Index Manuals JEPPESEN GENERAL AIRWAY MANUAL (Issue Date 1 JUL 21)

JEPPESEN GENERAL AIRWAY MANUAL (Issue Date 1 JUL 21) - page 36

TABLE 3-1* (see 4.1) (continued)

Altitude band

Airspace class

Flight visibility

Distance from cloud

* When the height of the transition altitude is lower than 3050m (10,000 ft) AMSL, FL100 should
be used in lieu of 10,000 ft.
** When so prescribed by the appropriate ATS authority:

a) flight visibilities reduced to not less than 1500m may be permitted for flights operating:

1) at speeds that, in the prevailing visibility, will give adequate opportunity to observe oth-

er traffic or any obstacles in time to avoid collision; or

2) in circumstances in which the probability of encounters with other traffic would normal-

ly be low, e.g. in areas of low volume traffic and for aerial work at low levels.

b) HELICOPTERS may be permitted to operate in less than 1500m flight visibility, if man-

oeuvred at a speed that will give adequate opportunity to observe other traffic or any obsta-
cles in time to avoid collision.

***The VMC minima in Class “A” airspace are included for guidance to pilots and do not imply
acceptance of VFR flights in Class “A” airspace.

CHAPTER 4 — VISUAL FLIGHT RULES

4.1 Except when operating as a special VFR flight, VFR flights shall be conducted so that the
aircraft is flown in conditions of visibility and distance from clouds equal to or greater than those
specified in Table 3-1.
4.2 Except when a clearance is obtained from an air traffic control unit, VFR flights shall not take
off or land at an aerodrome within a control zone, or enter the aerodrome traffic zone or traffic
pattern:

a. when the ceiling is less than 450m (1500 ft); or
b. when the ground visibility is less than 5km.

4.3 VFR flights between sunset and sunrise, or such other period between sunset and sunrise
as may be prescribed by the appropriate ATS authority, shall be operated in accordance with the
conditions prescribed by such authority.
4.4 Unless authorized by the appropriate ATS authority, VFR flights shall not be operated:

a. above FL200;
b. at transonic and supersonic speeds.

4.5 Authorization for VFR flights to operate above FL290 shall not be granted in areas where a
vertical separation minimum of 300m (1000 ft) is applied above FL290.
4.6 Except when necessary for take-off or landing, or except by permission from the appropriate
authority, a VFR flight shall not be flown:

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a. over the congested areas of cities, towns or settlements or over an open-air assembly of per-

sons at a height less than 300m (1000 ft) above the highest obstacle within a radius of 600m
from the aircraft;

b. elsewhere than as specified in 4.6a., at a height less than 150m (500 ft) above the ground or

water.
NOTE: See also 3.1.2.

4.7 Except where otherwise indicated in air traffic control clearances or specified by the appro-
priate ATS authority, VFR flights in level cruising flight when operated above 900m (3000 ft) from
the ground or water, or a higher datum as specified by the appropriate ATS authority, shall be
conducted at a flight level appropriate to the track as specified in the Tables of cruising levels in
Appendix 3.
4.8 VFR flights shall comply with the provisions of 3.6:

a. when operated within Classes “B”, “C” and “D” airspace;
b. when forming part of aerodrome traffic at controlled aerodromes; or

c. when operated as special VFR flights.

4.9 A VFR flight operating within or into areas, or along routes, designated by the appropriate
ATS authority in accordance with 3.3.1.2c. or d., shall maintain continuous air-ground voice com-
munication watch on the appropriate communication channel of, and report its position as neces-
sary to, the air traffic services unit providing flight information service.
NOTE: See Note following 3.6.5.1.
4.10 An aircraft operated in accordance with the visual flight rules which wishes to change to
compliance with the instrument flight rules shall:

a. if a flight plan was submitted, communicate the necessary changes to be effected to its cur-

rent flight plan, or

b. when so required by 3.3.1.2, submit a flight plan to the appropriate air traffic services unit

and obtain a clearance prior to proceeding IFR when in controlled airspace.

CHAPTER 5 — INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES

RULES APPLICABLE TO ALL IFR FLIGHTS

Aircraft Equipment

Aircraft shall be equipped with suitable instruments and with navigation equipment appropriate to
the route to be flown.

