ATP 3-18.11 Special Forces Military Free-Fall Operations (October 2014)

ATP 3-18.11

AFMAN 11-411(I)

NTTP 3-05.26M

Special Forces

Military Free-Fall Operations

October 2014

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution authorized to U.S. Government agencies and their contractors only

to protect technical or operational information from automatic dissemination under the International Exchange

Program or by other means. This determination was made on 23 June 2014. Other requests for this document

must be referred to Commander, United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School,

ATTN: AOJK-CDI-SF, 3004 Ardennes Street, Stop A, Fort Bragg, NC 28310-9610, or by e-mail to

AOJK-DT-SF@soc.mil.

DESTRUCTION NOTICE: Destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the

document.

FOREIGN DISCLOSURE RESTRICTION (FD 6): This publication has been reviewed by the product developers in

coordination with the United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School foreign disclosure

authority. This product is releasable to students from foreign countries on a case-by-case basis only.

Headquarters, Department of the Army

ATP 3-18.11, C2

Change 2

Headquarters

Army Techniques Publication

Department of the Army

No. 3-18.11

Washington, DC, 18 August 2016

Special Forces Military Free-Fall Operations

Change Army Techniques Publication (ATP) 3-18.11/Air Force Manual (AFMAN)

11-411(I)/Navy Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (NTTP) 3-05.26M, dated

24 October 2014, as follows:

Remove old pages:

Insert new pages:

iii through xv

1-3 and 1-4

3-1 and 3-2

3-11 through 3-16

4-11 through 4-32

4-11 through 4-33

5-1 through 5-4

5-13 and 5-14

5-29 and 5-30

5-33 and 5-34

5-37 through 5-40

10-11 through 10-17

11-3 through 11-6

13-1 through 13-3

B-1 and B-2

C-3 and C-4

D-19 and D-20

E-1 through E-4

E-1

G-1 and G-2

G-9 through G-12

Glossary-1 and Glossary-2

References-1 through References-3

A bar (

) marks changed material.

File this transmittal sheet in front of the publication.

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution authorized to U.S. Government agencies and their contractors only to

protect technical or operational information from automatic dissemination under the International Exchange Program

or by other means. This determination was made on 23 June 2014. Other requests for this document must be

referred to Commander, United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School,

ATTN: AOJK-SFD,

3004 Ardennes Street, Stop A, Fort Bragg, NC

28310-9610, or by e-mail to

AOJK-DT-SF@soc.mil.

DESTRUCTION NOTICE: Destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the

document.

FOREIGN DISCLOSURE RESTRICTION (FD 6): This publication has been reviewed by the product developers in

coordination with the United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School foreign disclosure

authority. This product is releasable to students from foreign countries on a case-by-case basis only.

ATP 3-18.11, C1

Change 1

Headquarters

Army Techniques Publication

Department of the Army

No. 3-18.11

Washington, DC, 20 October 2015

Special Forces Military Free-Fall Operations

1. Change Army Techniques Publication (ATP) 3-18.11/Air Force Manual (AFMAN)

11-411(I)/Navy Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (NTTP) 3-05.26M, dated

24 October 2014, as follows:

Remove old pages:

Insert new pages:

ix and x

8-5 and 8-6

9-5 and 9-6

D-11 and D-12

2. A bar (

) marks changed material.

3. File this transmittal sheet in front of the publication.

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution authorized to U.S. Government agencies and their contractors only to

protect technical or operational information from automatic dissemination under the International Exchange Program

or by other means. This determination was made on 23 June 2014. Other requests for this document must be

referred to Commander, United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School,

ATTN: AOJK-CDI-SF,

3004 Ardennes Street, Stop A, Fort Bragg, NC

28310-9610, or by e-mail to

AOJK-DT-SF@soc.mil.

DESTRUCTION NOTICE: Destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the

document.

FOREIGN DISCLOSURE RESTRICTION (FD 6): This publication has been reviewed by the product developers in

coordination with the United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School foreign disclosure

authority. This product is releasable to students from foreign countries on a case-by-case basis only.

*ATP 3-18.11

AFMAN 11-411(I)

NTTP 3-05.26M

Army Techniques Publication

Headquarters

Department of the Army

No. 3-18.11

Washington, DC, 24 October 2014

Special Forces

Military Free-Fall Operations

Contents

Page

PREFACE

xiii

INTRODUCTION

xiv

Chapter 1

MILITARY FREE-FALL PARACHUTE OPERATIONS

1-1

Characteristics

1-1

Planning Considerations

1-2

Phases of Military Free-Fall Operations

1-5

Chapter 2

MC-4 RAM-AIR PERSONNEL PARACHUTE SYSTEM

2-1

MC-4 Ram-Air Personnel Parachute System Components

2-1

Donning and Recovering the MC-4 Ram-Air Personnel Parachute System

2-22

Chapter 3

CYBERNETIC PARACHUTE RELEASE SYSTEM

3-1

General Information on Military CYPRES 2 Models

3-1

Military CYPRES 2 Principles of Operation

3-2

Military CYPRES 2 Models

3-3

Expert CYPRES 2 Model

3-4

CYPRES Model Identification

3-4

Components

3-6

Maintenance

3-8

General Terms

3-9

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution authorized to U.S. Government agencies and their contractors only

to protect technical or operational information from automatic dissemination under the International Exchange

Program or by other means. This determination was made on 23 June 2014. Other requests for this document

must be referred to Commander, United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School,

ATTN: AOJK-CDI-SF,

3004 Ardennes Street, Stop A, Fort Bragg, NC

28310-9610, or by e-mail to

AOJK-DT-SF@soc.mil.

DESTRUCTION NOTICE: Destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the

document.

FOREIGN DISCLOSURE RESTRICTION (FD 6): This publication has been reviewed by the product developers

in coordination with the United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School foreign

disclosure authority. This product is releasable to students from foreign countries on a case-by-case basis only.

*This publication, when published, will supersede ATTP 3-18.11, dated 14 October 2011.

Contents

Modes of Operation

3-10

Mode Determination

3-11

Operating Procedures

3-16

Using Military CYPRES 2 Calculators

3-25

Chapter 4

USE OF OXYGEN IN SUPPORT OF MILITARY

FREE-FALL OPERATIONS

4-1

Oxygen Handling and Safety

4-1

Physiological Effects of High-Altitude Military Free-Fall Operations

4-2

Oxygen Forms

4-4

Oxygen Requirements

4-5

Oxygen Life-Support Equipment

4-6

The “PRICE” Check

4-28

Oxygen Safety Personnel and Preflight Checks

4-29

Oxygen Handling and Safety

4-33

Chapter 5

EQUIPMENT AND WEAPON RIGGING PROCEDURES

5-1

Equipment and Weapon Packing Considerations

5-1

Parachutist and Parachute Load Limitations

5-2

Hook-Pile Tape (Velcro) Lowering Line Assembly

5-3

Combat Packs and Other Equipment Containers

5-5

Parachutist Drop Bag

5-29

Weapon Rigging Procedures

5-33

Flotation Devices and/or Life Preservers

5-54

Chapter 6

AIRCRAFT PROCEDURE SIGNALS AND JUMP COMMANDS

6-1

Aircraft Procedure Signals

6-1

Jump Commands

6-9

Chapter 7

BODY STABILIZATION

7-1

Tabletop Body Stabilization Training

7-1

Main Ripcord Pull

7-5

Tracking

7-7

Recovery from Instability

7-8

Chapter 8

RAM-AIR PARACHUTE FLIGHT CHARACTERISTICS

AND CANOPY CONTROL

8-1

Ram-Air Parachute Characteristics

8-1

Ram-Air Parachute Deployment Sequence

8-3

Ram-Air Parachute Theory of Flight

8-6

Canopy Performance Factors

8-7

Parachute Flight Characteristics

8-8

Canopy Control

8-9

Canopy Maneuvers

8-13

Landing Maneuvers

8-19

Landing Approaches

8-20

Turbulence

8-24

Chapter 9

EMERGENCY PROCEDURES FOR MILITARY

FREE-FALL OPERATIONS

9-1

Refresher Training

9-1

Emergency Measures

9-1

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M

24 October 2014

Contents

Actions for Dust Devils and Turbulent Air

9-10

Chapter 10

HIGH-ALTITUDE HIGH-OPENING AND LIMITED-VISIBILITY

OPERATIONS

10-1

Techniques and Requirements

10-1

Special Equipment

10-2

Free-Fall Delays

10-8

Parachute Jump Phases

10-8

Limited-Visibility Operations

10-11

Military Free-Fall With Night Vision Goggles

10-12

Chapter 11

MILITARY FREE-FALL DROP ZONE OPERATIONS

11-1

Responsibilities

11-1

Drop Zone Selection Criteria

11-2

Drop Zone Surveys

11-3

Drop Zone Personnel Qualifications and Responsibilities

11-4

Military Free-Fall Drop Zone Markings

11-6

High-Altitude Release Point and Military Free-Fall Drop Zone Detection

11-8

Aircraft or High-Altitude High-Opening Team Identification

11-9

Authentication System

11-9

Chapter 12

DELIBERATE WATER MILITARY FREE-FALL OPERATIONS

12-1

Additional Support Requirements

12-1

Parachutist Requirements

12-2

Equipment Requirements

12-2

Drop Zone Requirements and Markings

12-4

Parachutist Procedures for Water Jumps

12-5

Drop Zone Procedures for Pickup of Parachutists and Equipment

12-5

Night Water Parachute Operations

12-6

Water Jumps With Combat Equipment

12-6

Chapter 13

JUMPMASTER RESPONSIBILITIES AND CURRENCY

QUALIFICATIONS

13-1

Responsibilities

13-1

Qualifications

13-2

Cardinal Rules for the Jumpmaster

13-2

Currency and Requalification Requirements

13-3

Chapter 14

WEATHER FACTORS FOR THE MILITARY FREE-FALL JUMPMASTER .. 14-1

Criticality of Weather Knowledge

14-1

Mission Planning Tools

14-1

Atmosphere

14-5

Weather

14-7

Temperature

14-8

Environmental Effects on Altimeters

14-13

Air Density Altitude

14-14

Mapping of Pressure Systems

14-15

Atmospheric Circulation

14-16

Wind Flow Mechanics

14-17

Land and Sea Breezes

14-20

Eddy Winds

14-21

18 August 2016

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M, C2

iii

Contents

Clouds

14-25

Thunderstorms

14-26

Application of General Weather Principles

14-29

Moon Phases

14-33

Reference Tables

14-36

Appendix A

MILITARY FREE-FALL CRITICAL TASK LISTS

A-1

Appendix B

MILITARY FREE-FALL PARACHUTIST QUALIFICATION

AND REFRESHER TRAINING REQUIREMENTS

B-1

Appendix C

RECOMMENDED MILITARY FREE-FALL TRAINING PROGRAMS

C-1

Appendix D

SUGGESTED MILITARY FREE-FALL SUSTAINED

AIRBORNE TRAINING

D-1

Appendix E

........................................................................................................................... E-1

Appendix F

HIGH-ALTITUDE RELEASE POINT CALCULATION

F-1

Appendix G

JUMPMASTER PERSONNEL INSPECTION

G-1

Appendix H

SAMPLE AIRCRAFT INSPECTION CHECKLIST

H-1

Appendix I

JUMPMASTER AIRCREW BRIEFING CHECKLIST

I-1

Appendix J

JOINT PRECISION AIRDROP SYSTEM

J-1

GLOSSARY

Glossary-1

REFERENCES

References-1

INDEX

Index-1

Figures

Figure 1-1. Military free-fall operations planning phases

1-6

Figure 2-1. MC-4 RAPPS components

2-1

Figure 2-2. MC-4 RAPPS harness and container assembly components

2-4

Figure 2-3. MC-4 RAPPS assembly components

2-5

Figure 2-4. Location of the three-ring canopy release assembly

2-6

Figure 2-5. Location of the main ripcord handle and cutaway handle

2-7

Figure 2-6. Location of the chest strap, reserve ripcord handle, large equipment

attachment ring, and reserve ripcord cable housing

2-8

Figure 2-7. Location of the oxygen fitting block and equipment lowering line

attachment V-ring

2-9

Figure 2-8. Location of the main and reserve parachutes in the container

2-9

Figure 2-9. Location of straps

2-10

Figure 2-10. Location of the equipment tie-down loop and main risers

2-10

Figure 2-11. Location of reserve components

2-11

Figure 2-12. MA2-30/A and PA-200 free-fall altimeters

2-12

Figure 2-13. Altimeter setting

2-13

Figure 2-14. MA-10 altimeter buttons

2-14

Figure 2-15. On/Off buttons

2-14

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M, C2

18 August 2016

Contents

Figure 2-16. Power-saving mode

2-15

Figure 2-17. Zeroing the MA-10 altimeter

2-15

Figure 2-18. Manual offset

2-16

Figure 2-19. Setting the drop zone

2-17

Figure 2-20. Replacing batteries in the MA-10 altimeter

2-19

Figure 2-21. Jumpsuits

2-21

Figure 2-22. Parachutist individual equipment kit

2-21

Figure 2-23. Aviator’s and MC-4 kit bags

2-22

Figure 2-24. Donning the MC-4 Ram-Air Personnel Parachute System

2-24

Figure 3-1. Military CYPRES 2 1500 35 A

3-3

Figure 3-2. Expert CYPRES 2

3-4

Figure 3-3. Military CYPRES 2 Model 1000 35 A control unit

3-5

Figure 3-4. Military CYPRES 2 Model 1500 35 A control unit

3-5

Figure 3-5. Military CYPRES 2 Model 2500 29 A control unit

3-6

Figure 3-6. Expert CYPRES 2 control unit

3-6

Figure 3-7. Military CYPRES 2 control unit

3-7

Figure 3-8. Back of Military CYPRES 2 control unit

3-7

Figure 3-9. Military CYPRES 2 processing unit

3-7

Figure 3-10. Military CYPRES 2 release unit

3-8

Figure 3-11. Example of Military CYPRES 2 serial number

3-9

Figure 3-12. Example of next required maintenance date for Military CYPRES 2

3-9

Figure 3-13. Power ON sequence for Military CYPRES 2 in default (training) mode ... 3-17

Figure 3-14. Beginning of Military CYPRES 2 self-test countdown

in default (training) mode

3-18

Figure 3-15. Military CYPRES 2 displaying current barometric pressure in millibars ... 3-18

Figure 3-16. Military CYPRES 2 set in default (training) mode

3-18

Figure 3-17. Example of Military CYPRES 2 error code

3-18

Figure 3-18. Power ON sequence for Military CYPRES 2 in

absolute (operational) mode

3-20

Figure 3-19. Beginning of Military CYPRES 2 self-test countdown

in absolute (operational) mode

3-20

Figure 3-20. Military CYPRES 2 displaying current barometric pressure in millibars ... 3-20

Figure 3-21. Military CYPRES 2 set in absolute (operational) mode

3-20

Figure 3-22. Example of Military CYPRES 2 error code

3-21

Figure 3-23. First value of 1 chosen for millibar setting

3-21

Figure 3-24. Second value of 0 chosen for millibar setting

3-21

Figure 3-25. Third value of 1 chosen for millibar setting

3-21

Figure 3-26. Final value chosen and Military CYPRES 2 set

3-22

Figure 3-27. Power ON sequence for Expert CYPRES 2 in offset mode

3-23

Figure 3-28. Expert CYPRES 2 displaying countdown

3-23

Figure 3-29. Example of Expert CYPRES 2 error code

3-24

Figure 3-30. Expert CYPRES 2 control unit displaying countdown

at zero down in offset mode

3-24

18 August 2016

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M, C2

Contents

Figure 3-31. Expert CYPRES 2 set at 120-foot offset

3-24

Figure 3-32. Power OFF sequence for CYPRES 2

3-25

Figure 3-33. Military CYPRES Absolute Adjust Circular Calculator (Whiz Wheel)

3-26

Figure 3-34. Personal Digital Assistant computer with Military CYPRES Absolute

Model Calculator software download

3-27

Figure 3-35. Military CYPRES Calculator

3-27

Figure 3-36. Military CYPRES Absolute Adjust Circular Calculator

3-28

Figure 3-37. Value for the Military CYPRES setting displayed

in the CYPRES setting box

3-29

Figure 3-38. Usage instructions for the Military CYPRES calculator

3-30

Figure 3-39. Instructions and first page of online “Military CYPRES

Absolute Adjust Model Calculator”

3-30

Figure 3-40. Step 1: Military CYPRES Absolute Adjust Model Calculator

3-31

Figure 3-41. Step 2: Military CYPRES Absolute Adjust Model Calculator

3-31

Figure 3-42. Step 3: Military CYPRES Absolute Adjust Model Calculator

3-31

Figure 3-43. Step 4: Military CYPRES Absolute Adjust Model Calculator

3-32

Figure 3-44. Military CYPRES 2 air travel card

3-33

Figure 4-1. MBU-12/P pressure-demand oxygen mask components

4-8

Figure 4-2. Parachutist Oxygen Mask

4-9

Figure 4-3. The improved oxygen harness

4-9

Figure 4-4. Complete Parachutist Oxygen Mask with MICH

4-10

Figure 4-5. Advanced combat helmet accessory rail connector

with oxygen single-strap and double-strap kits

4-11

Figure 4-5a. Parachutist oxygen mask securing lanyard

4-12

Figure 4-6. Parachutist Oxygen Mask and HS-57 quick disconnect

4-13

Figure 4-7. Fitting the MBU-12/P oxygen mask

4-14

Figure 4-8. Properly fitted mask

4-15

Figure 4-9. Parachutist Oxygen Mask with bayonet connectors and taped straps

4-16

Figure 4-10. The 106-cubic-inch portable bailout oxygen system

with the quick-disconnect oxygen hose

4-18

Figure 4-11. AIROX VIII assembly

4-18

Figure 4-12. Rigging the portable bailout oxygen system with the AIROX VIII

assembly to the RAPPS

4-20

Figure 4-13. Completed rigging of the portable bailout oxygen system

with the AIROX VIII assembly to the RAPPS

4-21

Figure 4-14. Completed rigging of the POM and/or American Safety Flight System

with the Parachutist Oxygen System assembly to the RAPPS

4-22

Figure 4-15. Six-Man Prebreather Portable Oxygen System

4-23

Figure 4-16. Oxygen console rigged in C-130 aircraft

4-25

Figure 4-17. Charging assembly looped and taped out of the way of parachutists

4-26

Figure 4-18. Side and top view of strap on K-bottle

4-26

Figure 4-19. MA-1 Portable Oxygen Assembly

4-27

Figure 4-20. Tie-down assembly and installation

4-28

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M, C2

18 August 2016

Contents

Figure 4-21. Portable Bailout Oxygen System preflight inspection

and operational checklist

4-30

Figure 4-22. Sample prebreather preflight inspection and operational

function checklist

4-31

Figure 4-23. Pressure gauge and manual shutoff valve

4-33

Figure 4-24. Removing end plugs and depressing poppets

4-33

Figure 5-1. Stowing the HPT lowering line assembly

5-4

Figure 5-2. H-harness with attaching straps

5-5

Figure 5-3. H-harness attached to the kit bag

5-6

Figure 5-4. Combat pack and frame rigged with the modified H-harness

5-7

Figure 5-5. Improved equipment attachment sling and lowering line (spider harness)... 5-8

