FM 3-34.214 (FM 5-250) EXPLOSIVES AND DEMOLITIONS (July 2007)

Chapter 7

Figure 7-14. Initiation System Using MDIs

MATERIALS REQUIRED

7-78. The following are the materials required for an MDI:

Explosive materials (such as M19, M81, M11, M12, M13, M21, or M23).

Nonexplosive materials (such as electrical tape, string, or rubber bands).

Note. Use the M19 for the initiation system. When the M19 is not available, construct an

initiation system.

CONSTRUCTION

7-79. Use the following steps when constructing an MDI initiation system:

Step 1. Turn the screw cap of the M81 fuse igniters several turns counterclockwise, and remove

the shipping plugs from the igniters.

Step 2. Cut off the sealed end of the M11, M12, M13, M21, or M23 branchlines, and attach to

the M81 igniters with M81 safety pins facing the same direction.

Step 3. Tape an M11, M12, M13, M21, or M23 every 18 inches to improve efficiency.

Step 4. Tape an 18- to 24-inch length of detonating cord to the M11, M12, M13, M21, or M23

blast caps so they overlap and the detonating cord forms a loop.

7-32

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Explosive Urban Entry

BREACHERS BRIEF

7-80. All elements of the brief should be covered. The following format should be used:

Primary target. Give a full description of the primary target or targets if a multiple breaches are

planned. Discuss the target type (such as the door or window) and where the target is located in

relation to the position and the surrounding area.

Alternate target. Determine if there is an alternate target. Determine what will be the alternate

target if the primary target cannot be accessed. Be sure to describe this target in detail, by type,

the location, and surrounding hazards. Explain where it is located in relation to the primary

target, distance, direction, and method of approach.

Charges, tools, or techniques for each target. Tell what charges will be used (primary charge,

alternate charge, and all interior charges). Explain what mechanical tools will be used in

attacking the target and how to use them, and explain how to backup the explosive charge. Go

into the specifics of how the charges will be employed and how the mechanical tools will be

employed as a back up. Explain the detonation system. Explain what initiation type will be used

with each charge (shock tube, time fuse, electric, and so forth). Describe what signal or notice

will be used to let everyone know the charge is to be fired. Tell if the shot will go on the signal

or if there will be a delay and whether they will hear the delay (pop or bang).

Net explosive weight. Give the NEW and the MSD for each charge to be used. At a minimum,

ensure that the MSD standoff is given.

Note. Certain situations in an urban environment may warrant the assault team to position

themselves closer to the breach. In this situation, tell the assault unit the MSD they can be from

the breach and why.

Location of equipment within the team. Tell who is to carry what equipment and where that

individual is in the element. Describe the primary and alternate charges and any other equipment

that will or may be used in the breaching operations.

Location of the breacher and assistants. Tell the unit where you will be during the different

phases of the assault. (They may have to assist you or pick up the breach if you become injured.)

Tell them where you will be in the formation during—

The movement to the target. Ensure that everyone knows where in the formation the

breacher will be if movement to the target is necessary.

The charge placement. Explain where the breacher and assistant will be when placing the

charge and how the charge will be placed.

Firing. Determine where the breacher and the assistant will be when the charge is fired.

The assault. Determine where the breacher and the assistant will be when the actual assault

is being conducted.

Charge placement and attack point. Discuss where and how the charge will be placed on the

target. (This area complements the information given, such as where the personnel will be during

charge placement in case someone has to assist you.) Ensure that the specifics are discussed of

who will do what during the placement (such as who holds the shock tube, who places the

charge, who controls the firing device, and who pays out and secures the firing system).

Conditions expected during the breach. Explain exactly what will happen when the breach

charge is fired. Ensure that the noise, fire, smoke, and any other effects that will result during the

firing of the breach are explained. Explain the firing sequence and if there will only be one noise

or multiple noises.

Note. The more the team knows what to expect, the better prepared they are to react.

Post blast conditions. Explain the conditions in the area of the breach that the team members

can expect to encounter when they reach the breach site (such as dense smoke, fiberglass dust, or

grease). Emphasize the fragmentation hazards and how long to wait before they expose

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

7-33

Chapter 7

themselves to the breach point. Determine what the breach point will look like, where it will be,

where the plug will be, and what should the team members look out for (such as the plug or a

swinging door). Explain what type of damage will have occurred to the structure and will any

other attack method be required before entering the building (such as a rake or break).

Note. The more they know, the better they can react.

Abort or alternate the breach signal. Explain the communications plan and the signals needed

to put an abort or a move to the alternate breach into effect. Discuss who will signal the abort or

alternate and what the criteria will be to put a call for these plans into effect.

Misfire procedures. Discuss what needs to be done if the charge dies and does not detonate.

Explain to the team the procedures for reattaching an initiation system, if necessary. Explain

who in the team will carry a backup system.

Compromise procedures. Discuss what the team should do to secure the charges in case the

team is compromised. Explain that the assault leader will make the final decision on the

compromise reaction; however, as the breacher you must suggest what actions are to be taken in

reference to the breach team.

Breacher casualty procedures. Designate who will take over in the event that you are a

casualty. Be sure to cover where each team member carrying a charge is to carry it. (Should a

member go down, the designated replacement must be able to recover the charge without a

search.) Ensure that each replacement knows what to do in the event he becomes the breacher

(determine who will take over, determine who will take over if the assistant is a casualty, and

determine the necessary security measures).

Actions upon encountering booby traps and improvised explosive devices. Brief the team on

these actions. Ensure that each member of the team understands that he MUST be on the lookout

for booby traps and improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Review the unit SOP of the assault

team in case there are major differences in how they are handled.

Note. As the breacher, you will likely be the first one to encounter booby traps.

Any other pertinent information. Brief anything that is important for the team to know and

that could not logically be fit anywhere else in the sequence.

HASTY BREACHERS BRIEF

7-81. War may not permit the breacher to give a full, deliberate brief. Under tactical conditions, the brief

will have to be shortened and be delivered fast with all the necessary information. This will ensure that the

breach team can carry out the mission even if one member is wounded. All members should have the vital

information, such as where equipment is located and who has it. The following format is used when time

does not permit for a deliberate brief:

Primary target. Give a full description of the primary target and/or the alternate target, type of

target (such as door by type or window), and where the target is located in relation to your

position and the surrounding area.

Charges. Determine what type of charges will be used. If time or the situation allows, show the

charge and give a brief description of how it works.

NEW/standoff. Ensure that everyone knows where they should position themselves before

execution of placing the charge on the target.

Security. Explain to the breacher team the security requirements during movement, placing the

charge, and during detonation and what role they will play.

Charge placement and attack points. Ensure that everyone in the breach team knows where

the charge will be placed in case they have to assist the breacher. Discuss how and were the

charge will be placed.

Post-blast conditions. Explain the conditions at the breach point that the breach team may

encounter, such as noise, fire, flying debris, smoke, and any other effects that may result during

7-34

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Explosive Urban Entry

detonation of the charge at the breach site. Emphasize on the firing sequence and if there will be

one blast or multiple blasts. The more the team knows of what to expect, the better prepared the

team will be and will be able to react quickly.

Failed breach. Discuss the method of entry should the charge fail to provide the opening

planned for at this point of the brief. This gives the mechanical breacher time to react with the

tools that may be needed to create the entry point and continue the mission.

Breachers casualty procedures. Determine who will take over in the event that the breacher

becomes a casualty. Be sure to cover whom is carrying the charges where they will carry them.

Note. Should a team member go down, a designated replacement must be able to recover the

charge and complete the mission. This ensures that all team members are able to conduct the

other person’s job.

7-82. Regardless of the breaching method used to lead the assault, the breacher sets the pace for the entire

element. The breacher team should be given as much information as possible about the breach, even if it is

only a hasty brief. The information will give the entire team the confidence and will enhance the chances of

a successful breach.

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

7-35

Appendix A

Metric Conversion Chart

This appendix complies with current Army directives, which state that the metric

system will be incorporated into all new publications. Table A-1 is a metric

measurement conversion chart.

Table A-1. Metric Conversion Chart

U.S. Units

Multiplied By

Equals Metric Units

Cubic feet

0.02832

Cubic meters

Cubic inches

16.38720

Cubic centimeters

Cubic yards

0.76460

Cubic meters

Degrees Fahrenheit

Subtract 32 degrees, and

Degrees Celsius

multiply by 0.55556

Feet

0.30480

Meters

Feet per second

18.28800

Meters per minute

Gallons

3.78540

Liters

Grams

0.001

Kilograms

Inches

25.40010

Millimeters

Long tons

1.01600

Metric tons

Miles per hour

1.60930

Kilometers per hour

Miles per hour

0.04470

Meters per second

Miles (statute)

1.60930

Kilometers

Miles (nautical)

1.85320

Kilometers

Ounces

29.6

Milliliters

Pounds

0.45359

Kilograms

Short tons*

0.90700

Metric tons

Square inches

6.45160

Square centimeters

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

A-1

Appendix A

Table A-1. Metric Conversion Chart

Metric Units

Multiplied By

Equals U.S. Units

Cubic centimeters

0.06100

Cubic inches

Cubic meters

35.31440

Cubic feet

Cubic meters

1.30790

Cubic yards

Degrees Celsius

Add 17.8 degrees, and

Degrees Fahrenheit

multiply by 1.80000

Metric Units

Multiplied By

Equals U.S. Units

Kilograms

1,000

Grams

Kilograms

2.20460

Pounds

Kilometers

0.62137

Miles (statute)

Kilometers

0.53960

Miles (nautical)

Kilometers per hour

0.62100

Miles per hour

Liters

0.26420

Gallons

Meters

3.28080

Feet

Meters per minute

0.05470

Feet per second

Meters per second

2.23700

Miles per hour

Metric tons

1.10200

Short tons

Metric tons

0.98400

Long tons

Milliliters

0.0338

Ounces

Millimeters

0.03937

Inches

Square centimeters

0.15500

Square inches

A-2

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Appendix B

Metric Charge Calculations

NATO requirements make metric conversions necessary. The following formulas are

metric equivalents for charge calculations.

EQUIVALENT METRIC WEIGHTS FOR STANDARD EXPLOSIVES

B-1. See Table B-1. Table B-1 lists the metric equivalents for standard U.S. Army demolition charges.

Table B-1. Standard U.S. Army Demolition Charges (Metric Equivalents)

Detonation Velocity

Unit

Explosive

Weight (Metric) (kg)

(lb)

Factor

M/Sec

Ft/Sec

00.25

6,900

22,600

1.00

00.113

TNT

00.50

6,900

22,600

1.00

00.227

01.00

6,900

22,600

1.00

00.454

M2 tetrytol

02.50

7,000

22,900

1.20

01.134

M3 composition C2 or C3

02.25

7,625

25,000

1.34

01.021

M5A1 composition C4

02.50

8,040

26,400

1.34

01.134

M112 block (composition C4)

01.25

8,040

26,400

1.34

00.567

M186 roll (PETN)

25.00

7,040

23,600

1.14

11.340

Composition H6

43.00

7,190

23,600

1.33

18.140

M1 dynamite

00.50

6,100

20,000

0.92

00.227

M2A4 shaped charge

15.00

7,800

25,600

1.17

06.800

M3A1 shaped charge

40.00

7,800

25,600

1.17

18.140

M183 assembly

20.00

8,040

26,400

1.34

09.070

TIMBER-CUTTING FORMULAS

B-2. The following formulas are examples of charge calculations converted to their metric equivalents.

Tamped internal charges.

D²

K =

3,500

where—

= TNT required (in kilograms)

= timber diameter (in centimeters)

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

B-1

Metric Charge Calculations

Table B-2. TNT Steel-Cutting Charges

Average

Section Width (cm)

Section

Thickness

(cm)

0.5

0.06

0.08

0.11

0.13

0.20

0.27

0.33

0.40

0.46

0.53

0.66

0.79

1.0

0.11

0.16

0.21

0.27

0.40

0.53

0.66

0.79

0.93

1.06

1.32

1.58

1.5

0.16

0.24

0.32

0.40

0.60

0.79

0.99

1.19

1.39

1.58

1.98

2.37

2.0

0.21

0.32

0.42

0.53

0.79

1.06

1.32

1.58

1.85

2.11

2.64

3.16

2.5

0.27

0.40

0.53

0.66

0.99

1.32

1.65

1.98

2.31

2.64

3.29

3.95

3.0

0.32

0.48

0.64

0.79

1.19

1.58

1.98

2.37

2.77

3.16

3.95

4.74

3.5

0.37

0.56

0.74

0.93

1.39

1.85

2.31

2.77

3.23

3.69

4.61

5.53

PRESSURE CHARGES FOR T BEAMS

B-4. The following formula is used to determine the metric size of T beam pressure charges:

K = 48²T

where—

= TNT required (in kilograms)

= T beam height (in meters)

= beam thickness (in meters)

Note. Measure H and T to the nearest 0.1 meter, but no less than 0.3 meter. Minimum tamping

required is 30 centimeters. Increase K by one-third for untamped charges.

BREACHING CHARGES

B-5. See Table B-3, page B-4. The following formula is used to determine the metric size of breaching

charges:

K = R³MC

where—

= TNT required (in kilograms)

= breaching radius (in meters) (Chapter 3)

= material factor (Table B-3)

= tamping factor (Figure 3-15, page 3-19)

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

B-3

Appendix B

Table B-3. Material Factors for Breaching Charges

Material

Breaching Radius (R)

Material Factor (M)

Earth

All values

1.12

Poor masonry

Shale

Less than 1.5 m

5.13

Hardpan

1.5 m or more

4.64

Good timber

Earth construction

0.3 m or less

14.09

Good masonry

Over 0.3 m to less than 1 m

07.69

Concrete block

1 m to less than 1.5 m

06.41

Rock

1.5 m to less than 2 m

05.13

2 m or more

04.32

0.3 m or less

18.26

Over 0.3 m to less than 1 m

09.93

Dense concrete

1 m to less than 1.5 m

08.33

First-class masonry

1.5 m to less than 2 m

06.57

2 m or more

05.61

0.3 m or less

28.19

Reinforced concrete

Over 0.3 m to less than 1 m

15.38

(The material factor does not consider the

1 m to less than 1.5 m

12.81

cutting of steel.)

1.5 m to less than 2 m

10.09

2 m or more

08.65

BREACHING RADIUS

B-6. The breaching radius is the distance a charge must penetrate to displace or destroy the target. For

example, to determine the breaching radius for a 2.9-meter concrete wall with a charge placed on its side,

use 3.0 as the breaching radius in the formula above. Always round the depth of the target to the next

higher quarter meter (2.9 becomes 3.0, 2.54 becomes 2.75, and so forth).

MATERIAL FACTOR

B-7. See Table B-3. Table B-3 lists the material factors for breaching charges.

TAMPING FACTOR

B-8. The value of the tamping factor depends on the location and tamping of the charge. A charge is not

adequately tamped unless the depth of the tamping material equals or exceeds the breaching radius.

Figure 3-15, page 3-19, gives values for the tamping factors.

B-4

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Appendix C

Demolition Charge Use

When using landmines, aerial bombs, shells, and foreign explosives as demolition

charges, take the appropriate precautions outlined in the paragraphs that follow.

Using such explosives is usually uneconomical, but may occasionally become

necessary or desirable.

SOURCES

C-1. Primary and supplementary charges are the two types of charges used. The paragraphs below

describe their use.

PRIMARY CHARGES

C-2. Primary charges are obtained from captured or friendly supply stocks or, in the case of landmines,

recovered from enemy or friendly minefields. Unexploded duds (shells or bombs) should never be used for

demolition purposes.