Minimum Levels

Except when necessary for take-off or landing, or except when specifically authorized by the
appropriate authority, an IFR flight shall be flown at a level which is not below the minimum flight
altitude established by the State whose territory is overflown, or, where no such minimum flight
altitude has been established:

5.1

5.1.1

5.1.2

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a. over high terrain or in mountainous areas, at a level which is at least 600m (2000 ft) above

the highest obstacle located within 8km of the estimated position of the aircraft;

b. elsewhere than as specified in a., at a level which is at least 300m (1000 ft) above the high-

est obstacle located within 8km of the estimated position of the aircraft.

NOTE 1: The estimated position of the aircraft will take account of the navigational accuracy
which can be achieved on the relevant route segment, having regard to the navigational facilities
available on the ground and in the aircraft.
NOTE 2: See also 3.1.2.

Change from IFR Flight to VFR Flight

5.1.3.1 An aircraft electing to change the conduct of its flight from compliance with the instru-
ment flight rules to compliance with the visual flight rules shall, if a flight plan was submitted, notify
the appropriate air traffic services unit specifically that the IFR flight is canceled and communicate
thereto the changes to be made to its current flight plan.
5.1.3.2 When an aircraft operating under the instrument flight rules is flown in or encounters
visual meteorological conditions it shall not cancel its IFR flight unless it is anticipated, and inten-
ded, that the flight will be continued for a reasonable period of time in uninterrupted visual mete-
orological conditions.

RULES APPLICABLE TO IFR FLIGHTS WITHIN CONTROLLED

AIRSPACE

5.2.1 IFR flights shall comply with the provisions of 3.6 when operated in controlled airspace.
5.2.2 An IFR flight operating in cruising flight in controlled airspace shall be flown at a cruising
level, or, if authorized to employ cruise climb techniques, between two levels or above a level,
selected from:

a. the Tables of cruising levels in Appendix 3; or
b. a modified table of cruising levels, when so prescribed in accordance with Appendix 3 for

flight above FL410;

except that the correlation of levels to track prescribed therein shall not apply whenever otherwise
indicated in air traffic control clearances or specified by the appropriate ATS authority in Aero-
nautical Information Publications.

RULES APPLICABLE TO IFR FLIGHTS OUTSIDE CONTROLLED

AIRSPACE

Cruising Levels

An IFR flight operating in level cruising flight outside of controlled airspace shall be flown at a
cruising level appropriate to its track as specified in:

a. the Tables of cruising levels in Appendix 3, except when otherwise specified by the appropri-

ate ATS authority for flight at or below 900m (3000 ft) above mean sea level; or

5.1.3

5.2

5.3

5.3.1

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b. a modified table of cruising levels, when so prescribed in accordance with Appendix 3 for

flight above FL410.
NOTE: This provision does not preclude the use of cruise climb techniques by aircraft in
supersonic flight.

Communications

An IFR flight operating outside controlled airspace but within or into areas, or along routes, desig-
nated by the appropriate ATS authority in accordance with 3.3.1.2c. or d., shall maintain an air-
ground voice communication watch on the appropriate communication channel and establish two-
way communication, as necessary, with the air traffic services unit providing flight information
service.
NOTE: See Note following 3.6.5.1.

Position Reports

An IFR flight operating outside controlled airspace and required by the appropriate ATS authority
to:

– submit a flight plan;
– maintain an air-ground voice communication watch on the appropriate communication channel

and establish two-way communication, as necessary, with the air traffic services unit providing
flight information service;

shall report position as specified in 3.6.3 for controlled flights.
NOTE: Aircraft electing to use the air traffic advisory service whilst operating IFR within specified
advisory airspace are expected to comply with the provisions of 3.6, except that the flight plan and
changes thereto are not subjected to clearances and that two-way communication will be main-
tained with the unit providing the air traffic advisory service.

APPENDIX 1 — SIGNALS

NOTE: See Chapter 3, para 3.4 of the Annex.

DISTRESS AND URGENCY SIGNALS

See EMERGENCY Section for complete information.
NOTE: None of the provisions contained in the Emergency Section shall prevent the use, by an
aircraft in distress, of any means at its disposal to attract attention, make known its position and
obtain help.

SIGNALS FOR USE IN THE EVENT OF INTERCEPTION

See EMERGENCY Section for complete information.