Figure 5-6. Combat pack and frame rigged with the improved equipment

attachment sling

5-9

Figure 5-7. Attaching the lowering line to the combat pack

5-10

Figure 5-8. Attaching the rear-mounted combat pack

5-11

Figure 5-9. Lowering line attached to the lowering line attachment V-ring

5-12

Figure 5-10. Attaching the front-mounted combat pack

5-13

Figure 5-11. Opened Single-Action Release Personal Equipment Lowering System

cargo carrier

5-15

Figure 5-12. Single-Action Release Personal Equipment

Lowering System with folded side flaps

5-15

Figure 5-13. Stowage pockets

5-16

Figure 5-14. Side flap

5-16

Figure 5-15. Top flaps

5-17

Figure 5-16. Single-Action Release Personal Equipment Lowering System

with secured horizontal straps

5-17

Figure 5-17. Single-Action Release Personal Equipment Lowering System

with secured vertical straps

5-18

Figure 5-18. Inserting the white webbing through the parachute harness link

5-19

Figure 5-19. Inserting the green 550 cord through the white webbing

5-19

Figure 5-20. Inserting the red 550 cord through the green 550 cord

5-20

Figure 5-21. Inserting the red 550 cord through the grommet

5-20

Figure 5-22. Leg strap cable retainer with buckle and grommet

5-20

Figure 5-23. Single-Action Release Personal Equipment Lowering System

release assembly

5-21

Figure 5-24. Stowage pocket with 8-foot lowering line

5-21

Figure 5-25. Securing the 8-foot lowering line to the cargo carrier

5-22

Figure 5-26. Mounted Single-Action Release Personal Equipment Lowering System . 5-23

Figure 5-27. Single-point release handle

5-23

Figure 5-28. Harness, single-point release (National Stock Number

1670-01-227-7992)

5-24

Figure 5-29. Release handle and D-ring attaching straps

5-25

Figure 5-30. Attaching snap hooks and leg strap release assembly

5-26

Figure 5-31. Rigging the harness, single-point release

5-27

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vii

Contents

Figure 5-32. Completing rigging the harness, single-point release

5-27

Figure 5-33. Attaching the hook-pile tape lowering line assembly

5-28

Figure 5-34. Attaching the harness, single-point release-rigged combat equipment

5-29

Figure 5-35. Parachutist with harness, single-point release-rigged combat pack

5-29

Figure 5-36. Compression straps connected and tightened

5-30

Figure 5-37. Loading the drop bag

5-31

Figure 5-38. Drop bag zipped shut with compression straps

connected and tightened

5-31

Figure 5-39. Drop bag is attached to the parachutist by standard

quick-release connectors

5-32

Figure 5-40. Parachutist drop bag rigged for rear-mounted jump

5-32

Figure 5-41. Parachutist drop bag rigged for front-mounted jump

5-33

Figure 5-42. Center-mounted weapons harness

5-34

Figure 5-43. Center-mounted weapons harness components

5-35

Figure 5-44. Main lift web attaching points

5-35

Figure 5-45. Attaching horizontal straps to the pile portion weapons harness

5-36

Figure 5-46. Securing triple-fold hook and pile

5-36

Figure 5-47. Securing weapon harness to weapon

5-37

Figure 5-48. Attaching weapon to main lift web attaching points

5-37

Figure 5-49. Chest strap routed through the sling

5-38

Figure 5-50. Attaching straps routed over weapon

5-38

Figure 5-51. M4 carbine-series rifles rigged for jumping

5-40

Figure 5-52. Positioning the weapon on the parachutist

5-41

Figure 5-53. Special Operations Forces Combat Assault Rifle in folded

and open positions

5-42

Figure 5-54. Right-side weapon rigging

5-43

Figure 5-55. M203 rigged for jumping

5-44

Figure 5-56. M14 rigged for jumping

5-45

Figure 5-57. M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper System

5-45

Figure 5-58. MP5 rigged for jumping

5-47

Figure 5-59. M249 and Para M249 squad automatic weapons rigged for jumping

5-48

Figure 5-60. M240G disassembled and packed for jumping

5-49

Figure 5-61. AT-4 and 84-millimeter Carl Gustaf rigged for jumping

5-50

Figure 5-62. Routing of vertical compression straps

5-50

Figure 5-63. Antiarmor weapon tie-down locations

5-51

Figure 5-64. Parachutist rigged for jumping with an anti-tank weapon

mounted on top of combat pack

5-51

Figure 5-65. Front-mounted weapon with rear-mounted rucksack

5-52

Figure 5-66. Front-mounted weapon with front-mounted rucksack

5-52

Figure 5-67. M224 60-millimeter mortar rigged for front mount

5-53

Figure 5-68. Left-side mount for M224 60-millimeter mortar

5-54

Figure 5-69. Underwater demolition team life preservers

5-55

Figure 5-70. Oralock valve

5-57

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Contents

Figure 5-71. Parachutist with underwater demolition team life vest

and MC-4 parachute harness

5-59

Figure

6-1. DON HELMETS signal

6-3

Figure

6-2. UNFASTEN SEAT BELTS signal

6-4

Figure

6-3. EMERGENCY BAILOUT signal

6-4

Figure

6-4. MASK signal

6-5

Figure

6-5. CHECK OXYGEN signal

6-6

Figure

6-6. OXYGEN PROBLEM signal

6-6

Figure

6-7. TIME WARNINGS signal

6-7

Figure

6-8. WIND SPEED signal

6-8

Figure

6-9. GUSTING WINDS signal

6-9

Figure

6-10. STAND UP command

6-10

Figure

6-11. MOVE TO THE REAR command

6-10

Figure

6-12. STAND BY command

6-11

Figure

6-13. GO command

6-11

Figure

6-14. ABORT command

6-12

Figure

7-1. Poised exit position

7-1

Figure

7-2. Box man method

7-2

Figure

7-3. Diving exit position

7-3

Figure

7-4. Stable free-fall position

7-4

Figure

7-5. Body turn

7-4

Figure

7-6. Gliding

7-4

Figure

7-7. Altimeter check

7-5

Figure

7-8. Main ripcord pull

7-6

Figure

7-9. Tracking position

7-7

Figure

7-10. Example of tracking away for separation

7-8

Figure

8-1. Shape of the ram-air parachute canopy

8-1

Figure

8-2. Structure of the ram-air parachute canopy

8-1

Figure

8-3. Components and nomenclature of the ram-air parachute

8-2

Figure

8-4. Location of ram-air parachute components

8-3

Figure

8-5. Detailed lower portion of the ram-air parachute

8-4

Figure

8-6. Deployment sequence

8-5

Figure

8-7. Cutaway sequence

8-6

Figure

8-8. Ram-air parachute theory of flight

8-7

Figure

8-9. Applying brakes on the ram-air parachute

8-8

Figure

8-10. Controlling ground speed

8-10

Figure

8-11. Parachutist guide to good canopy control

8-10

Figure

8-12. Holding maneuver

8-11

Figure

8-13. Running maneuver

8-11

Figure

8-14. Crabbing maneuver

8-12

Figure

8-15. Effective canopy range

8-12

Figure

8-16. Brake-setting glide angles

8-13

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ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M, C2

Contents

Figure

8-17. Full flight

8-14

Figure

8-18. Half brakes

8-15

Figure

8-19. Full brakes

8-16

Figure

8-20. Stall

8-16

Figure

8-21. Spiral turn

8-17

Figure

8-22. Flat turn

8-18

Figure

8-23. Glide angles for a final approach

8-22

Figure

8-24. Landing approaches

8-22

Figure

8-25. High and low wind patterns

8-23

Figure

8-26. Significant change in wind direction

8-24

Figure

8-27. Adjusting for increase in winds on downwind leg

8-25

Figure

8-28. Adjusting for increase in winds on base leg

8-25

Figure

8-29. Adjusting for decrease in winds on base leg

8-26

Figure

9-1. Emergency preparations before takeoff

9-1

Figure

9-2. Parachutist postopening procedures

9-5

Figure

9-3. Controllability check

9-5

Figure

9-4. Parachutist emergency landing procedures

9-10

Figure

9-5. High-wind landing procedures

9-10

Figure

10-1. Jumper with individual body armor

10-2

Figure

10-2. Compass mounted to high-altitude high-opening navigation board

10-3

Figure

10-3. Navigation aid attaching point

10-4

Figure

10-4. Wilcox Parachutist Navigation Board

10-6

Figure

10-5. Parachutist navigation board closed and open position

10-7

Figure

10-6. Navigation aid attached to parachutist

10-7

Figure

10-7. Wedge formation

10-9

Figure

10-8. Trail formation

10-10

Figure

10-9. Trim tab locations

10-10

Figure

10-10. AN/AVS-6(V)3

10-13

Figure

10-11. AN/PVS-14

10-13

Figure

10-12. AN/PVS-15

10-13

Figure

10-13. Night vision goggle mounts

10-14

Figure

10-14. Securing night vision goggle mount to helmet with heavyweight retainer

band

10-15

Figure 10-15. Bungee position on night vision goggle mount

10-15

Figure 11-1. Military free-fall drop zone markings

11-7

Figure 11-2. Examples of wind socks

11-7

Figure 14-1. Atmosphere

14-6

Figure 14-2. Mercury barometer

14-7

Figure 14-3. Temperature scales

14-10

Figure 14-4. Effect of temperature change on altimeter’s indicated altitude (AGL)

14-11

Figure 14-5. Atmospheric pressure change over large distance resulting

in false altitude (AGL) readings

14-12

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M, C2

18 August 2016

Contents

Figure 14-6. Air density variation with temperature change

14-14

Figure 14-7. Pressure systems

14-16

Figure 14-8. General pattern of atmospheric circulation

14-17

Figure 14-9. Wind shift with altitude increase

14-18

Figure 14-10. Pressure gradient principles

14-19

Figure 14-11. Change in velocity with altitude

14-19

Figure 14-12. Land and sea breezes

14-20

Figure 14-13. Single-obstacle eddy current

14-23

Figure 14-14. Terrain-induced eddy currents

14-23

Figure 14-15. Tree-line-induced eddy currents

14-24

Figure 14-16. Cloud classification

14-26

Figure 14-17. Air movement beneath a thunderstorm cell

14-27

Figure 14-18. First gust wind flow

14-28

Figure 14-19. Wind shift as a front passes

14-30

Figure D-1. Mock aircraft rehearsal

D-1

Figure D-2. Actions in free fall and canopy flight

D-1

Figure D-3. Sample jumpmaster troop briefing

D-2

Figure D-4. Emergency procedures

D-4

Figure F-1. Plotting the HARP, free-fall, and canopy drift for a 20,000-foot HALO

mission profile

F-2

Figure G-1. Jumpmaster personnel inspection without oxygen,

weapon, or rucksack

G-2

Figure G-2. Jumpmaster personnel inspection with oxygen and life preserver

G-7

Figure G-3. Jumpmaster personnel inspection for weapon, front-mounted rucksack...G-10

Figure G-4. Jumpmaster personnel inspection with the rear-mounted rucksack

and/or parachutist drop bag

G-12

Figure H-1. Sample aircraft inspection checklist

H-1

Figure I-1. Sample jumpmaster aircrew briefing checklist

I-1

Figure J-1. Personnel and joint precision airdrop system combination

airdrop operations

J-3

Tables

Table 1-1. Minimum and maximum exit and opening altitudes

1-3

Table 1-2. Surface interval chart for conducting military free-fall

operations after diving

1-3

Table 1-3. Mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time

available, and civil considerations analysis

1-4

Table 3-1. CYPRES 2 model identification

3-5

Table 3-2. CYPRES 2 power ON self-test error codes in default (training) mode

3-17

Table 3-3. CYPRES 2 power ON self-test error codes in absolute

(operational) mode

3-19

Table 3-4. Expert CYPRES 2 power ON self-test error codes in offset mode

3-22

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ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M, C2

Contents

Table

4-1. Supplemental oxygen requirements for military free-fall parachutists

4-6

Table

5-1. Container weight limits

5-2

Table

5-2. Parachute load limits

5-2

Table

5-3. Weight of parachutist with two equipment loads

5-2

Table

5-4. Weight of parachutist with two equipment loads and basic load

5-3

Table

5-5. Lift capabilities

5-56

Table

6-1. Aircraft procedure signals (oxygen and nonoxygen jumps)

6-1

Table

6-2. Aircraft jump commands (oxygen and nonoxygen jumps)

6-2

Table

9-1. In-flight emergency procedures and signals

9-2

Table

9-2. In-flight emergency procedures

9-3

Table

9-3. Emergencies in free fall

9-4

Table

9-4. Cutaway procedures

9-5

Table

9-5. Malfunction procedures

9-6

Table

9-6. Canopy entanglement procedures

9-9

Table

10-1. Required free-fall delays

10-8

Table

12-1. Wind/sea state observation chart

12-4

Table

13-1. Jumpmaster responsibilities

13-1

Table

14-1. Military free-fall operations windchill determination

14-9

Table

14-2. Military free-fall lunar data example

14-35

Table

14-3. Approximate wind velocity by natural indicators

14-36

Table

14-4. Handkerchief angle wind velocity

14-36

Table

14-5. Linear measure

14-37

Table

14-6. Liquid measure

14-37

Table

14-7. Weight

14-37

Table

14-8. Square measure

14-37

Table

14-9. Cubic measure

14-37

Table

14-10. Temperature

14-38

Table

14-11. Approximate conversion factors

14-38

Table

14-12. Area

14-38

Table

14-13. Volume

14-39

Table

14-14. Capacity

14-39

Table

14-15. Statute miles to kilometers and nautical miles

14-39

Table

14-16. Nautical miles to kilometers and statute miles

14-40

Table

14-17. Kilometers to statute and nautical miles

14-40

Table

14-18. Yards to meters

14-41

Table

14-19. Meters to yards

14-41

Table

14-20. Determination of altitude by barometric pressure

(in inches of mercury)

14-41

Table C-1. Minimum quarterly training guide

C-1

Table C-2. Suggested 10-day combat-ready training program

C-3

Table F-1. HAHO K factors for Department of Defense Ram-Air

Personnel Parachute Systems

F-3

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ontents

Preface

DODD 5100.01 tasks the Army to “train and equip, as required, forces for airborne operations, in coordination

with the other military Services, and in accordance with joint doctrine.” This guidance directs the Army, which

has primary responsibility for the development of airborne doctrine, procedures, and techniques, to develop, in

coordination with the other military Services, doctrine, procedures, and equipment that are of common interest.

United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) establishes the Commander, United States Army

Special Operations Command (USASOC), as the lead component for military free-fall (MFF) training, doctrine,

safety, equipment, and interoperability for USSOCOM Active Army and Reserve forces.

The Commander, United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School (USAJFKSWCS), Fort

Bragg, North Carolina, serves as the USASOC-specified proponent for MFF parachuting training and doctrine.

ATP 3-18.11 presents a series of concise, proven techniques and guidelines that are essential to safe, successful

MFF operations. The techniques and guidelines prescribed herein are generic in nature and represent the safest

and most effective methodologies available for executing MFF operations.

This ATP provides a consolidated reference for MFF airborne operations and training and will assist

commanders at all levels in preparing special operations forces in the execution of MFF airborne operations.

These operations may involve the employment of forces from air platforms to meet objectives aground. MFF

operations may be in support of or independent from other air or ground operations.

When Service publications and USSOCOM publications conflict, USSOCOM publications will take precedence

during operations in which USSOCOM units are the supported unit. When conducting Service-pure MFF

operations, Services will use their applicable regulations and standard operating procedures (SOPs).

This ATP applies to Army and USSOCOM MFF-capable units. USSOCOM components are authorized to

produce publications to supplement this manual to clarify and amplify the procedures and equipment being

utilized to meet the different varieties of equipment being used by special operations forces. Commanders can

request waivers from their Service or component commanders to meet specific operational requirements when

methodologies contained in this manual impede mission accomplishment.

The proponent and preparing agency of this publication is the USAJFKSWCS. Submit comments

and recommended changes on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms)

directly to Commander, USAJFKSWCS, ATTN: AOJK-CDI-SF,

3004 Ardennes Street, Stop A,

Fort Bragg, NC 28310-9610; by e-mail to AOJK-DT-SF@soc.mil; or by electronic DA Form 2028. This ATP

implements Standardization Agreement 3570, Drop Zones and Extraction Zones—Criteria and Markings, dated

26 March 1986. Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer exclusively

to men.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All images are courtesy of USASOC.

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ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M, C2

xiii

Introduction

MFF high-altitude low-opening (HALO) and high-altitude high-opening (HAHO) operations are only two of

the many available options to a commander for the infiltration of personnel into a designated area of operation.

MFF operations are ideally suited for, but not limited to, infiltration of small reconnaissance teams,

small-scale direct action raids, and resupply missions across the operational continuum.

MFF parachute operations are conducted by flights over, next to, or by means of standoff from the objective

area from altitudes not normally associated with conventional parachute operations. MFF infiltrations will

normally take place during darkness or twilight under varying weather conditions to reduce the chance of

enemy observation. The Ram-Air Personnel Parachute System (RAPPS) permits detachment members to

deploy their parachutes at a designated altitude, assemble in the air, and land together in the objective area

prepared to execute the mission.

ATP 3-18.11 provides guidance for conducting MFF operations from various aircraft using the MC-4 RAPPS.

Chapter 1 provides the characteristics, planning considerations, and phases of MFF operations.

Chapter 2 provides information on the main components and the donning and recovering the MC-4 (RAPPS).

Chapter 3 provides information on the use of the electronic automatic activation device (EAAD).

Chapter 4 provides information on oxygen safety, physiological effects, and oxygen requirements for HAHO

operations.

Chapter 5 discusses the rigging of equipment and weapons for MFF operations.

Chapter 6 discusses jumpmaster and jumper aircraft procedures, signals, and commands for MFF operations.

Chapter 7 provides guidance on body stabilization from exit to main ripcord pull.

Chapter 8 discusses flight characteristics, deployment sequence, theory of flight, and canopy control.

Chapter 9 discusses emergency procedures associated with MFF operations.

Chapter 10 discusses HAHO and limited visibility operations.

Chapter 11 provides MFF information for drop zone (DZ) safety responsibilities and DZ selection and

markings for MFF operations.

Chapter 12 discusses deliberate water infiltration, support requirements, and marking requirements for water

jumps.

Chapter 13 discusses the MFF jumpmaster responsibility and currency qualification requirements.

Chapter 14 discusses weather factors for MFF.

Appendix A provides the MFF critical task list.

Appendix B provides the requirements for MFF parachutist qualification and refresher training.

Appendix C provides guidance for the MFF training program.

Appendix D provides guidance for sustained MFF training.

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xiv

Chapter 1

Military Free-Fall Parachute Operations

Special operations forces must conduct a detailed mission analysis to determine an

appropriate method of infiltration. MFF operations are one of the many options

available to a commander to infiltrate personnel into a designated area of operations.

MFF operations are ideally suited for, but not limited to, the infiltration of

operational elements, pilot teams, pathfinder elements, special tactics team assets,

and personnel replacements conducting various missions across the operational

continuum. A thorough understanding of all the factors impacting MFF operations is

essential due to the inherently high levels of risk associated with MFF operations.

The objective of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with MFF operations and to

outline the planning considerations needed to successfully execute MFF operations.

