of MDI components, there will be two types of firing systems: a stand-alone

firing system and a combination firing system. Both systems can be emplaced as single- or dual-firing

systems. The choice of which system to use for a particular demolition mission is left to the experience of

the reconnaissance leader. The combination firing system, however, is the preferred method for reserved

demolition targets. See FM 3-34.214 for detailed instructions on both systems.

Stand-Alone System

Employment Considerations

H-12. The stand-alone firing system is one in which the initiation sets and transmission and branch lines

are constructed using only MDI components and the explosive charges are primed with MDI blasting caps.

It is important to ensure that the firing system is balanced. All charges must have the same distance in

shock-tube length from the firing point to the charge. Figure H-4 shows the single-firing MDI system;

Figure H-5 shows the dual-firing MDI system; and Figure H-6 shows a branch-line array.

Figure H-4. MDI single-firing system (single-primed)

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

H-9

Appendix H

Figure H-5. MDI dual-firing system (dual-primed)

Figure H-6. Branch-line array (M11s or M16s)

H-13. The disadvantage of a single-firing system is that if the transmission line is cut, any charges down

line from the cut will not detonate. If there is a possibility of the transmission lines being cut (for example,

through artillery fires), a second firing system should be added as shown in Figure H-5. Note that the

charges in this case are now dual-primed. The transmission line is laid in the opposite direction of the first

transmission line to create a balanced system.

CAUTION

When making multiple shock tube installations, take care to protect the

shock tubes from the effects of nearby relay caps and charges. The

shrapnel produced by a cap or charge could easily cause a (partial or

complete) misfire. When there are many shock tubes involved in a

shot, place them carefully away from the junction.

H-10

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Demolitions and Obstacles

H-14. Use the stand-alone MDI firing system for all types of demolition missions, including bridge

demolitions. The MDI firing system can be used to initiate reserved demolition targets; however, under

current internationally agreed-upon doctrine, charges cannot be primed with blasting caps until a change of

readiness from state 1 (safe) to state 2 (armed) is ordered. Priming every charge with MDI blasting caps at

this critical moment would take a considerable amount of time and be unacceptable to the maneuver

commander. Priming charges with detonating cord is the preferred method on reserved demolition targets.

Construction/Emplacement Procedures

H-15. Thoroughly reconnoiter the demolition site before emplacing explosive charges on the firing system.

Use the following steps to reconnoiter the site and emplace the explosives:

Step 1. Identify the firing point and observe the safe distances as listed in Table H-2 earlier this

appendix.

Step 2. Emplace and secure explosive charges on the target.

Step 3. Begin with the set of explosive charges farthest from the firing point, and place a

sandbag or other easily identifiable markers over the M12 blasting cap. Then unreel the M12’s

transmission line toward the next set of charges in the direction of the firing point. If the

distance between the sets of charges is less than 30 feet, use an M11.

Step 4. Place the shock tube of the first M12 into the blasting cap holder of the second M12’s

transmission line. This is done at the second set of charges.

Note. Do not close the hinged flap of the holder at this stage.

Step 5. Place a sandbag or another easily identifiable marker over the holder. Unreel the second

M12’s transmission line toward the third set of charges in the direction of the firing point.

Step 6. Repeat procedures steps 3 and 4 for each set of charges.

Step 7. Unreel the last transmission line to the firing point from the set of charges closest to it.

To achieve the necessary safe distance, you may need several M12s/13s.

Step 8. Lay out, at each set of charges, the M11 or M16 branch lines from the charges to be

primed toward the transmission lines blasting-cap holder. Ensure that when building the firing

system, it is a balanced system. The shock wave in the shock tube must travel the same distance

to all charges to effectively prevent a misfire. No more than five M11 or M16 branch lines can

be connected to the transmission line's blasting-cap holder. If there are more than five charges,

group the branch lines from the charges, and connect them to the M9 blasting-cap holder of

another M11 or M16 branch line. Connect the branch line to the transmission line’s blasting-cap

holder.

Note. Secure the transmission and branch lines by taping all the holders closed.

Step 9. Prime the explosive charges by inserting the blasting caps of the M11 or M16 branch

lines, using minimum personnel on the site.

Step 10. Visually inspect the firing system for possible misfire indicators.

Step 11. Return to the firing point and initiate the system using the procedures in FM 3-34.214.

Follow-up Considerations

H-16. After the charges have been successfully fired, the unit commander is responsible for ensuring

proper disposal of the residue. The used shock tube is nonrecyclable plastic and may be sent directly to an

approved landfill; however, the blasting-cap residue is considered hazardous waste and must be removed

from the shock tube and disposed of according to local policy. Commanders must coordinate with the

applicable local directorate

(engineering or public works) and/or the local Defense Reutilization and

Marketing Office for local disposal guidance and landfill information.

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

H-11

Appendix H

Combination Firing System

Employment Considerations

H-17. A combination firing system is one that consists of the MDI initiation set; either a detonating-cord

line or ring main; and branch lines that can be either MDI, detonating cord, or a mix of both. Figure H-7

shows a combination firing system.

H-18. Use the combination firing system (MDI and detonating cord) for all types of demolition missions. It

combines the advantages of MDI components with the simplicity and flexibility of detonating cord. The

combination firing system is the preferred method for reserved demolition targets, underwater operations,

and operations where subsurface-laid charges are used.

WARNING

Do not dispose of used shock tubes by burning them because of

potentially toxic fumes given off from the burning plastic.

Figure H-7. Combination firing system

(MDI and detonating cord; dual-primed)

Construction/Emplacement Procedures

H-19. Thoroughly reconnoiter the demolition site before emplacing explosive charges on the firing system.

Use the following steps to reconnoiter the site and emplace the explosives:

Step 1. Identify the firing point and observe the safe distances as given in Table H-2 earlier this

appendix.

Step 2. Emplace and secure the explosive charges on the target. If priming with MDI, wait until

step 6.

Step 3. Construct detonating-cord line or ring mains according to procedures in FM 3-34.214.

Step 4. Cover the blasting cap of the M12/13 transmission line with a sandbag or another easily

identifiable marker at the connection between the detonating cord line or ring main to the MDI

initiation set. Unreel the M12/13 transmission line to the firing point. Observe the safe distances

given in Table H-2.

H-12

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Demolitions and Obstacles

Step 5. Tie in any detonating-cord branch lines to the line or ring main. If priming with MDI,

clip the M11 or M16 branch lines to the detonating-cord line or ring main using the M11 or M16

J-hook. Use the following procedure:

Wrap the shock tube around and to the J-hook.

Pull the shock tube tight. This prevents the J-hook from slipping.

Clip the detonating cord line or ring main into the J-hook.

Lay out the M11 or M16 branch lines toward the charges.

Step 6. Prime the remaining charges by inserting the M11 or M16 blasting caps, using minimum

personnel on the site

Step 7. Lay out an M11 or M16 transmission line from the detonation-cord ring main to the

M12/M13 transmission line.

Step 8. Attach the M11 or M16 to the holder on the M12/M13 transmission line and tape to secure.

Step 9. Attach an M9 holder on the M11 or M16 transmission line cap and tape.

Step 10. Loop, secure, and tape the detonating cord line of the ring main in the M9 blasting cap

holder that is attached to the M11 or M16 transmission line.

Step 11. Perform a visual inspection of the entire firing system for any flaws that might cause a

misfire.

Step 12. Return to the firing point and initiate the system using the procedures in FM 3-34.214.

Follow-up Considerations

H-20. After the charges have been successfully fired, the unit commander is responsible for ensuring

proper disposal of the residue. The used shock tube is nonrecyclable plastic and may be sent directly to an

approved landfill; however, the blasting cap residue is considered hazardous waste and must be removed

from the shock tube and disposed of according to local policy.

Splicing the Shock Tube

General Considerations

H-21. MDIs are extremely reliable because all of the components are sealed. Unlike standard nonelectric

priming components, they cannot be easily degraded by moisture. Cutting the shock tube makes the open

ends vulnerable to moisture. Dampening the explosive film on the inside of the shock tube will stop a

detonation from going beyond such a damp spot. Use care when cutting and splicing the shock tube. When

cutting the shock tube, always tie an overhand knot in the leftover shock tube. Use splicing to repair a

break in the shock tube of a transmission or branch line (caused, for example, by shell fragments from

artillery fires) or to extend the shock tube of another MDI blasting cap; but only when necessary. This is

done by using excess shock tube from an M12 or M13 shock-tube blasting cap when the entire length is

not needed.

H-22. Every splice in the shock tube reduces the reliability of the firing system. Keep the number of splices

in a shock-tube line to as few as practicable. Unless splicing is absolutely necessary, use of a full, sealed

MDI component is recommended.

Note. Do not splice the shock tube while conducting water or diving demolition missions.

Splicing Procedures

H-23. The following is the proper splicing procedure for the shock tube:

Use a sharp knife or razor blade to cut about 3 feet from the previously cut-off end of leftover

shock tube, whether or not it was knotted according to the guidance above.

Immediately seal off the shock tube remaining on the spool by tying a tight overhand knot in the

cut-off end. Cut the metal seal off the end of the shock-tube blasting cap to be extended. Repair

a break in the shock tube by cutting it 3 feet on both sides of the break. Use a minimum 4-foot

length of shock tube to repair the break.

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

H-13

Appendix H

Tie loosely the two shock-tube ends to be spliced together in an overhand knot. Leave at least 2

inches free at the end of each shock tube beyond the knot. Pull the shock tubes lightly to tighten

the knot, but not so tight as to significantly deform the shock tube in the knot.

Push one of the free shock-tube ends to be spliced firmly into one of the precut splicing tubes at

least l/4 inch. Push the other shock-tube end firmly into the other end of the splicing tube at least

l/4 inch. It is not necessary for the two ends of the shock tube meet; the detonation wave in the

shock tube will still generate over a small gap (of up to six inches).

Safety Considerations

H-24. When conducting training and missions with MDIs, follow the general safety considerations for

demolitions outlined in FM 3-34.214 and AR 385-63.

H-25. Because MDI components are delivered from the factory pre-crimped, they are more reliable and

safer to handle and use than the current standard military blasting caps. During testing of the MDI

components, it has been found that the blasting caps always function correctly if the shock tube is properly

initiated. Test results show that misfires occur only when—

The M81 fuse igniter is not properly connected to the shock tube before initiation.

The shock tube is cut by shrapnel during the initiation process.

The shock tube is incorrectly inserted into the holders on the M12 or M13 blasting caps or into

the M9 holder.

The shock tube is cut using crimpers.

CAUTION

Taping two cut ends of the shock tube together does not make a

reliable splice.

WARNING

Use of MDIs is not authorized for belowground or internal

charges.

H-26. Transportation and storage of blasting caps require special consideration. When transporting or

storing MDI blasting caps, do not mix them with other explosives. The caps must be placed in a suitable

container or in a separate vehicle.

MDI Misfire Clearing Procedures

H-27. In most misfires of shock tube blasting caps, which are nonelectric, these standard rules apply:

If the primer in the M81 does not fire (the most common problem), recock the M81 by pushing

in on the pull rod to reset the firing pin, and then actuate the igniter again. If two or three retries

result in a nonfiring, cut the shock tube, replace the igniter with a new one, and repeat the firing

procedure.

If the M81 fires and blows the shock tube out of its securing mechanism without it firing, cut

about 3 feet from the end of the shock tube, replace with a new igniter, and repeat the firing

procedure.

H-14

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Demolitions and Obstacles

If the M81 appears to have functioned properly but the charge did not fire, cut a 1-foot section

from the shock tube starting 6 inches from the igniter. Hold the 1-foot piece of shock tube so

one end is over your palm; gently blow through the other end. If a fine powder comes out from

the shock tube, it has not fired. Install a new igniter on the freshly cut end of the priming shock

tube and repeat the firing procedure. If no fine powder comes out from the shock tube or the

shock tube was heard to fire or its flash was seen, wait for 30 minutes before moving downrange

to check the components in the firing system.

After waiting 30 minutes, proceed downrange and check all components in the firing system.

The most likely cause of a misfire is the incorrect placement of the shock tube in the plastic

connectors of the M12/13s or the M9 holder. If incorrect placement was the problem, replace the

fired section and properly connect and refire the device.

If the first component of the firing train did not fail, check out each succeeding component until

you find the one that failed. Replace the failed or fired relay components back to the initiating

site and refire.

If the final high-strength blasting cap seems to be the failed component, replace it if it is easily

accessible. However, if it is used to prime an explosive charge, do not disturb it. Place a new,

primed 1-pound explosive charge next to the misfired charge and detonate it when it is safe.

EXPLOSIVE CHARGES

FUNDAMENTALS

H-28. The amount of explosive used in any demolition project is determined by the demolition charts. The

following critical factors apply:

Type and strength of material. A demolition target may be constructed of timber, steel, or

other material. Concrete reinforced with steel increases the strength of the target.

Size and shape of target. Large targets, such as concrete piers and steel I-beams, may be

attacked more economically using multiple charges rather than a single charge.

Desired demolition effect. Consider the extent of demolition and other desired effects. For

example, in constructing an abatis, consider which direction the trees should fall.