5.3.2

5.3.3

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VISUAL SIGNALS USED TO WARN AN UNAUTHORIZED

AIRCRAFT FLYING IN, OR ABOUT TO ENTER A

RESTRICTED, PROHIBITED OR DANGER AREA

By day and by night, a series of projectiles discharged from the ground at intervals of 10 seconds,
each showing, on bursting, red and green lights or stars will indicate to an unauthorized aircraft
that it is flying in or about to enter a restricted, prohibited or danger area, and that the aircraft is to
take such remedial action as may be necessary.

SIGNALS FOR AERODROME TRAFFIC

LIGHT AND PYROTECHNIC SIGNALS

Instructions

Light signals are directed from Aerodrome Control to aircraft concerned. (See Figure 4-1.)

LIGHT SIGNAL

AIRCRAFT IN FLIGHT

AIRCRAFT ON THE GROUND

Steady green

Cleared to land

Cleared for take-off

Steady red

Give way to other aircraft and
continue circling

Stop

Series of green flashes

Return for landing*

Cleared to taxi

Series of red flashes

Aerodrome unsafe, do not land

Taxi clear of landing area in use

Series of white flashes

Land at this aerodrome and pro-
ceed to apron*

Return to starting point on the
aerodrome

Red pyrotechnic

Notwithstanding any previous in-
structions do not land for the time
being

*Clearances to land and to taxi will be given in due course.

Acknowledgment by an Aircraft —

a. When in flight:

1. during the hours of daylight:

– by rocking the aircraft’s wings;

NOTE: This signal should not be expected on the base and final legs of the approach.

2. during the hours of darkness:

– by flashing on and off twice the aircraft’s landing lights or, if not so equipped, by

switching on and off twice its navigation lights.

b. When on the ground:

1. during the hours of daylight:

4.1

4.1.1

4.1.2

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– by moving the aircraft’s ailerons or rudder;

2. during the hours of darkness:

– by flashing on and off twice the aircraft’s landing lights or, if not so equipped, by

switching on and off twice its navigation lights.

Figure 4-1 (see 4.1.1)

VISUAL GROUND SIGNALS

NOTE: For details of visual ground aids, see Annex 14 (not published herein).

Prohibition of Landing

A horizontal red square panel with yellow diagonals when displayed in a signal area indicates that
landings are prohibited and that the prohibition is liable to be prolonged.

4.2

4.2.1

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Need for Special Precautions While Approaching or Landing

A horizontal red square panel with one yellow diagonal when displayed in a signal area indicates
that owing to the bad state of the manoeuvring area, or for any other reason, special precautions
must be observed in approaching to land or in landing.

Use of Runways and Taxiways

4.2.3.1 A horizontal white dumb-bell when displayed in a signal area indicates that aircraft are
required to land, take-off and taxi on runways and taxiways only.

4.2.3.2 The same horizontal white dumb-bell as in 4.2.3.1 but with a black bar placed perpendic-
ular to the shaft across each circular portion of the dumb-bell when displayed in a signal area indi-
cates that aircraft are required to land and take-off on runways only, but other manoeuvres need
not be confined to runways and taxiways.

4.2.2

4.2.3

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Closed Runways or Taxiways

Crosses of a single contrasting color, yellow or white, displayed horizontally on runways and taxi-
ways or parts thereof indicate an area unfit for movement of aircraft.

Directions for Landing or Take-off

4.2.5.1 A horizontal white or orange landing T indicates the direction to be used by aircraft for
landing and take-off, which shall be in a direction parallel to the shaft of the T towards the cross
arm.

NOTE: When used at night, the landing T is either illuminated or outlined in white colored lights.
4.2.5.2 A set of two digits displayed vertically at or near the aerodrome control tower indicates to
aircraft on the manoeuvring area the direction for take-off, expressed in units of 10 degrees to the
nearest 10 degrees of the magnetic compass.

Right-Hand Traffic

When displayed in a signal area, or horizontally at the end of the runway or strip in use, a right-
hand arrow of conspicuous color indicates that turns are to be made to the right before landing
and after take-off.

4.2.4

4.2.5

4.2.6

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Air Traffic Services Reporting Office

The letter C displayed vertically in black against a yellow background indicates the location of the
air traffic services reporting office.

Glider Flights in Operation

A double white cross displayed horizontally in the signal area indicates that the aerodrome is
being used by gliders and that glider flights are being performed.