CHARACTERISTICS

1-1. MFF parachute operations are used when enemy air defense systems, terrain restrictions, or

politically sensitive environments prevent low-altitude penetration or when mission needs require a

clandestine insertion. MFF parachute infiltrations are conducted using the RAPPS, which is a

high-performance gliding system. The RAPPS is a highly maneuverable parachute that has forward

airspeeds of 20 to 30 mph. The RAPPS can be manually deployed during free fall or with the assistance of

a static line, depending on mission and jumper capabilities. The glide capability of the RAPPS provides

commanders the means to conduct standoff infiltrations of designated areas without having to physically fly

over the target area. This process allows commanders to keep high-value air assets outside the detection and

threat ranges of enemy air defense systems or politically sensitive areas.

1-2. MFF parachuting allows special operations forces personnel to deploy their parachutes at a

predetermined altitude, assemble in the air, navigate under canopy, and land safely together as a tactical

unit ready to execute their mission. Although free-fall parachuting can produce highly accurate landings, it is

primarily a means of entering a designated impact area within the objective area. The following are two basic

types of MFF operations:

HALO. HALO operations are jumps made with an exit altitude of up to 35,000 feet mean sea

level (MSL) and a parachute deployment altitude at or below 6,000 feet above ground level

(AGL). HALO infiltrations are the preferred MFF method of infiltration when the enemy air

defense posture is not a viable threat to the infiltration platform or when a low opening will not

compromise the team’s position on infiltration. HALO infiltrations require the infiltration

platform to fly within several kilometers of the DZ.

HAHO. HAHO operations are standoff infiltration jumps made with an exit altitude of up to

35,000 feet MSL and a parachute deployment altitude at or above 6,000 feet AGL to 25,000 feet

AGL. HAHO infiltrations are the preferred method of infiltration when the enemy air defense

threat is viable or when a low-signature infiltration is required. Standoff HAHO infiltrations

provide commanders a means to drop MFF parachutists outside the air defense umbrella, where

they can navigate undetected under canopy to the DZ or objective area. The most important

objective of a HAHO is for team members to land together, even if circumstances force the team

to land in an area that might not have been the original landing zone. Sometimes it is necessary

to choose an alternate suitable area close to the objective area that provides the advantages of a

clandestine insertion.

1-3. Personnel involved in MFF operations require extensive knowledge of meteorology and navigation.

They must be able to conduct realistic premission training, gather information, plan, rehearse, and use the

24 October 2014

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M

1-1

Chapter 1

appropriate MFF infiltration technique to accomplish their assigned mission. (Appendix A includes the

critical task lists for the MFF basic, advanced, and jumpmaster courses.) Selected units within special

operations forces have the capability to conduct tandem infiltration with large-capacity bundles, personnel,

and multipurpose canines, or a combination of two; for example, a jumper, multipurpose handler, and

multipurpose canine under one canopy during tandem infiltration.

1-4. When used correctly, MFF infiltrations give commanders another means to move special operations

forces and influence the battlefield. The skills and techniques used in MFF operations are equally

applicable to all Special Forces core tasks, especially direct action, special reconnaissance, unconventional

warfare, and foreign internal defense.

PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS

1-5. Successful MFF operations depend on thorough mission planning, preparation, coordination, and

rehearsals. MFF operations are almost always joint operations that require coordination with an aircrew.

Premission planning must include joint briefings and rehearsals between the infiltrating element and the

supporting aircrew. Both elements must have a thorough understanding of primary, alternate, and

emergency plans. When planning MFF operations, mission planners must consider—

Mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time available, and civil

considerations.

Ingress and egress routes.

Suppression of enemy air defenses support.

Availability of deception air operations in support of actual infiltration.

Use of commercial airline routes if clandestine infiltration is required in politically sensitive

areas.

In-flight abort criteria.

En route evasion plan of action for the infiltrating element and the aircrew.

Availability of aircrews working under arduous conditions in depressurized aircraft at high

altitudes.

Specialized training of personnel and special equipment requirements.

Currency and proficiency level of the parachutist.

Drop altitudes requiring the use of oxygen and special environmental protective clothing.

Limitations on jumping with extremely bulky or heavy equipment. The total combined weight of

the parachutist, parachute, and equipment cannot exceed the maximum suspended weight of the

canopy (Chapter 5 has more information).

For joint operations, considerations of different types of parachutes being used.

Accurate weather data. This information is essential. The lack of accurate meteorological data,

such as winds aloft, jet stream direction and velocity, seasonal variances, or topographical

effects on turbulence, can severely affect the infiltration’s success or the mission’s combat

effectiveness.

HAHO standoff operations. Wind, cold, and high-altitude openings increase the probability of

physiological stress and injury, parachute damage, and opening shock injuries.

Minimum and maximum exit and opening altitudes for training (Table 1-1, page 1-3).

Surface interval after diving operations (Table 1-2, pages 1-3 and 1-4).

1-2

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M

24 October 2014

Military Free-Fall Parachute Operations

Table 1-1. Minimum and maximum exit and opening altitudes

Exit Altitude (in Feet)

Opening Altitude (in Feet)

Minimum

5,000 AGL

3,500 AGL

Maximum

35,000 MSL*

25,000 MSL

*NOTE: Openings above 25,000 feet MSL exceed the MC-4, MC-5, and MT-2XX/SL parachute design

specifications. The United States Navy MT-1SS maximum deployment altitude is 12,500 feet MSL.

WARNING

Ascent to altitude after diving increases the risk of

decompression sickness because of the additional reduction in

atmospheric pressure. The higher the altitude, the greater the

risk. (1)

Personnel shall not fly for 72 hours after saturation diving. (2)

Personnel shall wait

48 hours before flying after exceptional

exposure. (3)

A diver may need to wait up to 29 hours after a no-compression

dive or repetitive dive. (3)

Flying is permitted immediately after oxygen diving unless part of

a multiple underwater breathing apparatus dive profile. (4)

References:

(1) USN Diving Manual, Revision 6, paragraph 9-14

(2) USN Diving Manual, Revision 6, paragraph 15-24

(3) USN Diving Manual, Revision 6, Table 9-6

(4) USN Diving Manual, Revision 6, paragraph 18-9

Table 1-2. Surface interval chart for conducting military free-fall operations after diving

Decompression

Exceptional

Exit Altitude

Oxygen

No-Decompression

or Repetitive

Exposure

Saturation

(Maximum)

Dive

<13,000 feet MSL

No wait

24 hours

72 hours

96 hours

<18,000 feet MSL

No wait

24 hours

36 hours

96 hours

<25,000 feet MSL

No wait

24 hours

48 hours

96 hours

120 hours

<35,000 feet MSL

No wait

36 hours

48 hours

120 hours

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1-3

Chapter 1

Table 1-2. Surface interval chart for conducting military free-fall operations after diving

(continued)

NOTES:

1. Diving definitions in the table are based on the USN Diving Manual. Listed times include all breathing

mixtures.

2. For MFF HAHO operations with opening altitudes above 13,000 feet MSL, 12 hours must be added to the

listed times. For MFF HAHO operations with opening altitudes above 18,000 feet MSL, 24 hours must be

added to the listed times.

3. When conducting an operation that combines MFF and military scuba diving, the most recent published

edition of the USN Diving Manual must first be consulted. If questions are not addressed within the

USN Diving Manual, the jumpmaster should consult with the Naval Sea Systems Command 00C

(Naval Sea Director or Deputy Director) for guidance.

1-6. The successful execution of any operation is directly related to thorough and detailed planning.

Mission planning begins with a detailed analysis of mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and

support available, time available, and civil considerations questions (Table 1-3, pages 1-4 and 1-5), with

qualifiers pertaining to MFF operations that the executing element must consider when selecting a method

on infiltration.

Table 1-3. Mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time available,

and civil considerations analysis

Factors

Questions



Is the objective located in an area that is conducive to MFF operations?



Is the mission time-critical?



Given the complexity of MFF operations, is time available for the executing

Mission

element to plan, rehearse, and execute an MFF infiltration?



Is the mission flexible enough to allow for an MFF infiltration window that is

dependent on favorable meteorological conditions?



How does the enemy threat, capabilities, disposition, security measures, and

air detection or air defense systems affect the method of infiltration?



Does the enemy have the ability to detect or interdict conventional infiltration

Enemy

methods; for example, static-line, waterborne, or air-mobile insertion?



Does the enemy have an air defense system that can be exploited either

through gaps in coverage or by suppression of enemy air defenses support?



Is the terrain conducive to an MFF infiltration?



Does the terrain hinder ingress and egress routes?



How does the terrain affect the weather and winds at altitude?



Are there suitable primary, alternate, and contingency DZs available within

Terrain

the objective area (located along the ingress route and in close proximity to

and

one another)?

Weather



Are there any storm systems in the area of operations that might cause

unacceptable wind and cloud conditions?



What is the percent of illumination?



Does the executing element have experience navigating under canopy in

limited-visibility conditions?

1-4

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Military Free-Fall Parachute Operations

Table 1-3. Mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time available,

and civil considerations analysis (continued)

Factors

Questions



Does the detachment have the training and experience to successfully

execute the selected infiltration method? Is additional training required?



What equipment is required to execute the primary mission?



Does the detachment have the means to infiltrate the required equipment

into the area of operations?



Does the equipment require special rigging? Does it have special handling

Troops

and storage requirements?

and



Do overall equipment requirements exceed the suspended weight limitations

Support

of the parachute?

Available



Are MFF-capable infiltration aircraft available?



Are suppression of enemy air defenses assets available for support if there

is a viable air defense threat?



Does the MFF infiltration require additional aircraft to support a deception

plan?



Will a reception committee be used on the DZ?



Does the detachment have time to conduct the required training and

rehearsals?



How far is it from the HARP to the primary and alternate DZs?



How will unexpected wind conditions at altitude or a low jumper affect the

Time Available

estimated glide distance of the parachute?



Can the detachment make it from the HARP to the primary DZ and complete

actions at the assembly area during the hours of darkness?



Will the detachment have the altitude and time to move to an alternate DZ in

case the primary DZ is unsuitable or compromised?



Can the operation be executed clandestinely so that the civilian populace is

unaware of it?



If the operation is compromised, what will be the repercussions to the local

Civil Considerations

populace?



If the detachment is receiving support from the locals, is there a risk of

reprisals against them?

1-7. A thorough mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time available, and

civil considerations analysis concentrating on those questions pertaining to MFF operations will determine

if MFF infiltration is appropriate. The detachment must then complete the remainder of the mission

planning process.

PHASES OF MILITARY FREE-FALL OPERATIONS

1-8. To aid the Special Forces operational detachment in planning and executing, MFF operations are

divided into seven phases. Figure 1-1, page 1-6, shows each phase, and the following paragraphs provide

the details for each. GTA 31-01-003 has additional information.

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1-5

Chapter 1

Figure 1-1. Military free-fall operations planning phases

PHASE I: PREINFILTRATION PREPARATION

1-9. Preinfiltration preparation starts with preparing an estimate of the situation. The detachment uses the

military decisionmaking process to identify critical nodes in the mission and develop courses of action to

address them. During this phase, the detachment will plan the mission, prepare plans and orders, conduct

briefbacks, conduct training, prepare equipment, and conduct inspections and rehearsals.

1-10. The air mission brief is one of the key briefings conducted during premission planning. The air

mission brief takes place during isolation, before the briefback. The ground commander, primary

jumpmaster, and aircrew conduct face-to-face coordination to discuss the following items:

Flight routes and in-flight checkpoints, to include the point of no return.

En route mission-abort criteria.

En route evasion plan of action procedures.

Emergency landing procedures.

Actions in the aircraft, including bundles should cover—

The earliest possible time the aircraft can be rigged, especially when

6-man oxygen

consoles, bundles, and/or rollers are to be used in the mission.

The use of the Military Cybernetic Parachute Release System (CYPRES) 2 and restrictions,

once armed.

Call signs and frequencies or visual recognition signals, if used.

1-11. Aircrew attendance at the briefing is mandatory and should include, at a minimum, the aircraft

commander, navigator, and the primary loadmaster.

1-6

ATP 3-18.11/AFMAN 11-411(I)/NTTP 3-05.26M

24 October 2014

Military Free-Fall Parachute Operations

PHASE II: ACTIONS AT THE DEPARTURE AIRFIELD

1-12. In Phase II of infiltration, the detachment moves from the isolation facility to the departure airfield

(DAF). A pilot-jumpmaster and United States Air Force (USAF) physiological technician briefing normally

takes place planeside before loading the aircraft; any changes or updates to the plan are made at this time to

discuss any last minute updates to the jump plan. Aircraft is rigged at this point with any additional

equipment, such as oxygen consoles and rollers for heavy bundle movement. If in-flight rigging will occur,

the MFF rigs, combat packs, weapons, and additional equipment will need to be secured inside the aircraft

for departure. If prebreathing is required, Table 4-1, page 4-6, provides start times.

PHASE III: ACTIONS EN ROUTE TO THE RELEASE POINT

1-13. Under tactical conditions, the operational element completely rigs itself, and the jumpmasters make

JMPIs before the point of no return. This procedure ensures the personnel will exit the aircraft with all their

equipment in case of a bailout over enemy territory. All detachment members calibrate their altimeters so

that the instruments read distance above the ground at the DZ and Military CYPRES 2 units are set to

indicate the barometric pressure at the intended DZ.

1-14. During flight to the HARP, the aircraft commander keeps the jumpmaster informed of the aircraft’s

position. In turn, the jumpmaster keeps the parachutist updated about the aircraft’s location and mission

progress. This information is essential. The parachutist must know his relative position along the route so

that he can apply the required actions in case of an abort or enemy action. A small dry erase board is

located on the aircraft so that all jump team members can read important information, especially when

oxygen is being used. Communication is limited to written notes on the dry erase board or predetermined

signals from the jumpmaster.

1-15. While in flight, the aircraft commander keeps the MFF jumpmaster informed of changes to the

altimeter reading should it be necessary to abort and make an emergency exit. All actions and time

warnings issued will be in accordance with premission briefings and this manual. The pilot will signal the

jumpmaster upon arriving at the HARP. The parachutists exit the aircraft on the jumpmaster’s command.

PHASE IV: ACTIONS DURING FREE FALL AND ACTIONS UNDER CANOPY

1-16. MFF parachute jumps consist of four phases. They are—

Exit, delay, and deployment.

Assembly under canopy.

Flight in formation.

Final approach and landing.

PHASE V: ACTIONS ON THE DROP ZONE

1-17. At the DZ, the team leader and team sergeant immediately account for their personnel and all

equipment. Infiltrating detachments are especially vulnerable to enemy action during this phase. To

minimize the chances of detection, the detachment must clear the DZ as rapidly as possible and move to the

preselected assembly area. This area must provide cover and concealment and facilitate subsequent

movement to the objective area. Parachutes and air items should be buried or cached. If a reception

committee is present, its leader coordinates personnel movement and provides current intelligence on the

enemy and battle situation. Finally, the detachment sterilizes the assembly area and begins moving to the

objective area.

PHASE VI: MOVEMENT TO AND ACTIONS AT THE OBJECTIVE

1-18. Movement from the DZ to the objective area may require guides. If a reception committee is present,

it provides guides to the area or mission support sites where additional equipment brought may be cached.

If guides are not available, the detachment follows the preselected route based on detailed intelligence and

the patrolling plan developed during isolation. A well-planned route to the objective area must take

maximum advantage of cover and concealment and avoid enemy outposts, patrols, civilians, and

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1-7

Chapter 2

MC-4 Ram-Air Personnel Parachute System

The evolution of the parachute used in MFF operations has been considerable over

the years. This chapter identifies the MC-4 RAPPS components and donning and

recovery procedures. There are several RAPPSs used in the Department of Defense

that have similar employment and flight characteristics to the MC-4—the USN

MT-1SS and MT2-XX/SL, the United States Marine Corps (USMC) Multimission

Parachute System, the Tandem Offset Resupply Delivery System, and

the MC-5. The MT-2XX/SL and MC-5 RAPPSs have a static-line capability. The

MT-1SS has smaller 5-cell main and reserve canopies.

Note: Questions regarding employment of the RAPPS in the static-line configuration

should be addressed to USASOC, G-37, Special Skills, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

TM 70244A-OI and TM 10-1670-287-23&P contain information on repairing and

maintaining the MC-4.

MC-4 RAM-AIR PERSONNEL PARACHUTE SYSTEM COMPONENTS

2-1. Figures 2-1 through 2-11, pages 2-1 through 2-11, depict the various components associated with the

MC-4 RAPPS.

Figure 2-1. MC-4 RAPPS components

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MC-4 Ram-Air Personnel Parachute System

Figure 2-11. Location of reserve components

MILITARY FREE-FALL PARACHUTIST HELMET ASSEMBLY

2-2. MFF parachutists use the following helmets: advanced combat helmet (ACH), the Gentex HGU-55/P

helmet, the Gentex lightweight parachutist helmet, the MC-3 helmet (a semirigid, padded leather helmet)

used for passengers on tandem jumps, the Protec helmet with free-fall liner, and the Bell motorcyclist

helmet (full-face helmet not authorized for MFF). To conduct MFF with oxygen, personnel must wear

helmets with bayonet receptacles attached or use the improved oxygen harness (skull cap) to attach the

oxygen mask. The jumpmaster should have internal earphones and a microphone for communication within

the aircraft and while under canopy.

WARNING

The parachutist must ensure that bayonet receivers on his helmet

are compatible with the oxygen mask and that the mask fits

properly.

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2-11

Chapter 2

WARNING

The clear full-face shield (issued with the Gentex helmet and

jumped with the oxygen mask) may become dislodged in free fall

if not properly fitted and tightened.

MA2-30/A AND THE PA-200 FREE-FALL ALTIMETERS

2-3. The parachutist wears the MA2-30/A or the PA-200 altimeter on his left wrist (Figure 2-12). The

altimeter shows his altitude above the ground during free fall. The altimeter permits him to determine when

he has reached the proper altitude for deploying the main parachute. The altimeter must be transported and

stored with care. It must be chamber-tested for accuracy. The altimeter must be rechecked after an

unusually hard landing and after accidentally dropping it. If the altimeter is not waterproof, it should be

replaced if it has been submerged in water.

Figure 2-12. MA2-30/A and PA-200 free-fall altimeters

2-4. The computation for the altimeter setting follows. The jumpmaster—

Applying the formula below, inputs data (Figure 2-13, page 2-13).

Converts meters to feet if map data is in meters.

Places DAF elevation in first block.

If DZ elevation is lower than DAF, places it in lower block.

If DZ elevation is higher than DAF, places it in upper block.

If numbers are the same (+/+ or -/-), then subtracts.

If numbers are different (+/-), then adds.

Places total in appropriate block.

The positive or negative sign next to the block identifies the altimeter setting.

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MC-4 Ram-Air Personnel Parachute System

Figure 2-13. Altimeter setting

CAUTION

Special consideration will be given to any obstacles (for example,

ridgelines, mountains, towers, and other such items and their

elevations) that may be located within 3 nautical miles or 5.5 kilometers

of the parachutist’s release point or desired impact point.