Type of explosive. All charts in this chapter reflect the number of M112 (1¼-pound) blocks of

C4 to be used.

Size and shape of charge. Use the demolition charts in this chapter to calculate the amount of

explosive needed. When external charges are used without special placement techniques, a flat,

square charge with a thickness-to-width ratio of 1-to-3 or more will give acceptable results.

Charge placement. For cratering, place charges in holes below the ground. For breaking or

collapsing stone or concrete, locate charges on the surface or in boreholes. For cutting timber,

tie charges on the outside surface or place them in boreholes, whichever is more practical.

Fasten charges to the target by wire, adhesive compound, tape, or string. Prop charges against

the target with a frame made of scrap wood or metal or other available materials.

Method of initiation. The method of initiation is not critical except for special types of charges,

such as shaped charges or diamond charges.

Method of tamping. Detonating an explosive produces pressure in all directions. If the charge

is not completely sealed or confined or if material surrounding the explosive is not equally

strong on all sides, the explosive force will escape through the weakest point. To keep as much

explosive force as possible on the desired objective, pack the material around the charge. This

material is called tamping material; the process is tamping.

H-29. For the most destructive effect, an explosive charge must be of the size and shape that best fits the

target; it must be detonated in close contact with the target. Any significant air or water gap between the

target and the explosive will lessen the force of the shock wave. Several types of charges, such as sheet

explosives or plastic explosives, can be cut or molded to fit odd-shaped targets.

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

H-15

Appendix H

H-30. Whenever possible, place explosive charges to act on or through the smallest or weakest part of the

target. Internal charges produce the greatest destructive effect for the least amount of explosive. Internal

charges are placed in boreholes in the target. They are confined by tightly packed sand, wet clay, or other

material. This is called stemming. Tamp and pack the stemming material against the explosive to fill the

hole to the surface.

H-31. Place external charges on the surface of the target. Tamp the charges by covering them with packed

sand, clay, or other dense material. This increases their destructive effect. Tamping may be loose or in

sandbags. To be most effective, the thickness of the tamping should at least equal the breaching radius.

Small breaching charges on horizontal surfaces are sometimes tamped by packing several inches of wet

clay or mud around them. This process is called mudcapping.

SELECTION AND CALCULATION OF CHARGES

H-32. Use the six-step, problem-solving format below for all charge calculations. This format is used to

determine the weight (P) of the explosives required for a demolition task in pounds of TNT. If using an

explosive other than TNT, adjust P accordingly by dividing P for TNT by the relative effectiveness (RE)

factor of the explosive you plan to use (see Table H-1).

Step 1. Determine the critical dimensions of the target.

Step 2. Calculate the weight of a single charge of TNT by using the appropriate demolition

formula.

Step 3. Divide the quantity of explosive by the RE factor. Skip this step if using TNT.

Step 4. Determine the number of packages of explosive for a single charge by dividing the

individual charge weight by the standard package weight of the chosen explosive. Round this

result to the next higher, whole package. Use volumes instead of weights for special-purpose

charges (ribbon, diamond, saddle, and similar charges).

Step 5. Determine the number of charges based on the targets.

Step 6. Determine the total quantity of explosives required to destroy the target by multiplying

the number of charges (step 5) by the number of packages required per charge (step 4).

Formula

H-33. The formula P = R3KC is used to determine the size of the charge required to breach concrete,

masonry, rock, or similar material where—

P = TNT required (in pounds).

R = breaching radius( in feet).

K = material factor, which reflects the strength, hardness, and mass of the material to be

demolished.

C = tamping factor, which depends on the location and tamping of the charge.

Breaching Charge Tables

H-34. To use the tables for calculating breaching charges (see Tables H-4 through H-7), determine the type

of material in the object you plan to destroy. If in doubt, assume the material to be the stronger type. The

four tables cover breaching charges to be used in destroying the following materials:

Reinforced concrete (see Table H-4).

Dense concrete or first-class masonry (see Table H-5).

Ordinary masonry, hardpan, shale, rock, good timber, ordinary concrete, or earth construction

(see Table H-6).

Earth (see Table H-7).

H-16

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Appendix H

Table H-5. Breaching charges for dense concrete or first-class

masonry

METHODS OF PLACEMENT

THICKNESS IN

C-4 M112 (1-1/4 LB BLOCKS)

METERS (FEET)

0.6 (2)

0.8

(2.5)

0.9 (3)

1.1

(3.5)

1.2 (4)

1.4

(4.5)

111

1.5 (5)

119

1.7

(5.5)

159

1.8 (6)

103

115

205

2.0

(6.5)

131

145

261

2.1 (7)

140

156

279

2.3

(7.5)

172

191

344

2.4 (8)

116

209

232

417

Table H-6. Breaching charges for ordinary masonry,

hardpan, shale, rock, good timber, ordinary concrete,

or earth construction

METHODS OF PLACEMENT

THICKNESS IN

C-4 M112 (1-1/4 LB BLOCKS)

METERS (FEET)

0.6 (2)

0.8

(2.5)

0.9 (3)

1.1

(3.5)

1.2 (4)

1.4

(4.5)

1.5 (5)

1.7

(5.5)

114

1.8 (6)

147

2.0

(6.5)

104

186

2.1 (7)

100

111

200

2.3

(7.5)

123

137

246

2.4 (8)

149

166

298

H-18

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Demolitions and Obstacles

Table H-7. Breaching charges for earth structures

METHODS OF EMPLACEMENT

THICKNESS IN

C-4 M112 (1-1/4 LB BLOCKS)

METERS (FEET)

0.6 (2)

0.8

(2.5)

0.9 (3)

1.1

(3.5)

1.2 (4)

1.4

(4.5)

1.5 (5)

1.7

(5.5)

1.8 (6)

2.0

(6.5)

2.1 (7)

2.3

(7.5)

2.4 (8)

Correlating Thickness of Object and Placement of Charge

H-35. In deciding how to place the charge against the object, compare the method of placement with the

diagrams in Figure H-8. Use the letter matching the diagram to select the appropriate column in the

breaching charge tables. Then determine the thickness of the material. On the breaching charge tables, find

the intersection of these two factors (placement and thickness) to determine how many M112 (1¼-pound)

blocks of C4 it will take to destroy the object.

Note. Refer to Tables H-4 through H-7; as noted, the tables are based on the material to be

destroyed.

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

H-19

Appendix H

Figure H-8. Methods of placement for explosive charges

Number of Charges

H-36. Calculate the number of charges required to demolish a pier, slab, or wall using this formula:

N = W/2R

N = Number of charges

W = Width of pier, slab, or wall (in feet)

R = Breaching radius (in feet)

Note. The multiplier 2 in the formula is constant.

H-37. If the calculated value of N is between zero and 1¼, use one charge. If the value is between 1¼ and

2½, use two charges. If the value is greater than 2½, round it to the nearest whole number.

PLACEMENT OF CHARGES

H-38. For best results, arrange the charges in a flat square shape with the flat side toward the target. The

first charge is placed in from one side of the target; the rest of the charges are spaced at a distance of 2R

apart. When breaching hard-surface pavements, use one M112 (1¼-pound) block of C4 for each 2 inches

of surface. If you are breaching concrete-beam bridges, breach each beam individually. Figure H-9 lists the

thickness of the charge relative to the number of charges used.

H-20

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Demolitions and Obstacles

Figure H-9. Thickness of breaching charge

H-39. The positions available for placement of explosive charges on piers and walls are limited. Unless a

demolition chamber is available, place the charge (or charges) against one face of the target. A charge

placed above ground level is more effective than one placed directly on the ground. When several charges

are required to destroy a pier, slab, or wall and elevated charges are desired, they are distributed equally at

no less than one breaching radius above the base of the object to be demolished. This method makes best

use of the shock wave of the blast. If time permits, tamp all charges thoroughly with damp soil or filled

sandbags. Tamping must be equal to or greater than the breaching radius. For piers, slabs, or walls that are

partially submerged in water, place charges equal to or greater than the breaching radius below the

waterline, if possible.

STEEL-CUTTING CHARGES

H-40. In the employment steel-cutting charges, the type of explosive is critical to success. Confinement or

tamping of the charge is rarely practical or possible. Placement of the charge in direct contact with the

target is more important with steel than with other materials.

H-41. Select steel-cutting charges for their cutting effect and adaptability to placement. The M112 block

(C4) is a highly adaptable explosive. Its size and shape are suitable for most steel-cutting operations, and it

can be used without cutting or reshaping. In addition, the M112 block adapts well to steel targets because

of the adhesive compound on one face, which allows it to be affixed securely to the target.

Amount of Charge

H-42. The amount of steel-cutting charge to be used depends on the type and size of steel and the kind of

charge to be used. Figure H-10 shows formulas for the use of TNT in steel-cutting operations. Table H-8

lists the amount of C4 explosive required in steel-cutting operations.

Figure H-10. Formulas for use of TNT in steel-cutting charges

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

H-21

Appendix H

Table H-8. Amount of C4 (M112) required

to cut steel sections

C-4 M112 (1-1/4 LB BLOCKS) FOR RECTANGULAR STEEL SECTIONS OF GIVEN

WIDTH

DIMENSIONS

THICKNESS OF SECTION IN CM (IN)

SECTION

IN CM (IN)

0.6

1.0

1.3

1.6

1.9

2.2

2.5

3.1

3.5

3.8

(1/4)

(3/8)

(1/2)

(5/8)

(3/4)

(7/8)

(1)

(1-1/4)

(1-3/8)

(1-1/2)

5.1 (2)

7.6 (3)

10.2 (4)

12.7 (5)

15.2 (6)

20.3 (8)

25.4 (10)

30.5 (12)

35.6 (14)

40.6 (16)

45.7 (18)

50.8 (20)

55.8 (22)

61 (24)

Rules of Thumb for Steel-Cutting Charges

H-43. In the following examples of steel-cutting situations, the required explosive is either TNT or plastic

explosive (the RE factor is not needed).

Rails

H-44. Cut rails at crossings, switches, or curves. Cut at alternate rail splices for a distance of 500 feet. The

rules of thumb are the following:

For rails less than 5 inches high, use ½ pound.

For rails 5 inches or higher, use 1 pound.

At crossings and switches, use 1 pound.

Cables, Chains, Rods, and Bars

H-45. To cut through these items, use the following rules of thumb:

Up to 1 inch in diameter, use 1 pound.

From 1 inch to 2 inches in diameter, use 2 pounds.

Over 2 inches in diameter, use the formula P = 3/8 A. (Refer to Figure H-11.)

Note. These guidelines apply to chains and cables that are under tension. Both sides of the chain

link must be cut.

H-22

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Demolitions and Obstacles

Placement Considerations

H-46. The size and type of steel section will determine the placement of the explosive charge. Cut extended

sections by placing all of the explosive on one side of the section along the proposed line of rupture. In

some steel trusses with individual members fabricated from two or more primary sections (such as angle

irons or bars separated by spacer washers or gusset plates), place the charge with opposing portions offset

the same distance as the thickness of the section being cut. This will produce a shearing action. Heavier I-

beams, wide flange beams, and columns can also require auxiliary charges. Never place the charges

directly opposite each other because this tends to neutralize the explosive effect.

H-47. Figure H-11 illustrates placement of a charge for cutting steel members and railroad rails.

Figure H-11. Placement of charges on steel members

Built-up Members

H-48. Built-up members frequently have an irregular shape, making it difficult to obtain close contact

between the explosive charge and a sufficient portion of the surface. If it is impractical to distribute the

charge properly to obtain close contact, increase the amount of explosive.

Irregularly Shaped Steel

H-49. Composition C4 is effective for cutting irregularly shaped steel because it can be easily molded or

pressed into place to give maximum contact. The M112 block explosive has an adhesive coating on one

side, which makes placement easier.

Precautions

H-50. Place the steel-cutting charge on the same side as the firing party because explosive charges throw

steel fragments (missiles) long distances at high velocities.

BRIDGE ABUTMENT DESTRUCTION

H-51. Procedures for destroying bridge abutments vary depending on the thickness of the abutment. Refer

to Figure H-12 for an illustration of charge placement.

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

H-23

Appendix H

Thickness of 1.5 Meters (5 Feet) or Less

H-52. Beginning 1.5 meters (5 feet) in from one side of the road, place 18.1 kilograms (40 pounds) of

cratering charges in holes that are 1.5 meters (5 feet) deep, 1.5 meters (5 feet) on centers, and 1.5 meters (5

feet) behind the river face of the abutment. If the abutments are over 6.1 meters (20 feet) high, add a row of

breaching charges on the river face of the abutment.

Thickness of 1.5 Meters (5 Feet) or More

H-53. Calculate charges using the breaching charge tables (see Tables H-4 through H-7) and information

provided earlier in this chapter. Place the charges against the rear face at a depth equal to the thickness of

the abutment and space them the same as other breaching charges. When the abutments are more than 6.1

meters (20 feet) high, add a row of breaching charges on the river face at the base of the abutment and fire

all charges simultaneously.