MARSHALLING SIGNALS

FROM A SIGNALMAN TO AN AIRCRAFT

NOTE 1: These signals are designed for use by the signalman, with hands illuminated as neces-
sary to facilitate observation by the pilot, and facing the aircraft in a position:

a) for fixed wing aircraft: on left side of aircraft where best seen by the pilot; and
b) for helicopters: where the signalman can best be seen by the pilot.

NOTE 2: The meaning of the relevant signals remains the same if bats, illuminated wands or
torchlights are held.
NOTE 3: The aircraft engines are numbered for the signalman facing the aircraft, from right to left
(i.e., No.1 engine being the port outer engine).
NOTE 4: Signals marked with an asterisk are designed for use by hovering helicopters.

4.2.7

4.2.8

5.1

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NOTE 5: References to wands may also be read to refer to daylight-fluorescent table-tennis bats
or gloves (daytime only).
NOTE 6: References to the signalman may also be read to refer to marshaller.
5.1.1 Prior to using the following signals, the signalman shall ascertain that the area within
which an aircraft is to be guided is clear of objects which the aircraft, in complying with 3.4.1,
might otherwise strike.
NOTE: The design of many aircraft is such that the path of the wing tips, engines and other
extremities cannot always be monitored visually from the flight deck while the aircraft is being
manoeuvred on the ground.

Wingwalker/guide

Raise right hand above head level with wand pointing up; move left-hand wand pointing down
toward body.
NOTE: This signal provides an indication by a person positioned at the aircraft wing tip, to the
pilot/marshaller/push-back operator, that the aircraft movement on/off a parking position would be
unobstructed.

Identify Gate

Raise fully extended arms straight above head with wands pointing up.

5.1.1.1

5.1.1.2

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Proceed To Next Signalman or as Directed by Tower/Ground Control

Point both arms upward; move and extend arms outward to sides of body and point with wands to
direction of next signalman or taxi area.

Straight Ahead

Bend extended arms at elbows and move wands up and down from chest height to head.

5.1.1.3

5.1.1.4

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Turn

a) Turn left (from pilot’s point of view): With right arm and wand extended at a 90-degree angle

to body, make “come ahead” signal with left hand. The rate of signal motion indicates to pilot
the rate of aircraft turn.

b) Turn right (from pilot’s point of view): With left arm and wand extended at a 90-degree angle

to body, make “come ahead” signal with right hand. The rate of signal motion indicates to
pilot the rate of aircraft turn.

Stop

a) Normal stop: Fully extend arms and wands at a 90-degree angle to sides and slowly move to

above head until wands cross.

b) Emergency stop: Abruptly extend arms and wands to top of head, crossing wands.

5.1.1.5

5.1.1.6

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Brakes

a) Set brakes: Raise hand just above shoulder height with open palm. Ensuring eye contact

with flight crew, close hand into a fist.

Do not move until receipt of “thumbs up” acknowl-

edgement from flight crew.

b) Release brakes: Raise hand just above shoulder height with hand closed in a fist. Ensuring

eye contact with flight crew, open palm.

Do not move until receipt of “thumbs up” acknowl-

edgement from flight crew.

Chocks

a) Chocks inserted: With arms and wands fully extended above head, move wands inward in a

“jabbing” motion until wands touch.

Ensure acknowledgement is received from flight crew.

5.1.1.7

5.1.1.8

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b) Chocks removed: With arms and wands fully extended above head, move wands outward in

a “jabbing” motion.

Do not remove chocks until authorized by flight crew.

Start Engine(s)

Raise right arm to head level with wand pointing up and start a circular motion with hand; at the
same time, with left arm raised above head level, point to engine to be started.

5.1.1.9

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Cut Engines

Extend arm with wand forward of body at shoulder level; move hand and wand to top of left shoul-
der and draw wand to top of right shoulder in a slicing motion across throat.

Slow Down

Move extended arms downwards in a “patting” gesture, moving wands up and down from waist to
knees.

Slow Down Engine(s) on Indicated Side

With arms down and wands toward ground, wave either right or left wand up and down indicating
engine(s) on left or right side respectively should be slowed down.

5.1.1.10

5.1.1.11

5.1.1.12

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Move Back

With arms in front of body at waist height, rotate arms in a forward motion. To stop rearward
movement, use signal 5.1.1.6 a) or b).

Turns While Backing

a) For tail to starboard: Point left arm with wand down and bring right arm from overhead verti-

cal position to horizontal forward position, repeating right-arm movement.

b) For tail to port: Point right arm with wand down and bring left arm from overhead vertical

position to horizontal forward position, repeating left-arm movement.