MA-10 MILITARY ALTIMETER

2-5. The MA-10 altimeter is a solid state electronic device with manufacturer-updatable embedded software

and a stepper motor that moves the pointer on an analog display. The 12,000-foot linear scale is capable of

reading up to 40,000 feet MSL with the pointer rotating 12,000 feet per revolution (3 1/3 revolutions to

40,000 feet). The face is highlighted with a red warning arc that begins at 2,500 feet. The MA-10 is

battery life. The MA-10 can be comfortably worn with a Velcro wrist-mount band and is waterproof to a

depth of 6 feet for 1 hour. The battery compartment is not waterproof. The aluminum housing measures

3.27 x 3.20 x 1.37 inches and the face has a 2.50-inch dial. The electroluminescence face automatically

turns on and provides backlighting during low light conditions. The manufacturer-replaceable lens is

protected by a self-adhesive lens protector that can be replaced by a designated parachute rigger. The MA-10

conducts a power-on self-test, checking the pressure sensor, blockage of the filter, stepper motor, battery

voltage, and other critical functions. Using the external buttons, the MA-10 can be set in three ways: zeroed

to the current location, manually entering the DZ offset, or by calculating the DZ offset entering the DZ

altitude and a form of barometric pressure called “altimeter setting” for the DZ. Figures 2-14 through 2-20,

pages 2-14 through 2-19, depict the MA-10 altimeter.

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2-13

Chapter 2

Note: Leather-palmed gloves are required when the temperature at exit altitude is 40 degrees

Fahrenheit and below.

Boots

2-8. While boots without speed-lacing hooks are not RAPPS components, they are considered to be

mandatory safety equipment.

Eye Protection

2-9. MFF parachutists must use eye protection. Commercial (Kroop) goggles provide a wide field of

vision and come in two sizes: regular and a larger box design that fits over standard military eyeglasses.

Military-issue sun, wind, and dust goggles are authorized, but not recommended, as they restrict the

parachutist’s field of vision. Commercial (Kroop) and military-issue goggles are authorized for parachuting

with or without an oxygen mask. All lenses used should be clear and relatively free of scratches that might

obstruct vision. When oxygen is used, all goggles, no matter what type, will be clear. All goggles shall be

made of shatterproof materials.

Note: The clear full-face shield issued with the Gentex helmet is authorized for use only with an

oxygen mask.

Military Free-Fall Parachutist Helmet

2-10. The following helmets are authorized for MFF:

Gentex HGU-55/P.

Gentex lightweight parachutist helmet.

MC-3 helmet.

Protec helmet (only with free-fall liner).

Bell open-face motorcycle helmet.

ACH or modular integrated communication headset (MICH).

Soft-shell helmet (authorized for tandem passenger use only).

Note: The Bell full-face motorcycle helmet is not authorized for MFF operations.

Note: Bayonet receiver assemblies may be installed on most helmets for use with an oxygen

mask requiring the use of bayonet lugs. Helmets that cannot be fitted with bayonet receiver

assemblies will be fitted with the rail connector and oxygen strap kit or jumper will use the

improved oxygen harness.

Communications Capabilities

2-11. The jumpmaster should have internal earphones and an external microphone or internal oxygen mask

microphone for communication. The Gentex lightweight parachutist helmet has bayonet receivers for an

oxygen mask and provides each parachutist with communications capability with or without an oxygen

mask. The MICH can be used with the ACH. The Peltor headset will sit between the ACH and improved

oxygen harness, if used.

Other Protective Clothing

2-12. Appropriate garments are chosen per individual MFF mission requirements. Jumpsuits (Figure 2-21,

page

2-21) with lightweight polypropylene undergarments, insulated undergarments, or insulated

overlayers may be necessary depending upon the degree of environmental protection required. The

parachutist individual equipment kit (Figure 2-22, page 2-21) worn during USMC MFF operations, is

another example of outstanding environmental protection clothing for MFF operations.

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Chapter 2

DONNING AND RECOVERING THE MC-4 RAM-AIR

PERSONNEL PARACHUTE SYSTEM

2-13. The buddy system, or the pairing of parachutists, within each operational element provides the most

efficient and accurate way for parachutists to don, adjust, and check each other’s parachutes. Using the

buddy system to properly don and adjust the MC-4 RAPPS provides an additional safety check and

prevents unnecessary delays during the JMPI.

PREPARING THE KIT BAGS

2-14. The parachutist will determine if the kit bag will be worn on the front across the groin area, on the

rear between the jumper’s back and container, or put on like a rucksack on the back. He selects the method

and prepares the kit bag as follows:

Aviator’s Kit Bag. The parachutist closes the slide fastener and secures all snap fasteners. If the

kit bag is worn rear- or front-mounted, he folds each end of it with one fold toward the center

leaving the handles exposed at one end (Figure 2-23).

MC-4 Kit Bag. The parachutist closes the slide fastener. The kit bag can be worn like a

rucksack on the jumper’s back (Figure 2-23) under the MC-4 RAPPS. If it is front-mounted, the

parachutist rolls it from bottom to top with shoulder straps exposed and places retainer bands on

each end (Figure 2-23).

Figure 2-23. Aviator’s and MC-4 kit bags

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MC-4 Ram-Air Personnel Parachute System

DONNING THE MC-4 RAM-AIR PERSONNEL PARACHUTE SYSTEM

2-15. The following are procedures for donning the MC-4 RAPPS (Figure 2-24, page 2-24):

The parachutist checks the parachute assembly for visible defects, lets out all harness

adjustments for ease of donning (Figure 2-24A), and lays the assembly out with the pack tray

face down.

To don the parachute, the parachutist (No. 1) assumes a modified high jumper position. The

second parachutist (No. 2) holds the harness container by the main lift webs at the canopy

release assemblies and places it on No. 1’s back (Figure 2-24B).

No. 1 remains bent forward at the waist and No. 2 pushes the container high on No. 1’s back as

No. 1 threads and fastens the chest strap (Figure 2-24C).

No. 2 prepares the leg straps. No. 2 calls out, LEFT LEG STRAP, and passes it to No. 1.

No. 1 repeats, LEFT LEG STRAP, and grasps the left leg strap with one hand. With his other

hand, he starts from the saddle and feels the length of the leg strap, removing any twists and

turns. He inserts the leg strap through one aviator’s kit bag handle (if the kit bag is front-

mounted) and fastens the leg strap (Figure 2-24D). He repeats the procedure for the remaining

leg strap. He performs the same steps for the MC-4 kit bag by inserting the leg straps through the

shoulder straps.

No. 1 stands erect and checks to make sure the canopy release assemblies are in the hollows of

his shoulders by adjusting the main lift webs (Figure 2-24E).

No. 1 locates the free-running ends of the horizontal adjustment straps and tightens the harness

so it fits snugly and comfortably (Figure 2-24F).

No. 2 then threads the long-running end of the waistband through both kit bag handles (if the kit

bag is rear-mounted), and No.

1 fastens the waistband to the waistband extension

(Figures 2-24G and H).

After final adjustment, No. 1 folds all excess straps inward, except for the main lift webs that are

folded outward, and secures them using the elastic keepers (Figure 2-24I). No. 1 should be able

to stand erect without straining.

When properly donned, the system should feel snug but not so tight as to restrict movement. The

jumper should be able to properly arch, look, reach, and pull the ripcord on the ground before the

actual jump.

No. 1 and No. 2 then change positions and repeat the procedure.

When both parachutists have donned their parachute assemblies and adjusted their harnesses,

they face each other, make a visual inspection of each other, and correct any deficiencies before

the JMPI.

RECOVERING THE RAM-AIR PERSONNEL PARACHUTE SYSTEM

2-16. The following procedures are used to recover a RAPPS; the parachutist—

If jumping oxygen, locks the ON/OFF switch in the OFF position and removes the bailout

bottles and pouch from the waistband.

Note: Parachutists do not place the oxygen mask on the ground unprotected during parachute

recovery. Moisture from breathing and condensation due to temperature changes will cause dirt

and debris to adhere to the mask, interfering with sealing and increasing risk of injury.

Removes the harness and container and daisy-chains the suspension lines.

Removes and opens the aviator’s kit bag.

If using the Military CYPRES 2, turns it off.

Replaces the ripcord in the ripcord cable housing and the ripcord handle in the stow pocket.

Places the pilot chute next to the kit bag.

Places the canopy, deployment bag, suspension lines, and risers in the kit bag.

Removes the quick-release snap hooks and lowering line quick-ejector snap from the equipment

rings on the parachute harness.

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Chapter 3

Cybernetic Parachute Release System

The CYPRES is an EAAD designed to cut the loop material that is holding the reserve

pilot chute in place, which deploys the reserve in the event that the MFF parachutist

meets the criteria that the CYPRES uses to make the decision to fire the release unit.

WARNING

As stated in USASOC Regulation 350-2, all Army MFF units will only

utilize the military CYPRES 2 in the absolute (operational) mode. All other

Services will follow their Service regulation on using the CYPRES 2 in

absolute (operational) mode or default (training) mode.

GENERAL INFORMATION ON MILITARY CYPRES 2 MODELS

3-1. Three Military CYPRES 2 models and one Expert CYPRES 2 model are being used by the United

States (U.S.) Army as safety devices designed to activate and enable the reserve parachute to deploy in the

absence of the parachutist failing to deploy his main parachute or having a malfunction of his main parachute:

The Military CYPRES 2 is designed specifically for tactical application use. There are three

Military CYPRES 2 models: 1000 35 A, 1500 35 A, and the 2500 29 A. All models have two

modes of operation—training mode and operational mode:

Default (training) mode can be used for nontactical jumps that meet specific parameters;

inclusively, the DAF and DZ must be the same location.

Absolute (operational) mode can be used for both tactical and nontactical jumps in any scenario.

The Expert CYPRES 2 is designed for use in authorized nonstandard parachutes and has two

modes of operation—training mode and offset mode:

Default (training) mode can be used for nontactical jumps that meet specific parameters;

inclusively, the DAF and DZ must be the same location.

Offset mode can be used when the DAF and DZ are at different altitudes or locations and

specific parameters are met.

WARNING

All CYPRES information covered in this manual is specific to Military

CYPRES 2 models only. Military CYPRES 1 models are only in use by

USMC Special Operations Command. Military CYPRES 1 and Expert

CYPRES 1 rules and procedures have some discrepancies and should

not be used in conjunction with Military CYPRES 2 information contained

in this manual.

Note: Use of the Military CYPRES 2 in operational mode is recommended for all situations.

Note: It is essential that all personnel read this entire chapter before using and setting the

Military CYPRES 2. The jumpmaster and parachutist must be familiar with all CYPRES model

functions, procedures, and limitations.

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3-1

Chapter 3

MILITARY CYPRES 2 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION

3-2. When the parachutist arms the Military CYPRES 2, the reserve parachute deploys automatically if

the parachutist reaches the preset altitude at the preset vertical velocity and meets other critical conditions.

The Military CYPRES 2 deploys the reserve parachute by firing the release element and severing the

reserve closing loop material. The reserve pilot chute is then free to launch and deploy the reserve

parachute. If the parachutist reaches the preset altitude and does not meet the conditions to fire the release

element (such as when the main parachute is fully deployed), the Military CYPRES 2 will not send the

signal to fire the release element. In case the jump conditions change, the Military CYPRES 2 silently

continues to monitor the parachutist’s condition during canopy flight until the parachutist reaches 130 feet

above the virtual drop zone (VDZ).

GENERAL OPERATION

3-3. The three Military CYPRES 2 models and the Expert CYPRES 2 model will only activate and fire

the release element within the activation window. The Military CYPRES 2 will only fire the release

element for parachute malfunctions that fall through the activation window and meet the vertical activation

speed. All parachute malfunctions that fall faster than the vertical activation speed (such as pack closure,

hard pull, bag lock, and horseshoe malfunctions with the canopy in the bag) and are within the activation

window, will meet the conditions to fire the release element. For all other parachute malfunctions that

cause the parachutist to fall slower than the vertical activation speed (such as single-riser separation, line

over, pilot chute over the nose, line twists, closed end cells, broken control lines, and tension knots), the

parachutist must activate the reserve manually. It must be understood that the Military CYPRES 2 will

leave the activation window at 130 feet above the VDZ and will no longer operate.

ACTIVATION WINDOW

3-4.

The activation window for default (training) and absolute (operational) modes is as follows:

Default (Training) Mode. Once properly powered ON, the Military CYPRES 2 in default

(training) mode arms itself 1,500 feet above the default activation altitude (750 feet above

activation altitude for the Expert CYPRES 2). Once armed, the activation window will extend

from the default activation elevation down to approximately 130 feet above the DAF elevation.

For example, once powered ON prior to leaving the ground, the Military CYPRES 2 1500 35 A

arms itself at 3,000 feet AGL (1,500 feet above the default setting of 1,500 feet AGL). The

parachutist exiting the aircraft will need to fall approximately 1,000 feet to reach the vertical

activation speed of 35 meters per second (78 mph or 115 fps). If the parachutist enters the

activation window (1,500 feet AGL to 130 feet AGL) and is falling faster than the vertical

activation speed of 35 meters per second, the Military CYPRES 2 will fire the release element.

The Military CYPRES 2 will go into a standby mode at 130 feet above the VDZ.

Note: The Military CYPRES 2 will go into an energy saving (standby) mode at 130 feet because

this gives it an altitude buffer to make sure it goes into this mode. Without this buffer, the

Military CYPRES 2 could possibly stay in the activation phase of the jump, which consumes the

most battery power. This would greatly depreciate the battery life over time. Also, the Military

CYPRES 2 would not save the jumper if it fired at 130 feet.

Absolute (Operational) Mode. Once properly powered ON, the Military CYPRES 2 in absolute

(operational) mode arms itself immediately. The activation window will extend from the default

activation setting above the VDZ, set by the jumpmaster, down to approximately 130 feet above

the VDZ. For example, once powered ON with a 5,000-foot VDZ setting, the Military CYPRES 2

1500 35 A is armed immediately, regardless of the location where it was powered ON. The

parachutist exiting the aircraft will need to fall approximately 1,000 feet to reach the vertical

activation speed of 35 meters per second (78 mph or 115 fps). If the parachutist enters the

activation window (1,500 feet above the VDZ to 130 feet above the VDZ) and is falling faster

than the vertical activation speed of 35 meters per second, the Military CYPRES 2 will fire the

release element.

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Cybernetic Parachute Release System

MILITARY CYPRES 2 MODELS

3-5. The three Military CYPRES 2 models—1000 35 A, 1500 35 A, and 2500 29 A—are the models in

present use for all tactical parachute systems (except for USMC Special Operations Command). All models

have the same appearance, function, and theory of operation. The Military CYPRES 2 uses millibars

absolute as the unit of measurement. The differences among the three models are their preset information,

including the default activation altitude above the VDZ, the vertical activation speed, and the release unit

configuration.

3-6. Different settings are required to tailor the Military CYPRES 2 to specific parachute equipment and

mission applications. For quick identification and to help ensure proper settings, the three Military

CYPRES 2 models have their presets displayed on the green (ON/OFF) button located on the control unit.

The presets identify the model of a Military CYPRES that goes with a specific parachute system:

The Military CYPRES 2 model 1000 35 A is used on the Military Tandem Tethered Bundle

parachute and authorized nonstandard parachute systems.

The Military CYPRES 2 model 1500 35 A is used with the MC-4, MJN-1, MJA-2, MT-2XX/SL,

and SOV2-HH.

The Military CYPRES 2 model 2500 29 A is used on the Sigma Vector-Military-Tandem

Vector-3 System and the Tandem Offset Resupply Delivery System.

The preset information for each model can be found printed on the back of the control unit and on the front

cover of the processing unit. Figure 3-1 shows the Military CYPRES 2.

DANGER

The jumpmaster must accurately identify the CYPRES model

being used and understand the correct pressure setting method.

Failure to identify the correct model for the parachute system and

to properly set the CYPRES may result in the CYPRES not firing

at the intended altitude, resulting in injury or DEATH to the

parachutist.

Figure 3-1. Military CYPRES 2 1500 35 A

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Chapter 3

EXPERT CYPRES 2 MODEL

3-7. The Expert CYPRES 2 has the same look, function, maintenance, and theory of operation as the

Military CYPRES 2 in training mode but is limited in use because it does not have an operational mode

setting. While the Military CYPRES 2 uses millibars absolute as the unit for the setting, the Expert

CYPRES 2 uses feet relative to the DAF. The Expert CYPRES 2 has its own preset activation altitude

above the VDZ, activation speed, and release unit configuration. The Expert CYPRES 2 model is identified

by the red (ON/OFF) button located on the control unit. The preset information is not printed anywhere on

the outside of the Expert CYPRES 2. Figure 3-2 shows the Expert CYPRES 2.

Figure 3-2. Expert CYPRES 2

3-8. The Expert CYPRES 2 model is used with authorized nonstandard parachute systems. The Expert

CYPRES 2 model is set in feet and the display is graduated in feet. This setting is different from the three

Military CYPRES 2 models that are set and displayed in millibars.

CYPRES MODEL IDENTIFICATION

DANGER

Failure to identify the correct Military CYPRES

2 model and

setting method may result in configuring an improper setting,

thus preventing the Military CYPRES 2 from firing when needed,

resulting in injury or DEATH to the parachutist.

Failure to only use the Expert CYPRES 2 in authorized nonstandard

parachute systems may result in the Expert CYPRES 2 not firing

at the intended altitude, resulting in injury or DEATH to the

parachutist.

3-9. The specific models of the CYPRES 2 are only authorized for use on the specified parachute systems

listed in Table 3-1, page 3-5.

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Cybernetic Parachute Release System

Table 3-1. CYPRES 2 model identification

Default

Vertical

Pressure

Authorized

Button

Activation

Setting

Parachute

Identification

Altitude

Speed

Display Value

System

Military CYPRES 2

1,000 Feet

35 Meters per Second

Millibars

MTTB/Authorized

Green Button

78 mph

Absolute

Nonstandard

1000 35 A

115 fps

Parachute Systems

Military CYPRES 2

1,500 Feet

35 Meters per Second

Millibars

MC-4, MJN-1,

Green Button

78 mph

Absolute

MJA-2, SOV2-HH,

1500 35 A

115 fps

MT-2XX/SL, MMPS

Military CYPRES 2

2,500 Feet

29 Meters per Second

Millibars

MTV-3, TORDS

Green Button

65 mph

Absolute

2500 29 A

95 fps

Expert CYPRES 2

750 Feet

35 Meters per Second

+/- Feet Relative

Authorized

Red Button

78 mph

Nonstandard

(No Letters)

115 fps

Parachute Systems

(Javelin)

3-10. The three

Military CYPRES 2 models and the Expert CYPRES

2 model can

be identified by the

(ON/OFF) button on the control unit as described below:

Military CYPRES

2 Model 1000 35 A. The

control unit button is green, and the markings

indicate that the Military CYPRES 2 is set to activate approximately 1,000 feet above the

VDZ

if the vertical speed is faster than approximately 35

meters per

second (78 mph or

115 fps). The A indicates that the pressure setting is in millibars absolute; the information in

the control unit window display also reads

in millibars

(Figure 3-3).

When the Military

CYPRES 2 Model

1000 35 A is

removed from

the parachute system, the

setting information

can be read on the back of the control unit and

on the front cover of the processing unit.

Figure 3-3.