Figure H-12. Charge placement for bridge

abutment destruction

TIMBER-CUTTING CHARGES

H-54. Use composition C4 for untamped, concentrated, external charges because it can be easily tied or

fastened to the target. Because types of timber vary widely from locality to locality, it is impractical to try

to cut all kinds of timber with charges calculated from a single table. It may be necessary, therefore, to

make test shots to determine the size of charge needed to cut a specific type of timber. Table H-9 shows the

amount of M112 (1¼-pound blocks) C4 needed for the various sizes of timber. Figure H-13 provides

several formulas for determining timber-cutting charges and illustrates charge placement.

H-55. Place the charge in a borehole parallel to the greatest dimension of the cross section and tightly tamp

it with moist earth. If the charge is too large for one borehole, make two boreholes side by side in the

dimensional timber. For round timber, make two boreholes at approximate right angles to each other, but

do not intersect them (see Figure H-14). Tamp both boreholes and fire the charges simultaneously.

H-24

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Demolitions and Obstacles

Table H-10. Minefield types and characteristics

TYPE

DESCRIPTION

TACTICAL

REPORTS

RECORDS

MINES USED

AUTHORITY

USE

REQUIRED

(Delegated

to)

Protective

Above-ground;

Aids in unit’s

Intention

DA Form

Brigade

random pattern;

local, close-in

1355-1 (to

commander

Hasty

Initiation

no antihandling

protection of

parent unit)

protective

(Battalion or

Completion

devices

defensive

company

perimeter

Change/

commander)

removal

Deliberate

Standard

Same as hasty

As above

DA Form

Division

protective

pattern; fenced

deliberate

(to author-

1355 (to

commander

and marked

minefield

izing HQ)

authorizing

(Installing

HQ)

commander)

Tactical

Standard or

As part of

As above

DA Form

Division

random pattern;

obstacle plan

1355 (to

commander

scatterable

authorizing

(Brigade

HQ)

commander)

Nuisance

Random

Enhance

As above

Brigade

pattern; surface

obstacles;

commander

or buried

hinder use of

(Battalion

key areas

commander)

Phony

Same as live

Simulate other

Same as

minefield being

types of

simulated

minefields

minefield

Use the scatterable minefield report and records for all scatterable minefields (under “S” column).

The corps commander is the initial employment authority for all scatterable minefields (“S” column). Long self-

destruct minefields (more than 24 hours) may be delegated to division and brigade level. Short self-destruct

minefields (24 hours or less) may be delegated to battalion/task force level.

MINEFIELD EMPLACEMENT REQUIREMENTS

H-61. Of the four types of minefields, the reconnaissance/scout platoons will most frequently be tasked to

emplace a hasty protective minefield. It will rarely emplace a deliberate protective minefield. Scouts may

employ a row minefield and, occasionally, if time allows, a standard pattern minefield.

H-62. Emplacement of a row minefield (three rows, 60 meters by 100 meters, 100 AT mines) consumes

about 30 platoon minutes (30 scouts) if done by hand. This time does not include fuzing and uncrating of

the mines.

HASTY PROTECTIVE MINEFIELD

H-63. Hasty protective minefields are generally emplaced by small units at outposts, work sites, bivouac

areas, or ambush sites. The reconnaissance platoon may also use them to supplement manned weapons,

prevent tactical surprise, or provide early warning of enemy advances.

H-64. Mines should be readily detectable and removable. They should be sited across likely avenues of

approach and within range of organic weapons and visual observation. If the minefield includes M18A1

AP mines or will be employed for more than 72 hours, it should be marked by signs or fences or have

guards to warn friendly troops.

H-65. The hasty protective minefield must be recorded on DA Form 1355-1, which is illustrated in Figure

H-22. If the form is not available, improvise one. The unit that installs the minefield should warn adjacent

units and inform higher headquarters. This unit must either remove the field before leaving the area or

transfer the responsibility to the relieving unit commander. Refer to FM 3-34.210.

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

H-37

Demolitions and Obstacles

Table H-11. Obstacle report format

REPORT LINE

INFORMATION

ALPHA

Map sheets

BRAVO

Date-time group for observation of obstacle

CHARLIE

Location (grid reference)

DELTA

Type of obstacle

ECHO

Enemy elements -and/or weapons with coverage of the

obstacle (if applicable)

FOXTROT

Any other information that could affect breaching or

bypassing; for example, terrain restricts bypass or work

required (in personnel hours) to breach obstacle

DEMOLITION RECONNAISSANCE RECORD

H-69. When members of the platoon encounter an obstacle that may require demolition support, they

conduct a reconnaissance of the obstacle and surrounding area and complete DA Form 2203, Demolition

Reconnaissance Record. The form is then sent up the chain of command to the appropriate support unit for

evaluation, planning, and conduct of the demolition mission. Refer to FM

3-34.214 for additional

information on the preparation and use of DA Form 2203; the manual includes an example of the

completed form.

Note. DA Form 2203 consists of four pages. The first page lists general information about the

reconnaissance party and the obstacle (including map location information, description of the

demolition site, and nature of the proposed demolition), as well as detailed estimates for the

demolition in terms of materials, equipment, transport, personnel, and time requirements. The

second page provides space for additional information, while Page 3 contains space for a

general sketch of the demolition site and a sketch of the purpose of the proposed demolition

mission. The fourth page offers detailed instructions for completing the form.

SECTION IV - OBSTACLE/MINEFIELD TURNOVER

H-70. Once an obstacle group or minefield is completed, the emplacing unit may conduct turnover with

another unit. The turnover process ensures that the commander of the incoming unit is familiar with the

obstacle or minefield and understands his responsibilities concerning it. Turnover is conducted whether or

not there are lanes/gaps to be closed.

(Note. Minefield turnover is required in almost all tactical situations;

the time and the location for the turnover are established during initial coordination.)

TURNOVER PROCEDURES

H-71. A target prepared for demolition by engineers may be turned over to another unit for safeguarding or

execution. The following turnover procedures are followed:

The senior member of the emplacing unit

(normally an engineer squad leader) and the

demolition guard commander (normally a reconnaissance squad leader) will conduct face-to-

face coordination before the turnover if the tactical situation permits. This prior coordination

greatly aids and speeds the turnover process.

The senior member of the emplacing unit will require positive identification of the demolition

guard commander by means of sign/countersign or by personal recognition.

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

H-41

Appendix H

Once identification is established, the emplacing unit will give the demolition guard commander

a completed target folder for the target being turned over. The folder contains orders to the

demolition guard commander and the firing party commander. These orders must be signed and

thoroughly understood by the demolition guard commander.

SECTION IV - OBSTACLE/MINEFIELD TURNOVER

H-72. Once an obstacle group or minefield is completed, the emplacing unit may conduct turnover with

another unit. The turnover process ensures that the commander of the incoming unit is familiar with the

obstacle or minefield and understands his responsibilities concerning it. Turnover is conducted whether or

not there are lanes/gaps to be closed.

(Note. Minefield turnover is required in almost all tactical situations;

the time and the location for the turnover are established during initial coordination.)

TURNOVER PROCEDURES

H-73. A target prepared for demolition by engineers may be turned over to another unit for safeguarding or

execution. The following turnover procedures are followed:

The senior member of the emplacing unit

(normally an engineer squad leader) and the

demolition guard commander (normally a reconnaissance squad leader) will conduct face-to-

face coordination before the turnover if the tactical situation permits. This prior coordination

greatly aids and speeds the turnover process.

The senior member of the emplacing unit will require positive identification of the demolition

guard commander by means of sign/countersign or by personal recognition.

Once identification is established, the emplacing unit will give the demolition guard commander

a completed target folder for the target being turned over. The folder contains orders to the

demolition guard commander and the firing party commander. These orders must be signed and

thoroughly understood by the demolition guard commander.

The senior member of the emplacing unit will then describe the obstacle, in detail, to the

demolition guard commander.

Once the demolition guard commander fully understands his responsibilities and he (or the

firing party commander, if separately designated) is capable of executing the target, the

emplacing unit may depart to conduct further operations.

COORDINATION

H-74. In conducting coordination for obstacle/minefield turnover, scouts must cover the following items

with the other unit:

Intelligence.

Provide an update on enemy activity forward of the minefield.

Discuss expected enemy reconnaissance efforts.

Brief on local, friendly, and enemy situations.

Maneuver.

Discuss obstacle protection against enemy dismounted patrols.

Recommend that the other unit conduct security patrols to protect the minefield during

limited visibility.

Discuss fire control measures.

Mobility and survivability.

Discuss the obstacle's intended effect on enemy maneuver.

Discuss the minefield front and depth and walk/ride the minefield trace. Provide grid

coordinates of the minefield trace.

Discuss minefield composition.

H-42

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Demolitions and Obstacles

Discuss friendly minefield marking.

Discuss lane/gap closure, if applicable. Confirm the signal or activity that will

trigger/initiate lane closure.

Train units on how to close lanes. This may mean training the unit on emplacing

conventional mines or using the MOPMS.

Fire support.

Update the other unit’s FIST on grid coordinates for the minefield trace.

Discuss indirect fires covering the minefield.

Sustainment. Provide mines/materials required to close lanes/gaps; ensure all necessary

materials are available and prepared.

C2.

Transfer graphics and documentation (minefield records, demolition-target folders, or other

written records).

Report completion of the turnover to the higher engineer and supported unit headquarters.

Complete an obstacle turnover report and submit it to higher headquarters.

Forward the written minefield report and record (using DA Form 1355 or DA Form 1355-

1) to the next higher commander common to both units.

SECTION V - OBSTACLE BREACHING CAPABILITIES

H-75. This section provides information on breaching capabilities. It will assist the reconnaissance or scout

platoon in determining what types of equipment, vehicles, and other assets can be used for certain

breaching situations. Also covered are the obstacle-crossing capabilities (trafficability and fordability) of

various U.S. and allied vehicles.

ACTIONS ON CONTACT (WITH OBSTACLES)

H-76. Use this format to conduct actions on contact with obstacles:

Reconnoiter the obstacle and report.

Seek a bypass.

If a bypass is impossible, attempt a breach.

As a last resort, force through the obstacle. All reconnaissance sections should have a chain saw

(issued or locally procured) for clearing roads wooden obstacles from roads or trails.

If the obstacle is covered by fire, use obscurants to conceal movement.

AN/PSS-12 MINE DETECTOR

H-77. The reconnaissance/scout platoons may use mine detectors such as the AN/PSS-12 to help detect

mines and clear lanes in minefields.

CHARACTERISTICS

H-78. The AN/PSS-12 mine detector (see Figure H-26) is a man-portable metallic mine-detection system

that is used to detect AT and AP land mines. Its search head contains two concentric coils—the

transmitting coil and the receiving coil. During operation, the transmitting coil is energized with electric

pulses to build up a magnetic field. The magnetic field induces currents in metal objects near the search

head, and the currents build up a magnetic field in the metal objects. Depending on the metal’s composition

and quantity, the magnetic field may be strong enough to be picked up by the receiving coil. Signals from

the receiving coil are processed in the AN/PSS-12’s electronics. When a signal is considered positive, the

electronic unit provides an audible alarm to the operator.

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

H-43

Appendix H

Figure H-26. AN/PSS-12 metallic mine detector

WARNING

Users must keep in mind that magnetic detection is effective only

when there is a sufficient amount of alloy in the mine to trigger an

alarm from the detector.

The detector’s sensitivity control may require frequent

adjustment during operation.

SEARCH METHODS

H-79. Use the following procedures and guidance in searching for mines using the AN/PSS-12:

Move the search head in sweeping motions a maximum of 5 centimeters above the ground.

Sweeping speed should be approximately 0.3 meter per second.

Listen for an audible tone indicating that the inner ring of the magnetic search head is over a

metal object. The intensity of the tone depends on the size, the shape, the content, the depth, and

the position of the object.

Make an X-pattern sweeping movement (Figure H-27) across the area when a tone is heard. The

tone will be loudest when the search head is immediately above the object.

For small, horizontal metal pins, the tone will be louder when the inner ring is near the pin

rather than when the pin is in the center of the ring.

If you are searching for large, metal objects, detecting and localizing is faster when the

sensitivity control is turned down (counterclockwise).

H-44

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Demolitions and Obstacles

Figure H-27. X-Pattern sweeping movement

Keep mine detectors at least 2 meters apart during setting and adjustment phases to prevent

interference.

Change the batteries and readjust the unit if the indicator lamp flashes. The search sensitivity is

not affected when the lamp is flashing; if searching continues, a constant audible tone will sound

and the unit will be unusable until fresh batteries are installed.

Discontinue searching and readjust the unit's sensitivity if the check tone disappears or its

frequency decreases.

Ensure that only the inner part of the telescopic pole is used when the equipment is operated by

a Soldier in the prone position.

Turn the unit off after completing the search operations.

BREACHING AND CLEARING OPERATIONS

H-80. Table H-12 illustrates the characteristics and capabilities of explosive and manual breaching

methods. Table H-13 summarizes the characteristics of several types of obstacle breaching equipment.

Although the reconnaissance platoon does not have direct access to such assets, the platoon can take

advantage of these capabilities by calling on other elements for assistance in breaching operations.