5.1.1.13

5.1.1.14

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Affirmative/All Clear

Raise right arm to head level with wand pointing up or display hand with “thumbs up”; left arm
remains at side by knee.
NOTE: This signal is also used as a technical/servicing communication signal.

Hover

Fully extend arms and wands at a 90-degree angle to sides.

Move Upwards

Fully extend arms and wands at a 90-degree angle to sides and, with palms turned up, move
hands upwards. Speed of movement indicates rate of ascent.

5.1.1.15

5.1.1.16

5.1.1.17

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Move Downwards

Fully extend arms and wands at a 90-degree angle to sides and, with palms turned down, move
hands downwards. Speed of movement indicates rate of descent.

Move Horizontally

a) Left (from pilot’s point of view): Extend arm horizontally at a 90-degree angle to right side of

body. Move other arm in same direction in a sweeping motion.

b) Right (from pilot’s point of view): Extend arm horizontally at a 90-degree angle to left side of

body. Move other arm in same direction in a sweeping motion.

Land

Cross arms with wands downwards and in front of body.

5.1.1.18

5.1.1.19

5.1.1.20

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Hold Position/Stand By

Fully extend arms and wands downwards at a 45-degree angle to sides. Hold position until air-
craft is clear for next manoeuvre.

Dispatch Aircraft

Perform a standard salute with right hand and/or wand to dispatch the aircraft. Maintain eye con-
tact with flight crew until aircraft has begun to taxi.

Do Not Touch Controls (Technical/Servicing Communication Signal)

Extend right arm fully above head and close fist or hold wand in horizontal position; left arm
remains at side by knee.

5.1.1.21

5.1.1.22

5.1.1.23

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Connect Ground Power (Technical/Servicing Communication Signal)

Hold arms fully extended above head; open left hand horizontally and move finger tips of right
hand into and touch open palm of left hand (forming a “T”). At night, illuminated wands can also
be used to form the “T” above head.

Disconnect power (Technical/Servicing Communication Signal)

Hold arms fully extended above head with finger tips of right hand touching open horizontal palm
of left hand (forming a “T”); then move right hand away from the left.

Do not disconnect power

until authorized by flight crew. At night, illuminated wands can also be used to form the “T” above
head.

Negative (Technical/Servicing Communication Signal)

Hold right arm straight out at 90 degrees from shoulder and point wand down to ground or display
hand with “thumbs down”; left hand remains at side by knee.

5.1.1.24

5.1.1.25

5.1.1.26

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Establish Communication Via Interphone (Technical/Servicing
Communication Signal)

Extend both arms at 90 degrees from body and move hands to cup both ears.

Open/Close Stairs (Technical/Servicing Communication Signal)

With right arm at side and left arm raised above head at a 45-degree angle, move right arm in a
sweeping motion towards top of left shoulder.
NOTE: This signal is intended mainly for aircraft with the set of integral stairs at the front.

FROM THE PILOT OF AN AIRCRAFT TO A SIGNALMAN

NOTE:

a. These signals are designed for use by a pilot in the cockpit with hands plainly visible to the

signalman, and illuminated as necessary to facilitate observation by the signalman.

5.1.1.27

5.1.1.28

5.2

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b. The aircraft engines are numbered in relation to the signalman facing the aircraft, from right

to left (i.e., No. 1 engine being the port outer engine).

Brakes

NOTE: The moment the fist is clenched or the fingers are extended indicates, respectively, the
moment of brake engagement or release.

a. Brakes engaged: Raise arm and hand, with fingers extended, horizontally in front of face,

then clench fist.

b. Brakes released: Raise arm, with fist clenched, horizontally in front of face, then extend fin-

gers.

Chocks

a. Insert chocks: Arms extended, palms outwards, move hands inwards to cross in front of

face.

b. Remove chocks: Hands crossed in front of face, palms outwards, move arms outwards.

Ready to Start Engine(s)

Raise the appropriate number of fingers on one hand indicating the number of the engine to be
started.

TECHNICAL/SERVICING COMMUNICATION SIGNALS

5.3.1 Manual signals shall only be used when verbal communication is not possible with respect
to technical/servicing communication signals.
5.3.2 Signalmen shall ensure that an acknowledgement is received from the flight crew with
respect to technical/servicing communication signals.
NOTE: The technical/servicing communication signals are included to standardize the use of
hand signals used to communicate to flight crews during the aircraft movement process that relate
to servicing or handling functions.