Military CYPRES 2 Model 1000 35 A control unit

Military CYPRES

2 Model 1500 35 A. The

control unit button is green, and the markings

indicate that the Military CYPRES 2 is set to activate approximately 1,500

feet above the

VDZ

if the

vertical speed

is faster than

approximately

35 meters per second (78 mph or 115 fps). The

A indicates that the

pressure setting is in millibars absolute; the control unit

window display also

reads

in millibars (Figure 3-4). When the Military CYPRES

2 Model 1500 35 A is removed

from

the parachute

system, the setting information can be read on the back

of the control unit

and on the front cover of the processing unit.

Figure 3-4.

Military CYPRES 2 Model 1500 35 A control unit

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Chapter 3

Military

CYPRES 2 Model 2500 29 A. The control unit button is green, and the markings

indicate that the Military CYPRES 2

is set to activate approximately 2,500 feet

above the VDZ

if the vertical speed is faster than approximately 29 meters per second (65 mph or 95 fps). The

indicates

the pressure setting is in millibars absolute; the control unit window display also reads

in millibars (Figure 3-5). When the Military CYPRES 2 Model 2500 29 A is removed from the

parachute

system, the setting information can be read on the back

of the control

unit and on the

front cover of the processing unit.

Figure 3-5. Military CYPRES

2 Model 2500 29 A control unit

Expert CYPRES 2 Model. The control unit button

is red with no

markings (Figure 3-6). If the

vertical speed is faster than 35 meters

per second (78 mph or 115 fps), the Expert CYPRES

model is set to activate

at approximately 750 feet above the DZ. The setting is graduated in feet

and the control unit display is graduated in 30-foot increments.

Figure

3-6. Expert

CYPRES 2 control unit

COMPONENTS

3-11.

The Military

CYPRES 2 has only three

components:

the control unit, the processing unit with

internal battery, and

the release unit with one or two release elements.

CONTROL UNIT

3-12.

The control unit houses a liquid crystal display and a green ON/OFF

button. It is

attached to the

processing unit by an electrical cable. The control unit provides the interface between the user and the

processing unit. This allows the user to control

functions, such

as powering

ON and OFF

and setting the

Military CYPRES 2,

with the proper millibar setting for the absolute (operational) mode. During the power

ON sequence, the liquid crystal display displays

the power ON

self-test information, the error codes, and

the pressure setting.

The user can

see the Military CYPRES 2

is ON or OFF

by observing

the zero down

arrow

(0▼) setting

for use in the

default (training) mode, or by the proper

millibar setting for use in the

absolute (operational) mode. Once

the power ON sequence and pressure setting is complete, the control

unit is

disengaged from the processing unit, and

its only function is to power

OFF the Military CYPRES

The pressure setting

will remain displayed on the liquid crystal display. The

control unit does not conduct

any of the pressure

readings or

calculations

performed by

the Military

CYPRES 2.

The numerical

information written

on the control unit’s single operating

button lets the jumpmaster know which

CYPRES 2 model

is installed in

the parachute system. Table 3-1, page

3-5, explains

the numerical

information. Figure

3-7, page 3-7, shows the control unit for

the Military CYPRES 2 that has a default

setting

of 1,500 feet, fall rate setting of 35 meters per second (115 fps or 78 mph), and a pressure setting of

absolute. When the Military CYPRES 2 is removed from the parachute system, the setting

information can

be read on the back

of the control

unit (Figure 3-8, page 3-7) and on the front cover of the

processing unit

(Figure 3-9, page 3-7).

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Figure 3-7. Military CYPRES 2 control unit

Figure 3-8. Back of Military CYPRES 2 control unit

Figure 3-9. Military CYPRES 2 processing unit

PROCESSING UNIT

3-13. The processing unit houses the microprocessor and the battery (Figure 3-9). The microprocessor

conducts a self-test every time it is powered ON. The processing unit will stay ON and remain active for

14 hours from power ON, and then it will automatically power itself OFF. The microprocessor’s software

and sensors monitor the parachutist’s altitude, vertical velocity, and other critical data points during free

fall. It handles all critical calculations and functions to determine when a parachutist is in trouble so that the

release elements can be fired. If the parachutist reaches the preset altitude at the preset vertical velocity and

meets other critical conditions, the processing unit makes the decision to fire, sends an electrical charge to

the release unit, fires the release elements, and severs the reserve closing loop material.

Note: The processing unit is protected from electromagnetic interference and static electricity,

which means it is highly unlikely that radios and static electric shock will cause accidental

discharge of the release elements.

RELEASE UNIT

3-14. Release units are available for one-pin or two-pin reserve parachutes. The release unit contains a

propellant actuated cutter called the release element (Figure 3-10, page 3-8). The number of release

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elements used depends on the parachute configuration. The MC-4 parachute system uses two release

elements. The release unit is attached to the processing unit by the release unit plug. A used release element

can be replaced during the reserve repack by unplugging the old release unit from the processing unit and

plugging in the new release unit. In the event the parachutist meets all conditions to fire the release

element, the processing unit sends an electrical input to the release element. A propellant inside the release

element is electrically activated and, in turn, moves the release element knife approximately 5 millimeters

to sever the reserve parachute closing loop(s) in order to open the reserve container. A CYPRES closing

loop must be used to ensure proper operation. Once the release elements have fired, they must be replaced

by the parachute rigger prior to repacking the reserve parachute. Release elements that have been fired are

self-contained and remain pressurized—no attempt should be made to cut them open.

Note: The release element (cutter) is transportable on all military aircraft and does not require

any special load planning or transportation considerations.

Figure 3-10. Military CYPRES 2 release unit

MAINTENANCE

3-15. Inspection, installation, maintenance, and storage of the Military CYPRES 2 shall be maintained by a

ram-air pack-qualified parachute rigger.

BATTERY

3-16. The Military CYPRES 2 battery is replaced at 4 and 8 years from date of manufacture (plus or minus

6 months) during the periodic technical service performed by the manufacturer, SSK. The Military

CYPRES 2 has a lifetime of 12.5 years from date of manufacture.

WATER LANDINGS

3-17. The Military CYPRES 2 is water resistant for 15 minutes at 5 meters. If a Military CYPRES 2 gets

wet from a water landing, the rigger at the unit level is responsible for changing the filter.

SCHEDULED MAINTENANCE

3-18. The Military CYPRES 2 will be sent to the manufacturer for a periodic technical service at 4-year

and 8-year intervals, plus or minus 6 months each, from the date of manufacture. The Military CYPRES 2

alerts the user when the scheduled maintenance is approaching. The maintenance due date and the unit’s

serial number are both easily retrievable (Figures 3-11 and 3-12, page 3-9). To access the serial number or

the next maintenance due date without removing the unit from the parachute, the following steps are

performed:

Set the Military CYPRES 2 for use in the absolute (operational) mode.

Enter a value outside of its operational range by selecting

0 for the first value and the

numeral 1 (or 0) for the next three values.

The screen will momentarily go blank and then the serial number will appear in the display screen for

approximately 5 seconds. The screen will go blank again and the next required maintenance date will

appear on the screen.

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Figure 3-11. Example of Military CYPRES 2 serial number

Figure 3-12. Example

of next required maintenance date for Military CYPRES 2

GENERAL TERMS

3-19. The jumpmaster and parachutist should be familiar

with the following terms as

to how the Military

CYPRES 2 performs its setting

calculations:

Virtual Drop Zone. The VDZ is

defined as the virtual zero

reference point established

by the

jumpmaster from which the Military CYPRES

2 makes its

calculations. This reference

point

becomes the zero starting point, or the VDZ, for all Military CYPRES 2 calculations. There are

two reasons for use

of a VDZ in lieu of the actual DZ:

f a highest release point obstacle exists.

This VDZ (highest elevation) must be used to

provide the jumper with a safe distance above the obstacle for reserve

deployment via the

Military CYPRES 2.

o adjust the reserve parachute to a higher actuation altitude for a tactical HAHO option.

This is SOP based only.

Highest Release Point Obstacle. For the Military CYPRES 2 setting calculations, a terrain

feature near the release point is considered an obstacle if it is

over 200 feet

higher than the DZ.

This

is for HALO and HAHO jump operations.

The obstacle is taken into consideration if

it falls

within

the parameters below; the highest release

point obstacle

will become the VDZ on which all

setting calculations

are based:

500-meter radius of the release point for operations up to 13,000 feet AGL.

1,000-meter

radius of the release point for operations above 13,000 feet AGL.

Note: Both highest release point obstacle radiuses are

minimum distances and can

be increased by

the jumpmaster as needed.

Altimeter Setting.

This setting is

in inches of Hg (QNH). The barometric pressure is corrected

to MSL by taking the current station pressure and temperature, and adjusting

it to MSL from the

difference in elevation of where

the reading was taken from.

. The pressure

value of an aircraft

altimeter scale is set so that it will

indicate the altitude above MSL of an aircraft on the ground at

the location for which the value was determined

Unknown (Combat) Setting (29.

.92). If the aircraft altimeter

setting (inches

of Hg) is unknown,

a value of 29.92 (inches of Hg) is

used to calculate the millibar setting of the Military CYPRES

2. The value of 29.92 (inches

of Hg) is the

average pressure at

0 feet MSL, 59 degrees

Fahrenheit, which is the around-the-world average.

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MODES OF OPERATION

3-20. The three Military CYPRES 2 models can be set in two modes: default (training) mode and absolute

(operational) mode. The Expert CYPRES 2 can be set in two modes: default (training) mode and offset mode.

3-21. The primary jumpmaster for each jump is responsible for determining the proper mode and setting.

The jumpmaster must properly identify the Military CYPRES 2 model to be used and fully understand its

mode of operation to make the proper mode selection. The following paragraphs describe the Military

CYPRES 2 modes of operation.

DEFAULT (TRAINING) MODE (MILITARY CYPRES 2 AND EXPERT CYPRES 2)

3-22. The default (training) mode is only used if the DZ and the DAF are the same location. Once powered

ON in default (training) mode, the DAF and/or DZ elevation automatically becomes the zero reference

point. The Military CYPRES 2 continuously samples atmospheric pressure changes and makes required

adjustments to ensure that the zero reference point stays on the ground. For example, if all conditions are

met, the Military CYPRES 2 Model 1500 35 A that is powered ON at the DAF and/or DZ will fire the

release element at 1,500 feet above the DAF elevation. If all conditions are not met to fire the release

element, the Military CYPRES 2 will remain active until it reaches 130 feet above the DAF elevation, at

which time it will deactivate automatically. Once set in the default (training) mode, the Military CYPRES 2

must be powered OFF and powered back ON just prior to every lift at the DAF; this is a required safety

measure for military use.

ABSOLUTE (OPERATIONAL) MODE (MILITARY CYPRES 2)

3-23. In absolute (operational) mode, the DZ or VDZ is calculated by the jumpmaster depending on

operational requirements. By entering the desired millibar setting into the Military CYPRES

2, the

jumpmaster tells the Military CYPRES 2 the absolute pressure of the location of the DZ or VDZ. The

elevation corresponding to the pressure entered into the CYPRES calculator is now the zero reference point

for the Military CYPRES 2. All calculations for the activation window and the activation altitude made by

the Military CYPRES 2 are based off of this point. A VDZ may be programmed to any altitude within the

device’s operational range of -1600 feet to +36,000 feet MSL, which equates to 1075-0200 millibars.

3-24. Once set, the DZ and/or VDZ is locked into the millibar setting that corresponds to that altitude to

start the Military CYPRES 2 calculations. The Military CYPRES 2 in absolute (operational) mode does not

make adjustments for barometric pressure changes in weather. For example, if all conditions are met, the

Military CYPRES 2 Model 1500 35 A in absolute (operational) mode with a VDZ set at 5,000 feet MSL

(a mountain is at the release point) will fire at 6,500 feet MSL (VDZ MSL plus default activation equals

Military CYPRES activation MSL). If all conditions are not met to fire the release element, the Military

CYPRES 2 remains active until the parachutist reaches 130 feet above the VDZ (5,130 feet MSL) at which

time it will deactivate automatically for the remainder of the canopy flight.

OFFSET MODE (EXPERT CYPRES 2)

3-25. The Expert CYPRES 2 does not have an absolute (operational) mode. However, the Expert CYPRES 2

can be set with an offset that will allow for a ±3,000-foot difference between the DAF and the DZ. This

setting is derived by the jumpmaster using the same method employed to set the jumper’s altimeter

(altitude difference between the DAF MSL and DZ MSL equals offset). Rounded to the nearest

30-foot increment, the offset is entered into the Expert CYPRES 2. Once powered ON in offset mode, the

VDZ (zero reference point) automatically becomes the DAF plus the amount of offset. For example, if all

conditions are met, the Expert CYPRES 2 that is powered ON at the DAF with a default activation altitude

of 750 feet and a +300-foot offset will fire the release element at 1,050 feet above the DAF elevation. If all

conditions are not met to fire the release element, the Expert CYPRES 2 will remain active until it reaches

130 feet above the VDZ elevation, at which time it will deactivate automatically. Once set in the offset

mode, the Expert CYPRES 2 must be powered OFF and powered back ON just prior to every lift at the

DAF; this is a required safety measure for military use.

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MODE DETERMINATION

3-26. The proper mode for the three Military CYPRES 2 models and the Expert CYPRES 2 must be

determined by the primary jumpmaster before and during the jump operation. If the mission or conditions

change, it may be necessary to adjust the setting or mode.

3-27. Absolute (operational) mode can be used in all situations and is the recommended mode to use for all

military free-fall operations. To determine the use of the default

(training) mode on the Military

CYPRES 2, the following questions must be answered for every jump:

Are the DAF and DZ at different locations?

Is there a highest release point obstacle of 200 feet or greater?

Is this a HAHO jump?

Is the desired Military CYPRES 2 activation different than the Military CYPRES 2 default values?

Will the aircraft fly below the DAF and/or DZ elevation?

Will the Military CYPRES 2 be powered ON in flight?

Will the aircraft be pressurized?

3-28. If any of the questions were answered “YES,” the Military CYPRES 2 must be used in absolute

(operational) mode. If answered “NO” to every question, default (training) mode can be used. The

jumpmaster will evaluate the operational parameters during the jump. If the parameters change, the

Military CYPRES 2 may have to be reset. The ideal situation to use the three Military CYPRES 2 models

and the Expert CYPRES 2 model in default (training) mode is when a DZ is selected with no terrain feature

obstacles near the release point and the DAF and DZ are the same location and elevation MSL.

DEFAULT (TRAINING) MODE

3-29. The three Military CYPRES 2 models and the Expert CYPRES 2 model are set to operate in the default

(training) mode with the same operational parameters. Both the Military and Expert CYPRES 2 models

function in the same manner and use the same power ON sequence. While in default (training) mode, the

parachutist’s emergency procedures and pull altitudes do not change. The jumpmaster must ensure that all

warnings, cautions, and rules are understood before selecting the default (training) mode of operation.

DANGER

Do not use the CYPRES 2 in default (training) mode unless the

following conditions are met. Failure to adhere to these warnings

may result in the CYPRES 2 not firing at the intended altitude and

may result in injury or DEATH to the parachutist.

Prior to every lift while in default (training) mode, the CYPRES 2

will be powered OFF and powered back ON at the DAF. This

ensures that all parachutists on the aircraft have the correct DZ

setting. The CYPRES 2 will automatically reset the DZ under

certain situations. Failure to power OFF and power back ON the

CYPRES 2 just prior to every lift may result in the CYPRES 2 not

firing at the intended altitude, which may result in injury or

DEATH to the parachutist.

The jump aircraft must never fly below the DAF altitude. If the

jump aircraft flies below the DAF altitude, the CYPRES 2 will reset

the DZ, or zero reference point, to that lower altitude. Then the

CYPRES 2 may fire at a lower-than-intended altitude, which may

result in insufficient time for the reserve parachute to inflate,

resulting in injury or DEATH to the parachutist.

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DANGER (continued)

The cabin area of the jump aircraft must be depressurized during

engine startup and takeoff to ensure that the cabin pressure will

not build up above the air pressure on the ground. If the cabin

pressure in the jump aircraft is allowed to build up (representing a

lower altitude), the CYPRES 2 will automatically reset the VDZ, or

ground reference, to the lower altitude and the CYPRES 2 may fire

at a lower-than-intended altitude. This may result in insufficient

time for the reserve parachute to inflate, resulting in injury or

DEATH to the parachutist.

The CYPRES 2 must not be powered ON in flight while in default

(training) mode. Powering ON the CYPRES 2 while in flight will set

the VDZ to the aircraft altitude or cabin pressure. This will result

in the CYPRES 2 firing too high upon exit or not firing at all,

depending on the exit altitude, resulting in injury or DEATH to the

parachutist.

Conditions for Using All CYPRES 2 Models in Default (Training) Mode

3-30. While in default (training) mode, the three Military CYPRES 2 models and the Expert CYPRES 2

model may be used only under the conditions listed below. These conditions must be maintained

throughout the operation with no exceptions. If any of these conditions are not met, the CYPRES 2 will not

be used in the default

(training) mode. The absolute

(operational) mode will be used instead. The

conditions include the following:

Every CYPRES 2 on the lift must be powered OFF and powered back ON at the DAF while on

the ground prior to every lift; this is a required safety measure for military use.

Low-level flights en route to the DZ must not fly below the DAF MSL elevation.

The aircraft cannot be pressurized.

The DAF and DZ must be the same location.

HAHO jumps cannot be done.

The CYPRES default activation values must be used.

Minimum vertical separation between reserve activation altitude and main deployment altitude is

2,000 feet for the 1000 35 A and the 1500 35 A models and 2,500 feet for the 2500 29 A model.

When the 1000 model is used on the tandem bundle, the vertical separation is not applicable.

There cannot be a highest release point obstacle. A terrain feature at the release point is an

obstacle when that feature is 200 feet or higher than the DZ and is within—

A 500-meter radius of the release point for operations 13,000 feet AGL and below.

A 1,000-meter radius of the release point for operations above 13,000 feet AGL.

Jumpmaster and Pilot Considerations in Default (Training) Mode

3-31. When using the default (training) mode, the jumpmaster and pilot should consider the following:

The three Military CYPRES 2 models arm at an altitude of 1,500 feet above the default setting

and the Expert CYPRES 2 model at an altitude of 750 feet above the default setting. For

example, once powered ON prior to leaving the ground, the Military CYPRES 2 1500 35 A arms

itself at 3,000 feet above the DAF.

The aircraft should never descend to an altitude below the elevation of the DAF. The Military

CYPRES 2 will automatically reset the VDZ, or ground reference, to the lower altitude and the

Military CYPRES 2 may fire at a lower-than-intended altitude.

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If the aircraft can be pressurized, the pilot ensures the cabin remains depressurized during engine

startup and takeoff. He ensures that the cabin pressure does not build up above the air pressure

on the ground. Jumpmasters onboard the aircraft may monitor this by observing their altimeters.

If the cabin pressure in the aircraft is allowed to build up (representing a lower altitude), the

Military CYPRES 2 will automatically reset the VDZ, or ground reference, to the lower altitude

and the Military CYPRES 2 may fire at a lower-than-intended altitude.

While descending, the aircraft should never exceed the vertical activation speed for the Military

CYPRES 2 while in the activation window. Exceeding the vertical activation speed may cause

the Military CYPRES

2 to fire the release element and deploy the reserve parachute.

Aircraft may exceed the vertical activation speed of

6,900 feet per minute for the

1000 and 1500 35 A models or 5,700 feet per minute for the 2500 29 A model during descent

while executing a tactical landing. The jumpmaster must brief the pilots not to exceed 5,000 feet

per minute as this descent rate is easy to remember and covers all three Military CYPRES 2

models.