SUPPLEMENTARY CHARGES

C-3. When necessary, allied nation or captured explosives to supplement or replace standard explosive

charges can be used

LANDMINES

C-4. The paragraphs below describe the safety precautions that need to be used when dealing with

landmines. Also described are charge calculations and landmine priming.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

C-5. Only use defused mines as demolition charges. Recovered mines may be sensitive because of near

misses and may detonate during normal handling. The theater commander prescribes the policy for using

salvaged or captured threat mines.

CHARGES

C-6. When calculating charges using mines, only the explosive weight is considered. Generally, use

normal explosive quantities for cratering or pressure charges. The mine case does not allow proper contact

of the explosives against irregularly shaped objects; therefore, it may be necessary to increase the size of

the cutting charges considerably when using mines for this purpose. Test shots are the best way to

determine the proper charge under given conditions. Table C-1, page C-2, lists the explosives content of

various AT mines by country of origin. U.S. mines are current; foreign mines may be current or obsolete.

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

C-1

Appendix C

Table C-1. AT Mine Explosives Content (By Nation)

Country

Mine Type

Weight/Explosive

M15 AT (metallic)

22 lb of composition B

United States

M19 AT (nonmetallic)

21 lb of TNT composition B

M21 AT (metallic)

10.5 lb of composition H6

Belgium

PRB-4 AT

20 lb of hexogen

China

Dual-purpose number 4 (metallic)

4.5 lb of TNT

PT-Mi-K AT (metallic)

11 lb of TNT

Czech Republic or

PT-Mi-Ba AT (plastic)

12 lb of TNT

Slovakia

Na-Mi-Ba AT (plastic)

5.3 lb of Tritol

TQ-Mi-AT (cardboard)

11.5 lb of TNT

M36 AT (metallic)

8 lb of TNT

Finland

M39 AT (metallic)

8.8 lb of TNT

M1948 AT (metallic)

11.5 lb of TNT or military dynamite

M1948 plate-charge AT (metallic)

15.2 lb of TNT or picric acid*

France

M1951 shaped-charge AT (metallic)

4 to 5 lb of kexolite

M1951 AT (caseless)

14.3 lb of TNT (cast)

M1951 AT (plastic “grille”)

11 to 16 lb of PETN

Japan

Model 63 heavy AT

24.2 lb of composition B

Netherlands

Type II AT (metallic)

9 lb of TNT

Heavy AT (metallic)

22 lb of TNT

South Korea

Type I dual purpose (metallic)

5.7 lb of TNT

Type II dual purpose (metallic)

4.5 lb of TNT

TMD-B AT (wooden)

11 to 15 lb of amatrol, TNT, or picric acid*

Former Soviet

Union

TMN-46 AT (metallic)

12.6 lb of TNT

YaM-5 AT

8 to 11 lb of TNT or amatol

Mark 4 GS AT (metallic)

8.25 lb of TNT

Mark 5 GS AT (metallic)

4.5 lb of TNT

United Kingdom

Mark 5 HC AT (metallic)

8.3 lb of TNT

Mark 7 AT (metallic)

19.6 lb of TNT

*Picric acid corrodes metals by forming extremely sensitive compounds that are easily detonated. DO NOT handle mines

loaded with this explosive except to move them to a safe disposal area for destruction.

PRIMING

C-7. A landmine can be detonated by placing a 1-pound charge as close to the mine as possible without

touching the mine. If firing large quantities of mines simultaneously, prime several mines to ensure

complete detonation. Detonating a single mine normally detonates any other mine in direct contact with the

primed mine.

C-2

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Demolition Charge Use

GENERAL PURPOSE AERIAL BOMBS

C-8. General-purpose (GP) aerial bombs make satisfactory demolition charges. However, they are more

effective as cratering charges.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

C-9. The shape of an aerial bomb makes it inefficient for demolitions requiring close contact between the

explosive and the target. Precautions should be taken against fragmentation, because the steel fragments

from bomb cases may fly great distances. Before using any bomb, it should be positively identified it as a

GP bomb.

CHARGES

C-10. The explosive content of an aerial bomb is about half its total weight. Table C-2 lists the explosives

content for various GP bombs. About 20 percent of the explosive potential of an aerial bomb is expended in

shattering the casing.

Table C-2. GP Aerial Bombs (Explosives Content)

Bomb

Explosive Weight (lb)

Total Weight (lb)

Old Series

AN-30A1, 100-lb GP

120

AN-M57A1, 250-lb GP

125

261

AN-M64A1, 500-lb GP

266

549

AN-M65A1, 1,000-lb GP

555

1,064

AN-M66A2, 2,000-lb GP

1,098

2,113

New Series

M117, 750-lb GP

386

823

M118, 3,000-lb GP

1,975

3,049

Low-drag

MK81, mod 1, 250-lb GP

100

260

MK82, mod 1, 500-lb GP

192

531

MK83, mod 3, 1,000-lb GP

445

985

MK84, mod 1, 2,000-lb GP

945

1,970

Low-Drag, Snakeye I

MK81, mod 1, 250-lb GP

100

300

MK82, mod 2, 500-lb GP

192

560

PRIMING

C-11. Bombs less than 500 pounds are detonated by placing a 5-pound explosive charge on the middle of

the casing; bombs exceeding 500 pounds require a 10-pound charge. Fuses should not be placed on the

nose or tail of the bomb. To ensure detonation, prime large bombs separately.

ARTILLERY SHELLS (NONNUCLEAR)

C-12. Artillery shells are used for demolition when only fragmentation is desired. The guidance in the

following paragraphs should be applied.

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

C-3

Appendix C

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

C-13. Artillery shells have a low-explosive content. They are generally not adequate for other demolition

purposes.

CHARGES

C-14. Shells smaller than 100 millimeters should be avoided. The 105-millimeter, howitzer, HE shell that

weighs 33 pounds, and contains only 5 pounds of explosive. The 155-millimeter howitzer shell contains

only 15 pounds of explosive.

ARTILLERY SHELL PRIMING

C-15. Shells up to 240 millimeters are detonated by placing 2-pound charges on the case, just forward of

the rotating band. To ensure complete detonation of multiple shells simultaneously, place a charge on each

shell. The M10 universal destruction device is used to detonate shells that have threaded fuse wells of 1.7-

or 2-inch diameters. Completely fill the booster cavities of bombs and large projectiles by adding booster

cups to the M10 destruction device, as required.

FOREIGN EXPLOSIVES

DANGER

Ensure that positive identification of the ordnance item filler is

made before use in demolition operations or disposal of

munitions. Munitions can contain a variety of hazardous fillers

other than HE. Failure to comply may cause death or permanent

injury.

C-16. Foreign explosives are used to supplement standard U.S. charges. In certain cases, they are used

instead of U.S. charges.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

C-17. Only experienced demolition personnel should work with foreign explosives and then only according

to instructions and directives issued by the theater commander. TM 9-1300-214 lists the most common

foreign explosives.

PRIMING

C-18. Most foreign-explosive blocks have cap wells large enough to receive U.S. military blasting caps.

However, test fire these charges with U.S. military blasting caps to ensure positive detonation. In certain

instances, you may have to initiate the explosives by using a standard U.S. demolition block primed with a

blasting cap.

C-4

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Appendix D

Expedient Demolitions

Expedient techniques are intended for use only by personnel experienced in

demolitions and demolitions safety. Do not use expedient techniques to replace

standard demolition methods. Availability of trained Soldiers, time, and material are

the factors to consider when evaluating the use of expedient techniques.

SHAPED CHARGE

D-1. Shaped charges concentrate the energy of the explosion released on a small area, making a tubular or

linear fracture in the target. The versatility and simplicity of shaped charges make them effective against

many targets, especially those made of concrete or with armor plating.

DESCRIPTION

D-2. A shaped charge (Figure D-1) can be improvised. Because of the many variables (configuration,

explosive density, linear cavity density, and so forth), consistent results are impossible to obtain. Therefore,

experiment to determine the optimum standoff distances. Plastic explosive is best suited for this charge

type. However, dynamite and molten TNT can be effective expedients.

Figure D-1. Improvised Shaped Charge

FABRICATION

D-3. For a shaped charge, a container should be obtained. Both ends of the container should be removed.

Almost any kind of container will work (cans, jars, bottles, or drinking glasses). Some containers come

equipped with built-in cavity liners, such as champagne or cognac bottles with the stems removed. With the

ends removed, the container is ready for a cavity liner and explosive. Optimum shaped-charge

characteristics include the following:

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

D-1

Appendix D

Cavity liner. A cone-shaped cavity liner should be made for the container from copper, tin, zinc,

or glass. Funnels or bottles with a cone in the bottom (champagne or cognac bottles) are

excellent. However, if material is not available for a cavity liner, make a workable, but less

effective shaped charge by cutting a cone-shaped cavity in a block of explosive.

Cavity angle. For most high-explosive antitank (HEAT) ammunition, the cavity angle is 42° to

45°. Expedient charges will work with cavity angles between 30° and 60°.

Explosive height (in the container). The explosive height is two times the cone height,

measured from the base of the cone to the top of the explosive. Being careful not to alter the

cavity angle of the cone, press the explosive into the container. The explosive should be tightly

packed and free of any air pockets.

Standoff distance. The normal standoff distance is 1 1/2 the diameter of the cone. Standoff

sticks are used to achieve this.

Detonation point. The exact top center of the charge is the detonation point. If any part of the

blasting cap is exposed or extends above the charge, cover the blasting cap with a small quantity

of composition C4.

Note. Remove the narrow neck of a bottle or the stem of a glass by wrapping it with a piece of

soft, absorbent twine or by soaking the string in gasoline and lighting it. Place two bands of

adhesive tape, one on each side of the twine, to hold the twine firmly in place. Turn the bottle or

stem continuously with the neck up to heat the glass uniformly. Submerge the neck of the bottle

in water, and tap it against some object to break it off after the twine or plastic has burned. Tape

the sharp edge of the bottle to prevent cutting your hands while tamping the explosive in place.

A narrow band of plastic explosive placed around the neck of the bottle and burned, gives the

same results as string or twine. Do not immerse the bottle in water before the plastic explosive

has completely burned, or it may detonate.

PLATTER CHARGE

D-4. The platter charge uses the Miznay-Shardin effect. It turns a metal plate into a powerful, blunt-nosed

projectile (Figure D-2). The platter charge can be used in situations requiring shaped charges or as a

penetrator for demolition missions. If available, use a round, steel platter. However, a square platter will

also work.

Figure D-2. Platter Charge

CHARGE SIZE

D-5. A quantity of explosive equal to the weight of the platter should be used. The platter should weigh 2

to 6 pounds.

D-2

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Expedient Demolitions

FABRICATION

D-6. The explosive should be uniformly packed behind the platter. A container is not necessary if the

explosive will remain firmly against the platter without a container. Tape is an acceptable anchoring

material. At the rear center, prime the charge. If any part of the blasting cap is exposed, cover the blasting

cap with a small quantity of composition C4.

D-7. If available, use a gutted M60 fuse igniter as an expedient aiming device, and aim the charge at the

direct center of a target. The explosive should be on the side of the platter opposite the target. With

practice, a 55-gallon drum or a relatively small target can be hit at 25 yards about 90 percent of the time

with a platter charge.

GRAPESHOT CHARGE

D-8. The grapeshot charge consists of a container (an ammunition can or a number 10 can), projectiles

(nails, bolts, small pieces of scrap metal, or rocks), buffer material (soil, leaves, felt, cloth, cardboard, or

wood), a charge (plastic explosive like composition C4), and a blasting cap or detonating cord. This charge

should be used when conventional claymore-type firing devices are not available. Assemble these

components as shown in Figure D-3. A quantity of explosive equal to 1/4 the projectile weight should be

used.

Figure D-3. Grapeshot Charge

Note. The United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) mandates that

all fragment munitions produce fragments that are visible by an X ray (such as metal or rock).

D-9. In the center of the bottom of the container, make a hole large enough to accept a blasting cap or a

detonating cord knot. The components are placed in the container as follows:

Step 1. Explosive. Place the plastic explosive uniformly in the bottom of the container. Remove

all voids or air spaces by pressing the composition C4 into the container using a nonsparking

instrument.

Step 2. Buffer. Place 2 inches of buffer material directly on top of the explosive.

Step 3. Projectiles. Place the projectiles on top of the buffer material. Place a covering over the

projectiles to prevent them from spilling out when handling the charge.

D-10. In the plastic explosive charge, make a cap well through the hole in the bottom of the container, and

insert the blasting cap of the initiating set. If any part of the blasting cap is exposed, cover it with a small

quantity of composition C4. From about 100 feet, aim the charge at the center of the target.

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

D-3

Appendix D

DUST-INITIATOR CHARGE

D-11. Dust-initiator charges use small quantities of explosives with larger amounts of powdered materials

(dust or cover) to destroy thin-walled, wooden buildings or railroad boxcars. These charges work best in an

enclosed area with few windows. At detonation, the dust or cover is distributed in the air within the target

and ignited by an explosive-incendiary charge. The dust-initiator charge consists of an explosive (mixed

with equal parts of incendiary mix) and a cover of finely divided organic material. The charge can be

detonated by attaching initiating sets to the detonating cord.

CHARGE COMPUTATIONS

D-12. The charges and cover size for the charge computations are as follows:

Charge size. One pound of explosive-incendiary mixture will effectively detonate up to

40 pounds of cover. To make a 1-pound explosive-incendiary mixture, combine 1/2 pound of

crushed TNT or composition C3 and 1/2 pound of incendiary mix (two parts of aluminum

powder or magnesium powder and three parts of ferric oxide). Do not use composition C4,

because the explosive component in composition C4 will not combine properly with the

incendiary mixture.

Cover (dust) size. Use 3 to 5 pounds of cover for each 1,000 cubic feet of target (3 pounds for

enclosed buildings, and 5 pounds for partially enclosed buildings). The cover can consist of coal

dust, cocoa, powdered coffee, confectioners’ sugar, tapioca, wheat flour, cornstarch, hard rubber

dust, aluminum powder, magnesium powder, powdered soap, or a volatile fuel, such as gasoline.

FABRICATION

D-13. The TNT explosive is placed in a canvas bag and crushed into a powder with a wooden mallet. In the

same bag that contains the crushed explosive, an equal amount of incendiary mixture is added and mixed

thoroughly. This explosive incendiary charge is primed with a detonating cord knot. The primed charge is

placed in the center of the target. The cover is then poured or placed on top of the primed charge to form a

pyramid. When using gasoline as the cover, no more than 3 gallons should be used, since greater quantities

will not evenly disperse in the air and will give poor results.

IMPROVISED CRATERING CHARGE

D-14. This charge is used to supplement the 40-pound cratering charge or as an improvised cratering

charge when 40-pound cratering charges are not available. It consists of a mixture of ammonium-nitrate

fertilizer, (at least 33.33 percent nitrogen) and diesel fuel, motor oil, or gasoline. The ratio of fertilizer and

fuel is 25 pounds to 1 quart. The fertilizer must not be damp. From the mixture, almost any size of

improvised charge can be fabricated. Proceed as shown in the following steps:

Step 1. Measure the fertilizer and fuel for the size of charge required.

Step 2. Add the fuel to the fertilizer and mix thoroughly.

Step 3. Allow the fuel to soak into the fertilizer for 1 hour.

Step 4. Place half of the ammonium-nitrate charge in the borehole. Then, place two 1-pound

primed blocks of explosives in the borehole, and add the remainder of the ammonium-nitrate

charge. Never leave the charge in the borehole for a long period, since the charge will

accumulate moisture, reducing its effectiveness.

