MANUAL OF NATO SAFETY PRINCIPLES FOR THE STORAGE OF MILITARY AMMUNITION AND EXPLOSIVES (May 2010) - page 14
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
2.5.8.4
Tables
TABLE [5-1]
FRAGMENT PERFORATION THROUGH WALL AND ROOF
(calculation with Ref [1])
AMMUNITION
R(m)
REQUIRED MEMBER THICKNESS (m)
concrete/brick
steel
sand
wood
GP-Bomb
500 kg
5
0.29
0.070
0.78
1.31
20
0.23
0.058
0.77
1.23
GP-Bomb
250 kg
5
0.20
0.052
0.55
0.73
20
0.15
0.040
0.51
0.66
Art Round
5
0.12
0.030
0.59
1.08
155 mm
20
0.10
0.025
0.55
1.02
TABLE [5-2]
-TNT- EQUIVALENT WEIGHT FACTORS FOR FREE AIR EFFECTS
Ref [1], [3], [89]
MATERIAL
PEAK PRESSURE IMPULS
PRESSURE RANGE
Equivalent Mass
[MPa]
ANFO (9416 Am/Ni/
Fuel Oil
0.82
0.82
0.007
- 0.700
Composition A-3
1.09
1.07
0.035
- 0.350
Composition B
1.11
0.98
0.035
- 0.350
Composition C-4
1.37
1.19
0.070
- 0.700
Cyclotol 70/30
1)
1.14
1.09
0.035
- 0.350
Comp B / TiH2 70/30
1.13
1.13
-
Explosive D
0.85
0.81
-
HBX-1
1.17
1.16
0.035
- 0.140
HBX-3
1.14
0.97
0.035
- 0.176
H-6
1.38
1.15
0.035
- 0.700
Minol II
1.20
1.11
0.021
- 0.140
Octol 70/30
2)
1.06
1.06
e)
Octol 75/25
1.06
1.06
e)
Pentolite
1.42
1.00
0.035
- 0.700
Pentolite
1.38
1.14
0.035
- 4.219
PETN
1.27
-
0.035
- 0.700
Picratol
0.90
0.93
-
RDX
1.14
1.09
-
RDX/5 Wax
1.19
1.16
-
RDX/Wax 98/2
1.19
1.16
-
Tetryl
1.07
-
0.021
- 0.140
Tetrytol 75/25
3)
1.06
-
e)
Tetrytol 70/30
1.06
-
e)
Tetrytol 65/35
1.06
-
e)
TNETB
1.36
1.10
0.035
- 0.700
TNT
1.00
1.00
Standard
Torpex II
1.23
1.28
-
TRITONAL 80/20
1.07
0.96
0.035
- 0.700
1) RDX / TNT
2) HMX / TNT
3) TETRYL / TNT
e) estimated
-II-5-134-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
TABLE [5-3]
BLAST WAVE ATTENUATION CONSTANT VS. NORMALISED SIDE-ON PRESSURE
(Pso/Pa) 1)
ß
(Pso/Pa) 1)
ß
(Pso/Pa) 1)
ß
67.90
8.90
3.46
3.49
0.161
0.382
37.20
8.75
2.05
2.06
0.062
0.098
20.40
9.31
1.38
1.58
0.037
0.117
11.90
10.58
0.77
0.32
0.026
0.111
7.28
7.47
0.51
1.05
0.020
0.149
Ref [3]
1)
Pa = Ambient Pressure
TABLE [5-4]
RECOMMENDED VALUES FOR 'SIDE-ON'
DRAG COEFFICIENTS
Ref [1], [3]
PEAK DYNAMIC PRESSURE
DRAG
COEFFICIENT
[MPa]
[psi]
[--]
0
- 0.18
0 - 25
- 0.4
0.18
- 0.35
25 - 50
-0.3
0.35
- 0.70
50 - 100
-0.2
-II-5-135-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
TABLE [5-5]
POLYNOMINAL EQUATIONS FOR COMPUTING AIRBLAST PARAMETERS
Ref [3]
HEMISPHERICAL SURFACE BURST
Functions to represent the airblast parameters versus distance in meters for a 1-kilogram
TNT hemispherical surface burst are presented in the following equations. The values in
parentheses convert the equations to English units. Substituting the parenthesized values for
the constants Ko and Co, convert the equations to provide the surface burst parameters for a
one pound TNT hemispherical charge versus distance in feet.