ABSOLUTE (OPERATIONAL) MODE

3-32. The absolute (operational) mode may be used under all conditions for HALO or HAHO jumps as

long as the required absolute

(operational) mode-setting parameters are followed. The absolute

(operational) mode may be used for short or long flights. The Military CYPRES 2 will power itself OFF

after 14 hours under any condition.

Operating Conditions for Absolute (Operational) Mode

3-33. The three Military CYPRES 2 models must be used in absolute (operational) mode for the following

operating conditions:

The Military CYPRES 2 is powered ON in flight.

Low-level flights en route to the DZ are flying below the DAF MSL elevation.

There is a highest release point obstacle of 200 feet or greater above the DZ.

The Military CYPRES 2 activation altitude is different than the default activation altitude.

DAF and DZ are at separate locations.

The aircraft must be pressurized.

Rules for Using the Absolute (Operational) Mode

3-34. When the Military CYPRES 2 is used in absolute (operational) mode, all of the following apply to all

operations and will be strictly followed:

During in-flight power ON, the aircraft climb rate or descent rate will not exceed 1,000 feet per

minute until all Military CYPRES 2 models on board are powered ON. The preferred method is

to have the aircraft level off during Military CYPRES 2 setting.

All parachutists on the same stick will have the same DZ and/or VDZ setting.

The minimum VDZ setting for jump operations at 13,000 feet AGL and below is the height of

the highest obstacle, if 200 feet or higher than the DZ, within 500 meters of the release point.

The minimum VDZ setting for a jump operation at greater than 13,000 feet AGL is the height of

the highest obstacle, if 200 feet or higher than the DZ, within 1,000 meters of the release point.

Minimum vertical separation between reserve activation altitude and main deployment altitude is

2,000 feet for the 1000 35 A and the 1500 35 A models and 2,500 feet for the 2500 29 A model.

When the 1000 model is used on the tandem bundle, the vertical separation is not applicable.

While in absolute (operational) mode, the altimeter setting for the DZ should be checked every

hour during the operation using the most accurate means available, and the Military CYPRES 2

will be recalculated. If the Military CYPRES 2 setting changes more than ±3 millibars or if the

operational parameters change, the jumpmaster must recalculate and reset the Military CYPRES 2.

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WARNING

The actual absolute pressure (QFE) at the VDZ must be entered

into the Military CYPRES 2 in operational mode. This pressure

can be determined by direct measurement with an instrument,

such as the Military CYPRES Portable Calibration Station. An

actual Military CYPRES 2 can be calculated from the aircraft

altimeter setting (QNH) and the MSL elevation of the VDZ using

the approved CYPRES calculators; for example, Excel, circular

calculator, or digital calculator.

It is important to realize that flight service and weather stations

normally report pressure as if it were sea level (aircraft altimeter

setting [QNH]), and not the actual absolute pressure (QFE); thus,

it is necessary to convert the aircraft altimeter setting (QNH) to

the actual absolute pressure

(QFE) for use with the Military

CYPRES 2.

Calculations for the Drop Zone in Absolute (Operational) Mode

3-35. When using the Military CYPRES 2 in operational mode, the jumpmaster will calculate the millibar

setting by obtaining the following information:

Actual absolute air pressure at the DZ.

Both the current aircraft altimeter setting (QNH) in inches of Hg and DZ elevation MSL.

WARNING

Pressure readings should be as current as possible, preferably

updated every hour by the drop zone safety officer (DZSO) and

recorded from the nearest source to the DZ.

Jumpmasters must use their best judgment when obtaining the

aircraft altimeter setting off-site from the DZ. Within ± 20 miles is

a good reference. Depending on the geographic location of the DZ

or, in many cases

(HAHOs), the HARP, in reference to

atmospheric conditions, pressure values could be significantly

different from one valley to another that are only separated by a

single ridgeline. Jumpmasters should make note of pressure

differences and weather conditions in relation to the location they

obtained the aircraft altimeter setting from and to the location of

the DZ. The distances away from the DZ and/or VDZ for obtaining

the pressure can greatly increase if meteorological conditions are

favorable.

The DZ elevation used for calculating the millibar setting is the

highest point of elevation (MSL) given on the AF IMT Form 3823

(Drop Zone Survey).

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Calculations for the Virtual Drop Zone in Absolute (Operational) Mode

3-36. In some scenarios, the jumpmaster must use a VDZ, described as a virtual line in the sky, which is a

higher elevation MSL than that of the actual DZ. These scenarios include the following:

HALO jumps or HAHO jumps with a low reserve activation altitude that have a highest release

point obstacle of 200 feet or greater than the DZ elevation within a—

500-meter radius of the release point for operations up to 13,000 feet AGL.

1,000-meter radius of the release point for operations above 13,000 feet AGL.

HAHO with a high reserve activation altitude setting for a tactical operation based on SOP.

3-37. The jumpmaster will calculate the millibar setting for a VDZ by obtaining the following information:

Current aircraft altimeter setting (QNH) in inches of Hg.

The higher VDZ elevation MSL.

Note: The jumpmaster will take into account the cutaway decision altitude (in AGL) when

adjusting for VDZ.

WARNING

When using a VDZ or higher elevation than the DZ, the

jumpmaster must also change the pull altitude of his jumpers.

Jumpers must maintain 2,000 feet (1500 35 A model) of vertical

separation between pull altitude and reserve activation altitude

(2,500 feet of vertical separation for the

2500 29 A model

CYPRES). When used with nonstandard parachutes, 1,500 feet of

vertical separation is required for the 1000 35 A model CYPRES.

Calculations for Unknown Setting (29.92) in Absolute (Operational) Mode

3-38. When using the Military CYPRES 2 in operational mode, if the jumpmaster cannot obtain a current

aircraft altimeter setting for a precise measurement of station pressure, he must use 29.92 in inches of Hg

for his millibar calculation. Because the pressure may not actually be 29.92 inches of Hg, the jumpmaster

must plan for the reserve activation altitude being possibly higher or lower than planned for, as follows:

If the actual pressure is higher, the Military CYPRES 2 will activate on the high side.

If the actual pressure is lower, the Military CYPRES 2 will activate on the low side.

3-39. The jumpmaster must add a safety factor into his calculations in order for the reserve to have enough

altitude to fully inflate and save his jumpers’ lives. To prevent activation on the low side, the jumpmaster

will add 500 feet to the DZ or highest release point obstacle VDZ for a safety factor. This new elevation is

the elevation the jumpmaster will use to calculate the millibar.

3-40. The jumpmaster will calculate the millibar setting by using and obtaining the following information:

Unknown aircraft altimeter setting (QNH) = 29.92 inches of Hg.

DZ or VDZ elevation MSL + 500 feet for safety factor = VDZ elevation MSL.

DANGER

When using unknown setting of

29.92 inches of Hg, the

jumpmaster must also add 1,000 feet to the jumpers’ pull altitude

as a safety factor in case the Military CYPRES 2 fires on the high

side. Failure to do so could cause a dual canopy deployment,

resulting in injury or DEATH to the parachutist.

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Note: Unknown setting of 29.92 inches of Hg may be used for tactical training jumps as long as

all calculations are done using the appropriate safety factors.

Jumpmaster and Pilot Considerations for Using the Absolute (Operational) Mode

3-41. When using the absolute (operational) mode, the jumpmaster and pilot must consider the following:

While operating in absolute (operational) mode, the three Military CYPRES 2 models arm as

soon as they are powered ON.

When in the absolute (operational) mode, the Military CYPRES 2 can be set in both a

pressurized and a depressurized aircraft while in flight. During an in-flight power ON for an

unpressurized cabin, the aircraft climb rate or descent rate will not exceed 1,000 feet per minute

or a steady pressurized rate within 1,000 feet per minute for a pressurized cabin until all Military

CYPRES 2 models are powered ON. Leveling off is preferred.

While descending, the aircraft should never exceed the vertical activation speed for the Military

CYPRES 2 while in the activation window. Exceeding the vertical activation speed may cause

the Military CYPRES 2 to fire the release element and deploy the reserve parachute. Aircraft

may exceed the vertical activation speed of 6,900 feet per minute for the 1000 and 1500 35 A

models or 5,700 feet per minute for the 2500 29 A model during descent while executing a

tactical landing that will cause the Military CYPRES

2 to activate in the aircraft. The

jumpmaster must brief the pilots not to exceed 5,000 feet per minute as this descent rate is easy

to remember and covers all three Military CYPRES 2 models.

Descent to an altitude below the elevation of the DAF will not affect the Military CYPRES 2 in

the absolute (operational) mode.

Once the aircraft descends through the VDZ altitude, the Military CYPRES 2 will deactivate

itself and will not fire the release element. Therefore, if the jump altitude is lowered below the

VDZ, all Military CYPRES 2 models on the aircraft must be reset.

OPERATING PROCEDURES

3-42. There are two modes for the three Military CYPRES 2 models and two modes for the Expert

CYPRES 2 model:

Default (training) mode used for both the Military CYPRES 2 and the Expert CYPRES 2 models.

Absolute (operational) mode used for the three Military CYPRES 2 models.

Offset mode used for the Expert CYPRES 2 model.

3-43. The three Military CYPRES 2 models and the Expert CYPRES 2 model operate and power ON in

the same way. The only difference among the models is the activation speed and altitude. The button on the

control unit is the only means the user has to control the CYPRES 2. The parachutist performs two actions:

powering ON and powering OFF the CYPRES 2.

POWER ON PROCEDURES FOR MILITARY CYPRES 2 AND EXPERT CYPRES 2

IN DEFAULT (TRAINING) MODE

CAUTION

For the default (training) mode only, the Military CYPRES 2 must be

powered ON at the DAF while on the ground; it must not be powered

ON inside a flying aircraft. The user must initialize on the ground at

ground level to be accurate.

3-44. During the power ON sequence, the CYPRES 2 conducts a self-test. The jumper must watch the

display during the entire power ON self-test. Table 3-2, page 3-17, explains the error codes.

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Cybernetic Parachute Release System

Table 3-2. CYPRES 2

power ON self-test error

codes in default (training) mode

Code

Meaning

One or both

of the attached release units are not correctly electrically connected to the

1111

unit. The reason may be a

cable break,

the cutter plug could be disconnected, or the

2222

release unit(s) may have activated.

Excessive variations in ambient air pressure have been measured

during the self-test

period. The

unit is unable

to obtain consistent values

for the ambient air pressure at

3333

ground level.

Possible reasons could be

an attempt to

switch on the

CYPRES 2 in the

training mode in an airborne aircraft while

exceeding a

climb rate or descent rate of

than 1,500 feet per minute.

Low battery.

The battery capacity is large

enough to cover most of the usage profile, but

7777

in extreme situations a low-battery indication may show up. In this case, Airtec or

SSK

should be contacted before

the next use.

CAUTION

The

jumper should press the

control unit button with the tip of a finger.

should not use a fingernail or a sharp

object. Prolonged use of a

fingernail or a sharp object will wear the

letters off of

the button and

possibly wear

a hole in the button material, thus

rendering

the

CYPRES 2 unserviceable.

Note: If a

button click is missed or a

button is pressed too soon before the light comes on, the

CYPRES

2 will not power ON. If the CYPRES 2

fails to power

ON, the sequence should be

started over again in default (training)

mode.

Note: The

four-click initiation cycle is

designed to avoid accidental activation.

3-45. The jumper starts the power ON process for the Military CYPRES

2 in the default (training) mode by

pressing the button on the control unit four times as follows:

Press

the button on

the control unit with the tip of a finger.

When

the light-emitting diode illuminates, press

the button again while the light is on.

Repeat above step two more times

for a total of

four times.

When the power ON steps are successful,

the display will come on and the self-test will start to

count

down, which should last for 10

seconds (Figure 3-13).

Figure 3-13. Power ON

sequence for Military CYPRES 2

in default (training)

mode

3-46. The jumper must watch the display during

the self-test

period. The

display will

start

with 10 (Figure

3-14, page 3-18) and then show a rapid countdown to zero with the arrow pointing

down

(0▼), referred to

as zero down. If the self-test

is successful,

the Military CYPRES 2 will remain powered ON.

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Chapter 3

Figure

3-14. Beginning of Military CYPRES

2 self-test countdown in

default (training) mode

3-47.

During the countdown, the

display pauses

between one

and zero to display the current barometric

pressure in millibars

(Figure 3-15).

. The jumpmaster should always take note of this number

Figure 3-15. Military CYPRES 2 displaying current barometric pressure

in millibars

Note: The Military CYPRES

2 will not display battery voltage because the user cannot replace

the battery. If

battery voltage

is low, the Military CYPRES 2 will not power ON.

3-48.

The Military CYPRES 2 will continue the

countdown to a reading of

0▼ (Figure

3-16). Once the

0▼reading is displayed, the Military CYPRES

2 has passed

the self-test and is powered ON, ready

monitor a jump. While in the default mode, the

Military CYPRES 2 will arm itself 1,500

feet above the

default activation altitude.

Figure 3-16. Military CYPRES

2 set in default (training) mode

3-49.

If a functional

deficiency in

the Military CYPRES 2 is

detected during the power ON self-test, the

Military CYPRES 2

will display an error code and power OFF. Prior to the Military CYPRES 2 powering

off, the jumper should note the error code in the display (Figure

3-17).

Figure 3-17.

Example of Military CYPRES 2 error

code

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Cybernetic Parachute Release System

3-50. The Military CYPRES 2 automatically powers OFF after 14 hours. During the 14 hours, the Military

CYPRES 2 settings will adjust for barometric pressure changes.

POWER ON PROCEDURES FOR MILITARY CYPRES 2 IN ABSOLUTE (OPERATIONAL) MODE

3-51. During the power ON sequence, the Military CYPRES 2 conducts a self-test. The jumper must watch

the display during the entire power ON self-test. Table 3-3 explains the error codes.

Table 3-3. CYPRES 2 power ON self-test error codes in absolute (operational) mode

Code

Meaning

One or both of the attached release units are not correctly electrically connected to the

1111

unit. The reason may be a cable break, the cutter plug could be disconnected, or the

2222

release unit(s) may have activated.

Excessive variations in ambient air pressure have been measured during the self-test

period. The unit is unable to obtain consistent values for the ambient air pressure at

3333

ground level. Possible reasons could be an attempt to switch on the CYPRES 2 in the

training mode in an airborne aircraft while exceeding a climb rate or descent rate of more

than 1,500 feet per minute.

Low battery. The battery capacity is large enough to cover most of the usage profile, but in

7777

extreme situations a low-battery indication may show up. In this case, Airtec or SSK

should be contacted before the next use.

CAUTION

The jumper should press the control unit button with the tip of a finger.

He should not use a fingernail or a sharp object. Prolonged use of a

fingernail or a sharp object will wear the letters off of the button and

possibly wear a hole in the button material, thus rendering the

CYPRES 2 unserviceable.

Note: If a button click is missed or a button is pressed too soon before the light comes on, the

Military CYPRES 2 will not power ON. If the Military CYPRES 2 fails to power ON, the

sequence should be started over again in absolute (operational) mode.

Note: The four-click initiation cycle is designed to avoid accidental activation.

3-52. The jumper starts the power ON process for the Military CYPRES 2 in the absolute (operational)

mode by pressing the button on the control unit four times as follows:

Press the button on the control unit with the tip of a finger.

When the light-emitting diode illuminates, press the button again while the light is on.

Repeat above step two more times for a total of four times.

Hold the button down on the fourth press.

When the power ON steps are successful, the display will come on and the self-test will start to count

down, which should last for 10 seconds (Figure 3-18, page 3-20).

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Chapter 3

Figure

3-18. Power

ON sequence for Military

CYPRES 2

in absolute

(operational) mode

3-53.

The jumper

must watch

the display

during the

self-test period. The display will start

with 10 (Figure 3-19)

and then show

a rapid countdown to 0▼.

Figure

3-19. Beginning of Military CYPRES

2 self-test countdown

absolute (operational)

mode

3-54.

The self-test cycle takes 10

seconds to complete. There

is a brief pause between 1 and 0 where the

current barometric pressure is displayed in millibars (Figure 3-20).

Figure 3-20. Military CYPRES 2 displaying current barometric pressure in millibars

3-55.

Once the 0▼ reading is displayed (Figure 3-21), the Military CYPRES

2 has passed the self-test.

Figure

3-21. Military CYPRES 2

set in absolute (operational) mode

3-56.

If a functional

deficiency in

the Military CYPRES 2 is

detected during the power ON self-test, the

Military CYPRES 2

will display an error code and power OFF. Prior to the Military CYPRES 2 powering

off, the jumper should note the error code in the display (Figure

3-22, page 3-21).

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Cybernetic Parachute Release System

Figure 3-22. Example

of Military CYPRES 2 error code

3-57. Upon completion of the

self-test, the Military CYPRES 2 will display the millibar setting of 1000. To

set the appropriate millibar setting, the jumper performs the

following steps:

The 1

will alternate

with 0. Release the button to

choose 0 or 1. The chosen value remains

on the

display (Figure 3-23).

Figure 3-23. First value of 1 chosen for millibar setting

Press

and hold the button again. The second digit counts from

0 through 9.

To select the second

value, release the button when the desired value appears. This value remains on the display

(Figure 3-24).

Figure 3-24. Second value of 0 chosen for millibar setting

Press

and hold the

button again.

The third digit counts from

0 through 9. To select the

third

value, release the button when the desired value appears. This value remains on the display

(Figure 3-25).

Figure 3-25. Third value of 1 chosen for millibar setting

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Chapter 3

Press and

hold the button

again. The fourth digit counts from 0 through 9. To select the final value,

release the

button when the desired value appears. This value remains on the display (Figure 3-26).

Figure 3-26. Final value chosen and Military CYPRES 2 set

3-58.

To change an

incorrect entered number, the

jumper presses the button until the value

shows up again.

(After

9, the display

restarts automatically with 0.) In order to start over completely because

of an incorrect

input in a previous value, without powering off, the jumper—

Inputs a number into all

four values.

Before the light goes out after the fourth value input, presses and

holds the button again. The

display will start over at

the first value

again.

Note: If the user tries to enter a pressure

of less than 200 millibars (approximately

39,000 feet

above sea level) or more than 1,075 millibars (approximately 1,600 feet below sea

level), the

Military CYPRES 2 switches itself off. The blank display

indicates that

the desired adjustment is

outside the specified parameters.

3-59.

The pressure adjustment and

the display indication remain until the unit is switched

off. To change

the setting, the jumper switches the

Military CYPRES 2 off and

on again.

3-60.

The Military CYPRES 2 automatically turns off after 14 hours. During the 14 hours, the Military

CYPRES 2 settings will not adjust

for barometric

pressure changes.

POWER ON PROCEDURES FOR EXPERT CYPRES 2 IN OFFSET MODE

3-61.

The Expert CYPRES 2 can be set in an offset mode that

allows the default altitude to

be changed by

±1,500

feet (±3,000

feet with units produced after 2006) from

the DAF. This allows the default setting

be adjusted if the DZ

elevation is higher or lower

than the DAF

or if the default activation level needs to be

raised. In the offset

mode, the Expert CYPRES

2 powers ON

the same way

as the Military CYPRES 2

the absolute (operational) mode except that the button cannot be released while making the

setting. As soon

as the

button is released, the setting

is locked into

the Expert CYPRES 2. If the desired offset is missed, the

Expert

CYPRES 2

must be powered OFF and

powered back

ON in offset mode to adjust the setting.