Note. Boreholes should receive 10 pounds of explosives for every foot of depth and must be

dual-primed.

Detonate the charge.

D-4

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Expedient Demolitions

IMPROVISED BOREHOLE METHOD (DETONATING CORD WICK)

D-15. The detonating cord wick (Figure D-4) is used to enlarge boreholes in the soil. The best results are

obtained in hard soil. The following procedures should be used:

Tape together several strands of detonating cord 5 to 6 feet long (generally, one strand enlarges

the diameter of the hole by about 1 inch). Tape or tie the strands together into a wick for

optimum results.

Make a hole by driving a steel rod about 2 inches in diameter into the ground to the depth

required.

Note. According to the rule of thumb, a hole 10 inches in diameter holds 10 strands of

detonating cord.

Place the detonating cord wick into the hole using an inserting rod or some other field expedient.

Ensure that the strands are extended the full length of the hole.

Fire the cord either electrically or nonelectrically. Fire an unlimited number of wicks at one time

by connecting them with the detonating cord ring main or line main. Blow out excess gases and

inspect the hole for excessive heat if placing successive charges in the holes.

Figure D-4. Detonating Cord Wick

AMMONIUM-NITRATE SATCHEL CHARGE

D-16. Although a satchel charge is excellent, it is most suitable for cratering. A more manageable charge

may be used by mixing ammonium-nitrate fertilizer with melted wax instead of oil. The mixing ratio is

4 pounds of fertilizer to 1 pound of wax. The primer should be set in place before the mixture hardens.

PREPARATION

D-17. The following steps are used to prepare a ammonium-nitrate satchel charge:

Step 1. Melt the wax in a container.

Step 2. Stir in the ammonium-nitrate pellets, ensuring that the wax is hot while mixing. Before

the mixture hardens, add a 1/2-pound block of explosive primed with detonating cord.

Step 3. Ensure that the primed charge is in the center of the mixture and that there is enough

detonating cord available to attach the initiating sets.

Step 4. Pour the mixture into a container. Add shrapnel material to the mixture, if desired, or

attach on the outside of the container to give a shrapnel effect.

Step 5. Detonate the charge by attaching initiating sets to the detonating cord coming from the

satchel charge.

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

D-5

Appendix D

USE

D-18. Because the wax and fertilizer may be molded into almost any size or shape, it may be applied to a

large number of demolition projects with satisfactory results.

EXPEDIENT FLAME FOUGASSE

D-19. The expedient flame fougasse is used in defensive or offensive operations for its incendiary,

illuminating, and signaling effects. The charge consists of a 55-gallon drum of thickened fuel, a kicker

charge, and detonating cord (Figure D-5). A 55-gallon drum containing a fougasse mixture is effective for a

controlled-direction burst.

Figure D-5. Expedient Flame Fougasse

PREPARATION

D-20. The following steps are used to prepare a flame fougasse:

Step 1. Make the fougasse mixture by mixing 3 ounces of M4 thickening compound per gallon

of gasoline or jet petroleum 8 fuel.

Note. Depending on the temperature, the mixture may take from 15 minutes to several hours to

thicken to the desired viscosity (resembling applesauce or runny gelatin). For a 55-gallon drum,

vigorously mix 150 ounces of M4 thickening compound with 50 gallons of gasoline or JP 8 fuel.

Step 2. Dig an angled trench for the 55-gallon drum that will allow the best coverage and

dispersion of the flame fougasse. Do not build the trench steeper than 45°. Make a small cutout

area in the back of the trench for the kicker charge (2 pounds of TNT or 1 block of composition

C4).

Step 3. Prime the kicker charge with detonating cord, leaving 6 to 10 feet of detonating cord free

to tie into a ring main.

Step 4. Wrap the top end of the 55-gallon drum with 5 to 7 wraps of detonating cord, leaving 6

to 10 feet of the detonating cord free to tie into a ring main.

Step 5. Lay the drum in the trench, and place the kicker charge in the small cutout. Push the

drum against the back of the trench so that the kicker charge seats firmly against the bottom of

the drum. (It may be necessary to tamp the soil around the charge to center the kicker charge

properly against the bottom of the drum.) Ensure that the running ends of detonating cord for the

D-6

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Expedient Demolitions

kicker charge and drum top extend from the trench. Avoid kinks or sharp bends in the detonating

cord.

Step 6. Lay out a ring main of detonating cord around the 55-gallon drum, and tie the detonating

cord from the kicker charge and wraps to the ring main.

Step 7. Cover the entire 55-gallon drum with a minimum of 3 feet of tamped soil, leaving the

front of the drum exposed or uncovered.

Step 8. Use a length of detonating cord and tape one end under the spoon handle of an igniter

trip flare (M49). Tape the spoon handle down securely, attach the trip flare to a stake, and

position the stake 3 to 4 feet in front of the drum. Attach the free end of the detonating cord that

is secured to the trip flare to the ring main. During combat, a white phosphorous (WP) grenade

(M34) will work in place of the trip flare. Do the following if trip flares are not available:

Take a 2-liter plastic bottle, and fill it half full with raw gasoline or JP 8 (unthickened).

Punch a hole in the cap of the bottle. Thread one end of a detonating cord through the hole.

Tie a single overhand knot in the detonating cord to prevent it from being pulled back out

of the cap.

Place the detonating cord with the single overhand knot inside the bottle. Secure the cap

onto the bottle.

Take the opposite end of the detonating cord, and attach it to the ring main.

Step 9. Attach initiating sets to the ring main or junction box.

FUNCTION

D-21. When initiated, the ring main initiates the detonating cord to the trip flare, the drum top, and the

kicker charge. The wraps cut the top of the drum off, the kicker charge propels the thickened fuel outward,

and the trip flare ignites the thickened fuel as it travels downrange. The result is a flash of flame that

spreads downrange for about 100 meters.

ALTERNATE EXPEDIENT FLAME FOUGASSE (USING STEEL WOOL)

D-22. Steel wool can be used to ignite the thickened fuel if fuel igniters or trip flares are not available. The

same amount of explosives is used for a kicker charge (2 pounds of TNT or 1 block of composition C4).

The explosives are primed with detonating cord. A buffer material is attached (such as cardboard around

the kicker charge) and secured with tape. Steel wool is attached to the buffer material so that it covers the

entire width of the kicker charge. The steel wool will ignite the fuel in the drum once the kicker charge is

propelled through the back section. The steel wool must be in contact with the back section of the drum.

The result will be the same as with the fuel igniter or trip flare.

IMPROVISED BANGALORE TORPEDO

D-23. The improvised bangalore torpedo is used to defeat wire obstacles. The following steps are used to

prepare an improvised bangalore:

Step 1. Separate the packaging material from the composition C4 (M112). Place it in the

concave portion of two U-shaped pickets that are not bent or damaged.

Step 2. Mold the composition C4 explosive, using a nonsparking tool, into the concave position

that runs the entire length of the U-shaped pickets.

Step 3. Place a line of detonating cord (after tamping the composition C4) on top of the

composition C4 of one of the pickets, and make a single overhand knot every 6 to 8 inches.

Ensure that the detonating cord runs several feet past the U-shaped picket length so that it can be

tied into a firing system.

Step 4. Place the other U-shaped picket (tamped with composition C4) onto the picket with the

detonating cord. Ensure that the composition C4 explosive from each picket is touching and that

the detonating cord is in the middle.

Step 5. Secure the two U-shaped pickets together with tape or wire.

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

D-7

Appendix D

EXPEDIENT BRANCHLINE CONNECTIONS

GREGORY KNOT

D-24. The Gregory knot (Figure D-6) is a detonating cord knot tied at the end of a branchline to connect the

branchline to a firing system. The Gregory knot saves time on a target when tied before arriving at the

mission site. This knot does not take the place of the girth hitch with an extra turn or detonating cord clips.

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Figure D-6. Gregory Knot

SCANMAN KNOT

D-25. The scanman knot (Figure D-7) is a detonating cord knot tied at the end of a branchline to connect

the branchline to a firing system. The scanman knot saves time on a target when tied before arriving at the

mission site. This knot does not take the place of the girth hitch with an extra turn or detonating cord clips.

Figure D-7. Scanman Knot

D-8

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Appendix E

Power Requirements for Series Firing Circuits

Electric blasting caps are connected in a series and fired with an electric power

source (blasting machine). A series circuit provides a single path for the electrical

current that flows from one firing wire through each blasting cap to the next blasting

cap and back to the other firing wire. A series circuit should not contain more than

50 blasting caps. Connecting more than 50 blasting caps in a series circuit increases

the chances of breaks in the firing line or cap leads.

OHM’S LAW

E-1. Ohm’s law defines the amount of voltage necessary to detonate the blasting caps. The required

voltage for a firing circuit is determined as follows:

E = IR

where—

= electric potential or voltage (in volts)

= current (in amperes)

= resistance (in ohms)

ELECTRIC-POWER FORMULA

E-2. The amount of electric power (watts) necessary to detonate blasting caps is determined as follows:

W = I²R

where—

W = electrical power (in watts)

= current (in amperes)

= resistance (in ohms)

ELECTRIC BLASTING CAPS

E-3. Military electric blasting caps connected in a series require at least 1.5 amperes to fire, regardless of

the number of caps in the series. The resistance of a military electric blasting cap is 2 ohms.

CIRCUIT RESISTANCE

E-4. The power source should be adequate to fire all charges connected to the circuit. Firing wire and

blasting caps contribute to the total resistance in the circuit. The amount of resistance is determined by

combining the individual resistances of the blasting caps and wires. The resistance of the wire depends on

the size and length of the wire. Table E-1, page E-2, gives the resistance per 1,000 foot of various sizes of

copper wire.

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

E-1

Appendix E

Table E-1. Resistance of Copper Wire

Wire Characteristics

AWG (B&S) Gauge

Resistance per

Diameter (in)

Weight (lb/ft)

Number

1,000 ft (ohms)

3/10

5.0

0.2

1/4

7.9

0.3

1/6

12.6

0.4

1/8

20.0

0.6

1/10

31.8

1.0

1/12

50.0

1.6

1/16

80.0

2.5

1/20

128.0

4.0

1/25

203.0

6.4

1/30

323.0

10.2

Note. For resistance, the ratings are for single-strand wire. Since blasting wire usually

comes in double strands, use half its length to compute total resistance.

SERIES CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS

E-5. Calculations are completed for any series circuit involved in determining the amount of current

(amperes), voltage (volts), and power (watts) needed to fire the circuit. The following procedures are

applied:

Current. Ensure that the current required for a series circuit of electric blasting caps is

1.5 amperes, regardless of the number of blasting caps in the circuit.

Resistance. Determine the resistance in the circuit as explained in paragraph E-4.

Voltage. Determine the required voltage for the circuit using the formula in paragraph E-1.

Power. Determine the required power for the circuit using the formula in paragraph E-2.

E-6. The current, voltage, and power required to detonate a 20-cap series circuit consisting of special

electric blasting caps and 500 feet of standard, 2-conductor, 18-gauge firing wire is determined by using the

following procedure:

Current. Ensure that the amount of current required to detonate this circuit is 1.5 amperes.

Resistance. Use the information below to obtain the resistance.

Caps. 2.0 ohms (20 caps) = 40.0 ohms.

Wire. 500 feet (2 strands) = 1,000 feet = 6.4 ohms (Table E-1).

Total resistance. 46.4 ohms.

Note. Number 18 wire consists of two strands. The example specifies a 500-foot piece of wire,

so use 1,000 feet as the total wire length for determining resistance (500 x 2 = 1,000).

Voltage. Use the formula below to obtain the voltage.

E = IR = 1.5(46.4) = 69.6 volts

E-2

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Power Requirements for Series Firing Circuits

Power. Use the formula below to obtain the power.

W = I²(R) = 1.5²(46.4) = 104.4 watts

VOLTAGE DROP

E-7. Ohm’s law allows you to determine the amount of voltage required (voltage drop) for a blasting

circuit. In practice, the voltage drop should never exceed 90 percent of the available voltage. If it does,

decrease the resistance or increase the voltage in the circuit to ensure that proper detonation occurs.

BLASTING MACHINES

E-8. The nameplate on power sources normally states the amperage and the voltage ratings. Before using

any power source, determine whether it is suitable for the firing circuit. Generally, determine the adequacy

of a power source by consulting Table E-2. This table lists the sizes of circuits that power sources can

support. The capabilities of the power source must be determined from the nameplate. The following steps

are followed:

Step 1. Multiply the voltage rating of the power source by 90 percent to get an adjusted voltage

rating.

Step 2. Divide the adjusted voltage rating by the amperage rating (1.5 amperes) of the circuit.

Note. At this point, you have the maximum allowable resistance in the circuit in ohms.

Step 3. Determine the total resistance of the firing wire (Table E-1).

Step 4. Subtract the resistance of the wire from the maximum allowable circuit resistance

(step 2) to determine the maximum allowable resistance of the blasting caps in the circuit.

Step 5. Determine the maximum number of blasting caps the circuit will support by dividing the

allowable resistance for caps (step 4) by the resistance in one cap (2 ohms).

Table E-2. Power Source Capabilities

Circuit Size (Series)

Power Source

10-cap

30-cap

50-cap

Blasting machine, 10 cap

—

Blasting machine, 30 cap

—

Blasting machine, 50 cap

Generator, 1.5 kw, portable (115 volts, 13.5 amperes)

—

Generator, 3 kw, portable (115 volts, 26 amperes)

—

Generator, 5 kw, portable (115 volts, 43.5 amperes)

—

Generator, 3 kw, portable (220 volts, 13.5 amperes)

Generator, 5 kw, portable (220 volts, 22.5 amperes)

E-9. The maximum number of electric blasting caps allowed in a series circuit fired by a 220-volt,

13.5-ampere generator and 250 feet of double-strand, 20-gauge wire (a total of 500 feet of wire) is

determined as follows:

Maximum allowable resistance (paragraph E-8, steps 1 and 2).

0.90 (200 volts)

= 120 ohms

1.5 amperes

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

E-3

Appendix F

Example Calculations

This appendix contains examples of charge, demolition, and attack calculations that

are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4. Use TNT in the 1-pound package and use 20 cubic

inches for the volume of composition C4 when calculating the problems that follow.

For examples of charge calculations, refer to Figures F-1 through F-11, pages F-1

through F-9. For examples of demolition calculations, see Figure F-12, page F-10.

For examples of attack calculations, see Figures F-13 through F-15, pages F-11

through F-13.

CHARGE CALCULATIONS

Problem. Using the internal timber cutting charge, determine the quantity of composition C4 required to cut a

30-inch diameter tree.

Obtain the critical dimensions.

Step 1

D = 30 inches

Calculate the TNT or use the rule of thumb.

900

Step 2

P =

3.6 pounds of TNT

250

Note. P = .004D²

Divide by the RE factor, if required.

Step 3

3.6

=2.68 pounds of composition C4

= 1.34

Divide by the package weight or volume, and round UP to the next whole package.

Step 4

2.68

2.14, round up to 3 packages of compositio n C4

Package weight

= 1.25

Calculate the number of charges.

Step 5

One tree = One charge

Note. You must split the charge between the two boreholes because the tree is larger than 18 inches in diameter. See

Chapter 3, Section II.

Calculate the total amount of explosives.

Step 6

Step 4 x Step 5 = Total packages = 3 x 1 = 3 packages of composition C4

Solution. To cut a 30-inch diameter tree using an internal timber-cutting charge, three packages of

composition C4 is needed and is placed in two boreholes. See Figure 3-2, page 3-5, for charge placement.