In general,
T = common logarithm of the distance in meters
U = Ko + K1T
Y = common logarithm of the airblast parameter in metric units
Y = Co + C1U + …CNUN
1. Incident Pressure (kPa, psi)
(0.170 - 100.0 feet)
Range of applicability:
0.0674 - 40.0 meters
(-0756579301809)
U =
-0.214362789151+ 1.35034249993T
(1.9422502013)
Y =
2.78076916577 - 1.6958988741U - 0.154159376846U2
+ 0.514060730593U3 + 0.0988534365274U4
- 0.293912623038U5 - 0.0268112345019U6
+ 0.109097496421U7 + 0.00162846756311U8
- 0.0214631030242U9 + 0.0001456723382U10
+ 0.00167847752266U11
2. Incident Impulse (kPa - msec, psi - msec)
Two funktions are required:
Function I
(0.170 - 2.41 feet)
Range of applicability:
0.0674 - 0.955 meters
-II-5-136-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
(0.832468843425)
U =
2.06761908721 + 3.0760329666T
(1.57159240621)
Y =
2.52455620925 - 0.502992763686U + 0.171335645235U2
+
0.0450176963051U3 - 0.0118964626402U4
Function II
(2.41 - 100.0 feet)
Range of applicability:
0.955 - 40.0 meters
(-2.91358616806)
U =
1.94708846747 + 2.40697745406T
(0.719852655584)
Y =
1.67281645863 - 0.384519026965U - 0.0260816706301U2
+ 0.00595798753822U3 + 0.014544526107U4
- 0.00663289334734U5 - 0.00284189327204U6
+ 0.0013644816227U7
3. Reflected Pressure (kPa, psi)
(0.170 - 100.0 feet)
Range of applicability:
0.0674 - 40.0 meters
(-0.789312405513)
U =
0.24657322658 + 1.36637719229T
(2.56431321138)
Y =
3.40283217581 - 2.21030870597U - 0.218536586295U2
+ 0.895319589372U3 + 0.24989009775U4
- 0.569249436807U5 - 0.11791682383U6
+ 0.224131161411U7 + 0.0245620259375U8
- 0.0455116002694U9 - 0.00190930738887U10
+ 0.00361471193389U11
4. Reflected Impulse (kPa - msec, psi - msec)
(0.170 - 100.0 feet)
Range of applicability:
0.0674 - 40.0 meters
(-0.781951689212
U =
-0.246208804814 + 1.33422049854T
(1.75291677799)
Y =
2.70588058103 - 0.949516092853U + 0.112136118689U2
-II-5-137-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
- 0.0250659183287U3
5. Shock Front Velocity (m/msec, ft/msec)
(0.170 - 100.0 feet)
Range of applicability:
0.0674 - 40.0 meters
(-0.755684472698)
U =
-0.202425716178 + 1.37784223635T
(0.449774310005)
Y =
-0.06621072854 - 0.698029762594U + 0.158916781906U2
+ 0.443812098136U3 - 0.113402023921U4
- 0.369887075049U5 + 0.129230567449U6
+ 0.19857981197U7 - 0.0867636217397U8
- 0.0620391900135U9 + 0.0307482926566U10
+ 0.0102657234407U11 - 0.00546533250772U12
- 0.000693180974U13 + 0.0003847494916U14
6. Arrival Time (msec)
(0.170 - 100.0 feet)
Range of applicability:
0.0674 - 40.0 meters
(-0.755684472698)
U =
-0.202425716178 + 1.37784223635T
(-0.173607601251)
Y =
-0.0591634288046 + 1.35706496258U + 0.052492798645U2
- 0.196563954086U3 - 0.0601770052288U4
+ 0.0696360270981U5 + 0.0215297490092U6
- 0.0161658930785U7 - 0.00232531970294U8
+ 0.00147752067524U9
7. Positive Phase Duration (msec)
Three functions are required:
Function I
(0.450 - 2.54 feet)
Range of applicability:
0.178 - 1.01 meters
(-0.1790217052)
U =
1.92946154068 + 5.25099193925T
(-0.728671776005)
-II-5-138-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
Y =
-0.614227603559 + 0.130143717675U + 0.134872511954U2
+ 0.0391574276906U3 - 0.00475933664702U4
- 0.00428144598008U5
Function II
(2.54 - 7.00 feet)
Range of applicability:
1.01 - 2.78 meters
(-5.85909812338)
U =
-2.12492525216 + 9.2996288611T
(0.20096507334)
Y =
0.315409245784 - 0.0297944268976U + 0.030632954288U2
+ 0.0183405574086U3 - 0.0173964666211U4
- 0.00106321963633U5 + 0.00562060030977U6
+ 0.0001618217499U7 - 0.0006860188944U8
Function III
(7.00 - 100.0 feet)
Range of applicability:
2.78 - 40.0 meters
(-4.92699491141)
U =
-3.53626218091 + 3.46349745571T
(0.572462469964)
Y =
0.686906642409 + 0.0933035304009U - 0.0005849420883U2
- 0.00226884995013U3 - 0.00295908591505U4
+ 0.00148029868929U5
-II-5-139-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
TABLE: [5-6]
FRAGMENTATION RELATED EXPLOSIVE CONSTANTS
EXPLOSIVE
DENSITY
Bx
G
MOTT-Constant
GURNEY-Constant
1b/ft3
k/m3
¥1b/ft7/6
¥kg/m7/6
ft/s
m/s
AMATOL
106.74
1710
1.589
4.279
6190
1886
BARATOL
164.17
2630
2.324
6.260
5200
1585
COMPOSITION A-3
(RDX/WAX)
99.88