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

H-45

Appendix H

Table H-12. Breaching assets and methods

EXPLOSIVE BREACHING ASSETS/METHODS

NOMENCLATURE

TYPE

MINES

WEIGHT

LANE CLEARED

ASSEMBLY TIME

EMPLOYMENT

CLEARED

(pounds)

in meters (feet)

TIME in minutes

(speed)

Width

M58A3

Trailer-

AT/AP

3,100

8 (26)

100 (328)

Crane and crew -

4 (25 mph)

(MICLIC)

mounted

35 minutes

M1A1

Portable

130 per

0.6 (2)

15 (50)

1 squad -

(Bangalore torpedo)

kit

5 minutes

Antipersonnel

Portable

115

0.6 (2)

45 (140)

2 Soldiers -

obstacle breaching

(in 2

2 minutes

system (APOBS)

manpack

units)

MANUAL BREACHING ASSETS/METHODS

BREACHING PROCEDURE

LANE CLEARED

MAN-HOURS REQUIRED

Width (type of lane)

(per 100 meters of lane)

Location by probing

1 meter (footpath)

16 to 22

Removal by rope or explosives

1 meter (footpath)

38 to 44

Location by detector, assisted by

8 meters (one-way vehicle lane)

27 to 33

probing

Removal by rope or explosives

8 meters (one-way vehicle lane)

220 to 247

Table H-13. Nonexplosive obstacle breaching equipment

NOMENCLATURE

MILITARY

HEIGHT

WIDTH

SPEED

ARMAMENT

MOBILITY EMPLOYMENT

LOAD

in meters

in kmph

CLASS

(feet)

(mph)

2.3

3.2

None

Fill craters and ditches

armored combat

(7.5)

(10.5)

(30+)

Remove road blocks, trees,

earthmover (ACE)

and rubble

Prepare river and ford

access

Prepare and maintain routes

D7F

2.4

3.48

None

Cut tactical routes

dozer

(7.9)

(11.4)

(6)

Fill craters and ditches

Remove rubble and trees

Loader (2½-ton)

3.7

2.6

None

Fill craters and ditches

(12)

(8.5)

Remove wire obstacles

AVLB

57 (with

None

Bridge gaps of 18 meters or

bridge)

(16.4)

(13.1)

(30)

less

Bridge gaps of 15 meters or

(without

less for Load Class 70

bridge)

Note. Another nonexplosive breaching asset is the M1-series tank equipped with either the

mine-clearing blade or mine-clearing roller. Use of the tank affords a combination of breaching

capability, firepower, and mobility. The primary disadvantage is the vehicle’s weight. The blade

adds 3.5 tons and the roller 10 tons to the tank’s base weight of more than 60 tons. An M1

equipped with the roller exceeds the weight capacity of the AVLB.

H-46

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Demolitions and Obstacles

OBSTACLE-CROSSING CAPABILITIES

H-81. Table H-14 summarizes the obstacle-crossing capabilities of selected vehicles and equipment of the

U.S. Army and allied nations.

Table H-14. Vehicle/equipment obstacle-crossing capabilities

COUNTRY/

VEHICLE

U.S. / M113

2.13

2.68

1.60

0.29

0.64

1.78

limit

(7.0)

(8.8)

(5.2)

(11)

(25)

(5.8)

U.S./ M2 and

2.92

3.04

2.54

0.45

0.91

1.87

limit

(9.6)

(10.0

(8.3)

(18)

(36)

(6.1)

)

U.S. / M60

1.22

3.26

3.63

2.66

0.41

0.91

2.21

(4.0)

(10.7)

(12.0

(8.7)

(16)

(36)

(7.3)

)

U.S. / M48A5

1.22

3.12

3.63

2.59

0.41

0.91

2.21

(4.0)

(10.2)

(12.0

(8.5)

(16)

(36)

(7.3)

)

U.S. / M1 series

1.22

2.89

3.60

2.74

0.48

1.24

2.14

(M1A2)

(4.0)

(9.5)

(11.8

(9.0)

(19)

(49)

(7.0)

)

Germany /

2.25

2.93

3.71

3.00

0.48

1.15

2.15

Leopard 2

(7.4)

(9.6)

(12.2

(10.0)

(19)

(45)

(7.1)

)

UK / Centurian

1.20

2.96

3.40

3.35

0.51

0.90

2.19

(3.9)

(9.7)

(11.2

(11.0)

(20)

(35)

(7.2)

)

UK / Chieftain

1.07

2.90

3.66

3.15

0.51

0.91

2.44

(3.5)

(9.5)

(12.0

(10.3)

(20)

(36)

(8.0)

)

France / AMX30

2.00

2.86

3.10

2.90

0.45

0.93

1.96

(6.6)

(9.4)

(10.2

(9.5)

(18)

(37)

(6.4)

)

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

H-47

Appendix H

SECTION VI - FIELD-EXPEDIENT MINES AND DEMOLITIONS

H-82. This discussion describes a variety of field-expedient methods for constructing mines and

demolitions. The information in this discussion is for reference only. See FM 3-34.214 for detailed

explanations on constructing and employing field-expedient mines and demolitions.

WARNING

Employment of expedient and improvised mines and demolitions

must ALWAYS be in accordance with the applicable ROE, the

provisions of the Geneva Conventions, and the Law of Land

Warfare (see FM 27-10).

DANGER

The field-expedient devices and techniques described in this

discussion are intended for use only by personnel who are

experienced in mine and demolition employment and safety.

Other units/personnel should NEVER use expedient mines and

demolitions in place of standard devices and methods.

EXPEDIENT MINES

H-83. When constructing and employing improvised mines, the reconnaissance platoon must consider

safety, neutralization, and disarming requirements. Authorization of employment depends on the minefield

in which the mine is to be used. Figures H-28 through H-35 provide design and function guidance for

expedient mines. Actual construction will depend on several factors, including the availability of materials.

H-48

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Appendix H

Figure H-36. Improvised shaped charge

SATCHEL CHARGE

H-86. Melt ordinary paraffin (wax) and stir in ammonium nitrate (fertilizer) pellets. Make sure the paraffin

is hot while mixing. Before the mixture hardens, add a ½-pound block of TNT, or its equivalent, as a

primer. Pour the mixture into a container. Shrapnel material can be added to the mixture if desired, or it can

be attached on the outside of the container to give a shrapnel effect.

IMPROVISED BANGALORE TORPEDO

H-87. The principal use of an improvised bangalore torpedo is to clear paths through barbed-wire

entanglements using one of the following methods:

Use any length of pipe with an approximate inside diameter of 2 inches and a wall thickness of

at least .025 inch (24 gauge). Pack the pipe with 2 pounds of explosive per foot of length. Close

one end of the pipe with a threaded cap, wooden plug, or damp earth.

Use any length of U-shaped picket. Pack the inside section of the picket with 2 pounds of

explosives per foot of length. Place the steel section of the U-shaped picket upward.

Use any length of board. Attach 4 pounds of explosive per foot of length. Place the explosives to

the top side of the board.

DETONATING CORD WICK

H-88. Use a detonating cord wick to widen the boreholes; one strand will generally widen a hole by 1 inch.

Tape the desired number of strands together, and prime one stick of dynamite with one of the strands. (The

dynamite is used to clean the hole.) Place the wick and the dynamite in a hole. The wick must extend from

the bottom of the hole to the surface. Prime the wick and detonate the dynamite. Make sure the hole is

“cold” before putting in any other explosives.

EXPEDIENT TIME FUZE

H-89. Soak a length of clean string (1/8 inch in diameter) in gasoline. Hang it to dry; then store it in a

tightly sealed container. Handle expedient fuzes as little as possible, and test them extensively before use.

MISCELLANEOUS IMPROVISED DEMOLITIONS

THERMITE

H-90. Using any size can, tie or tape sticks to the sides, and cut a small hole in the bottom. Cover the

bottom with paper. Place a round stick wrapped in paper in the middle of the can. Fill the bottom of the can

with ¼ inch of magnesium. Over this, place a mixture of three parts ferric oxide and two parts aluminum

H-54

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Demolitions and Obstacles

powder. Remove the stick, and fill the hole with a mixture of three parts potassium chlorate and one part

sugar. On top of this, place a paper bag containing the chlorate-sugar mixture. Place a fuze in the top, and

tamp with dirt or clay. Refer to Figure H-37.

Figure H-37. Thermite demolition

MOLOTOV COCKTAIL

H-91. Fill a bottle with napalm, jelly gas, or a 2-to-1 mixture of gas and oil. Insert a rag wick dipped in

wax. Light the wick before throwing the bottle.

(NOTE: Cotton rags burn slower than some other

materials, such as silk. Use a rag wick that will burn long enough so the Molotov cocktail reaches the

target before exploding.) Refer to Figure H-38.

Figure H-38. Molotov cocktail

SATCHEL CHARGE

H-92. Fill a #10 can with a mixture of ammonium nitrate and melted wax; stir vigorously to ensure a

complete mix. Add a small amount of C4 or TNT, and prime the charge with a time-fuze cord before the

mixture hardens. A rope handle creates a convenient improvised satchel charge.

IMPROVISED BLACK POWDER DEMOLITIONS

H-93. Table H-15 lists materials required for improvised black powder demolitions.

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

H-55

Appendix H

Table H-15. Materials in black powder demolitions

MATERIALS REQUIRED

PERCENT

PARTS

(by weight)

(by volume)

Potassium nitrate

Powdered charcoal

Sulfur

H-94. Dissolve the potassium nitrate using a ratio (by weight) of three parts water to one part nitrate. In a

second container, dry-mix the powdered charcoal and sulfur by stirring with a wooden stick or swirling or

shaking them in a tightly closed container. Add a few drops of the potassium nitrate solution to the dry

mixture, and blend to obtain a thoroughly wet paste. Then add the rest of the solution and stir. Pour the

mixture into a shallow dish or pan and allow it to stand until it has a paste-like consistency. Mix the paste

thoroughly with a wooden stick to assure uniformity, and set it aside for further drying. When the mixture

is nearly dried, granulate it by forcing it through a piece of wire screen. Spread the granules thinly, and

allow them to dry.

IMPROVISED FUZES

H-95. The following are three methods for making improvised string fuzes:

Put a string in a mixture of ¾ cup water and 1 teaspoon potassium chlorate. Boil for 30 minutes.

Soak a string in gasoline, and allow it to dry. This fuse will burn slowly.

Soak a string in a mixture of ¾ cup cold water and 2 teaspoons potassium nitrate.

IMPROVISED GRENADES

H-96. Use the following steps to make two types of improvised grenades:

Combine 7.8 parts potassium nitrate or sodium nitrate, 1.6 parts charcoal, and 1 part sulfur. No

detonator is required, just a fuse.

Combine 3 parts sodium chlorate and 3 parts sugar. Load the mixture into a lead pipe. No

detonator is required, just a fuse.

IMPROVISED DELAY MECHANISMS

H-97. Figure H-39 shows three types of delay mechanisms that can be used with improvised demolitions.

H-56

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Demolitions and Obstacles

Figure H-39. Types of delay mechanisms

FLAME ILLUMINATOR

H-98. Fill a container to 3 inches from the top with thickened fuel, and seal the container tightly. Put three

wraps of detonating cord on the top inside rim, and pack with dirt or mud. Wrap a grenade with detonating

cord. Place the grenade next to the container, and tie it to the main detonating cord line. See Figure H-40.

Figure H-40. Flame illuminator

HUSCH FLARE

H-99. To construct a Husch flare, which burns for 90 minutes and lights a diameter of 50 meters, remove

the crossbars from a metal 60-mm mortar can. Punch three 3/8-inch holes in each side of the can halfway

between the top and bottom. Punch a hole no bigger than 1/8 inch in the bottom of a metal 81-mm mortar

shell container. Temporarily fill the holes; then fill the 81-mm container three-fourths full with thickened

fuel. Apply heavy grease to the cap, and tighten it. Place the 81-mm container cap-down in the 60-mm

container, and use stones or other materials to wedge it tightly. Then fill the 60-mm mortar can up to the

holes with thickened fuel. Remove the plug from the hole in the bottom of the 81-mm shell container. Tie

an illumination hand grenade between the 81-mm shell containers just above the level of the 60-mm mortar

can. Run a trip wire from the grenade pin.

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

H-57

Appendix H

DRIED SEED TIMER

H-100. The reconnaissance/scout platoons can use the properties of dried seeds, which expand when they

are soaked, to create a time delay device for electrical firing circuits. Required materials are the following:

Dried peas or beans or other dehydrated seeds.

Wide-mouthed glass jar with nonmetal cap.

Two screws or bolts.

Thin metal plate.

Hand drill.

Screwdriver.

H-101. Use the following steps to construct the dried seed timer:

Step 1. Determine the rate of rise of the dried seeds selected; this is necessary to determine the

amount of seeds needed to provide the required delay time. Use these steps:

Place a sample of dried seeds in the jar that will be used as the timer. Cover the seeds with

water.

Measure the time it takes for the seeds to rise a given height. Most dried seeds increase in

volume by 50 percent in 1 to 2 hours.

Step 2. Cut a disk from a thin metal plate. The disk should fit loosely inside the jar. Refer to

Figure H-41.

Note. If the metal is painted, rusty, or otherwise coated, it must be scraped or sanded to create a

clean metal surface.