Figure F-1. Timber-Cutting Charge Calculation (Internal)

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

F-1

Appendix F

Problem. Using the external timber cutting charge formula, determine the quantity of TNT required to cut a

30-inch diameter tree.

Obtain the critical dimensions.

Step 1

D = 30 inches

Calculate the TNT or use the rule of thumb.

900

Step 2

P =

=22.5 pounds of TNT

Note. P = .025D²

Divide by the RE factor, if required.

Step 3

22.5

22.5 pounds of TNT

Divide by package weight or volume, and round UP to the next whole package.

Step 4

22.5

22.5 packages of TNT; round up to 23 packages of TNT

Package weight

Calculate the number of charges.

Step 5

One tree = One charge

Calculate the total amount of explosives.

Step 6

Step 4 x Step 5 = Total packages = 23 x 1 = 23 packages of TNT

Solution. To cut a 30-inch diameter tree using an external timber charge, 23 packages of TNT is needed. See

Figure 3-3, page 3-6, for charge placement.

Figure F-2. Timber-Cutting Charge Calculation (External)

F-2

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Example Calculations

Problem. Using the steel-cutting charge formula,

P =

, determine the quantity of composition C4 required

to cut the two steel beams shown below.

Obtain the critical dimensions.

Step 1

a. Top flange: 20 x 1 = 20 square inches

b. Web: 18 x 1 = 18 square inches

c. Bottom flange: 24 x 1 = 24 square inches

Calculate the TNT or use the rule of thumb.

a. Top flange: 20 x 1 = 20 square inches

b. Web: 18 x 1 = 18 square inches

c. Bottom flange: 24 x 1 = 24 square inches

Step 2

d. Total square inches = 62 square inches (a + b + c)

P =

23.25 pounds of TNT

Note. P = 0.375A

Divide by the RE factor, if required.

Step 3

23.25

=17.35 pounds of composition C4

1.34

Divide by the package weight or volume, and round UP to the next whole package.

Step 4

17.35

=13.8; round up to 14 packages of composition C4

1.25

Calculate the number of charges.

Step 5

Two beams = Two charges

Calculate the total amount of explosives.

Step 6

Step 4 x Step 5 = Total packages = 14 x 2 = 28 packages of composition C4

Solution. To cut the two beams, 28 packages of composition C4 is needed. See Figure 3-7, page 3-10, for

charge placement.

Figure F-3. Steel-Cutting Charge Calculation

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

F-3

Appendix F

Problem. Using the hasty, steel-cutting formula and Table 3-4, page 3-12, determine the quantity of

composition C4 required to cut the steel beam shown below.

Obtain the critical dimensions.

Step 1

a. Top flange: 5 x 1/2 inches

b. Web: 11 x 3/8 inches

c. Bottom flange: 5 x 1/2 inches

Calculate the TNT or use the rule of thumb.

a. Top flange: 5 x 1/2 = 0.8 pounds from Table 3-4

Step 2

b. Web: 11 x 3/8 pounds = 1.3 pounds from Table 3-4

c. Bottom flange: 5 x 1/2 = 0.8 pounds from Table 3-4

d. Total = 2.9 pounds of composition C4 (a + b + c)

Divide by the RE factor, if required.

Step 3

Not required.

Divide by the package weight or volume, and round UP to the next whole package.

Step 4

2.9 lbs of compositio n C4

2.32; round up to 3 packages of compositio n C4

Package weight

1.25 package weight

Calculate the number of charges.

Step 5

One beam = One charge

Calculate the total amount of explosives.

Step 6

Step 4 x Step 5 = Total packages = 3 x 1 = 3 packages of composition C4

Solution. Three packages of composition C4 is needed. See Figure 3-7, page 3-10, for charge placement.

Figure F-4. Hasty, Steel-Cutting Charge Calculation

F-4

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Example Calculations

Problem. Using the steel-cutting charge calculation (steel plate), determine the quantity of composition C4

required to cut the steel plate shown below using a ribbon charge.

Obtain the critical dimensions.

Step 1

a. Cut length: 14 inches

b. Target thickness: 2 inches

Calculate the TNT or use the rule of thumb.

a. Thickness: 1/2 (target thickness) = 1 inch

Step 2

b. Width: 3 (charge thickness) = 3 inches

c. Length: cut length = 14 inches

Volume = T x W x L = 1 x 3 x 14 = 42 cubic inches

Divide by the RE factor, if required.

Step 3

Not required because only composition C4 or sheet explosives are used.

Divide by the package volume, and round UP to the next whole package.

M112 volume = 20 cubic inches

Step 4

=2.1

(round up to 3)

Calculate the total amount of charges.

Step 5

One plate = One charge

Calculate the total amount of explosives.

Step 6

Step 4 x Step 5 = Total packages = 3 x 1 = 3 packages of composition C4

Solution. To cut the steel plate, three packages of composition C4 is needed. See Figure 3-11, page 3-15, for

charge placement.

Figure F-5. Steel-Cutting Charge Calculation (Steel Plate)

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

F-5

Appendix F

Problem. Using the steel-cutting charge calculation (I beam), determine the quantity of composition C4

required to cut the I beam shown below using a ribbon charge.

Obtain the critical dimensions.

Step 1

a. Top flange: 22 x 1 = 22 inches

b. Web: 12 x 1 = 12 inches

c. Bottom flange: 22 x 1 = 22 inches

Calculate the TNT or use the rule of thumb.

a. Thickness = 1/2 (target thickness) = 1/2 inches

b. Width = 3 (charge thickness) = 1 1/2 inches

c. Length = Cut length = 21 + 21 + 11 = 53 inches

Volume = T x W x L = 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 53 = 39.75 cubic inches of composition C4

Step 2

Divide by the RE factor, if required.

Step 3

Not required because only composition C4 or sheet explosives are used.

Divide by the package weight or volume, and round UP to the next whole package.

Step 4

Charge volume

39.75

N =

=1.98; round up to 2 packages of composition C4

Package volume

Calculate the number of charges.

Step 5

One I beam = One charge

Calculate the total amount of explosives.

Step 6

Step 4 x Step 5 = Total packages = 2 x 1 = 2 packages of composition C4

Solution. To cut the I beam, two packages of composition C4 as needed. See Figure 3-12, page 3-15, for

charge placement.

Figure F-6. Steel-Cutting Charge Calculation (I Beam)

F-6

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Example Calculations

Problem. Using the steel-cutting charge calculation (steel bar), determine the quantity of composition C4

required to cut a 7-inch steel bar using a saddle charge.

Obtain the critical dimensions.

Step 1

a. Target diameter = 7 inches

b. Target circumference = 3.14 x 7 = 21.98 inches

Calculate the TNT or use the rule of thumb.

a. Thickness = 1.00 inch

Step 2

b. Base width = 1/2 (target circumference) = 10.99 inches

c. Long axis = target circumference = 21.98 inches

d. Total volume = 1/2 (base width) (long axis) = 120.78 cubic inches of explosive

Divide by RE factor, if required.

Step 3

Not required because only composition C4 or sheet explosives are used.

Divide by the package weight or volume, and round UP to the next whole package.

Step 4

Charge volume

153.75

N =

7.68; round up to 8 packages of composition C4

Package volume

Calculate the number of charges.

Step 5

One bar = One charge

Calculate the total amount of explosives.

Step 6

Step 4 x Step 5 = Total packages = 8 x 1 = 8 packages of composition C4

Solution. To cut the steel bar using a saddle charge, eight packages of composition C4 is needed. See

Figure 3-13, page 3-16, for charge placement.

Figure F-7. Steel-Cutting Charge Calculation (Steel Bar)

Problem. Using the steel-cutting charge calculation (high-carbon steel), determine the quantity of composition

C4 required to cut an 8-inch, high-carbon, steel bar using a diamond charge.

Obtain the critical dimensions.

Step 1

a. Target diameter: 8 inches

b. Target circumference: 3.14 x 8 = 25.12 inches

Determine the required charge dimensions.

a. Thickness: 1.00 inch

Step 2

b. Short axis: 1/2 (target circumference) = 12.56 inches

c. Long axis: target circumference = 25.12 inches

d. Total volume: 1/2 (thickness x long axis x short axis) = 157.7536 cubic inches

It is not necessary to determine the equivalent amount of composition C4 because this charge uses

Step 3

and is computed for plastic explosive (composition C4) or sheet explosive, not TNT.

Determine the number of required packages of composition C4.

Step 4

Charge volume

157.7536

N =

7.88768; round up to 8 packages of composition C4

Package volume

Calculate the number of charges.

Step 5

One bar = One charge

Calculate the total amount of explosives required.

Step 6

Step 4 x Step 5 = Total packages 8 x 1 = 8 packages of composition C4 is required

Solution. To cut one high-carbon steel bar, eight packages of composition C4 is needed. See Figure 3-14,

page 3-17, for charge placement.

Figure F-8. Steel-Cutting Charge Calculation (High-Carbon Steel)

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

F-7

Appendix F

Problem. Using the formula R³KC, determine the number of composition C4 packages required to breach a

reinforced-concrete pier, 5 feet thick and 30 feet wide. The charges will be elevated 5 feet and untamped.

Obtain the critical dimensions.

Step 1

a. Breaching radius (R): 5 feet

b. Pier width (W): 30 feet

Calculate the TNT or use the rule of thumb.

Step 2

P = R³KC = 5³(0.63)1.8 = 141.75 pounds of TNT

Divide by the RE factor, if required.

Step 3

141.75

=105.78 pounds of composition C4

1.34

Divide by the package weight or volume, and round UP to the next whole package.

Step 4

Charge weight

105.78

N =

=84.62; round up to 85 packages of composition C4

Package weight

1.25

Calculate the number of charges.

Step 5

N =

=3 charges

2(5)

Calculate the total amount of explosives.

Step 6

Step 4 x Step 5 = Total packages = 85 x 3 = 255 packages of composition C4

Solution. To breach the pier, 255 packages of composition C4 are needed. See Figure 3-16, page 3-22, for

charge placement.

Figure F-9. Breaching Charge Calculation (Reinforced Concrete Pier)

Problem. Using the counterforce charge calculation, determine the required amount of composition C4

needed to counterforce four concrete cubes 3 feet thick.

Obtain the critical dimensions.

Step 1

Target thickness = 3 feet

Calculate the TNT or use the rule of thumb.

Step 2

P = 1 1/2 pounds of composition C4 per foot of diameter

P = 1 1/2 x 3 = 4.5 pounds of composition C4

Divide by the RE factor, if required.

Step 3

Not required because only composition C4 or sheet explosives are used.

Divide by the package weight or volume, and round UP to the next whole package.

Step 4

Charge weight

4.5

N =

3.6; round up to 4 packages of composition C4

Package weight

1.25

Calculate the number of charges.

Step 5

Four cubes = Four charges

Calculate the total amount of explosives.

Step 6

Step 4 x Step 5 = Total packages = 4 x 4 = 16 packages of composition C4

Solution. To counterforce four cubes, 16 packages of composition C4 as needed. See Figure 3-17,

page 3-22, for charge placement.

Figure F-10. Counterforce Charge Calculation

F-8

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Example Calculations

Problem. Using the cratering charge calculation, determine the quantity of cratering charges and composition

C4 required to create a deliberate crater 146 feet long.

Obtain the critical dimensions.

Step 1

Crater length (L) = 146 feet

Calculate the TNT or use the rule of thumb.

Step 2

a. 7-foot borehole = 80 pounds of explosive

b. 5-foot borehole = 40 pounds of explosive

Divide by the RE factor, if required.

Step 3

Not required.

Divide by the package weight or volume, and round UP to the next whole package.

Step 4

a. 7-foot borehole = 2 cratering charges and 2 packages of composition C4

b. 5-foot borehole = 1 cratering charge and 2 packages of composition C4

Calculate the number of charges.

Step 5

L -16

146 - 16

N =

+1=

+1=27 holes

27/2 = 13.5; round up to 14 for 7-foot holes and round down to 13 for 5-foot holes

Calculate the total amount of explosives.

a. 7-foot boreholes: 14 holes (2 cratering charges + 2 packages of composition C4) = 28

cratering charges + 28 packages of composition C4

Step 6

b. 5-foot boreholes: 13 holes (1 cratering charges + 2 packages of composition C4) = 13

cratering charges + 26 packages of composition C4

Total = 41 cratering charges and 54 packages of composition C4

Solution. To create a deliberate crater 146 feet long, 41 cratering charges and 54 packages of composition

C4 are needed. See Figure 3-19, page 3-25, for charge placement.

Figure F-11. Cratering Charge Calculation

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

F-9

Appendix F

DEMOLITION CALCULATIONS

Problem. Using a concrete-stripping charge to destroy a simply supported, concrete-deck, top-support bridge

span. The diagram below shows the span dimensions (determine the quantity of composition C4 required).

Beam Calculations

Determine the amount of TNT required per meter.

Step 1

P = (3.3h + 0.5)³ 3.3 = [3.3(1.2) + 0.5]³ 3.33 = 295.42606488 pounds of TNT per meter

Determine the amount of explosive (TNT) per beam.

Step 2

P = (pounds TNT/meter) (bridge width, in meters)

P = 295.42606488 = 3545.11277856 pounds of TNT

Determine the equivalent amount of composition C4.

Step 3

3545.11277856

=2645.606551 pounds of composition C4

1.34

Determine the required packages of composition C4 per beam.

Step 4

Charge weight

2645.606551

=2116.532408; round up to 2117 of composition C4

Package weight

1.25

Calculate the number of charges.

Step 5

One bridge = One charge

Calculate the total amount of explosives.

Step 6

Step 4 x Step 5 = Total packages = 2117 x 1 = 2117 packages of composition C4

Solution. To destroy this simply-supported concrete deck, top support bridge span, 2,098 packages of

composition C4 is needed.

Figure F-12. Concrete Stripping Charge Calculation

F-10

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Example Calculations

ATTACK DEMOLITIONS

Problem. Using a bottom-attack bridge calculation, determine the attack method for demolishing a simply

supported, steel-beam deck bridge with bottom supports and the following measurements:

a. Length (L): 25 meters

b. Height (H): 2.1 meters

c. End clearance (E): 0.4 meters

Refer to Appendix H. Table H-1, page H-1, lists the bottom attack method for this bridge,

Step 1

provided that the actual end clearance (E) is greater than E_R.

Perform the calculation to determine whether E is greater than E_R.

a. Determine the height-to-length ratio (H/L).

2.1

=0.084

Step 2

b. Find the corresponding E/L value (Table H-1). Since 0.084 is not found on the table, go to

the next higher value, 0.09.

c. From the higher value, 0.09, move directly below, and find value 0.0160.

d. Determine the required end clearance. Find E_Ras follows:

E_R = Value found (0.0160) x length (25) = 0.4 meters

Solution. Compare the actual and required end clearances. Since the actual end clearance (0.4 meter) is

equal to the required end clearance (0.4 meter), a bottom attack is possible without any likelihood of the span

jamming.

Figure F-13. Bottom-Attack Bridge Calculation

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

F-11

Appendix F

Problem. Using the top-attack bridge calculation, determine the attack method for demolishing a simply

supported, bowstring bridge with the following measurements.

a. Length (L): 62 meters

b. Height (H): 8.5 meters

c. Average length of bearing supports (L_S): 1.15 meters

Step 1

Refer to Appendix H. Table H-2, page H-2, lists the top-attack method for this bridge.

Determine the height-to-length ratio (H/L).