1600
0.998
2.688
8629
2630
COMPOSITION B
(RDX/TNT/WAX)
106.74
1710
1.007
2.712
9100
2774
COMPOSITION C-3
99.88
1600
-
-
8800
2682
COMPOSITION C-4
106.74
1710
-
-
8300
2530
CYCLONITE
(RDX)
106.74
1710
-
-
9300
2835
CYCLOTOL (75/25)
(RDX/TNT)
109.49
1754
0.895
2.410
8900
2713
CYCLOTOL (20/80)
(RDX/TNT)
106.74
1710
-
-
8380
2554
CYCLOTOL (60/40)
(RDX/TNT)
106.74
1710
1.226
3.301
7880
2402
H-6
(RDX/TNT/AL/WAX)
106.74
1710
1.253
3.375
8600
2621
HBX-1
(RDX/TNT/AL/WAX)
106.12
1700
1.161
3.127
8100
2469
HBX-3
(RDX/TNT/AL/WAX)
112.98
1810
1.466
3.949
6509
1984
HMX
106.74
1710
-
-
9750
2972
HTA-3
106.74
1710
-
-
8500
2591
MINOL II
(AN/TNT/AL)
104.86
1680
-
-
8300
2530
NITROMETHANE
106.74
1710
-
-
7900
2408
OCTOL (75/25)
113.67
1821
-
-
9500
2896
PBX-9404
(Plast.Bonded HMX)
106.74
1710
-
-
9500
2895
PENTOLITE (50/50)
(TNT/PETN)
104.24
1670
1.126
3.032
8400
2560
PETN
106.74
1710
1.126
3.033
9600
2926
PICRATOL
106.74
1710
-
-
7600
2316
PTX-1
(RDX/TETRYL/TNT)
106.74
1710
1.007
2.712
-
-
PTX-2
(RDX/PETN/TNT)
106.74
1710
1.031
2.778
-
-
RDX
106.74
1710
0.963
2.594
9600
2926
TACOT
106.74
1710
-
-
7000
2134
TETRYL
106.74
1710
1.236
3.329
8200
2499
TETRYTOL
106.74
1710
-
-
-
-
TNT
106.74
1710
1.416
3.815
8000
2438
TORPEX-2
(RDX/TNT/AL)
106.74
1710
1.415
3.811
8800
2682
TRIMONITE No 1
106.74
1710
-
-
3400
1036
TRITONAL
106.74
1710
-
-
7600
2316
TABLE [5-7]
BALLISTIC DENSITY FACTOR -k- / Ref[89]
k (g/cmˆ3)
Type of Ammunition
2.61
forged steel projektiles
fragmentation bombs
2.33
demolition bomb
4.27
steel cube
5.89
steel sphere
-II-5-140-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
TABLE [5-8]
GEOMETRICAL CONSTANT -n- / Ref [3]
1
for
planar
geometry
2
cylindrical
geometry
3
spherical
geometry
TABLE [5-9]
BALLISTIC DRAG COEFFICIENT CD
Ref [164]
DRAG COEFFICIENTS
DRAG COEFFICIENTS
for SPHERE
for ROTATING CYLINDER (h=D)
v [m/s]
CD
M
CD
0
0,46
0,1 - 0,6
0,80
100
0,48
0,6 - 0,8
0,82
170
0,50
0,8 - 0,9
0,86
255
0,62
0,9 - 1,0
0,915
340
0,80
1,0 - 1,1
1,035
425
0,96
1,1 - 1,2
1,18
510
1,00
1,2 - 1,3
1,265
680
1,02
1,3 - 1,4
1,315
1020
0,98
1,4 - 2,8
1,195
1430
0,92
2,8 - 5,6
1,065
3060
0,92
5,6 - 11,2
1,04
DRAG COEFFICIENTS
DRAG COEFFICIENTS
for ROTATING CUBE
for CUBE
M
CD
v [m/s]
CD
0,1 - 0,2
0,80
0
0,78
0,2 - 0,4
0,82
170
0,80
0,4 - 0,6
0,845
272
0,92
0,6 - 0,8
0,88
340
1,14
0,8 - 0,9
0,975
408
1,26
0,9 - 1,0
1,075
476
1,28
1,0 - 1,1
1,16
613
1,22
1,1 -1,2
1,225
680
1,16
1,2 - 1,3
1,245
783
1,12
1,3 - 1,4
1,245
1500
1,08
1,4 - 2,8
1,175
3060
1,08
2,8 - 5,6
1,12
5,6 - 11,2
1,11
-II-5-141-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
DRAG COEFFICIENTS
DRAG COEFFICIENTS
for IRREGULAR FRAGMENTS
for IRREGULAR FRAGMENTS
M
CD
v [m/s]
CD
0,1 - 0,2
0,85
0
1,08
0,2 - 0,4
0,86
204
1,08
0,4 - 0,6
0,90
272
1,12
0,6 - 0,8
1,10
340
1,24
0,8 - 0,9
1,25
408
1,36
0,9 - 1,0
1,33
476
1,40
1,0 - 1,1
1,385
544
1,40
1,1 -1,2
1,415
680
1,36
1,2 - 1,3
1,42
1020
1,28
1,3 - 1,4
1,40
1700
1,20
1,4 - 2,8
1,29
3060
1,12
2,8 - 5,6
1,15
5,6 - 11,2
1,115
TABLE [5-10]
DOB
EJECTA WITHIN CRATER LIP AREA Ref [89]
mass distribution
distance from SGZ
GOF
40%
2 to 4 · Ra
Optimal
90%
2 to 4 · Ra
SGZ surface ground zero
Ra
apparent crater radius
GOF
ground surface
TABLE [5-11]
DYNAMIC INCREASE FACTOR DIF
Material
DIF
RC - slabs
2.5
steel plate
2.5
wood
1.75
TABLE [5-12]
PREDICTION EQUATIONS FOR AIR-BLAST-INDUCED GROUND SHOCK
direction
displacement
velocity
acceleration
max. D (m)
max. U (m/s)
max. A (g)
Is
Pso
1)
122·Pso
vertical
D
v =
VV =
cp·rho
cp·rho
AV =
cp·rho
horizontal
Dh = Dv·F1
Vh = Vv·F1
Ah = Av·F1
F1 = tan· [ sin-1 · (cp / U ) ]
-II-5-142-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
Notes:
1) -
The equation for maximum vertical acceleration is valid for dry soil. For saturated soils
and rock doubling of the acceleration values is recommended.
2) -
For all cases > F1 = tan · [ sin-1 · ( cp / U) ] 1 the horizontal quantities of motion will be
equated with the vertical quantities.
-
Seismic velocities and soil densities are presented in TABLE [7-13]. For conservative
estimation of the quantities of motion the minor values of the velocity should be taken.