Step 3. Drill two holes in the cap of the jar about 2 inches apart. The diameter of the holes

should be such that screws or bolts will thread tightly into them. If the jar has a metal cap or no

cap, a piece of wood or plastic (NOT METAL) can be used as a cover. See Figure H-42.

Step 4. Turn the two screws or bolts through the holes in the cap. The bolts should extend about

1 inch (2½ cm) into the jar. See Figure H-43 (top).

CAUTION

Both bolts must extend the same distance below the container cover.

Step 5. Pour the required quantity of dried seeds into the container. The level will depend on the

previously measured rise time and the desired delay. Refer to Figure H-42 (middle).

Step 6. Place the metal disk in the jar on top of the seeds. Refer to Figure G-42 (middle).

H-102. Use the following steps to activate and employ the dried seed timer:

Step 1. Add just enough water to completely cover the seeds, and place the cap on the jar. Refer

to Figure H-42 (bottom).

Step 2. Attach the connecting wires from the firing circuit to the two screws on the cap. Refer

to Figure H-42 (bottom).

Step 3. Expansion of the seeds will raise the metal disk until it makes contact with the screws

and closes the circuit, triggering the explosive. Figure H-43 illustrates the complete explosive

device with a dried seed timer.

H-58

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Appendix H

Figure H-43. Explosive device with dried seed timer attached

TIN CAN GRENADE

H-103. Construction of a tin can grenade requires the following materials:

Tin can, jar, or similar container.

Bolts, nuts, metal scrap, and/or other solid objects.

Commercial or improvised black powder.

Commercial or improvised fuse cord.

Cardboard or heavy paper and tape.

H-104. Construct a cardboard or heavy-paper cylinder using tape that is approximately one-half the

diameter of the tin can or other container. Insert the fuze into one end of the paper cylinder, pack the

cylinder tightly with black powder, and tape the ends closed. Insert the cylinder into the can as shown in

Figure H-44, and surround it with such items as bolts, nuts, metal scrap, or stones. Close the can with a lid

that has a hole in the center through which to pass the fuze. If the container has no lid, it may be closed

with a piece of wood, metal, or cardboard of the required size taped in place.

Figure H-44. Tin can grenade

H-60

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Demolitions and Obstacles

FIELD-EXPEDIENT DELAYS

H-105. The reconnaissance/scout platoons can take advantage of a variety of materials for use as

expedient delay mechanisms in the employment of demolitions. Examples include the following:

Cigarette (in matchbook or box).

Candle (surrounded by flammable material).

Spark (from short-circuited electrical wires).

Sulfuric acid (sugar chlorate mixture).

Glycerin (sugar permangate mixture).

Nitrate acid (sugar chlorate mixture).

Water delay (see Figure H-41).

Watch delay (see Figure H-41).

COMMON CHEMICALS IN FIELD-EXPEDIENT DEMOLITIONS

H-106. Table H-16 lists a number of chemicals that are commonly used in expedient demolitions. The

table includes sources for these substances, including local sites that may provide the reconnaissance

platoon with access to necessary chemicals.

Table H-16. Common chemicals in expedient demolitions

CHEMICAL

SYMBOL

POSSIBLE SOURCES

Potassium permanganate

KMNO4

Drug store, hospital, gym

Potassium chlorate

KCLO3

Drug store, hospital, gym

Potassium nitrate

KNO3

Fertilizer or explosives factory

Sodium nitrate

NgNO3

Fertilizer or glass factory

Ammonium nitrate

(NH4)NO3

Fertilizer or explosives factory

Ferric oxide

Fe2O3

Hardware or paint store

Powdered aluminum

Paint, electric, or auto parts store

Magnesium

Auto, machine, or chemical

factory

Glycerin

C3H5(OH)3

Drug store, soap/candle factory

Sulfuric acid

H2SO4

Garage, machine shop, hospital

Sodium chlorate

NgClO3

Match or explosives factory

Sulfur

Drug store, match factory

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

H-61

Glossary

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

1SG

first sergeant

A/L

administrative/logistics

avenue of approach

AAR

after action review

abates (obstacle graphics)

ABCS

Army Battle Command System

ACA

airspace coordination area

ACR

armored cavalry regiment

ADA

air defense artillery

AFATDS

Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System

AHS

Army health system

ALO

air liaison officer

ALSA

Air Land Sea Application (Center)

amplitude modulation

AMC

air mission commander

AMD

air and missile defense

area of operations

antipersonnel

APC

armored personnel carrier

Army regulation

ASAS

All Source Analysis System

ASCOPE

areas, structures, capabilities, organizations, people, events

antitank

ATGM

antitank guided missile

AVLB

armored vehicle launched bridge

BCIS

battlefield combat identification system

BCS3

battle command sustainment and support system

BCT

brigade combat team

BDA

battle damage assessment

BFSB

battlefield surveillance brigade

BFT

Blue Force Tracker

BHL

battle handover line

BHO

battle handover

BMNT

begin morning nautical twilight

battle position

BRIDGEREP

bridge report

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

Glossary-1

Glossary

command and control

civil affairs

CAB

combined arms battalion

CALL

Center for Army Lessons Learned

CAO

civil affairs operations

CAS

close air support

CASEVAC

casualty evacuation

CAT

civil affairs team

CBRN

chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear

CBU

cluster bomb unit

CCA

close combat attack

CCIR

commander’s critical information requirement

CCP

casualty collection point

CEXC

combined explosives exploitation cell

CFF

call for fire

CFL

coordinated fire line

CFSO

counterintelligence force protection source operation

CFV

cavalry fighting vehicle

CFZ

critical friendly zone

counterintelligence

CIA

Central Intelligence Agency

CID

combat identification

CIDDS

combat identification system dismounted Soldier

CIP

combat identification panel

CMO

civil-military operations

COA

course of action

COIN

counterinsurgency

COLT

combat lasing observation team

COMSEC

communications security

COP

common operational picture

COSC

combat and operational stress control

command post

CRM

composite risk management

CROSSREP

crossing site report

concertina wire (obstacle graphics)

Department of the Army

DA APM

Department of the Army pamphlet

DCIMS

dismounted Solider combat identification marking system

DDL

digital data link

DIDEA

detect, identify, decide, engage, assess

Glossary-2

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Glossary

DOCEX

document exploitation

DOD

Department of Defense

decision point

DPICM

dual-purpose improvised conventional munitions

direct support

DTG

date-time group

drop zone

engagement area

EEFI

essential elements of friendly information

EENT

end evening nautical twilight

EFP

explosively formed penetrator

electro-optical

EOD

explosive ordnance disposal

EOF

escalation of force

EPLRS

enhanced position location and reporting system

EPW

enemy prisoner of war

ESTAT

equipment status report

electronic warfare

field artillery

FBCB2

Force XXI Battle Command, Brigade and Below

FBI

Federal Bureau of Investigation

fires cell

FDC

fire direction center

FEBA

forward edge of the battle area

FFA

free fire area

FFIR

friendly force information requirement

FIPR

flash immediate priority routine

FIST

fire support team

FLIR

forward-looking infrared

field manual; frequency modulation

FMI

field manual, interim

forward observer

FOB

forward operating base

FPF

final protective fire

FRAGO

fragmentary order

FRIES

fast rope insertion/extraction system

FSCL

fire support coordination line

FSCM

fire support coordination measure

FSO

fire support officer

GCS

ground control station

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

Glossary-3

Glossary

GIRS

grid index reference system

GMLRS

guided Multiple Launch Rocket System

GPS

global positioning system

general support

HBCT

heavy brigade combat team

HCT

human intelligence collection team

high explosive

HELOCAST

helicopter cast and recovery

HHC

headquarters and headquarters company

HIIDE

handheld interagency identity detection equipment

HIMARS

high mobility artillery rocket system

HMMWV

high mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle

host nation

HPT

high-payoff target

headquarters

HUMINT

human intelligence

HVT

high-value target

IAW

in accordance with

IBCT

infantry brigade combat team

identification

IED

improvised explosive device

IFF

identification, friend or foe

IFV

infantry fighting vehicle

IMINT

imagery intelligence

information operations

IPB

intelligence preparation of the battlefield

information requirement

ISR

intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance

intervisibility

JCIMS

joint combat identification marking system

JFO

joint fires observer

joint publication

JSTARS

Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System

JTAC

joint terminal attack controller

JTF

joint task force

JVMF

joint variable message format

KIA

killed in action

kilometer

kmph

kilometers per hour

line of contact

Glossary-4

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Glossary

line of departure

LD/LC

line of departure is line of contact

LNO

liaison officer

LOA

limit of advance

LOGPAC

logistics package

LOS

line of sight

LRAS3

long-range advanced scout surveillance system

LTD

laser target designator

landing zone

meter

MASINT

measurement and signature intelligence

MCO

major combat operation

MCOO

modified combined obstacle overlay

MDI

modern demolition initiator

MDMP

military decision-making process

MEDEVAC

medical evacuation

METT-TC

mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time

available, civil considerations

minefield (obstacle graphics)

MGS

mobile gun system

military intelligence

MICO

military intelligence company

MLC

military load classification

MLRS

multiple launch rocket system

MOPMS

modular pack mine system

MOPP

mission-oriented protective posture

MOS

military occupational specialty

military police

mph

miles per hour

MRE

meals, ready to eat

MSR

main supply route

MTF

medical treatment facility

MTOE

modified table of organization and equipment

MWD

military working dog

NAI

named area of interest

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NBC

nuclear, biological, and chemical (used in report titles only; replaced by

abbreviation CBRN in normal use)

NCO

noncommissioned officer

NEO

noncombatant evacuation operation

NFA

no-fire area

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

Glossary-5

Glossary

NGF

naval gunfire

NGO

nongovernmental organization

NLT

no later than

NOD

night observation device

NVG

night vision goggles

OAKOC

observation and fields of fire; avenues of approach; key terrain;

obstacles; and cover and concealment

OBSTINTEL

obstacle intelligence

operational environment

OEF

Operation Enduring Freedom

OIC

officer in charge

OIF

Operation Iraqi Freedom

observation post

OPCON

operational control

OPLAN

operation plan

OPORD

operation order

OPSEC

operations security

ORP

objective rally point

observer-target

pint of curvature

PCC

precombat check

PCI

precombat inspection

PGM

precision-guided munitions

PIR

priority intelligence requirement

phase line

PMCS

preventive maintenance checks and services

PMESII-PT

political, military, economic, social, information, infrastructure, physical

environment, time

POL

petroleum, oil, and lubricants

POSNAV

position navigation

PSG

platoon sergeant

PSYOP

psychological operations

point of tangency

PVNTMED

preventive medicine

pickup zone

QRF

quick reaction force

R&S

reconnaissance and surveillance

RALS

right add, left subtract

RAP

rocket-assisted projectile

road crater (obstacle graphics)

relative effectiveness

Glossary-6

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Glossary

REDCON

readiness condition

RFA

restrictive fire area

RFL

restrictive fire line

RHO

reconnaissance handover

RHOCP

reconnaissance handover coordination point

RHOL

reconnaissance handover line

ROE

rules of engagement

ROI

rules of interaction

ROUTEREP

route report

release point

RPG

rocket-propelled grenade

RTO

radio-telephone operator

RTP

radiotelephone procedures

reconnaissance vehicle

RVT

remote video terminal

S-2

intelligence staff officer

S-3

operations staff officer

situational awareness

SALT

size, activity, location, time

SALUTE

size, activity, location, unit, time, equipment

SBCT

Stryker brigade combat team

SBF

support by fire

site exploitation

SEAD

suppression of enemy air defenses

SENSERER

sensitive item report

SERE

survival, escape resistance, evasion

SIGINT

signals intelligence

SINCGARS

single-channel ground and airborne radio system

SIR

specific information requirement

SITREP

situation report

SITTEMP

situation template

SOF

special operations forces

SOFA

status-of-forces agreement

SOI

signal operating instructions

SOP

standing operating procedure

SOSRA

suppression, obscuration, security, reduction, assault

start point

SPIES

special mission infiltration/exfiltration system

SPOTREP

spot report

SSC

small-scale contingency

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

Glossary-7

Glossary

SSG

staff sergeant

STANREP

stand-to report

situational understanding

SWEAT-MSO

sewage, water, electricity, academics, trash, medical, safety, and other

considerations

SWT

scout weapons team

TAC CP

tactical command post

TACSAT

tactical satellite

TAI

target area of interest

TCP

traffic control point

tank ditch (obstacle graphics)

target identification

TIRS

terrain index reference system

technical manual

TOC

tactical operations center

TOR

terms of reference

TOW

tube-launched, optically tracked, wire-guided

TPT

tactical psychological operations team

tactical questioning

TRP

target reference point

TTP

tactics, techniques, and procedures

television

U.S.

United States

UAS

unmanned aircraft system

UGV

unmanned ground vehicle

UHF

ultrahigh frequency

United Nations

UTM

universal transverse Mercator

VBIED

vehicle-borne improvised explosive device

VHF

very high frequency

WARNO

warning order

WIA

wounded in action

WIT

weapons inspection team

WMD

weapons of mass destruction

white phosphorus

executive officer

Glossary-8

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

References

SOURCES USED

These are the sources quoted or paraphrased in this publication.