8.5

Step 2

=0.137

= 62

Since 0.137 is not found on the table, round UP to 0.14.

Determine the required-gap ratio (L_S/L).

Step 3

1.15

=0.0185

Find the corresponding L_S/L value (Table H-2). Since 0.0185 is not found on the table, round UP

Step 4

to 0.020.

a. Intersect the L_S/L and H/L values on the table to get the value of L_C/L.

L_C/L = 0.082

Step 5

b. Multiply the L_C/L value by the length to get L_C.

L_C = 0.082 x 62 = 5.08 meters

Step 6

Determine where place the charges by dividing L_Cin half (5.08 ÷ 2 = 2.54 meters).

Solution. The proposed cut must be 2.54 meters from either side of the midspan. Mark the bridge in this

location. This location is the centerline for the proposed cut.

Figure F-14. Top-Attack Bridge Calculation

F-12

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Example Calculations

Problem. Using the arch-bridge attack calculation, determine the attack method for a continuous, concrete-

arch bridge with open spandrels and pinned footings, having the following measurements:

a. Length (L): 58 meters

b. Rise (H): 7.5 meters

Refer to Appendix H. Table H-4, pages H-4 through H-8, lists the bridge-attack method for this

Step 1

bridge.

Determine the height-to-length ratio (H/L):

Step 2

7.5

=0.129

= 58

Find the corresponding L_C/L value (Table H-3, page H-3).

Step 3

Since 0.129 is not found on the table, round UP to 0.14. The value found below 0.14 is 0.04.

Determine the required length of the cut.

Step 4

C =

(L)=(0.04)58

=2.32 meters

Step 5

Determine where to place the charges. Place the charges at the midspan.

Solution. The proposed cut must be at the midspan. Mark the bridge in this location. This location is the

centerline for the proposed cut.

Figure F-15. Arch-Bridge Attack Calculation

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

F-13

Appendix G

Underwater Demolitions

This appendix outlines the techniques, tactics, and procedures used by military divers

to perform harbor clearance, impalement blasting, trenching, tunneling, channel

alteration, and sandbar removal. The primary use of explosives in underwater salvage

is harbor clearance. Explosives are used to clear ship passages and for cutting

wreckage. When using demolitions with manual, underwater-cutting techniques,

explosive cutting has extensive application in

“cut-and-lift” harbor clearance

operations, and increase the use of certain

“patch-and-pump” situations when

portions of a wreck are refloated individually. Other underwater salvage operations

requiring the use of explosives include rock and coral blasting, channel or harbor

bottom altering, concrete and masonry blasting, steel breaking and cutting, ship

cutting, and removal of ship propellers. These operations may be used alone or with

harbor clearance.

HARBOR CLEARANCE

G-1. A harbor may be blocked deliberately to deny its use to an enemy or as a result of bombardment. In

one case, ships and other objects will be positioned and sunk in locations to make harbor clearance

difficult. In another case, obstruction will be haphazard. When harbors are blocked intentionally, it is

possible that explosives have been placed as hazards for harbor clearance personnel. When harbors are

obstructed as a result of bombardment, there may be explosives in sunken ships or scattered on the harbor

bottom.

DANGER

The rendering safe of underwater explosive ordnance is outside

the scope of salvage operations. Whenever the presence of

explosives is known or suspected, Navy EOD personnel should

clear the area before salvage operations begin. Failure to comply

may cause death or permanent injury.

SHIP SALVAGE

G-2. Before salvage operations begin, determine whether sunken ships are to be dispersed by explosives,

converted to mooring or docking facilities, or salvaged for reuse or scrap. The condition of a sunken ship

and the need for it may dictate that the ship be salvaged for reuse. The need for scrap steel and the

availability of outgoing supply channels may make salvage for scrap the prime consideration. On the other

hand, the immediate tactical need for the harbor may make it imperative that all sunken ships be dispersed

or flattened so the harbor will be cleared in the minimum time.

G-3. Unsalvageable vessels and other equipment can be marked and left in place, sectioned and removed,

flattened, dispersed, or settled with explosives. Whether a particular ship is dispersed completely in one

continuous operation is determined by the overall situation at the site. If a well-blocked harbor is made

usable first for shallow-draft vessels and then for deeper-draft ships, the upper portions of several obstacles

are dispersed and followed by progressive demolition of the lower portions of the same obstacles. If a

single sunken ship blocks a channel, the entire ship may be dispersed in a single operation. Depending on

the particular situation, sectioning, flattening, dispersal, and settlement methods can be used.

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

G-1

Appendix G

SECTIONING

G-4. Sectioning involves cutting the vessel into manageable pieces. It also involves removing the pieces to

designated locations.

FLATTENING

G-5. Flattening uses explosives to first remove the superstructure and then crushes the hull to the bottom.

The stages in which a ship is flattened will depend on the position of the ship with respect to the bottom. A

ship resting on its side presents a different problem from one that is sitting upright on the bottom. In most

cases, the masts and rigging are removed first, then the superstructure is removed or dispersed, and finally

the hull itself is flattened. In all hull-flattening operations, charges are placed to take advantage of the

weight of and existing stresses in structural members. The greater the stress on the member, the less

explosive needed to cut or break it.

DISPERSAL

G-6. The time limitation in the emergency clearing of a harbor or channel usually does not permit the

salvage of a sunken ship, either by raising or by cutting it up for scrap. When time is essential, dispersal of

the sunken ship by demolition is the most effective way of clearing the harbor or channel. The hull is

dispersed by placing heavy demolition charges inside each end of the hull and one heavy charge in the

center. Detonation of the charges is simultaneous. Usually the heavy planking or frames take most of the

ribs and frames with it, forcing the hull outward by the explosion. Ribs or frames left standing must be cut

individually.

SETTLEMENT

G-7. Explosives can be used to prevent the ship from settling on the bottom. Explosives can also be used

to make the ship settle farther on the bottom.

Prevention. When a ship is to be salvaged, the bottom can be compacted beneath it to prevent

further settling. This is done by driving detonating powder points into the bottom around the

hull. For this purpose, the powder points should be loaded with an explosive with a low rate of

detonation, such as ammonium nitrate. Charges must be light enough so the hull of the ship is

not damaged.

Future settlement. When a ship resting on a sandy or muddy bottom is to be dispersed or

flattened, it should be settled as deeply as possible. Settle it by blowing holes in the hull along

the bottom to reduce the bearing surface. This allows the bottom material to ooze into the hull.

Added settling will result from increasing the weight of the ship by filling the voids with sand,

mud, or gravel through an airlift.

Note. Removing large sections of steel may require a surface crane or winch from the supported

unit.

IMPALEMENT BLASTING

G-8. Using explosives to remove an impaling point is a slow process. Extra caution should be used when

blasting rock or coral that is in contact with the hull of a watercraft. This will avoid driving the rock further

into the hull or inflicting shock wave damage on the ship. The only procedure feasible under such

circumstances is to begin with very small charges per shot. After each blast, the results are checked and

either the charge size is increased or the step is repeated by using the same size charge. Efforts to speed the

process are likely to cause additional damage. Engineer divers are trained to use special procedures and

techniques and are equipped to perform impalement-blasting operations.

G-2

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Underwater Demolitions

IMPALEMENT BLASTING OUTSIDE THE HULL

G-9. A hydraulic sinker drill is used to drill a pattern of small boreholes along the planned cut line,

leaving some holes uncharged. Relief holes will vent explosive pressure and increase the shattering effect

by decreasing the lateral burden about the charge (Figure G-1).

Figure G-1. Impalement Blasting Outside the Hull

G-10. A large internal patch of concrete is poured, if available, into a form inside the hull around the point

of impalement. This establishes a medium that transmits the explosive shock wave from the water through

the hull plate. Because the shock is absorbed and not reflected, larger charges per blast are possible without

causing damage.

WARNING

As always, even when concrete is being used, treat initial shots

as tests rather than one-shot solutions. Failure to comply could

result in immediate personal injury or damage to equipment.

G-11. Small charges (about 1/8 to 1/4 pound of explosives) are used initially. To avoid creating a large

shock wave, small charges are used in a delay sequence. This process is continued until the impaling point

is removed.

IMPALEMENT BLASTING WITHIN THE HULL

G-12. The pinnacle is attacked from within the ship when external access to the impaling point is dangerous

or impossible (Figure G-2, page G-4) The pinnacle is attacked by—

Cementing the rock to the hull so that it plugs the hole (Figure G-3, page G-4).

Note. The ship can then be freed by shattering small portions of the impaling point and breaking

the rock free, about 2 feet outside the hull, with each round of explosives.

Using a hydraulic sinker drill to drill a pattern of small boreholes along the planned cut line,

leaving some of the holes uncharged.

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

G-3

Underwater Demolitions

TRENCHING AND TUNNELING

G-13. Trenching and tunneling in a hard rock bottom requires the use of explosives. Such operations,

adjacent to a ship that is to be salvaged, must be done with charges light enough so that the ship itself will

not be damaged. After blasting in rock, an airlift may be needed to remove material (Figure G-4).

Figure G-4. Trenching and Tunneling With Explosives Alongside a Ship

POWDER POINTS

G-14. Powder points are constructed by driving or jetting pipes into the bottom of a harbor or channel and

then placing charges of composition C4 in the pipes. Charges are made above-water, then the diver places

them into the pipes. To construct powder points, use the following procedures:

Above-water.

Prepare the plastic explosive charges.

Tie a double overhand knot in detonating cord of sufficient length to lower the charge to the

bottom of the pipe.

Underwater.

Place the powder point perpendicular to the material to be moved.

Drive the powder point to a depth equal to that of the desired grade line, plus the distance

between the points.

Mold the knotted detonating cord into the top half of the prepared, plastic-explosive charge,

and place the charge into each pipe. Ensure that alternate points contain different charges so

that the detonation effects will not cancel each other.

Join individual charges together by a branchline, and connect them to the ring main. Attach

the ring main to the surface initiating system by using a double main line of detonating

cord.

BOREHOLES

G-15. When powder points cannot be used, place charges in boreholes spaced and staggered the same way

as powder points. Boreholes for powder charges are constructed by digging or by using a hydraulic sinker

drill. When a sinker drill is unavailable or time is limited, use small-shaped charges to blast small-diameter

holes into the rock or hard bottom. Boreholes are enlarged by using additional explosives.

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

G-5

Appendix G

CHANNEL ALTERATION

G-16. Channel alteration is an expanded trenching operation. The convenience of straight channels and

free, open anchorages for ship handling must be sacrificed to speed and the most expedient means of

making the harbor usable. Where a deep channel is necessary, a large amount of blasted bottom material

must be removed with the aid of dredging equipment for ultimate disposal (Figure G-5).

Figure G-5. Channel Alteration

POWDER POINTS

G-17. For constructing powder points, refer to paragraph G-14. The procedure described here is used as the

last procedure for completing underwater procedures (use this procedure for channel alteration only).

G-18. Widen or straighten a channel by placing a light charge along the bottom of the existing channel to

be detonated at the same time as the charges in the side being blasted. This prevents the material blasted

from the side from settling in the existing channel.

BOREHOLES

G-19. Where powder points cannot be used, place charges in boreholes that are spaced and staggered the

same way as powder points. The boreholes for powder charges are constructed by digging or by using a

hydraulic sinker drill. When a sinker drill is unavailable or time is limited, use small-shaped charges to

blast small-diameter holes into the rock or hard bottom. Boreholes are enlarged by using more explosives.

G-6

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Appendix G

Figure G-7. DWFA Board

DOUBLE-WATERPROOF FIRING ASSEMBLY BOARD OR BUBBLE WRAP PREFIRING

PROCEDURES

G-22. When performing prefiring procedures using DWFA board or bubble wrap, the following

precautions should be used:

Observe standard explosive and nonelectric firing-safety precautions.

Ensure that the DWFA remains on the surface of the water with the fuse igniter end securely

taped to board or bubble wrap.

Note. This prevents the rapid burning of the time fuse due to water pressure, which could cause

premature detonation.

Attach the DWFA to the support line or the strain relief buoy, then attach the detonating cord to

the blasting caps.

Untape the coils of the time fuse, and place them face down into the water to prevent them from

burning through.

Note. This could result in premature detonation.

Use multiple DWFAs on larger targets if necessary.

DETONATING CORD PREPARATION

G-23. The paragraphs below describe how to prepare detonating cord. Discussed is how to prepare a

support- or strain-relief line, an anchor, a detonating cord (doubling), and a marker buoy.

G-8

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Underwater Demolitions

SUPPORT- OR STRAIN-RELIEF LINE

G-24. The support- or strain-relief line is a strength member used to reinforce the firing train. It is attached

to the DWFA and runs down to either the target or an anchor on the bottom (Figure G-8).

Figure G-8. Typical Detonating Cord Preparation

G-25. To reduce the possibility of breaking the firing train due to tension on the detonating cord, a support-

or strain-relief line is connected to the detonating cord. The detonating cord is attached to the support or

strain-relief line with plastic tie straps (zip ties). The tie straps are attached about every 3 feet with a 2- to

3-inch catenary (slack) between connecting points. One of the following should be used to attach the

detonating cord to the trunk line:

Gregory knot.

Girth hitch with an extra turn connection.

Detonating cord connector with a right-angle connection.

Note. Several unconventional knots can be used, such as the Gregory knot and right-angle knot

connection, to attach the detonating cord to the trunk line.

ANCHOR

G-26. The support or strain-relief line is attached with detonating cord to the target or to an anchor as close

to the main charge as possible. This will avoid cap-and-charge separation due to wave action, current, and

so forth.

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

G-9

Appendix H

Attacking Bridges With Demolitions

The attack methods in this appendix are for the most common bridge types; however,

they are not all inclusive. When faced with unusual construction methods or materials

(for example, hayricks that are linear shaped charges used by host NATO countries),

the responsible engineer should adapt one of the recommended methods or

recategorize the bridge as a miscellaneous bridge and design the demolition using the

principles discussed in Chapter 4. Use Tables H-1 through H-3, pages H-1 through

H-3, to determine the required clearance to prevent jamming. Use Table H-4, pages

H-4 through H-8, and Table H-5, pages H-9 through H-15, for the attack methods.

Table H-1. Minimum E_R Values For Bottom Attack (Percent)

H/L

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.10

E_R/L

0.0002

0.0008

0.0020

0.0030

0.0050

0.0070

0.0100

0.0130

0.0160

0.0200

H/L

0.11

0.12

0.13

0.14

0.15

0.16

0.17

0.18

0.19

0.20

E_R/L

0.0240

0.0290

0.0340

0.0390

0.0440

0.0500

0.0570

0.0630

0.0700

0.0770

where—

H = beam, truss, and bow depth in meters (includes the deck)

L = length of span for attack measured from end to end of the longitudinal members which support the deck

in meters

E_R = required end clearance in meters

Notes.

1. Go UP to the next higher value if the result of H/L is not on the chart exactly as calculated. For example, H/L = 0.076,

use the column headed 0.08. Read down that column to determine E_R/L. In this case, E_R/L = 0.0130.