-II-5-143-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
TABLE [5-13]
SOIL AND ROCK PROPERTIES FROM EXPLOSIONS TESTS
Ref [1], [3], [30]
SOIL DESCRIPTION
DRY
TOTAL
AIR
SEISMIC
ACCOUSTIC
Attenuation
UNIT
UNIT
FILLED
VELOCITY
IMPEDANCE
Coefficient
MASS
MASS
VOIDS
Dry desert alluvium and playa
1394
1490
>25
640 a)
954
3
- 3.25
Partially cemented
1394
1602
>25
1280
2051
3
- 3.25
Loose, dry, poorly graded sand
1282
1442
>30
183
264
3
- 3.5
Loose, dry sands and gravels with
--
1490
-
183
273
3.1
low relative density
Loose, wet, poorly graded sand
1554
1858
10
152
283
3
with free standing water
1554
1858
10
183
340
3
Dense dry sand, poorly graded
1586
1666
32
274
457
2.5
- 2.75
"
1586
1666
32
396
660
2.5
- 2.75
Dense wet sand, poorly graded, with
1730
1986
9
305
605
2.75
free-standing water
Very dense dry sand, relative density
1682
1746
30
488
852
2.5
= 100%
Dense sand (high relative density)
--
2030
-
488
991
2.5
Sandy loam, loess, dry sands, and
--
1630
-
305
498
2.75
back fill
Silty clay, wet
1522
1922
9
213
410
2.75 - 3
"
1602
2003
9
274
549
2.75 - 3
Moist loess, clayey sand
1602
1954
5-10
305
596
2.75 - 3
Wet sandy clay with >4% air voids
--
1990
>4%
549
1093
2.5
Wet sandy clay, above water table
1522
1922
4
549
1055
2.5
"
2003
--
4
-
-
2.5
Saturated sand-below water table
--
--
1-4 b)
1494
-
2.25
- 2.5
(b.w.t.) in marsh
Saturated sandy clay - b.w.t c)
1250
1762
1-2
1524
2686
2
-2.5
"
1602
1986
1-2
829
3633
2
-2.5
Saturated sandy clays and sands
--
1920
<1%
1524
2926
2.4
with 1% air voids
Saturated sandy clay - b.w.t. c)
1602
2003
<1
1524
3052
1.5
"
1602
-
<1
2017
-
1.5
Saturated stiff clay, saturated clay-
--
1922
0
1524
2930
1.5
shale
"
--
2083
0
1524
3174
1.5
Heavy saturated clays and clay
--
2030
-
1829
3712
1.5
shales
Shale and marl
--
2320
-
1800-5300
4175-12296
Basalt
--
2740
-
5400
14796
Granite
--
2640
-
5100
13464
Cointed Granite
--
2640
-
2400-4600
6336-12144
Limestone
--
2400
-
5200
12480
Limestone-chalk
--
2100
-
2100-6400
4410-13440
Sandstone
--
2400
-
5760
13824
Volcanic rock
--
2400
-
3000-6700
7200-16080
Sound plutonic rocks
--
2700
-
4000-7600
10800-20520
Weathered rocks
--
2300
-
600-3100
1380-7130
Concrete
--
2400
-
≈3500
8400
Water
--
1000
-
1460
1460
a) High because of cementation
b) Estimated
c) b.w.t. - below water table
rho,deb = 0.36 · Ma · (0.58) · e(-0..047·R·Q )
(kg / m2)
eq [5-59]
-II-5-144-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
TABLE [5-14]
PREDICTION EQUATIONS for DIRECT-INDUCED GROUND SHOCK
medium
displacement
Velocity
Acceleration
max. D (m)
max. V (m/s)
max. A (g)
vertical parameters of motion: Dv (m), VV (m/s), AV (g)
ROCK
(RG·Q)^1/3
-
-
37000·ZG^1/3
SOIL
(RG·Q)^1/3
-
-
1000·ZG^2.3
ALL
-
0.95
1200
ZG^1.5
ZG · RG
horizontal parameters of motion: Dh (m), Vh (m/s), Ah (g)
ROCK
0.5 · DV
VV
AV
SOIL
DV
VV
-
DRY SOIL
-
VV
0.5 · AV
WET SOIL
-
VV
AV
& ROCK
-
VV
AV
RG = ground range ZG = scaled distance above ground
TABLE [5-15]
LETHALITY DUE TO IMPACT ENERGY
LETHALITY
IMPACT ENERGY / KINTETIC ENERGY
p
(Joule)
%
HEAD
CHEST
ABDOMEN
LIMBS
1
55
58
105
155
5
65
90
140
240
20
79
140
200
380
50
100
230
280
620
99
200
850
850
2500
TABLE [5-16]
THRESHOLD FOR SHOCK LOADING ON PERSONNEL
DAMAGE
CRITICAL IMPACT
VELOCITY
Vi,cr (m/s)
Minor
3.0
Threshold
4.0
50% Skull Injury
5.5
100% Skull Injury
7.0
-II-5-145-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
THREAT
ACCELERATION
a (g)
Loss of Balance
- nuclear, horizontal
0.5
- nuclear, vertical
1.0
CRITICAL OSCILLATION TOLERANCES for PERSONNEL
Acceleration (g)
Frequency (Hz)
2
< 10
5
10 - 20
7
20 - 40
10
> 40
TABLE [5-17] ; Ref [89]
RADIANT ENERGY REQUIRED TO CAUSE FLASH
BURNS
PERIOD
RADIATION ENERGY
DEGREE OF
tw (s)
(kWs/m2)
(cal/cm2)
BURN
tw< 1 s
62.8
1.5
1
125.6
3.0
2
188.4
4.5
3
tw ≈ 5 s
125.6
3.0
1
251.2
6.0
2
376.7
9.0
3
Source: AC/258 Corr No 7
TABLE [5-18]
q
RADIATION INTENSITY
(kW·s / m2)
tw
DEGREE OF
PROBABILITY OF INCIDENT
BURN
1%
50%
99%
1st degree
38.5
68.8
122.7
2nd degree
87.8
156.4
278.6
3rd degree
92.8
184.5
364.1
tw = active duration of the radiation
-II-5-146-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
TABLE [5-19]
Symbols:
X occasional
C heavy damage
A minor damage
D destruction
B medium damage
DAMAGE CRITERIA FOR STRUCTURES AND COMPONENTS DUE TO OVERPRESSURE
[kPa]
OBJECT
X
A
B
C
D
glass
0.2
-
-
-
-
large window
glass, typical
1.1
-
-
3.5-7.0
window frame
0.5
-
-
-
-
window frame
-
10.6
-
-
-
door frame
-
10.6
-
-
-
door, window
-
-
-
-
6.0-9.0
distorted
plaster
-
3.5-7.0
-
-
-
tiles (roof)
-
3.0
-
5.3
-
0%-50% tiles displaced
dwelling house
-
3.0*)
8.1**)
36.6**)
80.9**)
wall, ceiling
-
-
-
14.1
-
partial
concrete wall
-
-
-
14-21
-
Plain concrete, s=0.2-0.3 m
unreinforced build.