During

the power ON sequence, the Expert CYPRES 2 conducts a self-test. The jumper

must watch the

display

during the entire power ON

self-test. Table 3-4 explains

the error codes.

Table 3-4. Expert CYPRES 2 power

ON self-test

error codes

in offset mode

Code

Meaning

One or both of the attached release units are

not correctly

electrically connected to the

1111

unit. The reason

may be a cable break, the

cutter plug could be disconnected, or the

2222

release unit(s) may have activated.

Excessive variations in ambient air pressure

have been measured during the self-test

period. The unit

is unable to obtain consistent values for

the ambient

air pressure at

3333

ground level. Possible reasons

could be an attempt to switch on the CYPRES 2 in the

training mode in a

car, driving uphill or downhill, or in an airborne aircraft.

Low battery. The

battery capacity is large enough to cover

most of the usage profile, but

7777

extreme situations a low-battery indication

may show up. In this case,

Airtec or SSK

should be contacted before the

next use.

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Cybernetic Parachute Release System

CAUTION

The

jumper should press the

control unit button with the tip of a finger.

should not use a fingernail or a sharp

object. Prolonged use of a

fingernail or a sharp object will wear the

letters off of

the button and

possibly wear a

hole in the button material, thus rendering the Expert

CYPRES 2 unserviceable.

Note: If a

button click is missed or a

button is pressed too soon before the light comes on, the

Expert CYPRES 2 will not power ON. If the Expert

CYPRES 2 fails to power ON, the sequence

should be

started over again in offset mode.

Note: The

four-click initiation cycle is

designed to avoid accidental activation.

3-62. The jumper starts the power ON process for the Expert CYPRES 2

in the offset mode by pressing the

button on the control unit four

times as follows:

Press

the button on

the control unit with the tip of a finger.

When

the light-emitting diode illuminates, press

the button again while the light is on.

Repeat above step two more times

Hold

the button down on the fourth press. Do not let up finger

pressure on the button.

When the power ON steps are successful,

the display will come on and the self-test will start to

count

down, which should last for 10

seconds (Figure 3-27).

Figure 3-27. Power ON sequence for Expert CYPRES

2 in offset mode

3-63. The jumper must watch

the display during the self-test period. The

display will start with 10 and then

show a rapid countdown to zero with the arrow pointing down (0▼), referred to as zero

down. The self-test

cycle takes 10 seconds to complete (Figure 3-28).

Figure 3-28. Expert CYPRES 2 displaying countdown

3-64. If a functional deficiency in the Expert CYPRES 2

is detected during the power ON self-test, the

Expert CYPRES

2 will display

an error code

and power OFF. Prior to the Expert CYPRES 2 powering off,

the jumper should note the error code in the display (Figure

3-29, page 3-24).

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Chapter 3

Figure 3-29.

Example of

Expert CYPRES 2 error code

3-65.

Once the 0▼

reading is displayed (Figure

3-30), the Expert CYPRES

2 has passed

the self-test

offset

mode.

Figure

3-30. Expert CYPRES 2

control unit

displaying countdown

at zero down in offset mode

DANGER

In the

offset mode, an arrow

up means the offset is

higher than

the default altitude

of 750 feet;

an arrow down means the offset is

lower than the default altitude

of 750 feet. Failure to

ensure that

the arrow is pointing in the correct direction could result in the

Expert

CYPRES 2

not firing at

the intended altitude,

resulting in

injury

or DEATH to

the parachutist.

Note: The offset mode is good for one jump only. The jumper must reset the offset mode every

time the same

jump profile is

repeated.

3-66.

After reaching

0, the numbers on the display

screen will advance in 30-foot increments

up to 1,500 feet

with the arrow changing from up to down at each increment. The direction of the arrow indicates whether

the designated landing area is higher or lower

than the DAF

(the jumper’s current position). Once the

desired

offset is reached, the jumper releases the

button when the arrow is pointing in the desired direction.

The desired setting will stay on the

display screen. If the desired setting is missed, the jumper powers OFF

the Expert CYPRES

2 and repeats the whole process. Figure 3-31 shows the Expert CYPRES

2 set at 120 feet

above

the default altitude of 750 feet. The Expert CYPRES 2

is now set to

activate at 870

feet above the

DAF (the jumper’s current position).

Figure 3-31. Expert CYPRES 2 set at 120-foot offset

3-67.

The Expert CYPRES 2 automatically powers off after

14 hours. During the 14 hours, the Expert

CYPRES 2 settings will adjust for

barometric pressure changes

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Cybernetic Parachute Release System

POWER OFF PROCEDURES FOR CYPRES 2

3-68. The power OFF procedures are the same for all Military and Expert CYPRES 2 models and in every

mode. It is the reverse of the power ON process (Figure 3-32).

CAUTION

The jumper should press the control unit button with the tip of a finger.

He should not use a fingernail or a sharp object. Prolonged use of a

fingernail or a sharp object will wear the letters off of the button and

possibly wear a hole in the button material, thus rendering the

CYPRES 2 unserviceable.

3-69. The jumper starts the power OFF process by pressing the button on the control unit four times as

follows:

Press the button on the control unit with the tip of a finger.

When the light-emitting diode illuminates, press the button again while the light is on.

Repeat above step two more times.

When the power OFF steps are successful, the display will shut off. If the CYPRES 2 does not power OFF,

the jumper should repeat above three steps.

Figure 3-32. Power OFF sequence for CYPRES 2

USING MILITARY CYPRES 2 CALCULATORS

3-70. In situations where the Military CYPRES 2 absolute (operational) mode must be used, two sets of

information are required to calculate the millibar setting: the altimeter setting for the intended DZ and the

MSL elevation of the DZ or VDZ. The jumpmaster obtains the DZ altimeter setting from the pilot or from a

weather station within as close a range as possible to the DZ. The jumpmaster does not use the actual

barometric pressure of the DZ, but instead uses the altimeter setting for the DZ. If the current DZ altimeter

setting information is unavailable from the pilot or weather station, the unknown altimeter setting of

29.92 inches of Hg, which is 1013 millibars at 0 foot MSL, should be used. Once the jumpmaster obtains

the current aircraft altimeter setting and DZ and/or VDZ MSL elevation, he will calculate the millibar

setting using an approved Military CYPRES 2 calculator.

3-71. Tools authorized to use for the millibar setting calculation include the following:

Military CYPRES Absolute Adjust Circular Calculator (Whiz Wheel) (Figure 3-33, page 3-26).

Personal Digital Assistant computer and/or Military CYPRES Absolute Model Calculator

(Figure 3-34, page 3-27).

Personal computer-based Excel spreadsheet calculator.

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Chapter 3

Military CYPRES Web site: http://www.ssk.us/military_calc.asp.

Green digital Military CYPRES Calculator from SSK (Figure 3-35, page 3-27).

WARNING

Use of any other device to get the altimeter setting is

unauthorized; for example, Suunto, Kestrel, or other personal

device.

3-72. When on a mission with limited weather information, the aircrew can provide the altimeter setting

for the DZ en route to the drop area. The altimeter (pressure) setting is given in inches of Hg to the nearest

one-hundredth of an inch. The altimeter setting will always be for the intended DZ. Once the altimeter

setting of the intended DZ has been determined, the primary jumpmaster will use an approved CYPRES

calculator to determine the setting of each Military CYPRES 2 model on the mission. Once the primary

jumpmaster has determined the settings, the assistant jumpmaster will independently determine the settings.

If any discrepancy is found in the results, the primary and assistant jumpmasters will work together to

determine the correct settings.

Figure 3-33. Military CYPRES Absolute Adjust Circular Calculator (Whiz Wheel)

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Cybernetic Parachute Release System

Figure 3-34. Personal Digital Assistant computer with Military CYPRES Absolute Model

Calculator software download

Figure 3-35. Military CYPRES Calculator

MILITARY CYPRES ABSOLUTE ADJUST CIRCULAR CALCULATOR

3-73. The jumpmaster obtains the forecasted aircraft altimeter setting for the DZ. If flying a mission with

limited weather information, the aircrew can provide the altimeter setting en route to the drop area. The

altimeter (pressure) setting will be given in inches of Hg. The jumpmaster obtains the setting to the nearest

one-hundredth of an inch. Using the Military Absolute Adjust Circular Calculator (Figure 3-36A, page

3-28), the jumpmaster determines the absolute adjust millibar setting by—

Rotating the discs so the weather correction (QNH) arrow points to the present aircraft altimeter

setting at the target (virtual) DZ. A default of 29.92 is used if the altimeter setting is unknown or

unavailable.

Note: This setting can cause inaccuracies depending on weather conditions; for example,

DZ altimeter setting = 30.15 inches of Hg (Figure 3-36B, page 3-28).

Keeping the discs carefully aligned, finding the VDZ field elevation above sea level (feet MSL)

on the inner disc, and placing the “clock hand” black indicator line on the ground elevation of

the desired (virtual) DZ (for example, DZ elevation = 7,100 feet) (Figure 3-36C, page 3-28). The

number aligned with this elevation on the outer disc is the setting in millibars for the absolute

adjustment for the Military CYPRES (example 787 millibars) (Figure 3-36C).

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Chapter 3

Figure 3-36. Military CYPRES Absolute Adjust Circular Calculator

MILITARY CYPRES ABSOLUTE ADJUST MODEL CALCULATOR

3-74. All downloads (software programs) for the Military CYPRES Absolute Adjust Model Calculator can

be located at www.ssk.us. To use the online Military CYPRES Absolute Adjust Model Calculator,

jumpmasters may go to www.ssk.us/military_calc.asp. There is no one brand of calculator that must be

used for this application. The military does carry one iPAQ Pocket Personal Computer, National Stock

Number 5180-09-000-3952. The only requirement is that the Personal Digital Assistant or Pocket Personal

Computer have the proper software (example: Microsoft-based program, Excel) to accept downloading of

one of the following:

A zipped version of the Military Calculator for Microsoft Excel.

A nonzipped version of the Military Calculator for Microsoft Excel.

The Personal Digital Assistant versions of Military Calculator (Microsoft OS-VB, Win CE, and

Pocket Personal Computer).

Note: To download the files, user goes to www.ssk.us and places his mouse over the link on the

Web page, right-clicks, then chooses “Save Target As” option for Internet Explorer or “Save

Link Target As” option for Netscape Navigator.

USING THE PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT AND/OR POCKET PERSONAL COMPUTER

3-75. If the atmospheric (absolute) air pressure values to perform the altitude adjustment are not known, it

is possible to do the altitude adjustment using the iPAQ Military CYPRES Absolute Calculator. This

calculator can be ordered separately. To use the Personal Digital Assistant and/or Pocket Personal

Computer, parachutists do the following:

Power ON the Personal Digital Assistant.

Enter the altimeter setting (Figure 3-37, page 3-29) of the location (in either Hg or millibars).

Enter the elevation at the VDZ (Figure 3-37) (in either feet or meters).

Select from the drop-down box the elevation scale (either feet or meters).

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Cybernetic Parachute Release System

Click the ‘Calculate!’ button.

The value for the Military CYPRES setting (Figure 3-37) is displayed in the box.

Figure 3-37. Value for the Military CYPRES setting displayed in the CYPRES setting box

USING THE MILITARY CYPRES CALCULATOR

3-76. If the atmospheric (absolute) air pressure values to perform the altitude adjustment are not known, it

is possible to do the altitude adjustment using the Military CYPRES Calculator feet/hectopascal/inches of

Hg developed by Airtec. This calculator can be ordered separately (meter scale also available).

Note: If jumpmasters want to set a Military CYPRES 2 in operational mode and nobody is able

to tell them the air pressure of their target, then they should use the Military CYPRES calculator,

or go to the Military CYPRES User’s Guide at www.ssk.us.

Figure 3-38, page 3-30, shows the usage instructions located on the back of the Military CYPRES

calculator.

USING THE ON-LINE MILITARY CYPRES ABSOLUTE ADJUST MODEL CALCULATOR

3-77. Parachutists may go to www.ssk.us/military_calc.asp and click to use the online “Military CYPRES

Absolute Adjust Model Calculator” on the SSK Military Industries, Inc. home page. Figures 3-39 to 3-43,

pages 3-30 through 3-32, show examples of the online calculator.

Note: Parachutists must use this calculator with “Absolute Adjustment” Military CYPRES units

only (“Abs. Adj.” nomenclature on control unit). Detailed procedures are in the Absolute

Adjustment Military CYPRES User’s Guide, as well as additional information on how to utilize

all of the CYPRES capabilities.

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Chapter 3

Figure 3-43. Step 4: Military CYPRES Absolute Adjust Model Calculator

MILITARY CYPRES COMMERCIAL AIR TRAVEL

3-78. A CYPRES-equipped rig may be transported in freight and passenger airplanes without restrictions.

All of its components (for example, electronics, power supply, loop cutter, control unit, plugs, cables, and

casing), as well as the complete system, contain parts and materials that are approved by the

U.S. Department of Transportation and other competent agencies worldwide, and are not subject to any

transport regulations. Because of the size of a rig, it is recommended to check it in as normal luggage and

not take it on board as hand luggage. In case of questions or objections from the security personnel,

parachutists should use the card in Figure 3-44, page 3-33. The card shows an X-ray of a complete rig with

the Military CYPRES 2. Depending on type and design of the rig, the X-ray on the security’s screen may

vary. Presently, the Parachute Industry Association and the United States Parachute Association are

working with the Transportation Security Agency concerning traveling with parachutes.

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Chapter 4

Use of Oxygen in Support of Military

Free-Fall Operations

MFF parachuting is physically demanding. It exposes the parachutist to temperature

extremes, rapid pressure changes, and long exposures at altitudes requiring

supplemental oxygen. To prepare for this environment, the MFF parachutist must be

thoroughly familiar with the physiological effects of oxygen, oxygen use, and the

operation of oxygen equipment. All personnel participating in MFF operations must

meet the physiological training requirements outlined in Appendix B, regardless of

altitude and type of aircraft used.

OXYGEN HANDLING AND SAFETY

4-1. Because of the limited contact with oxygen and its handling, personnel may not fully appreciate the

danger involved. Improper use and handling can result in property damage, serious injury, and death.

Personnel handling oxygen should always adhere to the warnings provided below.

DANGER

Keep oil and grease away from oxygen. Do not handle oxygen equipment

with greasy hands or clothing.

No substance will be in the mouth of any jumper while on life-support

equipment (oxygen) at any time, to include smokeless tobacco (dip),

chewing gum, or food.

Keep equipment clean and free from petroleum-based products,

lubricants, hydraulic fluid, and dirt. A drop of oil or lubricant coming in

contact with pure oxygen under certain circumstances can cause an

explosion.

Keep oxygen away from any source of ignition or fire and/or flame. Small

fires rapidly become large fires in the presence of oxygen supplies.

Never permit smoking near oxygen equipment, while handling oxygen

supplies, or when using oxygen life-support equipment.

Handle cylinders and valves with extreme caution. Before opening

cylinder valves, ensure cylinder is firmly supported. Never drop or tip

over an oxygen cylinder. Dropping a cylinder can damage or break the

valve, allowing gas to escape under pressure, with the potential for

propelling the cylinder a great distance and with great force. Only open

and close oxygen valves by hand and never strike the valve with any tool

or object to loosen it. If the parachutist or technician cannot open and

close the oxygen valve by hand, the cylinder must be returned to the

depot for repair.

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4-1

Chapter 4

PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HIGH-ALTITUDE

MILITARY FREE-FALL OPERATIONS

4-2. Most physiological effects of high-altitude MFF operations fall into the category of pressure-change

hazards. These hazards usually include various physiological symptoms. Based on Class C physiological

mishaps since

1984, the most common types have been sinus blocks and ear blocks, hypoxia,

decompression sickness, and hyperventilation. Each of these symptoms is discussed in the following

paragraphs. Procedures for physiological and oxygen equipment-related emergencies are also discussed.

SINUS BLOCKS AND EAR BLOCKS

4-3. Sinus blocks and ear blocks normally occur when an MFF parachutist jumps with a head cold or

some other type of upper respiratory illness. Sinus blocks and ear blocks usually occur during free-fall

descent or during aircraft pressurization. Performing a Valsalva maneuver as the parachutist feels his ears

getting “full” can clear most ear blocks. A Valsalva maneuver may clear a sinus block but may require

additional medical attention. Use of nasal sprays may alleviate the symptoms associated with sinus and ear

blocks.

Note: Chewing gum will not be used to clear blocked ears when wearing the oxygen mask.

HYPOXIA

4-4. Hypoxia is a condition caused by lack of oxygen. A reduction in the partial pressure of oxygen in the

atmosphere occurs as the parachutist ascends. When the parachutist inhales, he receives fewer oxygen

molecules. The reduction of the partial pressure inhibits the body’s ability to transfer oxygen to the tissues.

The most common symptoms of hypoxia are blurred or tunnel vision, color blindness, dizziness, headache,

nausea, numbness, tingling, euphoria, belligerence, loss of coordination, and lack of good judgment.

Corrective action for a parachutist who becomes hypoxic is to place him on 100-percent oxygen and inform

the jumpmaster and/or physiological technician. In extreme cases, it may be necessary to descend the

aircraft and evacuate the parachutist to the nearest medical facility. If hypoxia goes unrecognized and

uncorrected, it can result in seizures, unconsciousness, or even death.

DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS

4-5. Decompression sickness is a condition caused by the release of nitrogen from body tissues. It usually

occurs during unpressurized flights above 18,000 feet MSL, but can occur at lower altitudes. Many factors

contribute to decompression sickness. Facial hair can cause an insufficient seal of the oxygen mask to the

parachutist’s face, rendering prebreathing ineffective. Poor physical conditioning and fatigue will make the

individual more susceptible to decompression sickness. Alcohol use dehydrates the body, constricting the

capillaries and decreasing the efficiency of the cardiovascular system. Nicotine from tobacco use hardens

arteries and restricts blood flow to the capillaries, reducing the efficiency of the cardiovascular system.

Smoking also reduces the efficiency of the lungs. Parachutists should know the symptoms of

decompression sickness and constantly monitor themselves on board the aircraft and after return to the

ground. Some parachutists may have symptoms of decompression sickness during flight that are not readily

noticeable. Minor symptoms may be confused with discomfort from the parachute and equipment. Other

individuals may choose not to report what may be considered to be minor problems. Although these

symptoms usually resolve upon the jumper’s return to ground, some personnel may continue to have

symptoms. These individuals require prompt medical evaluation since their illness is more severe.

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WARNING

If untreated, decompression sickness may result in debilitating

and/or permanent medical disorders.

4-6. There are four types of decompression sickness: the bends, chokes, neurological (central nervous

system) hits, and skin manifestations. Each of these is discussed in the following paragraphs.

The Bends

4-7. The bends are the most common type of decompression sickness. The most frequent symptom is a

deep, dull, and penetrating pain in major movable joints that can increase to agonizing intensity. This pain

may be significant enough to make the parachutist feel as if he cannot move the joint. The affected

parachutist might also go into shock. Corrective action for a parachutist who experiences the bends is to—

Place him on 100-percent oxygen.