2. Multiply the E_R/L value determined from the chart by L to get E_R.

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

H-1

Appendix H

Table H-2. Minimum L_C Values For Top Attack (Midspan)

L_s

----

( ^C

)

Ratio of Section Removed to Span Length

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.010

0.012

0.014

0.016

0.018

0.020

0.030

0.040

0.050

0.060

0.080

0.100

0.01

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.009

0.010

0.011

0.013

0.015

0.02

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

0.009

0.010

0.011

0.012

0.015

0.017

0.019

0.022

0.026

0.030

0.03

0.008

0.009

0.011

0.012

0.014

0.015

0.016

0.017

0.018

0.022

0.026

0.029

0.033

0.039

0.045

0.04

0.011

0.013

0.015

0.016

0.018

0.019

0.021

0.022

0.023

0.029

0.034

0.039

0.043

0.052

0.060

0.05

0.013

0.016

0.018

0.020

0.022

0.024

0.026

0.028

0.029

0.036

0.043

0.049

0.054

0.065

0.075

0.06

0.015

0.019

0.022

0.025

0.027

0.029

0.031

0.033

0.035

0.044

0.051

0.058

0.065

0.078

0.090

0.07

0.018

0.022

0.026

0.029

0.031

0.034

0.036

0.039

0.041

0.051

0.060

0.068

0.076

0.091

0.105

0.08

0.021

0.025

0.029

0.033

0.036

0.039

0.042

0.044

0.047

0.058

0.068

0.078

0.087

0.104

0.120

0.09

0.023

0.028

0.033

0.037

0.040

0.044

0.047

0.050

0.053

0.065

0.077

0.087

0.097

0.116

0.135

0.10

0.026

0.032

0.036

0.041

0.045

0.049

0.052

0.055

0.058

0.073

0.085

0.097

0.108

0.129

0.150

0.11

0.028

0.035

0.040

0.045

0.049

0.053

0.057

0.061

0.064

0.080

0.094

0.107

0.119

0.142

0.165

0.12

0.031

0.038

0.044

0.049

0.054

0.058

0.062

0.066

0.070

0.087

0.102

0.116

0.130

0.155

0.180

0.13

0.033

0.041

0.047

0.053

0.058

0.063

0.067

0.072

0.076

0.095

0.111

0.126

0.140

0.168

0.195

0.14

0.036

0.044

0.051

0.057

0.063

0.068

0.073

0.077

0.082

0.102

0.119

0.136

0.151

0.181

0.210

0.15

0.038

0.047

0.054

0.061

0.067

0.073

0.078

0.083

0.088

0.109

0.128

0.145

0.162

0.194

0.225

0.16

0.041

0.050

0.058

0.065

0.072

0.078

0.083

0.088

0.093

0.116

0.136

0.155

0.173

0.207

0.240

0.17

0.043

0.053

0.062

0.069

0.076

0.082

0.088

0.094

0.099

0.124

0.145

0.165

0.184

0.220

0.255

0.18

0.046

0.056

0.065

0.073

0.080

0.087

0.093

0.099

0.105

0.131

0.154

0.175

0.194

0.233

0.270

0.19

0.049

0.060

0.069

0.077

0.085

0.092

0.099

0.105

0.111

0.138

0.162

0.184

0.205

0.246

0.285

0.20

0.051

0.063

0.073

0.081

0.089

0.097

0.104

0.110

0.117

0.145

0.171

0.194

0.216

0.259

0.300

Note. If the results of L_s/L or H/L are not on the chart exactly as calculated, go UP to the next higher value on the chart. For

example, if H/L = 0.021, use 0.03; if L_s/L = 0.0142, use 0.016. Intersect the L_s/L and H/L values on the chart to get the value

of L_C/L. Multiply the L_C/L value by L to get L_C.

H-2

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Attacking Bridges With Demolitions

Table H-3. Minimum L_C Values For Arch and Pinned-Footing Bridge Attacks

H/L

0.040

0.060

0.080

0.100

0.120

0.140

0.160

0.180

0.200

L_C/L

0.003

0.007

0.013

0.020

0.030

0.040

0.053

0.067

0.083

H/L

0.220

0.240

0.260

0.280

0.300

0.320

0.340

0.360

—

L_C/L

0.100

0.130

0.150

0.170

0.200

0.230

0.270

0.300

—

where—

H = rise for arch or portal bridges (measure the rise) [in meters] from the springing or bottom of the support

leg to the deck or top of the arch, whichever is greater)

L = length of span for attack between the centerlines of the bearings (in meters)

L_C = required length of the span removed (in meters)

Note. If the result of H/L is not on the chart exactly as calculated, go UP to the next higher value on the chart. For example,

if H/L = 0.089, use 0.100 to determine L_C/L. In this case, L_C/L = 0.02. Multiply the L_C/L value by L to get L_C. For example,

0.02 x L = L_C.

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

H-3

Appendix H

Table H-4. Attack Methods on Simply Supported Bridges

Sub-

Serial

Type

Attack Method

Remarks

category

Top attack:

Through

Steel

bridge,

None

beam

Method I

1. Cut at the midspan.

2. Cut the beams, including the bottom flange in a

“V.”

3. Do not consider cutting the deck.

Bottom attack: E is greater than E_R

Through

Steel

bridge,

None

beam

Method II

1. Cut at the midspan to 0.75H, as shown.

2. Cut the deck across the full bridge width.

Angled attack:

Through

End clearance

Steel

bridge,

is not a

beam

Method III

consideration.

1. Cut between the 1/3 span and the midspan.

2. Cut the deck across the full bridge width.

Bottom attack: E is less than E_R

Through

1. Cut at the midspan to 0.75H.

Steel

bridge,

2. Cut the deck across the full bridge width.

None

beam

Method IV

3. Attack one abutment or pier to create sufficient end

clearance.

Top attack:

Through

Steel

bridge,

None

beam

Method V

1. Cut at the midspan.

2. Cut the bridge as shown where the deck is located

well above the beam bottom.

3. Do not consider cutting the deck.

H-4

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Attacking Bridges With Demolitions

Table H-4. Attack Methods on Simply Supported Bridges

Sub-

Serial

Type

Attack Method

Remarks

category

Angled attack:

Configuration

found in

cantilever and

Deck

Steel

suspended-

bridge, top

beam

span bridges.

support

1. Cut between the 1/3 span and the midspan.

2. End

2. Cut the deck across the full bridge width.

clearance is

not a

consideration.

Bottom attack: E is greater than E_R

Deck

bridge,

Steel

bottom

None

beam

support,

Method I

1. Cut at the midspan.

2. Do not consider cutting the deck.

Deck

Bottom attack: E is less than E_R

bridge,

1. Cut at the midspan.

Steel

bottom

2. Do not consider cutting the deck.

None

beam

support,

3. Attack one abutment or pier to create sufficient end

Method II

clearance.

Angled attack:

Deck

bridge,

End clearance

Steel

bottom

is not a

beam

support,

consideration.

Method III

1. Cut between the 1/3 span and the midspan.

2. Cut the deck across the full bridge width.

Top attack:

Through

Steel

bridge,

None

truss

Method I

1. Cut at the midspan.

2. Cut the top chord twice, vertically (if necessary),

diagonals, and bottom chord.

3. Remove the wind bracing over the midspan.

4. Do not consider cutting the deck.

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

H-5

Appendix H

Table H-4. Attack Methods on Simply Supported Bridges

Sub-

Serial

Type

Attack Method

Remarks

category

Angled attack:

Through

Steel

bridge,

None

truss

Method II

1. Cut between the 1/3 span and the midspan.

2. Cut the top chord, diagonals, and bottom chord in

one bay only.

3. Cut the deck across the full bridge width.

Bottom attack:

Configuration

found in

cantilever and

Deck

Steel

1. Cut between the 1/3 span and the midspan.

suspended-

bridge, top

truss

2. Cut the top chord, diagonals, and bottom chord in

span bridges.

support

one bay only.

2. End

3. Do not consider cutting the deck.

clearance is

not a

consideration.

Bottom attack: E is greater than E_R

Deck

bridge,

Steel

bottom

None

truss

support,

1. Cut at the midspan.

Method I

2. Cut the top chord, diagonals, and bottom chord in

one bay only.

3. Do not consider cutting the deck.

Bottom attack: E is less than E_R

Deck

1. Cut at the midspan.

bridge,

2. Cut the top chord, diagonals, and bottom chord in

Steel

bottom

one bay only.

None

truss

support,

3. Do not consider cutting the deck.

Method II

4. Attack one abutment or pier to create sufficient end

clearance.

Angled attack:

Deck

bridge,

End clearance

Steel

bottom

is not a

truss

support,

consideration.

Method III

1. Cut between the 1/3 span and midspan.

2. Cut the deck across the full bridge width.

Bottom attack:

This method

Through

Concrete

applies to slab

bridge

bridges only.

1. Cut at the midspan.

2. Cut the deck across the full bridge width.

H-6

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Attacking Bridges With Demolitions

Table H-4. Attack Methods on Simply Supported Bridges

Sub-

Serial

Type

Attack Method

Remarks

category

Configuration

Top attack:

found in

cantilever and

suspended-

Deck

span bridges.

Concrete

bridge, top

2. Remove

support

Cut at the midspan with a concrete-stripping charge.

concrete for L_C

distance to the

full width and

depth of

beams.

Bottom attack: E is greater than E_R

1. This method

applies to slab

Deck

bridges only.

bridge,

2. Sufficient

Concrete

bottom

reinforcing bars

support,

are cut to

Method I

Cut at the midspan with hayricks.*

cause bridge

collapse.

Deck

Bottom attack: E is less than E_R

bridge,

This method

1. Cut at the midspan with hayricks.*

Concrete

bottom

applies to slab

2. Attack one abutment or pier to create a sufficient

support,

bridges only.

end clearance.

Method II

Top attack: E is less than E_R

Remove

Deck

concrete for L_C

bridge,

distance to full

Concrete

bottom

width and

support,

depth of

Method III

beams.

Cut at the midspan with a concrete-stripping charge.

Top attack:

Bowstring

Normal

None

1. Cut at the midspan.

2. Cut the bow in two places.

3. Cut all hangers between the bow cuts.

4. Do not consider cutting the deck.

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

H-7

Attacking Bridges With Demolitions

Table H-5. Attack Methods on Continuous Bridges

Sub-

Serial

Type

Attack Method

Remarks

category

1. Cutting

Two cuts:

the anchor

span may

require a

two-stage

attack.

Concrete

Cantilever

2. Use a

1. Cut the anchor span as closely to the pier as practical.

concrete-

2. Cut the midspan shear joint.

stripping

charge for

the first

stage.

1. Cutting

the anchor

span may

require a

two-stage

attack.

One cut:

2. Use a

concrete-

stripping

charge for

the first

Cantilever

stage.

and

3. If

Concrete

suspended

demolition of

span

the

suspended

span will

create the

Cut the anchor as closely to the pier as practical.

desired

obstacle,

regard the

span as

simply

supported

and attack

accordingly.

1. Cutting

longer

One cut:

spans may

require a

Beam or

two-stage

truss with

attack.

Concrete

short side

2. Use a

span

concrete-

stripping

1. Cut interior span so y is greater than 1.25x.

charge for

2. If necessary, cut other interior spans as in Serial 4.

the first

stage.

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

H-9

Appendix H

Table H-5. Attack Methods on Continuous Bridges

Sub-

Serial

Type

Attack Method

Remarks

category

1. Cutting

Two or more cuts:

these spans

may require

a two-stage

Beam or

attack.

truss without

Concrete

2. Use a

short side

concrete-

span

stripping

Cut the interior span so y is greater than 1.25x.

charge for

the first

stage.

Two cuts:

1. Cutting

these spans

may require

a two-stage

attack.

Portal, fixed

Concrete

2. Use a

footing

concrete-

stripping

charge for

Cut the span twice, close to the pier.

the first

stage.

Strip concrete:

1. Remove

all concrete

for L_c.

2. A one-

stage attack

should be

adequate.

Portal,

3. When

Concrete

pinned

footing

conditions

are

unknown,

use Serial 5.

4. For L_c use

Table H-3,

Remove concrete from the midspan over length L_C with a

page H-3.

concrete-stripping charge.

Strip concrete:

1. Applies to

arches

greater than

35 meters.

Arch, open

2. A one-

spandrel,

Concrete

stage attack

fixed footing,

should be

Method I

adequate.

3. For L_C

Remove the concrete from the midspan over the length

use

of L_cwith a concrete-stripping charge.

Table H-3.

H-10

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Attacking Bridges With Demolitions

Table H-5. Attack Methods on Continuous Bridges

Sub-

Serial

Type

Attack Method

Remarks

category

Strip concrete:

1. Applies to

arches less

than

35 meters.

Arch, open

2. A one-

spandrel,

stage attack

Concrete

fixed footing,

should be

Method II

adequate.

3. For L_C

use

1. Remove the concrete from the midspan over the length

Table H-3,

of L_Cwith a concrete-stripping charge.

page H-3.

2. Attack springing with hayricks* at the top face of the

arch ring.

1. This is an

alternative

to Method II,

Four cuts:

applies to

arches less

than

35 meters.

2. Two-

Arch, open

stage attack

spandrel,

will probably

Concrete

fixed footing,

be required.

Method III

3. Use a

concrete-

stripping

charge for

the first

stage.

4. For L_C

use

Table H-3.

Strip concrete:

1. A one-

stage attack

Arch, open

should be

spandrel,

Concrete

adequate.

pinned

2. For L_C

footing

use

Table H-3.

Remove concrete from the midspan over the length of

L_Cwith a concrete-stripping charge.

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

H-11

Appendix H

Table H-5. Attack Methods on Continuous Bridges

Sub-

Serial

Type

Attack Method

Remarks

category

Strip concrete:

1. This

applies to

arches of

span greater

than

35 meters

Arch, solid

only.

spandrel,

Concrete

2. A one-

fixed footing,

stage attack

Method I

should be

Remove the concrete from the midspan over the length

adequate.

of L_Cwith a concrete-stripping charge.

3. For L_C

use

Table H-3,

page H-3.

Strip concrete:

1. Applies to

arches less

than

35 meters.

Arch, solid

2. A one-

spandrel,

Concrete

stage attack

fixed footing,

should be

Method II

1. Remove concrete from the midspan over the length

adequate.

of L_Cwith a concrete-stripping charge.

3. For L_C

2. Attack both springing points with concrete-stripping

use

charges.

Table H-3.

Against the bottom face of the arch ring.

Against the top face (must remove the fill beneath

the roadway to access the arch ring).

Strip concrete:

1. A one-

stage attack

Arch, solid

should be

spandrel,

Concrete

adequate.

pinned

2. For L_C

footing

use

Table H-3.

Remove concrete from the midspan over the length of

L_Cwith a concrete-stripping charge.

Two cuts:

Steel

Cantilever

None

1. Cut the anchor span as closely to the pier as practical.

2. Cut the midspan shear joints.

H-12

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Attacking Bridges With Demolitions

Table H-5. Attack Methods on Continuous Bridges

Sub-

Serial

Type

Attack Method

Remarks

category

If demolition

One cut:

of the

suspended

span will

create the

Cantilever

desired

and

Steel

obstacle,

suspended

regard the

span

span as

simply

Cut anchor span as closely to the pier as practical.

supported,

and attack

accordingly.

One cut:

Beam or

truss with

Steel

None

short side

span

1. Cut the interior span so y is greater than 1.25x.

2. If necessary, cut other interior spans as in Serial 17.

Two or more cuts:

Beam or

truss without

Steel

None

short side

span

Cut spans so y is greater than 1.25x.

Two cuts:

Portal, fixed

Steel

None

footing

Cut the span twice and close to the piers.