-
-
-
-
70.3
completely demolished
brick wall
-
-
-
56.3
70.3
completely demolished
brick wall, 20-30 cm
-
-
-
-
56.3
fail by flexure
brick wall, 45 cm
-
-
-
-
91.42
completely demolished
steel building
-
9.1
14.0
17.6
21.1
wooden building
-
-
12.0
17.0
28.0
building
-
-
70.0
-
-
block building
factory chimney
-
14.0
-
-
-
industrial building
-
-
28.0
-
-
administr. building
-
-
38.0
-
-
brick building
-
-
28.0
-
-
RC-structures
-
-
38.0
53.0
-
steel girder build.
-
-
-
31.6
63.3
cladding of build.
-
7.0
-
-
14.1
heavy bridge
-
-
-
-
492.3
masonry or concrete
steel truss bridge
-
-
-
-
63.3
collapse
motor vehicle
-
28.2
35.2
70.3
-
severe displacement,
crushed
rail car
-
18.3
39.4
60.5
77.4
wooden utility pole
-
28.0
-
-
snapped
power mast
-
28.0
-
-
snapped
radio mast
-
14.0
-
-
-
snapped
oil storage tank
-
6.3
21.0
24.6
28.1
tree
-
-
-
21.1
175.8
90% blown down
*) inhabitable
**) uninhabitable
-II-5-147-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
TABLE [5-20]
DAMAGE THRESHOLD for DIRECT-INDUCED GROUND SHOCK / Ref [89]
DAMAGE
max. VELOCITY
SCALED DISTANCE
vertical/horizontal
Vmax (m/s)
Z (m/kg^1/3)
no
≤ 0.05
6.9
minor/medium
0.05
- 0.14
3.6
heavy
0.14
- 0.19
2.9
TABLE [5-21]
DAMAGE THRESHOLD for AIR-BLAST-INDUCED GROUND SHOCK
( for -3- selected soils )
Ref [89]
DAMAGE
SCALED DISTANCE
VV/h,max
Z (m/kg^1/3)
(m/s)
soil -1-
soil -2-
soil -3-
no
≤ 0.05
5.7
2.7
1.5
minor/medium
0.05-0.14
3.4
1.7
1.0
heavy
0.14-0.19
2.9
1.5
0.8
No TYPE OF SOIL
DENSITY
SEISMIC VELOCITY
rho
cp
(kg/m^1/3)
(m/s)
1
soil
1520
460
2
saturated soil
2000
1520
3
rock
2560
4000
TABLE [5-22]
CRITICAL OSCILLATING VELOCITY
-
dwelling and business building
0.008 m/s
-
braced buildings with heavy
components
braced skeleton buildings
0.030 m/s
-
historical buildings/monuments
0.004 m/s
TABLE [5-23]
CRITICAL OSCILLATING VELOCITY ON BASE Ref [10]
-
individual, minor damage
0.070 m/s
-
damage threshold
= 0.140 m/s
-
50% structural damage
= 0.180 m/s
-II-5-148-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
TABLE [5-24]
CRITICAL SOIL PARTICLE VELOCITIES FOR AMMUNITION
STORAGE BUILDINGS
Ref [78]
QUALITY OF STRUCTURE
max. VELOCITY of
soil particles
V (m/s)
-
no damage
< 0.2
-
rigid frame prefabricated concrete
0.2
- 1.5
buildings
-
heavy reinforced concrete
3.0
magazines
TABLE [5-25]
SHOCK TOLERANCES FOR SELECTED EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
DAMAGE
FREQUENCY
a (g)
fmin
no
heavy
(Hz)
-
heavy weight machinery
10
80
5
· engines, generators,
· transformers
M > 2000 kg
-
medium weight machinery
15
120
10
· pumps, condensers,
· air conditioners
M ≈ 500 - 2000 kg
-
light weight machinery
30
200
15
· small engines
M > 500 kg
-
duct work, piping,
20
280
5
storage batteries
-
electronic equipment, relays,
2
20
10
magnetic drum units, racks of
communication equipment
a (g) acceleration ; fmin (Hz) minimum natural frequency
TABLE [5-26]
CRITICAL RADIATION INTENSITY
q (kW / m2)
MATERIAL
CLASS -1-
CLASS -2-
wood
15
2
plastics
15
2
glass
4
-
steel
100
25
TABLE [5-27]
CRITICAL PROPAGATION IMPACT PARAMETERS
IMPACT VELOCITY
ENERGY
IMPULS
Vi (m/s)
Ekin (J)
I
(Ns)
≤ 50 m/s
----
100
≥ 50 m/s
2500
---
-II-5-149-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
-II-5-150-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
CHAPTER 6 - OPERATIONS IN AN EXPLOSIVES AREA
Section I - Introduction
2.6.1.1.
General
The purpose of this chapter is to provide management and administration considerations for the guidance of
National Authorities in the promotion of safe and efficient operations in explosives areas. This chapter contains a list of
considerations which may serve as an aid to users in the preparation of national regulations on the subject.