JOINT PUBLICATIONS

JP 1-02, Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, 12 April 2001

JP 3-09, Joint Fire Support, 13 November 2006.

JP 3-09.03, Close Air Support, 8 July 2009.

ARMY PUBLICATIONS

AR 1-100, Gifts and Donations, 15 November 1983.

AR 381-10, U.S. Army Intelligence Activities, 3 May 2007.

AR 381-172, Counterintelligence Force Protection Source Operations (CFSO) and Low Level Source

Operations (LLSO), 30 December 1994.

AR 385-63, Range Safety, 19 May 2003.

DA Pam 350-38, Standards in Training Commission, 13 May 2009.

DA Pam 750-8, The Army Maintenance Management System (TAMMS) Users Manual, 22 August 2005.

FM 1-0, Human Resources Support, 21 February 2007.

FM 1-02, Operational Terms and Graphics, 21 September 2004.

FM 2-0, Intelligence, 17 May 2004.

FM 2-22.3, Human Intelligence Collector Operations, 6 September 2006.

FM 3-0, Operations, 27 February 2008.

FM 3-04.111, Aviation Brigades, 7 December 2007.

FM 3-04.113, Utility and Cargo Helicopter Operations, 7 December 2007.

FM 3-04.126, Attack Reconnaissance Helicopter Operations, 16 February 2007.

FM 3-04.15, Multiservice Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Tactical Employment of Unmanned

Aircraft Systems, 3 August 2006.

FM 3-05.301, Psychological Operations Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures, 30 August 2007.

FM 3-05.40, Civil Affairs Operations, 29 September 2006.

FM 3-05.210, Special Forces Air Operations, 27 February 2009.

FM 3-05.302, Tactical Psychological Operations Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures, 28 October 2005.

FM 3-06, Urban Operations, 26 October 2006.

FM 3-06.11, Combined Arms Operations in Urban Terrain, 28 February 2002.

FM 3-09.31, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Fire Support for the Combined Arms Commander,

1 October 2002.

FM 3-09.32, (JFIRE) Multiservice Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Joint Application of

Firepower, 20 December 2007.

FM 3-11.3, Multiservice Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and

Nuclear Contamination Avoidance, 2 February 2006.

FM 3-11.4, Multiservice Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical

(NBC) Protection, 2 June 2003.

FM 3-20.15, Tank Platoon, 22 February 2007.

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

References-1

References

FM 3-20.90, Tank and Cavalry Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) and Headquarters and

Headquarters Troop (HHT), 25 August 2004.

FM 3-20.96, Calvary Squadron (RSTA), 20 September 2006.

FM 3-20.151, The Mobile Gun System Platoon, 22 November 2005.

FM 3-20.971, Reconnaissance Troop: Recce Troop and Brigade Reconnaissance Troop, 2 December

2002.

FM 3-21.10, The Infantry Rifle Company, 27 July 2006.

FM 3-21.38, Pathfinder Operations, 25 April 2006.

FM 3-21.71, Mechanized Infantry Platoon and Squad (Bradley), 20 August 2002.

FM 3-21.8, The Infantry Rifle Platoon and Squad, 28 March 2007.

FM 3-22.90, Mortars, 7 December 2007.

FM 3-24, Counterinsurgency, 15 December 2006.

FM 3-31, Joint Force Land Component Commander Handbook (JFLCC), 13 December 2001.

FM 3-34, Engineer Operations, 2 April 2009.

FM 3-34.170, Engineer Reconnaissance, 25 March 2008.

FM 3-34.210, Explosive Hazards Operations, 27 March 2007.

FM 3-34.214, Explosives and Demolitions, 11 July 2007.

FM 3-34.22 (FM 3-34.221), Engineer Operations Brigade Combat Team and Below, 11 February 2009.

FM 3-34.343, Military Nonstandard Fixed Bridging, 12 February 2002.

FM 3-90, Tactics, 4 July 2001.

FM 3-90.6, The Brigade Combat Team, 4 August 2006.

FM 3-90.15, Sensitive Site Operations, 25 April 2007.

FM 3-97.6, Mountain Operations, 28 November 2000.

FM 4-02.17, Preventive Medicine Services, 28 August 2000

FM 4-02.51, Combat and Operational Stress Control, 6 July 2006

FM 4-20.197, Multiservice Helicopter Sling Load: Basic Operations and Equipment, 20 July 2006.

FM 5-0, Army Planning and Orders Production, 20 January 2005.

FM 5-19, Composite Risk Management, 21 August 2006.

FM 5-34, Engineer Field Data, 19 July 2005.

FM 6-0, Mission Command: Command and Control of Army Forces, 11 August 2003.

FM 6-20-40, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Fire Support for Brigade Operations (Heavy),

5 January 1990.

FM 6-22.5 (FM 22-51), Combat and Operational Stress Control Manual for Leaders and Soldiers,

18 March 2009.

FM 7-93, Long-Range Surveillance Unit Operations, 3 October 1995.

FM 17-95, Cavalry Operations, 24 December 1996.

FM 27-10, The Law of Land Warfare, 18 July 1956.

FM 34-5, Human Intelligence and Related Counterintelligence Operations, 29 July 1994.

FM 34-54, Technical Intelligence, 30 January 1998.

FM 34.60, Counterintelligence, 3 October 1995.

FMI 2-01.301 (FM 34-130), Specific Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures and Applications for

Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield, 31 March 2009.

FMI 5-0.1, The Operations Process, 31 March 2006.

References-2

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

References

DOCUMENTS NEEDED

These documents must be available to the intended users of this publication. DA Forms are available on the

APD website (www.apd.army.mil ).

DA Form 1156, Casualty Feeder Card.

DA Form 1355, Minefield Record.

DA Form 1355-1, Hasty Protective Row Minefield Record.

DA Form 1594, Daily Staff Journal or Duty Officer’s Log.

DA Form 2028, Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms.

DA Form 2203, Demolition Reconnaissance Record.

DA Form 2408-18, Equipment Inspection List.

DA Form 5988-E, Equipment Inspection Maintenance Worksheet (EGA).

DA Form 7566, Composite Risk Management Worksheet.

READINGS RECOMMENDED

These sources contain relevant supplemental information.

FM 1, The Army, 14 June 2005.

Center for Army Lessons Learned (CALL) Handbook 07-26, Tactical Site Exploitation and Cache Search

Operations, May 2007.

CALL Handbook 04-7, Interpreter Operations, Multiservice Reference Manual for Interpreter Operations,

February 2004, Air Land Sea Application Center, March 2004.

(http://file.sunshinepress.org:54445/call-hb-using-interperters-04-7.pdf )