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

H-13

Appendix J

Table J-1. DES Materials

Materials

Sources

Adapter, priming

1375-00-565-4141

Bag, carrying M85

NSN/local purchase

Bag, plastic, 12 by 12 in

8105-00-837-7757

Box, cardboard, 7 by 1 3/4 by 1 3/4 in

Local purchase

Box, cardboard, 11 3/4 by 2 1/4 by 2 1/4 in

Local purchase

Box, wooden, bangalore torpedo

TSC/DRMO

Box, wooden, cratering charge

TSC/DRMO

Box, wooden, dynamite

TSC/DRMO

Box, wooden, M112

TSC/DRMO

Box, wooden, M118 (sheet explosive)

TSC/DRMO

Box, wooden, M183

TSC/DRMO

Box, wooden, M3

TSC/DRMO

Box, wooden, M2A3

TSC/DRMO

Box, wooden, M5A1

TSC/DRMO

Box, wooden, TNT

TSC/DRMO

Cap, blasting, electric

1375-00-756-1865

Cap, blasting, nonelectric

1375-00-756-1864

Cap, plastic end, 1 1/4 in

Local purchase

Cap, plastic end, 2 1/8 in

Local purchase

Cap, plastic end, 7 in

Local purchase

Chalk, field marking

Local purchase

Charge, shaped, metal, M2A3

Local fabrication

Charge, shaped, metal, M3

Local fabrication

Clay, pottery, moist

Local purchase

Cord, detonating

1375-00-965-0800

Coupling, plastic, 3/4 in

4730-00-472-5056

Coupling, plastic, 1 in

4730-00-472-5058

Fuse, time

1375-00-628-9033

Glue, super

8040-00-142-9193

Holder, blasting cap, M8

1375-00-926-4105

Label, bangalore torpedo DES, 3/8 in and 1 1/4 in

TSC

Label, cratering charges DES, 3/8 in and 1 1/4 in

TSC

Label, dynamite DES, 3/8 in and 1 1/4 in

TSC

Label, M112 DES, 3/8 in and 1 1/4 in

TSC

Label, M118 DES, 3/8 in and 1 1/4 in (sheet

TSC

explosive)

Label, M183 DES, 3/8 in and 1 1/4 in

TSC

J-2

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Demolition Effects Simulator Materials

Table J-1. DES Materials

Materials

Sources

Label, M5A1 DES, 3/8 in and 1 1/4 in

TSC

Label, TNT DES, 3/8 in and 1 1/4 in

TSC

Label, shaped charge, 15 lb, DES, 3/8 in and 1 1/4 in

TSC

Label, shaped charge, 40 lb, DES, 3/8 in and 1 1/4 in

TSC

M2 crimpers

5120-00-029-0683

Matting, floor, 1/8 in

7220-01-025-1695

Oil, mineral

Local purchase

Sand

Local purchase

Sandbag

Local purchase

String

NSN

Tape, clear

7510-00-995-0455

Tape, duct, green

7510-00-074-5124

Tape, electrical, black

5970-00-419-4291

Tape, fabric, olive drab green

7510-00-266-5016

Tape, fabric, red

7510-00-074-4969

Tape, PSA

7510-01-057-0096

Tube, cardboard, 10 by 2 1/8 in

Local purchase

Tube, cardboard, 12 by 2 1/8 in

Local purchase

Tube, cardboard, 24 by 7 in

Local purchase

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

J-3

Appendix K

Table K-1. Commander’s Risk Assessment for Live Demolitions

Hazards

Probability

Severity

Overall

Countermeasures

1. Charging the preparation area.

Demolition instructors supervise closely.

a. Issue demolitions. The

Charges are primed with detonating cord

demolition is dropped, mishandled,

knots only. Demolition instructors control

or accidentally discharged.

the caps.

b. Construct the charges.

The OIC ensures proper storage; for

(1) The explosives are stored

example, the MDI is stored in a separate

improperly.

bunker from explosives.

The training and PE are conducted in the

(2) The charge has too much

classroom. Charges are issued to the

demolition.

Soldiers in correct size by the NCOIC of

the range.

The demolition instructors control the

(3) The charge detonates

caps; one-to-one supervision when using

during construction.

caps and placement.

The training and PE are conducted in the

(4) The charge is not primed

classroom. Demolition instructors

correctly.

supervise and check each charge.

(5) An accident occurs due to

The instructions in this FM and FM 5-34

the improper construction of

should be followed. Excess use of

the field-expedient demolition.

blasting caps should be eliminated.

2. Moving to a detonation area.

The Soldier attends a safety briefing on

watching where to step and range walk

a. A Soldier trips.

only; no running. Troops should not be

overloaded.

The movement on the range should be

b. A Soldier drops or mishandles

slowed down. The demolition instructor

the demolition.

has control of the caps. Caps should be

carried separately from the demolitions.

3. Preparing the final demolition charges.

The training and the PE are conducted in

a. A low-strength cap is used

the classroom. Demolition instructors

instead of a high-strength cap.

issue the caps and supervise the

crimping.

b. The cap received a shock

Slow down movement on the range.

during preparation or movement.

Carry caps in a protective case.

4. Detonating the charges.

Leaders conduct a headcount, and the

a. A Soldier is not accounted for.

range NCOIC verifies it. A safety briefing

is given to everyone on the range.

K-2

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Risk-Assessment Checklist

Table K-1. Commander’s Risk Assessment for Live Demolitions

Hazards

Probability

Severity

Overall

Countermeasures

Demolition instructors check the time

fuse system during construction. The

MSD is identified in the safety brief

b. A Soldier does not have

(bunkers). The Soldier initiates charges

enough time to reach safety.

only by taking commands from the safety

officer. Using MDI, command detonation

ensures that the transmission lines run to

the firing point.

The training and the PE are conducted in

the classroom. The safety officer

supervises the pulling of the fuse igniters

c. The fuse igniter fails to

and ensures that they are burning. If the

operate.

igniters are not burning, the safety officer

talks the Soldier through the correct

misfire procedures.

Ensure that all Soldiers are in the

bunkers or at the MSD before the blast.

d. Soldiers are hit by shrapnel or

Place guards with radios at the four

debris.

corners of the heavy range (road

intersections) when firing a mine or

bangalore.

Minimum personnel should be

e. The firing system detonates

downrange. The demolition instructor

prematurely.

supervises the construction of the firing

system.

Cease-fire and use the proper clearing

procedures according to this FM (wait 30

minutes). Clearing charges are available

f. The charge misfires.

at the assembly area. The safety officer

will clear the misfire or call EOD, as

appropriate.

The safety officer clears and ensures that

g. The misfire is not identified or

there are no misfires before letting the

not cleared.

Soldiers on the detonating portion of the

range.

One-to-one supervision is given when the

h. A Soldier improperly

Soldier constructs initiating sets.

constructs the initiation system.

Demolition instructors and the safety

officer will check all the work.

Before going downrange, wait 10 minutes

i. A Soldier does not wait for

after the blast. The RSO does all

sufficient time after the blast.

inspecting and clearing.

5. Controlling the range.

a. A stranger wanders onto the

Establish roadblocks and post guards

range.

according to the installation regulations.

The NCOIC only issues the demolition

needed for each serial. The safety officer

b. The blast limits are exceeded.

calls in the blast amount to range control

when requesting a blast window. All

Soldiers are briefed on the blast limits.

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

K-3

Appendix K

Table K-1. Commander’s Risk Assessment for Live Demolitions

Hazards

Probability

Severity

Overall

Countermeasures

The safety officer will be an E7 or above

and certified by range control. The safety

c. The RSO or the demolition

officer will be solely dedicated to

instructors fail to follow procedures.

observing safety. All demolition

instructors are thoroughly briefed and

rehearsed on their duties.

Store demolition in earth-covered

culverts. No smoking or open flames

permitted within 50 feet of the culverts.

d. Demolitions stored improperly

Do not leave demolitions in the bunkers

cause an accident due to

overnight. Evacuate the area if the

detonation.

demolitions ignite. Store caps in a

separate bunker from the demolitions.

(See AR 385-63.)

All demolition instructors and the safety

e. An accident occurs due to

officer will have a current range safety

inexperienced range personnel.

card with a demolitions certification

stamp.

Conduct a safety briefing. Identify

f. A Soldier gets poison ivy or

Soldiers allergic to these items or insects

oak, has an allergic reaction to an

and ensure that they have the proper

insect sting or bite, or is bitten by a

medication with them (such as bee-sting

snake.

kits). Avoid poisonous plants and

animals.

Ensure that leaders and Soldiers monitor

each other for signs or symptoms.

Ensure that water is on the site. Warm up

g. A Soldier receives a cold- or

the tent, if needed. Dress according to

hot-weather injury.

the weather. Follow guidance according

to heat and wind-chill categories.

Conduct a safety briefing.

h. A Soldier receives an injury

Have a first aid bag present with the

requiring first aid.

combat medic.

i. A Soldier receives a serious

Maintain communications with range

injury requiring medical evacuation.

control to call for an ambulance.

K-4

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Risk-Assessment Checklist

Table K-2. Factors

Severity

Level

Results

Death or permanent total disability, system loss, or major property damage.

Catastrophic

Loss of ability to accomplish assigned mission.

Permanent partial disability, temporary total disability in excess of 3 months,

major system damage, or significant property damage.

Critical

Significantly degrades mission capability in terms of required “mission”

standards.

Minor injury, lost workday, accident, compensable injury or illness, minor

Marginal

system damage, or minor property damage.

Degrades mission capabilities in terms of required “mission” standards.

First aid or minor supportive medical treatment or minor system impairment.

Negligible

Little or no impact on “mission” accomplishment.

Probability

Level

Results

For an individual Soldier or item, this occurs often in the Soldier’s career or

Frequent

equipment service life.

For all Soldiers exposed or item inventory, this is continuously experienced.

For an individual Soldier or item, this occurs several times in the Soldier’s

Likely

career or equipment service life.

For all Soldiers exposed or item inventory, this occurs frequently.

For an individual Soldier or item, this occurs sometime in the Soldier’s career

or equipment service life.

Occasional

For all Soldiers exposed or item inventory, this occurs sporadically or several

times in inventory service life.

For an individual Soldier or item, it is possible to occur in the Soldier’s career

or equipment service life.

Remote

For all Soldiers exposed or item inventory, there is a remote chance of

occurrence; expected to occur sometime in inventory service life.

For an individual Soldier or item, one can assume it will occur in the Soldier’s

career or equipment service life.

Unlikely

For all Soldiers exposed or item inventory, it is possible but improbable;

occurs only very rarely.

Table K-3. Severity of Training

Probability

Severity

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

K-5

Glossary

SECTION I - ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ABCA

American, British, Canadian, and Australian

AFR

Air Force regulation

AFV

armored fighting vehicle

antipersonnel

approx

approximately

Army regulation

ARNG

Army National Guard

ARNGUS

Army National Guard of the United States

ASP

ammunition supply point

antitank

attn

attention

AVLB

armored-vehicle-launched bridge

AWG

American wire gauge

B&S

Brown & Sharpe

bde

brigade

battalion

BOM

bill of materials

composition C4

CCW

Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons

CFR

Code of Federal Regulations

chg

charge

centimeter(s)

company

COE

contemporary operational environment

COL

colonel

contd

continued

crypto

cryptography

CTP

crimp, tie, prime

cubic

Department of the Army

demo

demolition

DES

demolition effects simulator

div

division

DOD

Department of Defense

DODAC

Department of Defense ammunition code

DODIC

Department of Defense identification code

DRMO

Defense Reutilization and Marketing Office

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

Glossary-1

Glossary

DSN

defense switching network

depleted uranium

DWFA

double waterproof firing assembly

E-7

sergeant first class

each

ECT

explosive cutting tape

EFP

explosively formed penetrator

enl

enlisted

EMP

electromagnetic pulse

engineer

engr

engineer

EOD

explosive ordnance disposal

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency

equip

equipment

Fahrenheit

FBE

fighting position excavator

flex

flexible

FLSC

flexible linear shape charge

field manual

FMFM

fleet Marine force manual

FPE

fighting position excavator

feet; foot

ft/sec

feet per second; foot per second

gram(s)

g/sq in

gram(s) per square inch

gal

gallon(s)

GEMSS

ground-emplaced mine scattering system

general purpose

gm/sq in

gram(s) per square inch

grain(s)

gr/ft

grain(s) per foot

general services

high capacity

high explosive

HEAT

high-explosive antitank

hex

hexagon

HMMWV

high-mobility, multipurpose wheeled vehicle

HMX

cyclotetramethylene tetramitramine

hour(s)

http

hypertext transfer protocol

IED

Improvied explosive device

Glossary-2

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Glossary

inch(es)

int

intelligence

intravenous

joint publication

kilogram(s)

kilowatt(s)

lin

linear

pound(s)

meter(s)

MANSCEN

Maneuver Support Center

max

maximum

MCO

Marine Corps order

MCRP

Marine Corps reference publication

MDI

modernized demolition initiator

MGB

medium girder bridge

MICLIC

mine-clearing line charge

mil

military

min

minute(s)

millimeter(s)

mod

modification

MSD

minimum safe distance

not applicable

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NAVSEA

Navy Sea Systems Command

NCO

noncommissioned officer

NCOIC

noncommissioned officer in charge

NEW

net-explosive weight

No.

number

NSN

national stock number

OIC

officer in charge

OPNAVINST

Chief of Naval Operations instruction

ounce(s)

practice exercise

PETN

pentaerythrite tetranitrate

PIR

passive infrared

pkg

package

POL

petroleum, oils, and lubricants

PSA

pressure sensitive adhesive

quality distance

QSTAG

Quadripartite Standardization Agreement

qty

quantity

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

Glossary-3

Glossary

RCRA

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

RDX

cyclotrimethlenetrinitramine (commercial name, cyclonite)

relative effectiveness

REPP

reusuable environmental protective pack

ROE

rules of engagement

RSO

range safety officer

RWBK

rapid wall-breaching kit

S&A

safe and arm

SCG

storage compatibility group

sec

second(s)

SLAM

selectable lightweight attack munition

SOF

special operations forces

SOP

standing operating procedure

special purpose

square

SSG

staff sergeant

STANAG

standardization agreement

TEOC

TeleEngineering Operations Center

technical manual

TNT

trinitrotoluene

TRADOC

United States Army Training and Doctrine Command

TSC

Training Support Center

telegraphic transfer

United Nation

U.S.

United States

USACE

United States Army Corps of Engineers

USAR

United States Army Reserve

UXO

unexploded explosive ordnance

weight

white phosphorous

SECTION II - TERMS

blast effect

(joint) Destruction of or damage to structures and personnel by the force of an explosion on or above

the surface of the ground. Blast effect may be contrasted with the cratering and ground-shock effects of

a projectile or charge that goes off beneath the surface. (JP 1-02) (FM 1-02)

demolition

(NATO) The destruction of structures, facilities, or material by use of fire, water, explosives,

mechanical, or other means. (FM 1-02)

demolition chamber

Glossary-4

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Glossary

(joint, NATO) Space intentionally provided in a structure for the emplacement of explosive charges.

(JP 1-02)

demolition firing party

(joint) The party at the site that is technically responsible for the demolition and that actually initiates

detonation or fires the demolitions. See also demolition guard. (JP 1-02) (FM 1-02)

demolition guard

(joint, NATO) A local force positioned to ensure that a target is not captured by an enemy before

orders are given for its demolition and before the demolition has been successfully fired. The

commander of the demolition guard is responsible for the tactical control of all troops at the demolition

site, including the demolition firing party. The commander of the demolition guard is responsible for

transmitting the order to fire to the demolition firing party. (FM 1-02) (JP 1-02)

demolition kit

(joint, NATO) The demolition tool kit complete with explosives. (JP 1-02)

*demolition obstacle

An obstacle created by using explosives.