-II-6-1-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
Section II - General Safety Precautions
2.6.2.1.
Responsibilities of Commanding Officers/Superintendents
The Commanding Officer/Superintendent of an ammunition facility has primary responsibility for safe working
and storage conditions within the facility. The following actions should normally be taken:
1.
Establish and enforce personnel limits for explosives facilities.
2.
Establish and enforce explosives limits for all magazines, transit sheds/areas, outside stacks or
hardstands, workshops, laboratories and proof areas.
3.
Ensure that Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) are prepared, displayed in buildings and enforced
for all examination, repair, renovation, modification, disassembly, assembly, proof and disposal (by
breakdown, burning, or demolition) of ammunition and explosives.
4.
Review periodically working conditions within the explosives area.
5.
Maintain blueprints, maps, or drawings showing the locations of all buildings in the explosives area,
and the distances to public traffic routes, inhabited and uninhabited buildings on and off defence
property.
6.
Maintain Standing Orders to take account of local conditions and supplement national or other orders
pertaining to the operation of the facility.
7.
Implement an ammunition safety programme with a system of accident, incident, defect and
malfunction reports and investigations.
2.6.2.2.
Safety Responsibilities
a)
All personnel in the course of their duty who are required to handle ammunition or explosives should have a
detailed knowledge of orders or directives issued to reduce the inherent hazards associated with the work.
b)
A high degree of care must be demanded of personnel who are in charge of, or are handling ammunition, where
even a slight degree of negligence involves danger to life or damage to property.
-II-6-2-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
c)
It is the responsibility of all personnel to maintain vigilance to improve and develop safe practices, methods and
attitudes.
2.6.2.3.
Admission to Explosives Areas
a)
No person shall enter an explosives area except by authorized entrances and only then under authority of a pass
issued by the Commanding Officer, Superintendent or Officer in charge.
b)
Any person showing the least signs of intoxication or impairment from drugs shall not be admitted to explosives
areas.
2.6.2.4.
Personnel Employed in Explosives Areas
A person should not be employed in the explosives area unless the Commanding Officer/Superintendent is
satisfied that the person is suitable for such employment.
2.6.2.5.
Prohibited and Restricted Articles
a)
No stores, other than explosives, which have been properly classified and authorized for storage therein, and
such tools, appliances and materials as are authorized from time to time, are to be permitted into an explosives
area.
b)
In particular admission of the following is to be prohibited or strictly controlled:
1.
Oil or gas filled lighting, heating or burning appliances and all flame, spark or fire producing
appliances.
2.
Matches, cigarettes and other portable means of producing spark or flame.
3.
Radio transmitters and receivers.
4.
Tobacco in any form and any article used for the purpose of smoking or carrying tobacco.
5.
Beers, wines and alcoholic liquor.
6.
Motor spirit, flammable oils and solvents not contained in the fuel tank of a vehicle or in a sealed
container.
7.
Fire arms.
8.
Cameras.
9.
Drugs and medicines.
10.
Food and drink unless for sale or consumption in official canteens or refreshment areas.
11.
Battery operated equipment e.g. hearing aids, calculators.
-II-6-3-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
2.6.2.6.
Food and Drink
When approved by national regulations canteens or lunch rooms may be located within the explosives area. These
may, under stringent controls, be authorized as smoking areas.
2.6.2.7.
Smoking
a)
Smoking inside explosives areas is strictly forbidden except in authorized smoking areas.
b)
Prominent signs should be displayed at each exit from the smoking area with the wording "NO SMOKING
BEYOND THIS POINT". A sign with the wording "WARNING NO LIVE AMMUNITION OR
EXPLOSIVES ARE PERMITTED IN THIS AREA" should be placed on or near the doors leading into the
smoking area.
2.6.2.8.
Employee Working Alone
No one person should be permitted to work alone (where another person cannot provide immediate assistance in
case of an accident) in explosives workshop or laboratory operations which involve the assembly or breakdown of
ammunition or the exposure of explosive fillings, or in any other operation which involves the opening of packages and the
exposure of loose ammunition.
2.6.2.9.
Photography
Photographs taken within the explosives area should be restricted to those required for official purposes. Where
explosives are exposed, electro-explosive devices (EED) are involved or explosive or flammable gases may be present, the
use of cameras with electrically operated equipment should be avoided unless specially approved for the purpose.
2.6.2.10.
Portable Hand Lights
Portable hand lights may be used within the explosives area if they are of a design that meets the national
electrical requirements for the particular building/area in which they are to be used.
-II-6-4-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
2.6.2.11.
Wearing of Rings and Other Jewellery
It is general good industrial safety practice to discourage the wearing of rings and other jewellery by personnel
employed in explosives workshops.
2.6.2.12.
Battery Operated Devices
Battery operated devices may be used in locations within the explosives area at the discretion of the Commanding
Officer/Superintendent. Only "intrinsically safe" devices should be approved for use in those areas where EED, explosive
dust or other conditions which might give rise to an explosion are present. To be "intrinsically safe" the device should be
incapable of producing sufficient energy to initiate an explosion.
2.6.2.13.
Thunderstorms
a)
At the discretion of National Authorities, work involving explosives and in buildings containing explosives
should cease during thunderstorms and personnel evacuated to a suitable location at the appropriate distance
from PES.
b)
Truck loads of ammunition should be moved under cover. Loads which must be left in the open should be
covered with tarpaulins.
2.6.2.14.
Private Motor Vehicles
Standing Orders should include regulations to cover local conditions for the certification, control and use of
private vehicles in the explosives area.
-II-6-5-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
Section III - Arrangement of Ammunition and Explosives in a Building or Stack
2.6.3.1.