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

References-3

Index

combat and operational stress

control (COSC), 6-68

actions on contact, 2-2, 2-13,

battle command, 2-17

combat engineers. see

2-15, 3-25, 4-40, 4-48, 5-23,

battle drills, 2-2, 2-15, 2-21, 3-

engineers, 6-40

5-53, 5-61, 5-88, 5-89, 5-90,

3, 5-23, 5-25, 5-26, 5-68, 5-

C-10, E-4, H-43

combat identification (CID), D-

89, E-4

1, D-4, D-13

after-action review (AAR), C-3,

battle handover (BHO), 2-31, 3-

D-5, E-6

combat medics, 6-65

11, 3-13, 5-26, 5-29, 5-39, 5-

air and missile defense (AMD),

45, 5-49, 5-50, 5-55

combat outpost, 4-39, 5-105

3-18, 5-48, 6-31, 6-53

battlefield surveillance brigade

combined arms battalion

active air defense

(BFSB), xviii, 1-1, 1-6

(CAB), 1-6

measures, 6-54

BFSB reconnaissance

CAB reconnaissance

air defense warnings, 6-56

platoon, 1-10

platoon, 1-19

passive air defense

command and control (C2), xxi,

measures, 6-53

1-3, 2-1, 2-18, 3-11, 3-12, 3-

ambush, 1-33, 3-62, 3-63, 4-

captured documents and

23, 3-57, 3-73, 4-19, 4-20, 4-

35, 4-36, 4-37, 4-41, 4-46, 5-

equipment, 6-70

40, 5-10, 5-12, 5-48, 5-51, 5-

3, 5-8, 5-57, 5-69, 5-86, 5-

casualty evacuation

54, 6-40, 6-56

95, 5-102, 5-105, 6-38, 6-48,

(CASEVAC), 2-2, 2-13, 3-22,

areas of influence, 2-23

C-3, C-6, H-37

3-24, 3-40, 3-48, 3-52, 3-57,

battle command, 2-17

area of influence, 2-23

4-21, 4-40, 4-57, 5-53, 5-88,

command relationships, 2-

6-28, 6-31, 6-39, 6-66, 6-67,

area of operations (AO), 1-1,

C-10, C-11

communications, 2-29

1-4, 1-26

FBCB2, 2-19

cavalry squadron (ACR), xx, 1-

area reconnaissance, 1-7, 3-56

fratricide prevention, 2-27

6, 3-21, 4-2

critical tasks, 3-56

in obstacle/minefield

techniques, 3-57

chemical, biological,

turnover, H-43

radiological, and nuclear

area security, 1-7, 4-3, 4-32

in urban operations, C-3

(CBRN), xx, 2-6, 2-17, 5-24,

operational considerations,

intelligence preparation of

5-43, 5-54, 5-65, 6-63, D-4,

4-33

the battlefield (IPB), 2-28

F-1

supporting tasks, 4-32

reports and reporting, 2-34,

contamination avoidance, F-

techniques, 4-34

A-12, A-13

situational awareness (SA),

armored cavalry regiment

crossing a contaminated

2-22

(ACR), xviii, 1-1, 1-6

area, F-4

troop-leading procedures, 2-

ACR scout platoon, 1-22

decontamination, F-5

Army aviation, xxi, 3-12, 3-17,

defense, F-3

with unmanned aircraft

6-23, 6-28, B-8, D-16

movement, F-4

systems (UAS), 6-46

assault/cargo helicopter

NBC reports, 2-19, 2-35, A-

communications, 1-6, 2-13, 2-

support, 6-28

16, 2-18, 2-23, 2-29

in urban operations, C-3

reconnaissance, 1-17, 3-17

chemical, biological,

medical evacuation

civil affairs (CA), 1-6, 3-40, 3-

radiological, and nuclear

(MEDEVAC), 6-38

72, 4-34, 5-9, 5-43, 6-43, 6-

(CBRN), F-4

organization, 6-28

52, B-7, B-9, C-10, C-11

commercial lines, 2-31

Army health system (AHS). see

civil support operations, 1-3

digital, 2-31

also medical support, 6-65

equipment maintenance, 6-

civil-military operations (CMO),

ASCOPE (analysis of civil

3-38, 3-41, 3-42, 6-52

considerations), 1-2, 2-9

FBCB2 components and

close air support (CAS), 4-1, 4-

capabilities, 2-19

assembly areas, 5-42

19, 4-21, 4-36, 4-41, 5-87, 5-

in assembly areas, 5-45

characteristics, 5-43

90, 6-2, 6-6, 6-23, 6-53, C-3,

departure, 5-45

in aviation operations, 6-29,

D-11

6-30, 6-33

occupation, 5-44

close combat attack (CCA), 4-

in linkup operations, 5-46

quartering party, 5-43

1, 4-19, 5-87, 5-90, 6-28, C-

in observation post (OP), 5-

security, 5-44

3, D-11, D-17

62, 5-67, 5-68, 5-71

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

Index-1

Index

in passage of lines, 5-51

cultural awareness, 1-2

sources of risk, E-7

in patrols, 5-95, 5-101

training, E-7

in reconnaissance

escalation of force (EOF), 3-8,

operations, 3-2, 3-10, 3-

danger areas, 2-10, 3-19, 3-23,

5-57, B-6, C-3, C-10, D-16

11, 3-12, 3-18, 3-19, 3-

3-27, 3-56, 3-72, 4-46, 5-3,

exfiltration, 3-35, 6-29, C-9

22, 3-24, 3-36, 3-43

5-6, 5-7, 5-73, 5-84, 5-85, 5-

in reports and reporting, A-

88, 5-89, 5-90

explosive ordnance disposal

in urban operations, C-7

(EOD), 3-61, B-1, B-4, B-6,

in security operations, 4-1,

tactical movement

B-8

4-5, 4-10, 4-12, 4-55

considerations, 5-95, 5-

explosively formed penetrators

in site exploitation (SE), B-2

(EFP), 4-47, B-5, B-8

in urban operations, 5-9, C-

defensive operations, 1-3, 3-

extraction, 3-22, 3-24, 3-36, 3-

2, C-3, C-8, C-9, C-10

36, D-12

37, 5-88, 6-30, C-9

means of communications,

demolitions, H-1

2-29

characteristics, H-2

messenger, 2-30

expedient demolitions, H-53

FBCB2, 1-11, 1-27, 1-33, 2-13,

nets (platoon/troop), 2-31

explosive charges, H-15

2-14, 2-17, 2-29, 2-31, 3-3,

platoon responsibilities, 2-

firing systems, H-3, H-7

5-2

mines and minefields, H-30

capabilities, 2-20

radio, 2-30

reconnaissance report, H-

components, 2-19

radio voice, 2-31

fratricide prevention, 4-49,

role in composite risk

safety, H-4

D-3, D-4

management (CRM), E-1

in actions on contact, 5-23

role in fratricide prevention,

direct fire planning, 4-48

in linkup operations, 5-45,

D-3, D-5

engagement area

5-47

role in reports and reporting,

development, 4-50

in observation post (OP), 5-

2-35

standing operating

role in target identification,

procedures (SOP), 4-49

in passage of lines, 5-52

D-17

dismounted operations, 1-8, 3-

in patrols and patrolling, 5-

sound, 2-30

18, 3-34, 5-6, 5-62, 5-78, 5-

79, 5-85

TACSAT, 2-31

89, C-10

in reconnaissance

techniques, 2-33

operations, 3-11, 3-12, 3-

visual, 2-30

13, 3-16, 3-19, 3-48, 3-63

wire, 2-30

enemy prisoners of war (EPW),

in security operations, 4-42,

composite risk management

2-13, 3-38, 3-39, 3-40, 3-41,

4-46, 4-49, 4-55

(CRM), 2-10, 2-13, 5-55, E-

3-42, 5-46, 5-47, 5-53, 5-81,

in unmanned aerial vehicle

1, H-4

5-86, 6-69, B-10, B-12, B-13,

(UAS) operations, 6-50

implementation, E-6

C-3

orders and graphics, 2-22

procedures (steps), E-1

engagement criteria, 2-5, 3-8,

orders and reports, A-12

types of risk (accident,

4-5

reports and reporting, 2-21,

threat), E-1

2-34, A-11, A-15, A-23

engagement/displacement

concept of operations, 2-5, 2-

role in battle command, 2-

criteria (security operations),

15, 2-18, 4-48, 5-26, 5-87, A-

4-5

3, A-17, C-5

situational awareness (SA),

engineers, 1-26, 2-7, 6-40

2-20, 2-23, D-15

convoy security, 4-3, 4-37

bridge classification, G-30

combat outposts, 4-39

field artillery (FA), 6-4

in assembly areas, 5-44

convoy escort procedures,

in combat outposts, 5-105

capabilities and limitations,

4-39

6-5

in cordon and search, 5-56

cordon and search, 4-33, 5-55,

in reconnaissance

fire support coordination

B-2, B-3, B-8, B-9, C-2

operations, 3-47, 3-61, 3-

measures (FSCM), 5-46, 5-

63, 3-64, 3-65, 3-66, 6-40

90, 6-19

counterinsurgency (COIN)

in security operations, 4-5,

operations, 1-6, 6-53

fire support team (FIST), 1-7,

4-7, 4-21, 4-34, 4-35, 4-

4-36, 4-55, 5-67, 6-6, 6-7, 6-

counterintelligence (CI), 3-38,

37, 4-40, 4-47, 4-54, 6-40

11, C-4, D-11, H-43

3-39, 3-40, 3-41, 3-72, B-2

in stability operations, 6-41

focus, 2-5, 3-7, 4-4

counterreconnaissance, 4-11,

obstacle/minefield turnover,

4-19

H-41, H-42

formations, 5-2, 5-10

organization, 4-20

fragmentary order (FRAGO), 2-

environmental risk

planning, 4-20

2, 2-4, 2-15, 3-57, 4-20, 5-

management, E-1, H-4

cover, 4-2

procedures (steps), E-7

Index-2

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Index

23, 5-40, 5-47, 5-50, 5-52, 5-

in command and control

84, A-1, A-9, A-12

(C2), 2-28

improvised explosive devices

in reconnaissance

fratricide prevention, 2-27, 5-

(IED), 1-6, 3-3, 3-19, 3-61,

operations, 3-18, 3-19, 3-

55, D-1

4-35, 4-37, 4-40, 4-46, 5-8,

56, 3-62, 3-71

combat identification (CID)