*demolition plan

Documentation with data required for the preparation of a single demolition.

demolition target

(joint, NATO) A target of known military interest identified for possible future demolition. (JP 1-02)

detonating cord

(joint, NATO) A waterproof, flexible fabric tube containing a high explosive designed to transmit the

detonation wave. (JP 1-02)

detonator

(joint, NATO) A device containing a sensitive explosive intended to produce a detonation wave.

(JP 1-02)

dual-firing circuit

(joint, NATO) An assembly comprising two independent firing systems, both electric or both non

electric, so that the firing of either system will detonate all charges. (JP 1-02)

dud

(joint, NATO) Explosive munition which has not been armed as intended or which has failed to

explode after being armed. (JP 1-02)

explosive ordnance disposal

(joint, NATO) The detection, identification, on-site evaluation, rendering safe, recovery, and final

disposal of unexploded explosive ordnance. It may also include explosive ordnance which has become

hazardous by damage or deterioration. Also called EOD. (JP 1-02)

fire

(joint, NATO) 1. The command given to discharge a weapon(s). 2. To detonate the main explosive

charge by means of a firing system. (JP 1-02) (FM 1-02)

firing circuit

(joint, NATO) 1. In land operations, an electrical circuit and/or pyrotechnic loop designed to detonate

connected charges from a firing point. 2. In naval mine warfare, that part of a mine circuit which either

completes the detonator circuit or operates a ship counter. (JP 1-02)

fuze

(NATO) A device which initiates an explosive train. (FM 1-02)

main detonating line

(joint, NATO) In demolition, a line of detonating cord used to transmit the detonation wave to two or

more branches. (JP 1-02)

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

Glossary-5

References

SOURCES USED

These are the sources quoted or paraphrased in this publication.

ARMY PUBLICATIONS

AR 75-14, Interservice Responsibilities for Explosive Ordnance Disposal (OPNAVINST 3027.1G;

AFR 136-8; MCO 8027.1D), 14 February 1992

AR 385-63, Range Safety {MCO 3570.1B}, 19 May 2003

AR 385-64, U.S. Army Explosives Safety Program, 1 February 2000

DA Pamphlet 385-63, Range Safety, 10 April 2003

DA Pamphlet 385-64, Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards, 15 December 1999

FM 1-02, Operational Terms and Graphics {MCRP 5-12A}, 21 September 2004

FM 3-34.210, Explosive Hazards Operations, 27 March 2007

FM 3-34.465, Quarry Operations, 15 April 2005

FM 4-30.1, Munitions Distribution in the Theater of Operations, 16 December 2003

FM 4-30.51, Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) Procedures {MCRP 3-17.2A}, 13 July 2006

FM 5-19, Composite Risk Management, 21 August 2006

FM 5-34, Engineer Field Data {MCRP 3-17A}, 19 July 2005

TM 9-1300-214, Military Explosives, 20 September 1984

TM 9-1375-213-12, Operator’s and Unit Maintenance Manual (Including Repair Parts and Special

Tools List): Demolition Materials, 30 March 1973

TM 9-1375-213-34&P, Direct Support and General Support Maintenance Manual (Including Repair

Parts and Special Tool Lists) for Demolition Materials, 29 February 1996

TM 43-0001-38, Army Ammunition Data Sheets for Demolition Materials, 25 July 1994

JOINT PUBLICATIONS

JP 1-02. Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, 12 April 2001

MISCELLANEOUS

Volume 23, Chapter I, Part 266, Subpart M, Title 40, CFR, Protection of Environment, 1 July 2002

DoD Consolidated Ammunition Supply Catalog

Military Munitions Rule: Hazardous Waste Identification and Management; Explosives Emergencies;

Manifest Exemption for Transport of Hazardous Waste on Right-of-Way on Contiguous

Properties, 12 August 1997

NAVSEA SW060-AA-MMA-010, Demolition Materials, 1 October 1995

NAVSEA SW061-AA-MMA-010, Use of Explosives in Underwater Salvage,1 January 1994

Public Law 94-580, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 21 October 1976

Federal Compliance Act, Section 107, Munitions, 1992

United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, 2 December 1983

STANDARDIZATION AGREEMENTS

STANAG 2017 (ENGR), Edition 4. Orders to the Demolition Guard Commander and Demolition

Firing Party Commander (Non-Nuclear), 28 January 1999

STANAG 2077 (INT), Edition 5. Orders of Battle, 1 February 1995

STANAG 2123 (ENGR), Edition 2. Obstacle Folder, 30 November 1984

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

References-1

Index

arch, 4-19

concrete, 7-15

beam or truss, 4-17

concrete stripping, 4-6

abutments

cantilever, 4-16

detonating cord, 3-32

5 feet thick or less, 4-25

cantilever and suspended-

detonating cord linear, 7-9

over 20 feet high, 4-27

span, 4-17

diamond, 3-16

over 5 feet thick, 4-26

masonry arch, 4-19

doughnut, 7-26

portal, 4-18

dust initiator, D-4

aerial bombs, C-3

reconnaissance, 4-20

grapeshot, D-3

alternate expedient flame

floating

improvised cratering, D-4

fougasse using steel wool,

pneumatic, 4-24

M3A1 shaped demolition,

D-7

rigid pontoons, 4-24

1-10

artillery shells (nonnuclear),

miscellanous, 4-21

minefield breaching, 2-83

C-3

movable, 4-22

oval, 7-11

attack

bailey, 4-24

platter, D-2

bottom, 4-2

bascule, 4-22

ribbon, 3-14

top, 4-3

floating, 4-23

rubber strip, 7-16

swing span, 4-22

saddle, 3-15

vertical lift, 4-23

shaped, D-1

bangalore torpedo, 5-21

suspension-span, 4-21

silhouette, 7-11

simply supported, 4-10

springing, 3-32

battery and dry cell, E-4

bowstring, 4-12

steel-cutting, 2-78, 3-9

blast effects, 6-6

concrete-beam or slab,

timber-cutting, 2-81, 3-4

blasting cap

4-11

external, 3-5

attaching to detonating

reconnaissance, 4-13

internal, 3-4

cord, 2-27

steel-beam, 4-10

ring, 3-6

electric, 1-20

steel-truss, 4-11

Uli knot slider, 7-28

nonelectric, 1-21

underwater, 3-7

British junction, 3-23

water, 7-19

blasting machine, 1-26, E-3

block demolition charge, 1-4

circuit resistance, E-1

C4, 1-3

clearing procedure, 6-10, 6-11

booster, 1-21

calculations

collapse mechanisms, 4-4

booster demolition charge

attack, F-1

M151, 2-50

commanders

demolition, F-1

M152, 2-52

authorized, 5-3

example, F-1

demolition guard, 5-4

boreholes, 6-5

C-charge, 7-23

demolition-firing party, 5-4

boulder removal

channel alteration, G-6

composition C4, 5-9

block-hole method, 3-32

characteristics of boreholes,

mudcap method, 3-32

cratering charges

1-11

snake hole method, 3-31

deliberate, 3-25

characteristics of U.S.

hard-surfaced pavement

breachers brief, 7-33

explosives, 1-2

breaching, 3-23

breaching charges

charge calculation

hasty, 3-24

computation, 3-17

relieved-face, 3-26

six-step problem-solving

counterforce, 3-22

format, 3-4

craters created from culverts,

critical factors, 3-17

3-28

materials, 3-19

charge calculation

reinforced concrete factors,

determination, 3-2

craters created in permafrost

3-19

and ice, 3-27

charge dimension significance,

breaching radius, 3-18, B-4

3-1

creaters created from antitank

ditches, 3-28

bridge categories

charge types, 3-2

continuous, 4-2

charges

miscellaneous, 4-2

ammonium-nitrate satchel,

delay initiation, 2-66

simply supported, 4-2

D-5

demolition effects simulator

bridge debris, 4-1

block, 3-10

40-pound crater-charge,

breaching, 2-82

bridges

5-19

bridge demolition, 2-79

continuous, 4-15

bangalore torpedo, 5-20

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

Index-1

Index

M1 military dynamite, 5-23

electric initiating set, 2-8

M112 (C4) block, 5-9

electric-power formula, E-1

impalement blasting, G-2

M183 demolition-satchel

environmental protection, 6-15

outside the hull, G-3

charge, 5-13

within the hull, G-3

M2A3 15-pound shaped

environmental risk

management, 6-17

improvised bangalore torpedo,

charge, 5-15

D-7

M3 40-pound shaped

equipment destruction, 3-34

charge, 5-17

vehicles, 3-35

improvised borehole method,

M5A1 (demolition) block

armored fighting, 3-35

D-5

charge, 5-12

wheeled, 3-36

induced currents, 6-6

sheet explosive, 5-8

expedient demolitions, D-1

initiate a firing system, 2-30

TNT-block, 5-10

expedient flame fougasse, D-6

initiating sets, 2-64

demolition effects simulator

(DES), 5-7

explosive factors, 3-10

initiation system, 7-31

explosive materials

instantaneous or command

demolition operations

barriers and denial, 5-1

blasting cap, 6-2

initiation, 2-65

obstacles, 5-1

electric, 6-2

intermediate supports, 4-27

nonelectric, 6-2

orders, 5-2

commercial explosives, 6-5

planning, 5-1

preliminary, 5-2

detonating cord, 6-3

land clearing charges

FPE binary explosive

reserved, 5-2

boulder removal, 3-31

charges, 6-4

demolitions

stump removal, 3-30

low-strength detonating

successful bridge, 4-3

landmines, C-1

cord, 6-4

underwater, 3-36

plastic explosives, 6-4

lateral root, 3-30

unsuccessful bridge, 4-7

sheet explosives, 6-4

lightning, 6-5

DES without internal

shock tubes, 6-3

low-strength caps, 2-33

detonating cord boosters,

time fuse, 6-3

5-25

explosive selection, 3-3

DES. See demolition effects

explosives identification, 1-32

M1 military dynamite, 1-8

simulator (DES), 5-7

M112, 5-9

destruction of military

M112 block demolition charge,

explosives

fighting position excavator

1-6

methods

(FPE), 6-1

burning, 6-15

M183, 5-14

firing systems planning, 2-78

detonation, 6-15

M186 charge, 1-7

firing wire reel, 1-29

detonating cord, 1-19, 6-8

M1A2 or M1A3 bangalore

foreign explosives, 1-4, C-4

detonating cord firing systems,

torpedo, 1-12

formulas

2-24

M2A3, 5-16

breaching charges, B-3

dual-primed, 2-25

steel-cutting, B-2

M3, 5-17

single-primed, 2-24

T beam pressure charges,

M301 fighting position

detonation effects, 3-1

B-3

excavator, 1-17

ditching methods, 3-29

timber-cutting, B-1

M301 fighting position

domestic explosives

forty-pound cratering charge,

excavator reload kit, 1-17

ammonium nitrate, 1-3

1-7

M5A1, 5-12

composition C4, 1-3

FPE. See fighting position

trinitrotoluene, 1-3

M700 time-blasting fuse, 1-18

excavator (FPE), 6-1

door charge placement, 7-17

M81 time-blasting fuse igniter,

fuse initiation, 2-5

2-34, 2-58

double-waterproof firing

assembly (DWFA), G-7

M9 blasting cap holder, 2-33

DWFA. See double waterproof

general safety, 6-1

M9 holder, 2-56

firing assembly (DWFA), G-7

Gregory knot, D-8

MDI, 2-31, 5-23

dynamite

MDI firing system

military, 1-4

combination, 2-72

standard, 1-3

harbor clearance, G-1

stand-alone, 2-68

hasty timber calculations, 3-8

MDI. See modernized

high-carbon or alloy steel, 3-12

demolition initiator (MDI),

electric blasting caps, E-1

high-strength caps, 2-32

1-18

Index-2

FM 3-34.214

11 July 2007

Index

metric charge calculations, B-1

bangalore torpedo DES,

SLAM. See selectable

5-41

lightweight attack munition

metric conversion chart, A-1

M183 demolition satchel

(SLAM), 1-13

military explosives destruction,

charge DES, 5-36

solid waste, 6-16

6-14

M2A3 15-pound, shaped

spalling, 3-1, 3-17, 3-21

minimum ER values for bottom

charge DES, 5-37

attack, H-1

M3 40-pound shaped

special instructions, 5-6

minimum L_c values

charge DES, 5-38

splice, Western Union pigtail,

for arch and pinned-footing

M5A1 demolition block

2-11

bridge attack, H-3

DES, 5-35

standoff formula for

for top attack (midspan),

DES without internal

overpressure, 7-6

H-2

detonating cord boosters

states of readiness

1-pound TNT-block DES,

minimum safe distance (MSD),

5-29

state 1 (safe), 5-3

2-45, 7-4

state 2 (armed), 5-3

M1 military dynamite

minishock tube

DES, 5-31

static electricity, 6-6

five hundred-foot, 2-38

M112 (composition C4)

steel bars, rods, chains, and

one thousand-foot, 2-43

block DES

cables

misfire, 2-76

MDI, 5-29

over 2 inches, 3-13

prevention, 3-27

M112 (Composition C4)

up to 2 inches, 3-12

procedures, 6-9

block DES, 5-28

stemming, 3-2

sheet explosive DES, 5

missile hazards, 6-7

storage

modernized demolition initiator

MDI, 5-27

temporary, 6-14

(MDI), 1-18

storage safety

MSD. See minimum safe

magazines, 6-13

distance (MSD), 2-45

quarrying, 3-33

permanent, 6-13

temporary, 6-14

survivability positions, 3-33

net-explosive weight (NEW),

railroad rails, 3-13

7-3

rapid wall-breaching kit

NEW. See net explosive weight

(RWBK), 7-31

tamping, 3-2

(NEW), 7-3

RE factor, 3-4

tamping factor, B-4

nonelectric blasting cap

reconnaissance

taproot, 3-30

M11, 2-34

orders, 5-5

M12, 2-36

time fuse, 6-3, 6-8

record, 5-6

M13, 2-40

TNT. See trinitrotoluene (TNT),

reload kit, 1-17

M14, 2-44

1-3

M15, 2-48

reserved demolitions

TNT-block, 5-10

M18, 2-46

command and control, 5-4

toxicity, 6-5

M19, 2-54

risk-assessment checklist, K-1

M21, 2-38

transportation

RWBK. See rapid wall-

M23, 2-43

cargo (explosives), 6-13

breaching kit (RWBK), 7-31

fire, 6-13

nonelectric firing devices

M60 fuse igniter, 1-30

regulations, 6-12

M81 fuse igniter, 1-31

safety procedures, 6-12

safe distances, 6-8

vehicles, 6-12

nonelectric initiating sets, 2-1

sandbar removal, G-7

trenching and tunneling, G-4

scanman knot, D-8

trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1-3

obstacle folder, 5-6

selectable, lightweight attack

munition (SLAM), 1-13

ohm’s law, E-1

series circuit calculations, E-2

underwater operations, 6-7

detonating cord, 6-8

ship salvage, G-1

explosives, 6-7

picric acid, 1-4

shock tube, 2-31

M60 Fuse Igniters, 6-8

priming methods, 2-11, 5-25

five hundred-foot, 2-36

MDI components, 6-8

DES with internal

one thousand-foot, 2-40

nonelectric caps, 6-7

detonating cord boosters,

thirty-foot, 2-34

time fuse, 6-8

5-34

shock tube splicing, 2-74

40-pound cratering

charge DES, 5-40

voltage drop, E-3

11 July 2007

FM 3-34.214

Index-3

FM 3-34.214 (FM 5-250) EXPLOSIVES AND DEMOLITIONS (July 2007) - page 4