Ammunition and Explosives Storage - General
Ammunition and explosives should be stored only in locations designated for that purpose. The types and
quantities of materiel which may be stored in these locations must be in accordance with the quantity-distance
requirements prescribed in this Manual or appropriate national publications.
2.6.3.2.
Use of Magazines
a)
Magazines are intended for the storage of ammunition and explosives including explosive components and
should not be used for the storage of non-explosive stores unless no other suitable accomodation is available.
Explosive items and their related non-explosive components may be stored together in the same magazine, for
example, aircraft bombs and their tail units. To preclude errors when issuing, dummy, display and other inert
ammunition should not be stored in the same building with their live counterpart. Inert ammunition should
normally be stored in non-explosive storehouses.
b)
Ammunition and explosives, packages and containers should be properly marked, in good repair and free from
loose dirt, grit or other contamination before being stored in magazines. Any broken or damaged packages or
containers should be repacked, before being accepted into a magazine, unless the damage is slight and does not
adversely affect the protective qualities of the package. Repacking should not be carried out in the magazine.
2.6.3.3.
Ammunition Stacking
a)
Ammunition and explosives should be stored in stable stacks in magazines in an approved manner which
precludes toppling or collapse of the stacks, or the crushing or deforming of the containers in the lower tiers.
Dunnage should be used to secure the stacks. When a specified method of stacking a particular item is not
prescribed, explosives and ammunition should be stacked in accordance with the following guidelines:
1.
Ammunition and explosives should be stored in their approved containers and should be separated in
stacks by nature, type, and lot number. All containers should be closed and sealed by suitable means.
2.
Sufficient space should be left between ammunition stacks and the floor, ceiling and walls of the
magazine to permit air circulation. Additional space may be provided for inspection etc., as required
by national regulations.
-II-6-6-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
3.
Ammunition stacks should be placed at least 1 m from doorways to provide protection from direct
sunlight, rain etc. when doors are open.
4.
Light cased phosphorus filled ammunition should be in double rows to permit rapid identification
and removal of leaking packages. Stack heights should not exceed 2 m or one pallet. Pallets should
be arranged in single lines with sufficient room between each line to permit the removal of any
container showing signs of leakage. Suitable tools to cut the strapping should be readily available in
the building.
5.
Partly filled boxes should have a fraction tag attached, or be otherwise marked, and the box placed
conspicuously on the stack. There should be only one fraction box per lot.
6.
Ammunition stacks should be placed at an appropriate distance from heating devices.
b)
Records of storage arrangements should be maintained to aid in space control and to ensure the authorized
explosives limits are not exceeded.
2.6.3.4.
Ventilation of Magazines
Magazines should be kept as dry and temperate as possible. To assist in the reduction of condensation, magazines
should be fitted with a ventilator; where the climate warrants, power ventilators or dehumidification equipment may be
necessary. The ventilators should be designed to prevent the insertion into the magazine of any extraneous object, and to
close automatically in the event of a fire either inside or on the outside of the magazine. Older magazines, or magazines
with ineffective ventilating systems should be ventilated by opening the doors and ventilators when atmospheric conditions
and temperatures are favourable.
2.6.3.5.
Temperature
a)
Temperature control is important in magazines used for the storage of those types of ammunition which are
adversely affected by extremes of temperature.
b)
Magazine temperature records should be maintained when:
1.
Such records are useful for the selection of lots for proof or test.
-II-6-7-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
2.
Ammunition in the magazine has published temperature limitations which are liable to be exceeded
under prevailing climatic conditions.
2.6.3.6.
Authorized Stores and Equipment
Only stores, tools and equipment authorized and required for use should be permitted in magazines. A list of
stores, tools and equipment approved for use should be displayed in the building. In particular, empty pallets and dunnage
should not be allowed to accumulate in magazines containing ammunition.
2.6.3.7.
Aisles and Safety Exits
Aisles and safety exits in magazines containing ammunition should not be blocked or obstructed. When work is
being conducted doors should not be fastened with other than approved quick-release devices which shall be maintained in
good working order. Where quick-release devices are not fitted the doors shall be unlatched or open. All doors should be
outward opening.
2.6.3.8.
Isolation Magazines
a)
Condemned or unserviceable ammunition presenting more than a normal storage hazard should be removed to
an isolation magazine pending destruction. In the absence of an isolation magazine, outside storage may be used
if national regulations permit.
b)
Condemned or unserviceable ammunition not presenting more than normal storage hazards may be stored in
magazines with serviceable stores but should be clearly marked as condemned or unserviceable to prevent
inadvertent use or issue.
c)
Ammunition and explosives of different compatibility groups may be mixed in isolation magazines. Such
mixing in isolation magazines should only be permitted when it is unavoidable and does not significantly
increase either the probability or severity of an accident. An effective control when storing condemned or
unserviceable ammunition is required.
2.6.3.9.
Transit Magazines
A transit magazine is defined as a magazine used for:
1.
The receipt of small consignments which may be mixed prior to being placed in permanent storage.
-II-6-8-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
2.
The assembly of small issues which may be mixed prior to dispatch.
In buildings authorized as transit magazines, ammunition and explosives of different compatibility groups may be
mixed in the same way as is permitted for the appropriate mode of transport. If it is necessary to open packages, for
acceptance, receipt or issue inspections or for identification, verification of quantity, repack or other process, this should be
done in an adjacent building or separate compartment of the same building; only one nature should be present in this
building or compartment at any time. Remarking of the outer packages and sorting of packages may be carried out in the
main transit magazine. Irrespective of the quantities of each hazard division present at any time the overall explosive limit
applied to the building should be that for the hazard division which permits the least NEQ for the available quantity-
distances.
-II-6-9-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
Section IV - Handling of Ammunition and Explosives
2.6.4.1.