5-55, 5-57, B-1, B-3, B-5, B-

in security operations, 4-6,

measures, D-13

8, B-9, C-3

4-20, 4-33

effects/causes of fratricide,

indirect fires, 2-32, 3-25, 4-55,

steps of IPB, 2-28

D-2

6-2, C-3

fire control, D-8

intelligence, surveillance, and

adjustment, 6-14

friendly fire incidents, D-12

reconnaissance (ISR), 1-1,

call for fire, 6-11

in aviation support

1-6, 1-19, 1-27, 2-18, 2-29,

close air support (CAS), 6-

operations, D-16

3-2, 3-3, 3-11, 3-12, 3-13, 3-

leader responsibilities, D-13

27, 3-38, 5-24, 5-56, 6-53, A-

field artillery (FA), 6-4

prevention measures, D-5

2, C-1, C-4, C-6

fire requests, 6-7

principles, D-4

fire support coordination

risk assessment, D-6

measures (FSCM), 6-19

safety considerations, D-13

killed in action (KIA), 6-67, A-

fire support personnel, 6-6

scanning techniques, D-9

fire support team (FIST), 6-

sectors of fire, D-9

target identification (TI), D-

in urban operations, C-4

1, D-15

liaison operations, 3-43, 3-45

mortars, 6-2

training, D-2

planning, 6-10

limited visibility, 1-26, 2-25, 2-

full spectrum operations, 1-3,

30, 3-23, 4-12, 4-37, 4-53, 5-

infantry brigade combat team

1-8

45, 5-46, 5-48, 5-52, 5-55, 5-

(IBCT), xviii, 1-1, 1-6

civil support operations, 1-3

65, 5-86, 5-89, 5-99, 6-2, 6-

IBCT motorized

defensive operations, 1-3

42, 6-68, C-8, D-3, D-9, H-42

reconnaissance platoon,

offensive operations, 1-3

1-13

linguists (interpreters), B-7, B-

stability operations, 1-3

infiltration, 1-10, 3-5, 3-21, 3-

36, 3-37, 4-34, 5-68, 6-2, 6-

linkup operations, 2-13, 3-11,

3-12, 3-36, 3-46, 5-45, 5-88,

graphic control measures, 2-

actions on contact, 3-25

6-35, C-9

14, 2-16, 2-18, 3-11, 3-71, 3-

73, 5-46, 5-50, 5-51, C-5

air infiltration, 6-28, 6-29

local security, 1-7, 1-16, 1-21,

by threat elements, 4-3, 4-

1-27, 2-15, 3-18, 4-2, 4-3, 4-

guard, 4-2

19, 5-9, 5-43, 5-78

32, 4-44, 4-47, 5-8, 5-10, 5-

communications, 3-24

40, 5-44, 5-61, 5-65, 5-79, 6-

examples, 3-25

6, 6-42, 6-67

heavy brigade combat team

in resupply operations, 6-58

(HBCT), xviii, 1-1, 1-6

long-range advanced scout

in urban operations, C-4, C-

HBCT reconnaissance

surveillance system

platoon, 1-10

(LRAS3), 1-7, 1-10, 1-11, 1-

infiltrating elements, 3-23

26, 5-2, 5-7, 5-21, 5-79, D-3,

human intelligence (HUMINT),

lanes/routes, 3-23

F-1

xx, 1-4, 2-10, 3-40, 5-9, 5-

planning and coordination,

56, 6-69, G-54

3-22

assets in SBCT

purposes, 3-22

maintenance, 2-12, 4-3, 4-36,

reconnaissance platoon,

intelligence, 3-38, 6-42

5-53, 5-54, 5-67, 5-105, 6-

1-17, 3-44

counterintelligence (CI), 3-

41, 6-57, 6-62, A-2, A-22, A-

HUMINT collectors, 3-41, 6-

human intelligence

destruction, 6-64

HUMINT sources, 3-41

(HUMINT), 3-38, 6-43

evacuation, 6-64

in liaison operations, 3-44

sensor teams, 6-42

field maintenance, 6-62

in reconnaissance

unmanned aircraft system

maintenance collection

operations, 3-3, 3-4, 3-7,

(UAS), 6-43

point, 3-27, 6-64, C-11

3-16, 3-20, 3-21, 3-27, 3-

intelligence preparation of the

sustainment maintenance,

38, 3-40, 3-42, 3-57, 3-

battlefield (IPB), 1-5, 2-2, 2-

6-65

64, 3-72

5, 2-21, 3-2, 3-3, 3-7, 3-22,

in security operations, 4-34,

major combat operations

4-36, 4-39

3-27, 5-3, 5-6, 5-23, 5-79

(MCO), 1-4, 1-5, 3-21, 4-32,

danger areas, 5-6, 5-7

in urban operations, C-5, C-

5-8

during infiltration, 3-23

6, C-10, C-11, C-12

measurement conversion

tables, G-55

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

Index-3

Index

medical evacuation

minefield turnover, H-41, H-

in security operations, 4-3,

(MEDEVAC), 4-35, 4-57, 5-

4-5, 4-34, 4-35, 4-40, 4-

53, 5-88, 6-28, 6-31, 6-38, 6-

types of minefields, H-36

46, 4-55, 6-40

65, 6-66, 6-67, C-11

U.S. mines, H-31

in site exploitation (SE), B-

communications, 5-88

mortars, 1-5, 1-20, 2-32, 4-33,

report, A-28

in urban operations, 5-8, C-

4-36, 6-2, 6-7, 6-8

requests, 2-19, 2-21, 2-36,

6, C-7, C-11

call for fire, 6-11

4-41, 6-39, A-11, A-12, A-

mines and minefields, H-30

capabilities and limitations,

13, A-28

obstacle turnover, H-41, H-

6-3

medical support, 6-65

in urban operations, C-4

reconnaissance of

combat and operational

types of support, 6-2

obstacles and

stress control (COSC), 6-

movement. see tactical

restrictions, 3-61

movement, 5-2

reinforcing obstacles, 2-7

combat lifesavers, 6-66

reports, 2-35, H-40

combat medics, 6-65

terrain classification, 2-7

evacuation

OAKOC (factors in terrain

types, H-40

(MEDEVAC/CASEVAC),

analysis), 2-6, 2-9, 2-28, 3-

6-39, 6-66, 6-67

offensive operations, 1-3

11, 3-26, 5-87

force health protection

operation order (OPORD), 2-4,

obscuration and obscurants, 6-

(FHP), 6-68

2-12, 2-14, A-1, A-4

medical personnel, 6-66

format, A-2, A-5

medical treatment, 6-66

observation post (OP), 3-22, 4-

issuing the OPORD, A-5

preventive medicine

4, 5-60, C-3

operational environment (OE),

(PVNTMED), 6-68

communications, 5-67

construction techniques, 5-

xxi, 1-1, 1-2, 1-7, 2-1, 2-10,

sleep, 6-69

2-17, 2-28, 2-29, 3-2, 3-3, 3-

medical treatment, 6-65

critical tasks, 5-61

21, 3-38, 3-42, 3-58, 3-61, 5-

METT-TC factors (mission

extended operations, 5-68

14, 5-43, 6-29, 6-53, 6-55, B-

analysis), 1-2, 1-8, 1-10, 1-

10, D-14, D-15, D-16

improving the OP, 5-65

12, 1-13, 1-15, 1-20, 1-32, 2-

area of influence, 2-23

in mountainous

2, 2-4, 2-10, 2-22, 2-24, 2-

environment, 5-72

fratricide prevention, D-1

28, 3-11, 3-39, 3-45, 3-48, 3-

in urban operations, 5-71

in security operations, 4-12,

56, 3-63, 3-70, 3-72, 4-41, 4-

manning, 5-65

4-46

49, 5-2, 5-12, 5-21, 5-29, 5-

occupation, 5-64

in site exploitation (SE), B-1

63, 5-64, 5-68, 5-71, 5-80, 5-

positioning, 5-62

in urban operations, C-1, C-

89, 5-103, 5-105, 6-44, 6-64,

security, 5-67

2, C-4

6-66, B-9, D-4, E-7, F-4

site selection, 5-63, 5-68

nontraditional aspects of the

detailed outline of METT-

types of extended OPs, 5-

OE, 3-9

TC, 2-5

operational variables

engagement area

types of OPs, 5-62

(PMESII-PT), 1-2

development, 4-50

obstacles, 2-6, 2-7, 2-19, 2-21,

reconnaissance OE, 3-9

fratricide prevention, D-4

threat tactics, techniques,

3-4, 3-18, 3-23, 3-46, 4-54,

in reconnaissance

and procedures (TTP), 1-

5-43, 5-44, 5-45, 5-46, 5-52,

operations, 3-4, 3-7, 3-

5-53, 5-74, 5-95, 6-31, A-17,

10, 3-16, 3-61, 6-47

urban operations, 3-10

A-20, G-23, G-26, G-29, H-

in resupply operations, 6-61

1, H-26, H-40

orders. see also operation

in security operations, 4-33,

actions on contact, 5-24, 5-

order (OPORD), fragmentary

4-36, 6-47

order (FRAGO), warning

in site exploitation (SE), B-6

breaching operations, H-43

order (WARNO), 2-14, A-1

military decision-making

danger areas, 5-8

process (MDMP), 2-2

engagement area

military police (MP), 3-40, 4-36,

development, 4-50

passage of lines, 5-49

4-37, B-4, B-6, B-8

engineer support, 6-40

critical tasks, 5-49

existing obstacles, 2-7

forward passage, 5-54

mines and minefields, H-30

fire planning, 6-11

rearward passage, 5-54

expedient mines, H-48

in observation post (OP), 5-

hasty protective minefield,

patrol base, 5-102

H-37

patrols and patrolling, 4-4, 5-

in reconnaissance

marking, H-39

78, B-2, B-15, C-9

operations, 3-37, 3-47, 3-

minefield emplacement, H-

combat outpost, 5-105

48, 3-56, 3-72, 6-40

danger areas, 5-95

Index-4

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Index

debriefing, 5-102

reconnaissance operations, 1-

radio voice transmissions,

dismounted patrols, 5-78

6, 2-12, 3-1

A-11

movement, 5-89

area reconnaissance, 1-7,

risk management. see

objective rally points, 5-99

3-56

composite risk management

organization, 5-86

commander’s

(CRM), E-1

patrol base, 5-102

reconnaissance planning

roadblock/checkpoint

planning, 5-79

guidance (focus, tempo,

operations, 4-36, 4-37, 5-56,

troop-leading procedures, 5-

engagement criteria), 3-6

5-57, B-12, C-3

engineer support, 6-40

fundamentals, 3-2

route reconnaissance, 1-7, 3-

planning, 1-28, 2-12, 2-13, 3-

in urban operations, C-4, C-

22, 3-36, 4-4, 4-20, 4-48, 5-

6, C-9

bridge classification, G-30

46, 5-79, 5-102, 6-10, 6-30,

indirect fires, 6-10

bypasses, G-54

B-3, C-4, D-16

methods (sensor, aerial,

constrictions, G-19

platoon

mounted, dismounted), 3-

critical tasks, 3-47

capabilities and limitations,

curve calculations, G-12

1-7

multidimensional

ferry classification, G-28

missions, 1-6

reconnaissance, 3-37

ford classification, G-26

PMESII-PT (operational

obstacles and restrictions,

measurement conversion

variables), 1-2, 2-10, 3-10

3-61

tables, G-55

precombat checks (PCC), 2-2,

reconnaissance handover

route classification, G-7

2-17, 4-40, A-2, E-5

(RHO), 1-33

slope estimation, G-15

reconnaissance

stream classification, G-23

precombat inspections (PCI),

management methods

symbols, G-1

2-2, 2-17, 4-40, 5-6, 5-89, D-

(with sensors), 1-26

techniques, 3-47

14, E-5

reconnaissance pull, 3-6

route security, 4-2, 4-3, 4-32, 4-

preventive maintenance checks

reconnaissance push, 3-6

and services (PMCS), 2-17

route reconnaissance, 1-7,

methods, 4-36

psychological operations

3-46

procedures, 4-36

(PSYOP), 1-6, 3-40, 5-56, 6-

unmanned aircraft system

tasks, 4-35

43, 6-53, B-8, B-9

(UAS) support, 6-47

rules of engagement (ROE), 2-

zone reconnaissance, 1-7,

9, 3-8, 3-44, 3-45, 4-37, 5-7,

3-70

5-24, 5-57, 5-79, 5-88, B-5,

raid, 5-55, 5-86, 5-102, B-2, B-

reconnaissance platoon, xviii,

C-10, D-2, D-5, D-8, D-13,

3, B-9, C-2

3-44

D-14, D-15

reconnaissance and cavalry

reconnaissance squadron

rules of interaction (ROI), 2-9,

troop, 1-6

(HBCT/IBCT/SBCT), xx, 1-6

3-44, 3-45, 5-56, 5-79, D-5,

reconnaissance and scout

rehearsals, 2-2, 2-8, 2-13, 2-

D-16

platoon, xx, 1-1

14, 2-15, 3-8, 3-13, 3-20, 3-

organization, 1-6, 1-8

37, 4-14, 4-15, 4-40, 4-48, 5-

reconnaissance and

10, 5-19, 5-35, 5-47, 6-1, 6-

scout platoon, xviii

surveillance squadron

30, A-2, A-3, D-1, E-5, E-7

screen, xxi, 1-7, 1-11, 1-14, 1-

(BFSB), xx, 1-6

composite risk management

17, 1-20, 1-24, 2-30, 3-3, 3-

reconnaissance by fire, 2-18, 3-

(CRM), E-5

12, 3-36, 3-72, 4-1, 4-2, 4-4,

20, 4-37, 5-7

danger areas, 5-7

4-5, 6-43, 6-47, C-12

engagement area rehearsal,

area security, 4-32

reconnaissance handover

4-56

combat outpost, 4-39

(RHO), 1-32, 2-31, 3-11, 3-

engineer support, 6-40

convoy security, 4-37

72, 3-78, 4-6, 4-14, 5-39

fratricide prevention, D-5

counterreconnaissance, 4-

actions on contact, 5-26

patrols, 5-88, 5-96, 5-101

11, 4-20

execution, 3-13

techniques, 2-15

critical tasks, 4-5

in counterreconnaissance,

types, 2-15

observation post (OP), 5-64,

4-20

relief in place, 3-11, 3-13, 5-47

5-67

in urban operations, 3-16,

passage of lines, 5-49

C-5

reports and reporting, 2-21, 2-

patrols, 5-79

linkup operations, 5-45

34, A-1, A-11, D-3

resupply, 6-58

operational considerations,

analog reports, A-14

route security, 4-36

3-11

digital reporting, 2-35

surveillance, 4-6

UAS-ground handover, 1-

digital reports, A-12, A-14

unmanned aircraft system

33, 6-50

guidelines, 2-35

(UAS), 1-32, 6-48

reconnaissance in force, 2-18

obstacle reports, H-40

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

Index-5

Index

security operations, 1-7, 4-1

supply/resupply operations, 2-

area security, 1-7, 4-3, 4-32

8, 2-17, 2-33, 3-21, 3-36, 3-

tactical movement, 1-10, 2-5,

commander’s planning

57, 4-21, 4-31, 4-57, 5-43, 5-

3-57, 5-2, 5-89

guidance (focus, tempo,

46, 5-47, 5-53, 5-56, 5-105,

actions on contact, 5-23

engagement/displacemen

6-56, 6-68, A-2

Army aviation, 6-28, 6-33,

t criteria), 4-4

aerial resupply, 5-88, 6-28,

6-35

convoy security, 4-3, 4-37

6-31

bounding overwatch, 5-20

cover, 4-2

contaminated areas

engineer support, 6-40

(CBRN), F-2

(CBRN), F-4

fundamentals, 4-3

in urban operations, C-9, C-

danger areas, 5-7, 5-95

guard, 4-2

dismounted formations, 5-

local security, 1-7, 4-3, 4-32

logistics package

purpose, 4-1

(LOGPAC), 6-57, 6-58

effect on area of influence,

route security, 4-2, 4-3, 4-

medical resupply, 6-62

2-23

32, 4-35

methods (tailgate, service

formations, 5-2

screen, 1-7, 4-2, 4-5

station, aerial, prestock,

fratricide prevention, D-5

unmanned aircraft system

medical), 6-58

fundamentals, 5-3

(UAS) support, 6-47

supply classes, 6-56, A-22

in assembly areas, 5-44

sensors, 1-26, 3-16, 6-42

surveillance, xx, 1-7, 1-9, 1-10,

in patrols, 5-79, 5-81, 5-84,

1-18, 1-20, 1-21, 1-26, 1-27,

5-85, 5-87, 5-89

site exploitation (SE), 3-39, B-1

1-29, 2-18, 3-2, 3-9, 3-10, 3-

in reconnaissance

execution, B-8

11, 3-16, 3-23, 3-38, 3-62, 4-

organization, B-6

operations, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3,

planning, B-3

2, 4-5, 4-12, 4-33, 4-36, 4-

3-8, 3-16, 3-19, 3-22, 3-

37, 5-2, 5-9, 5-60, 5-68, 5-

purpose, B-1

36, 3-48, 3-57, 3-72

tactical questioning (TQ), B-

71, 5-88, 6-50, A-2, C-7

in security operations, 4-4,

9, B-10

assets, 4-7

4-15, 4-39, 4-56

combat outpost, 5-105

in troop-leading procedures,

situational awareness (SA), xxi,

counterreconnaissance, 4-

2-1, 2-10, 2-12

1-5, 1-6, 1-26, 1-27, 2-19, 2-

in urban operations, C-6, C-

20, 2-22, 2-23, 2-31, 2-33, 2-

in multidimensional

7, C-9

36, 3-2, 3-3, 3-12, 3-13, 3-

reconnaissance, 3-37

linkup operations, 5-46

16, 3-38, 3-57, 4-42, 4-48, 5-

in urban operations, C-4, C-

mounted formations, 5-10

2, 5-46, 6-43, A-13, C-10, D-

6, C-7, C-12

observation post (OP), 5-62,

1, D-2, D-4, D-14, E-2, E-5

indirect fires, 6-19

5-64, 5-68

situational understanding (SU),

intelligence operations, 6-42

passage of lines, 5-51, 5-54

xxi, 1-5, 1-6, 2-22, 3-9, 3-10,

long-range advanced scout

role of communications, 2-

3-38, 4-49

surveillance system

(LRAS3), 1-7, 1-27

snipers, 3-19, 5-57, 5-68, 5-82,

role of indirect fires, 6-10

observation post (OP), 5-60

techniques, 1-17, 1-24, 5-2,

C-3, C-11

patrols, 5-86

5-18, 5-87

stability operations, 1-3, 1-4, 1-

remote devices, 5-77

terrain restrictions, 2-7

6, 2-9, 3-1, 3-3, 3-7, 3-10, 3-

screen, 4-6

traveling, 5-19

45, 4-4, 4-33, 6-29, 6-53, B-

sensors, 3-16, 6-42

traveling overwatch, 5-19

3, B-10, G-7

techniques, 4-7

use of warning order

engineer support, 6-41

unmanned aircraft system

(WARNO), A-2

standing operating procedures

(UAS), 1-27, 6-44

tactical questioning (TQ), 3-16,

(SOP), xviii, 2-2, 2-13, 2-15,

use of infiltration, 3-22

3-39, 3-40, 5-56, B-1, B-2,

2-17, 2-18, 2-21, 2-30, 2-31,

sustainment operations, 2-13,

B-9, B-10, C-3

3-19, 3-20, 3-45, 3-46, 3-65,

6-56

4-49, 5-12, 5-25, 5-45, 5-52,

target identification (TI), D-1

human resources support,

5-55, 5-57, 5-69, 5-80, 5-90,

6-65

tempo, 2-5, 3-8, 4-4

6-8, 6-30, 6-38, 6-64, 6-67,

in urban operations, C-11

troop-leading procedures, 2-1,

6-68, A-3, A-5, A-11, A-12,

maintenance, 6-62

2-2, 3-8, 3-57, 5-2, 5-7, 5-23,

A-13, A-16, A-21, A-22, A-

medical support, 6-65

5-79, 6-40, A-1, C-3

25, A-28, B-9, B-10, D-3, D-

personnel services, 6-65

in patrols, 5-79

5, D-14, E-4, E-5, E-6, E-7,

supply classes, 6-56

issuing the order, 2-14

F-2, G-22, G-27, G-29, G-53

supply/resupply operations,

METT-TC factors (mission

Stryker brigade combat team

6-56

analysis), 2-5

(SBCT), xviii, 1-1, 1-6, 3-44

operation order (OPORD),

SBCT reconnaissance

A-4

platoon, 1-17

reconnaissance, 2-12

Index-6

FM 3-20.98

3 August 2009

Index

rehearsals, 2-15

in reconnaissance

reconnaissance, C-4, C-9

steps, 2-3

operations, 1-32, 3-3, 3-

surveillance site, C-7

supervision and refinement,

4, 3-11, 3-17, 3-21, 3-23,

sustainment, C-11

2-14

3-38, 3-56, 3-64, 3-71, 3-

terrain, C-1

tactical movement, 2-12

training, C-2

use of warning order

in security operations, 1-32,

vehicles, C-3

(WARNO), A-2

4-4, 4-7, 4-34, 4-36, 4-42,

5-2, 5-3

in urban operations, 5-9, C-

warning order (WARNO), 2-4,

unmanned aircraft system

3, C-6, C-10, C-11

2-11, A-1

(UAS), xx, 1-7, 1-26, 1-27, 3-

missions, 1-27

wounded in action (WIA), 6-67

17, 3-22, 4-4, 5-7, 5-8, 5-9,

planning, 1-28

5-23, 5-24, 5-41, 5-43, 5-56,

urban operations, 3-9, 3-42, 5-

5-57, 5-62, 5-72, 5-79, 5-

8, 5-71, C-1

zone reconnaissance, 1-7, 3-70

105, 6-42, 6-43, 6-53, A-15,

communications, C-3

critical tasks, 3-71

C-3, G-30, G-54

execution (steps), C-6

techniques, 3-71

capabilities and limitations,

fundamentals, C-1

1-28

planning, C-4

3 August 2009

FM 3-20.98

Index-7

FM 3-20.98 Reconnaissance and Scout Platoon (AUGUST 2009) - page 6