Inform the jumpmaster and/or physiological technician.

Descend the aircraft and pressurize the cabin to as close to sea level as possible.

Evacuate to the nearest medical facility with a recompression chamber. A flight surgeon or

aeromedical examiner will determine if compression therapy is required.

The Chokes

4-8. The chokes are a rare but potentially life-threatening form of decompression sickness. They are

similar to the bends, but occur in the smaller blood vessels of the lungs, resulting in poor gas exchange and

oxygenation of the blood. The most common symptoms are a deep, sharp pain near the breastbone; a dry,

nonproductive cough; the inability to take a normal breath; a feeling of suffocation and apprehension; and

possible shock symptoms, such as sweating, fainting, and cyanosis. Corrective action for a parachutist who

experiences the chokes is the same as that stated for the bends in paragraph 4-7.

Neurological Hits

4-9. Neurological hits occur in extreme cases of decompression sickness when the central nervous system

becomes affected. The affected parachutist may experience vision disturbances, headaches, partial

paralysis, loss of orientation, delirium, and vertigo. Corrective action for a parachutist who experiences

neurological hits is the same as that stated for the bends in paragraph 4-7.

Skin Manifestations or Paresthesia

4-10. Skin manifestations or paresthesia is caused by nitrogen bubbles forming at the subcutaneous layer of

the skin. The most common symptoms are itching, hot and cold flashes, a creepy feeling or gritty sensation,

mottled reddish or purplish rash, and a tingling feeling of the affected area. Corrective action for a

parachutist who experiences any of these symptoms is to—

Place him on 100-percent oxygen.

Keep him from scratching or exercising the affected area.

Inform the jumpmaster and/or physiological technician.

4-11. Normally, the condition will dissipate upon descent. However, if the parachutist is incapacitated due

to the condition, further corrective action is to—

Descend the aircraft and pressurize the cabin to as close to sea level as possible.

Evacuate to a medical facility with a recompression chamber. A flight surgeon or aeromedical

examiner will determine if compression therapy is required.

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4-3

Chapter 4

HYPERVENTILATION

4-12. Hyperventilation is a condition characterized by abnormal shallow and rapid breathing. Fear, anxiety,

stress, intense concentration, or pain normally causes hyperventilation. Symptoms are similar to hypoxia

and include lightheadedness, visual impairment, dizziness, numbness and tingling of the extremities, and

loss of coordination and judgment. Personnel should conduct the following corrective actions:

Calm the parachutist and have him talk, which will make him reduce his rate and depth of

breathing. The goal is to achieve a breathing rate of 12 to 16 breaths per minute.

Because of the similarity to hypoxia, continue or place him on 100-percent oxygen.

Inform the jumpmaster and/or physiological technician.

Reevaluate the parachutist’s conscious state. If he is not responsive, treat the situation as an

in-flight emergency and evacuate the parachutist to the nearest medical facility.

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND OXYGEN EQUIPMENT-RELATED EMERGENCIES

4-13. Procedures for physiological and oxygen equipment-related emergencies are discussed below.

Personnel should—

For in-flight emergencies, make sure the jumpmaster, oxygen safety technician, and aircraft

commander (also USAF physiological technician if flight is above 20,000 feet MSL) are made

aware of the problem.

Ensure that the parachutist is receiving 100-percent oxygen from the console, the walk-around

bottle, or an onboard aircraft regulator.

Attempt to establish communications with the parachutist. Identify the problem and take

corrective actions, to include immobilizing the affected areas, if possible.

If the problem becomes progressive or severe, inform the aircraft commander of the nature of the

problem and declare an in-flight emergency.

Descend the aircraft and pressurize the cabin to as close to sea level as possible.

Evacuate to a medical facility with a recompression chamber. A flight surgeon or aeromedical

examiner will determine if compression therapy is required.

4-14. Parachutists should know the symptoms of decompression sickness and monitor themselves on return

to the ground. Some parachutists may have symptoms of decompression sickness during flight that they do

not notice due to discomfort from the parachute and equipment worn or that they do not report. Although

these symptoms usually resolve upon returning to ground, some personnel may continue to have symptoms.

These personnel require prompt medical evaluation since their illness is more severe.

OXYGEN FORMS

4-15. Oxygen is an odorless, colorless, tasteless gas that makes up 21 percent of the atmosphere. The

remaining atmosphere consists of 78-percent nitrogen and 1 percent of other trace gases. There are four

types of oxygen in use today—aviation, medical, welding, and research. Aviation oxygen is the only one

suitable for MFF operations. The following paragraphs discuss the various forms of aviator’s oxygen and

their associated containers.

GASEOUS OXYGEN

4-16. Gaseous aviator’s breathing oxygen is designated Grade A, Type I, Military Specification

MIL-0-27210E. No other manufactured oxygen is acceptable. The difference between aviator’s and

medical or technical (welder’s) oxygen is the absence of water vapor. The purity requirement for aviator’s

oxygen is 99.5 percent by volume. It may not contain more than 0.005 milligram of water vapor per liter at

760 millimeters of Hg at 68 degrees Fahrenheit. It must be odorless and free from contaminants, including

drying agents. The other types of oxygen may be adequate for breathing, but they usually contain excessive

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Use of Oxygen in Support of Military Free-Fall Operations

water vapor that, with the temperature drop encountered at altitude, could freeze and restrict the flow of

oxygen through the oxygen system the parachutist uses. The two types of gaseous aviator’s breathing

oxygen are as follows:

Gaseous—Low-Pressure. Low-pressure aviator’s breathing oxygen is stored in yellow,

lightweight, shatterproof cylinders. These cylinders are filled to a maximum pressure of

450 pounds per square inch

(psi); however, they are normally filled in the range of

400 to 450 psi. They are considered empty when they reach 100 psi. If a cylinder is stored at a

pressure less than 50 psi for more than 2 hours, it must be purged because of the water

condensation that forms.

Gaseous—High-Pressure. High-pressure aviator’s breathing oxygen is stored in lime green,

heavyweight, shatterproof bottles stenciled with AVIATOR’S BREATHING OXYGEN. These

bottles can be filled to a maximum pressure of 2,200 psi; however, they are normally filled in the

range of 1,800 to 2,200 psi.

LIQUID OXYGEN

4-17. Liquid aviator’s breathing oxygen is designated Grade B, Type II, Military Specification

MIL-0-27210E. The most common use of liquid oxygen is in storage facilities and for aircraft oxygen

supplies because a large quantity can be carried in a small space.

OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS

4-18. The lower density of oxygen at high altitude causes many physiological problems. For this reason,

MFF parachutists and aircrews need additional oxygen. Table 4-1, page 4-6, contains USAF-established

requirements for supplemental oxygen for the MFF parachutist during unpressurized flight.

AFI 11-409 outlines these requirements. The following briefly describe the requirements:

All personnel will prebreathe 100-percent oxygen at or below 16,000 feet MSL pressure or cabin

altitude below 16,000 feet MSL pressure on any mission scheduled for a drop at or above

20,000 feet MSL.

The required prebreathing time will be completed before the 20-minute warning and before the

cabin altitude ascends through 16,000 feet MSL.

Any break in prebreathing requires restarting the prebreathing period or removing the

individuals whose prebreathing was interrupted from the mission.

Prebreathing requires the presence of sufficient USAF physiological technician support onboard

the aircraft.

All personnel onboard during unpressurized operations above 10,000 feet MSL and higher will

use oxygen.

(Exception: Parachutists may operate without supplemental oxygen during

unpressurized flights up to 13,000 feet MSL provided the time above 10,000 feet MSL does not

exceed 30 minutes each sortie.)

Note: Portable oxygen bottles or locally procured oxygen systems may not be used for

prebreathing; the quick-don and/or smoke mask is emergency equipment and is not approved for

prebreathing or other parachute operations conducted at or above 13,000 feet MSL.

4-19. MFF parachuting is physically demanding. The higher jump altitudes associated with MFF

operations expose the body to rapid pressure changes that require the use of supplemental oxygen. As a

result, the MFF parachutist must—

Conduct no more than three prebreather sorties in a 24-hour period.

Not conduct MFF operations within 24 hours of making a nonoxygen dive.

Wear a clear face shield or goggles on MFF operations that require prebreathing.

Note: The jumpmaster and the oxygen safety technician must be able to see the eyes of the

jumpers to determine if they are having any physiological problems.

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4-5

Chapter 4

Table 4-1. Supplemental oxygen requirements for military free-fall parachutists

Maximum

Oxygen

Prebreathe

Altitude

Exposure Time

Requirement

Time*

per Sortie**

Below 10,000 ft MSL

N/A

Supplemental Oxygen

Required Only When

10,000 ft to 12,999 ft MSL

Supplemental

N/A

Time Exceeds

30 Minutes

13,000 ft to 19,999 ft MSL

Supplemental

N/A

Unlimited

20,000 ft to 24,999 ft MSL

100-Percent Oxygen

30 Minutes

110 Minutes

25,000 ft to 29,999 ft MSL

100-Percent Oxygen

30 Minutes

60 Minutes

30,000 ft to 34,999 ft MSL

100-Percent Oxygen

45 Minutes

30 Minutes

***

35,000 ft MSL or Above

100-Percent Oxygen

75 Minutes

30 Minutes

NOTES:

* No more than 3 prebreather sorties in a 24-hour period unless otherwise restricted.

** Maximum exposure time per sortie is when cabin altitude reaches maximum planned altitude; extended or

delayed ascent times expose everyone onboard to greater risk of decompression sickness. Missions that

require staggered altitude drops will use accumulative times per sortie information for mission planning.

Example: Mission-planned drops at 35,000 ft MSL, 29,999 ft MSL, and 24,999 ft MSL: 30 minutes upon

reaching 35,000 ft MSL, descend to 29,999 ft MSL—spend only 30 minutes (60 accumulative); descend to

24,999 ft MSL—spend only 50 minutes (110 minutes accumulative).

*** No personnel will be exposed to unpressurized flight above 30,000 ft MSL more than 3 times each 7 days

and must have a minimum of 24 hours between exposures.

OXYGEN LIFE-SUPPORT EQUIPMENT

4-20. Life-support equipment consists of the oxygen mask (MBU-12/P), the portable bailout oxygen

system with the AIROX VIII assembly, the Parachutist Oxygen Mask (POM) with the portable bailout

Parachute Oxygen System, the six-man prebreather portable oxygen system, the MA-1 portable oxygen

assembly, and the prebreather attachment. This equipment is discussed in the paragraphs below.

OXYGEN MASK

4-21. The oxygen mask is designed to be worn with parachutist helmets that have bayonet lug receivers for

the mask’s harness assembly or by utilizing the improved oxygen harness (referred to as “skull cap”) to

attach the mask when wearing the ACH. Oxygen enters the face piece through the valve located at the front

of the mask. Exhaled air passes out through the same valve. The construction of the valve’s exhalation port

allows a pressure of only 1 millimeter of Hg greater than the pressure of the oxygen being supplied by the

regulator to force open the valve and allow exhaled air to pass to the atmosphere. A 17.5-inch-long

convoluted silicone hose with a 3/4-inch internal diameter attaches to the mask. Inside the hose is an

antistretch cord that prevents extreme stretching and hose separation during free fall. The mask has an

integral microphone that adapts to the aircraft’s communication system.

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Use of Oxygen in Support of Military Free-Fall Operations

WARNING

No type of petroleum, oils, and lubricant products (commercial

sunblock, camouflage paint, and lip balm) will be used by MFF

parachutists while on oxygen life-support equipment.

Note: No substance will be in the mouth of any jumper while on oxygen life-support equipment,

to include smokeless tobacco (dip), chewing gum, or food.

4-22. There are several types of oxygen masks currently in use by different Services. The most common of

these masks are described below.

MBU-12/P

4-23. The MBU-12/P pressure-demand oxygen mask is a replacement for the MBU-5/P mask

(Figure 4-1, page 4-8). It has a soft, supple silicone rubber face piece integrally bonded to a plastic hard

shell. It seals firmly during pressure breathing. It comes in four sizes to provide proper fit and superior

comfort during extended wear. The lower profile design and four-point suspension are more stable than the

MBU-5/P mask during free fall. Antiroll webs at the nose seal prevent downward roll-off. The integral face

piece and hard shell design permit good downward vision and increased head mobility. The MBU-12/P

oxygen mask was a system originally designed and produced as an aviator’s oxygen mask. Its oxygen hose

can be mistaken for a ripcord, which is hazardous. The POM system will replace the MBU-12/P system.

Parachutist Oxygen Mask

4-24. The POM breathing-demand oxygen mask is an in-flight oxygen breathing device used either with a

flight helmet and microphone or with a quick-don suspension assembly called the improved oxygen

harness. These masks are manufactured by Gentex Corporation and Carleton Technologies. The POM mask

is available in four sizes, indicated by the marking on the outer edge of the soft shell. The four sizes are

small narrow, medium narrow, medium wide, and large wide. The POM connects to the portable

prebreather assembly and the 106-cubic-inch portable oxygen system through use of the Hydraflow

HS-57 oxygen breathing hose to ensure unrestricted oxygen. The PHANTOM mask and regulator assembly

combines the latest Gentex parachutist oxygen mask

(ParaMaster HALO and/or HAHO) with a

high-performance Carleton miniature oxygen regulator. The PHANTOM system is much more comfortable

and provides significantly improved performance over existing systems. The Gentex mask includes a high-

flow, noncompensated exhalation valve along with an integral antisuffocation valve to protect the user in

the event of oxygen supply depletion. The Carleton miniature regulator installs directly into the standard

inlet port of the Gentex mask. The universal compatibility of Carleton's equipment eliminates the cost and

logistics problems that would typically come with the development of a custom mask. The regulator can be

installed or removed in under 30 seconds, which lends itself to improved maintainability and reliability.

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Use of Oxygen in Support of Military Free-Fall Operations

Figure 4-2. Parachutist Oxygen Mask

4-26. The POM has a high-flow, noncompensated exhalation valve and an integral antisuffocation valve to

protect the parachutist in the event of oxygen supply depletion. There is a diffuser over the inhalation valve

of the regulator to provide improved mixing of the oxygen in the mask. The mask allows the jumpers to

pinch their nostrils and perform a Valsalva maneuver in order to release sinus pressure. The configuration

of the screws and nuts used to fix the mask attachment straps are designed in a way to reduce rotational

friction and ease maintenance.

Improved Oxygen Harness (Skull Cap)

4-27. The improved oxygen harness was designed specifically for use with the POM and ACH during MFF

operations. The improved oxygen harness (Figure 4-3) is fabricated from absorbent cotton polyester fabric,

tubular nylon straps, hook-pile tape (HPT) (Velcro), and Fastex buckles. The improved oxygen harness is

worn directly on the parachutist’s head underneath the ACH. After donning the ACH over the improved

oxygen harness, the parachutist mounts the POM by attaching the four half-inch Fastex buckles attached at

each end of the 1/2-inch tubular nylon straps. The straps with Fastex buckles are fully adjustable to

accommodate a wide range of face and head shapes. The improved oxygen harness also contains sizing

channels made of 2-inch-wide pile tape sewn down the center of the cap. When worn with communication

equipment (Figure 4-4, page 4-10) (for example, the MICH), the headset will sit between the ACH and

improved oxygen harness (skull cap).

Figure 4-3. The improved oxygen harness

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4-9

Chapter 4

Figure 4-4. Complete Parachutist Oxygen Mask with MICH

Advanced Combat Helmet Accessory Rail Connector

4-28. The advanced combat helmet-accessory rail connector

(ACH-ARC) provides accessory direct

mounting for ACH-style ballistic helmets. Rails and accessories are secured during MFF, combat

movement, or tactical use. The ACH-ARC’s low-profile, lightweight, snag-free design mount addition does

not impede mobility and incorporates a dynamic breakaway feature to help prevent head and neck injury

when exposed to extreme torque with no permanent damage to the unit. Tough, fiber-reinforced rails bolt

directly to the helmet, holding a slide-and-lock Picatinny adapter for mounting of the POM with the

additional plug-in oxygen mask receptacles (Figure 4-5, page 4-11). The straps with Fastex buckles are

fully adjustable to accommodate a wide range of face and head shapes for proper fit of the POM. The rail

connector also contains Picatinny adapter locks and sizing channels that are slot-triggered for ease of

tightening, loosening, and fitting the oxygen mask. The ACH-ARC—

Does not require drilling; it uses existing chinstrap mounting holes.

Fits ACH, MICH, TC 2000, and MICH 2002 gunfighter helmets in sizes medium to extra large.

Does not fit the MICH 2001 (high ear-cut) helmet or the enhanced combat helmet.

Includes the oxygen single-strap kit or the oxygen double-strap kit (Figure 4-5) for mounting the

POM and the MBU-12/P oxygen mask.

4-29. In accordance with Headquarters, U.S. Army Developmental Test Command memorandum, subject:

Safety Confirmation for the Advanced Combat Helmet (ACH) in Support of Materiel Release and Fielding,

dated 21 June 2011, the following precautions should be followed for use of the ARC, the oxygen single-

strap kit, and the oxygen double-strap kit with the ACH during MFF operations:

MFF parachutists should ensure they are fitted with the correct size helmet and follow fit and wear

instructions in accordance with TM 10-8470-204-10.

Preventive maintenance checks and services procedures found in the ACH TM should be used

for the ACH and the ARC. Users must check for loose or missing screws. Missing screws should

be replaced and loose screws should be tightened. If screws remain loose, they should be secured

with thread-locking compound, National Stock Number 8030-01-104-5392.

Prior to rigging for MFF, each parachutist and the MFF jumpmaster should—

Inspect the strap kit for frayed or cut webbing, cracked or damaged plastic components, and

inoperable head-lock tabs. All damaged items should be replaced and the strap kit

reinspected before use.

Inspect the strap kit and ensure the swivel clips are securely fastened to the webbing, the

swivel clip securely locks into the accessory rail connector tab, accessory rail connector tab

securely locks into the accessory rail, and the rear-strap buckle and/or front-pull release

buckle are operable. Parachutist should remount and reinspect all incorrectly or loosely

mounted items and/or replace broken or defective components.

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Ensure the rear-strap buckle and/or front-pull release buckle are correctly inserted and the

corresponding strap is not twisted. If the strap is incorrectly inserted and/or twisted, the

parachutist should remove the buckle, rotate 180 degrees, reinsert, and then reinspect the

buckle and strap assembly.

Inspect the ARC for cracked or damaged plastic components, inoperable swivel clips, and

inoperable ARC tab adapters. Parachutist should replace all damaged items that fail to lock

in place.

Solvents and steel or metal bristle brushes may damage the ARC and strap kit. Parachutist

should only use a medium bristle brush and/or mild detergent to clean soil and debris from the

rail system and its components.

Figure 4-5. Advanced combat helmet accessory rail connector with oxygen

single-strap and double-strap kits

Parachutist Oxygen Mask Securing Lanyard

4-30. The POM securing lanyard (Figure 4-5a, page 4-12) was added to keep the oxygen mask from

becoming detached during free fall and floating behind the parachutist’s head. The POM securing lanyard

should be attached to the mask on the left bottom attaching strap. The chinstrap is routed through the

securing lanyard. The securing lanyard should be made from a section of gutted 550 cord and secured by

tying a nonslipping knot. Reference Appendix G (paragraph G-4) for JMPI procedures for the POM

securing lanyard inspection.

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