Cleanliness of Buildings
The cleanliness of all magazines and other buildings containing explosives should be maintained at a high
standard. The following precautions shall be taken:
1.
Dangerously combustible materiels, such as paper, oily rags, cotton waste, paints, solvents, volatile
liquids, and painting cloths required for use in an explosives storehouse or explosives workshop
should be removed to a safe storage place when not actually in use.
2.
Particular care should be exercised to avoid the presence of steel wool, sand, gravel, or any other
abrasive substance upon the floors, tables, or other working places where explosives are being
handled.
3.
Explosive dusts or vapours should not be allowed to accumulate inside or outside a building.
4.
Electrical fixtures and motors should be kept free from dust.
5.
Special precautions
(see paragraph
2.6.5.4.) should be observed when packages containing
explosives liable to initiation by spark or friction are stored and are not in dust tight containers.
2.6.4.2.
Electrical Extensions
When not specifically prohibited and when it is necessary to use extension lights during the handling, loading, or
unloading of explosives or ammunition in magazines or other buildings or on board vessels, lighters, railroad cars, trucks,
or other vehicles, portable electric extension lights may be used provided they are in accordance with the national electrical
code for use in such locations. In the case of visiting forces the electrical code of the host nation should be the minimum
standard.
2.6.4.3.
Handling Equipment
Handling equipment should be in accordance with approved specifications, used in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions, and maintained and inspected in accordance with the manufacturer's recommended
maintenance schedules.
-II-6-10-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
2.6.4.4.
Parking of Vehicles, Railcars and Barges
Vehicles, railcars and barges should be parked in the vicinity of magazines and workshops only for the period of
time required for loading or unloading; at all other times designated holding or marshalling areas should be used for
parking purposes. When such vehicles/vessels are moving through explosives areas appropriate routes should be used to
minimize the risk of an explosion and propagation between PES.
2.6.4.5.
Ammunition Returned from Bases or Units
a)
All ammunition received from user units should be given an inspection to ensure that it is suitable for storage
and subsequent re-issue. The inspection sample size will depend upon national practices.
b)
All empty ammunition containers, packaging materials, empty cartridge cases, empty ammunition components
etc., received from user units should be given a 100 % inspection and certified free from explosives before
being declared as scrap, government provided material as aids to production, or otherwise disposed of.
-II-6-11-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
Section V - Repair, Modification, Inspection and Proof of Ammunition
2.6.5.1.
Introduction
This section contains special requirements for the repair, modification, inspection and proof of ammunition and
explosives in explosives workshops. These activities should only be conducted in the locations designated. The NEQ of
ammunition permitted in an explosives workshop should be governed by the quantity-distances in Part I, Chapter 4 of the
Manual.
2.6.5.2.
Workshop and Laboratory Working Conditions
a)
Clean conditions should pertain to explosives workshops only when explosive contents are exposed. See
subparagraph 2.6.5.5.a) for the definition of clean conditions.
b)
Each work area should be thoroughly cleaned daily and each time work is changed from one nature of
explosives to another.
c)
Before any article is taken into an explosives workshop operating under clean conditions, it should be examined
externally and any grit or objectionable substance removed.
d)
Work benches on which explosives are likely to be exposed should be so situated that nothing can accidentally
fall on the explosives; this is particularly important when dealing with detonators or other sensitive materiel.
e)
Work should be arranged so that explosives are never exposed to direct sunlight.
f)
Explosives not being worked upon should be kept covered.
g)
In explosives workshops, oils, spirits, paint, etc. should be in sound containers, which in turn should be kept in a
metal tray the size of, which should be adequate to contain spilling. The quantity should be kept to a minimum
and during non-working hours should be kept in a metal locker outside the building or special fireproof room
approved for this purpose. These lockers should be included in the daily security check.
h)
All doors in explosives workshops not equipped with quick release hardware shall be unlocked when work is in
progress.
-II-6-12-
Change 3
AASTP-1
(Edition 1)
i)
Appropriate protective shieldings should be erected around assembly or disassembly apparatus, as required, to
protect operators against flash and splinters in case of accident. Protective shields should be proof-tested prior to
initial use and only used for the purpose for which they have been proof-tested.
j)
When movement of unpacked ammunition is necessary care must be taken to ensure that it is securely held and
is protected against damage and dislodgement.
k)
Ammunition containing exposed percussion caps or primers should have the caps protected from accidental
striking by means of the appropriate cartridge clips, or other means.
l)
Ammunition containing EED should not be removed from its package for longer than is essential, so as to
minimize the time during which it may be susceptible to electromagnetic pick-up. Whenever it is necessary to
remove ammunition of this kind from its package the safe distances from RF-sources specified, in national
regulations, should be fully observed.
m)
Grenades, and other similar small stores, which are potentially dangerous when fitted with initiators, should be
dealt with in a room provided with a disposal chute or equivalent facility.
n)
Workshops or parts of workshops used for paint or rust removal should not be considered as clean areas while
being so employed. They should be thoroughly scrubbed and cleaned before being included in the clean area.
o)
Paint or rust removal and painting operations should not be conducted in the same workshop room.
p)
Ovens for drying non-explosive components should not be located in clean areas or explosives workshops.
q)
Non-ferrous metal receptacles should be appropriately located at workplaces when there is a possibility of loose
explosives or propellants being scattered on floors or work benches.
2.6.5.3.
Standing Operating Procedures (SOP)
a)
A SOP should prescribe step-by-step procedures to control operations and the precautions to be taken in the
course of workshop and laboratory operations. They should be available in the building for the operation in
progress.
b)
A SOP should be approved by the Commanding Officer/Superintendent and include as applicable:
1.
Drawings, specifications, gauge schedules, tools, apparatus, and restriction lists.
-II-6-13-
Change 3