STANDARD EMERGENCY HAND SIGNALS

The following hand signals are established as the minimum required for emergency communica-
tion between the aircraft rescue and firefighting (ARFF) incident commander/ARFF firefighters
and the cockpit and/or cabin crews of the incident aircraft. ARFF emergency hand signals should
be given from the left front side of the aircraft for the flight crew.
NOTE: In order to communicate more effectively with the cabin crew, emergency hand signals
may be given by ARFF firefighters from other positions.
6.1 Recommend evacuation
Evacuation recommended based on ARFF and incident commander's assessment of external sit-
uation.

5.2.1

5.2.2

5.2.3

5.3

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Arm extended from body and held horizontal with hand upraised at eye level. Execute beckoning
arm motion angled backward. Non-beckoning arm held against body.
Night — same with wands.

6.2 Recommended stop
Recommend evacuation in progress be halted. Stop aircraft movement or other activity in pro-
gress.
Arms in front of head, crossed at wrists.
Night — same with wands.

6.3 Emergency contained
No outside evidence of dangerous conditions or “all-clear”
Arms extended outward and down at a 45–degree angle. Arms moved inward below waistline
simultaneously until wrists crossed, then extended outward to starting position (umpire's “safe”
signal).
Night — same with wands.

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6.4 Fire
Move right hand in a “fanning” motion from shoulder to knee, while at the same time pointing with
left hand to area of fire.
Night — same with wands.

APPENDIX 2 — INTERCEPTION OF CIVIL AIRCRAFT

PRINCIPLES TO BE OBSERVED BY STATES

1.1 To achieve the uniformity in regulations which is necessary for the safety of navigation of
civil aircraft due regard shall be had by Contracting States to the following principles when devel-
oping regulations and administrative directives:

a. Interception of civil aircraft will be undertaken only as a last resort;
b. If undertaken, an interception will be limited to determining the identity of the aircraft, unless

it is necessary to return the aircraft to its planned track, direct it beyond the boundaries of
national airspace, guide it away from a prohibited, restricted or danger area or instruct it to
effect a landing at a designated aerodrome;

c. Practice interception of civil aircraft will not be undertaken;

d. Navigational guidance and related information will be given to an intercepted aircraft by radi-

otelephony, whenever radio contact can be established; and

e. In the case where an intercepted civil aircraft is required to land in the territory overflown, the

aerodrome designated for the landing is to be suitable for the safe landing of the aircraft type
concerned.
NOTE: In the unanimous adoption by the 25th Session (Extraordinary) of the ICAO Assem-
bly on 10 May 1984 of Article 3 bis to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, the Con-

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tracting States have recognized that “every State must refrain from resorting to the use of
weapons against civil aircraft in flight”.

1.2 Contracting States shall publish a standard method that has been established for the
manoeuvring of aircraft intercepting a civil aircraft. Such method shall be designed to avoid any
hazard for the intercepted aircraft.
1.3 Contracting States shall ensure that provision is made for the use of secondary surveillance
radar, where available, to identify civil aircraft in areas where they may be subject to interception.

ACTION BY INTERCEPTED AIRCRAFT

See EMERGENCY Section for related information.

RADIO COMMUNICATION DURING INTERCEPTION

See EMERGENCY Section for related information.

APPENDIX 3 — TABLES OF CRUISING LEVELS

The cruising levels to be observed when so required by this Annex are as follows:

RVSM — FEET

In areas where feet are used for altitude and where, in accordance with regional air navi-
gation agreements, a vertical separation minimum of 1000 ft is applied between FL290
and FL410 inclusive:*

TRACK **

From 000° to 179° ***

From 180° to 359° ***

IFR Flights

VFR Flights

IFR Flights

VFR Flights

Level

Feet

Meters

Feet

Meters

Feet

Meters

Feet

Meters

010

1000

300

—

— 020

2000

600

—

030

3000

900

035

3500

1050 040

4000

1200 045

4500

1350

050

5000

1500

055

5500

1700 060

6000

1850 065

6500

2000

070

7000

2150

075

7500

2300 080

8000

2450 085

8500

2600

090

9000

2750

095

9500

2900 100 10,000

3050 105 10,500

3200

110 11,000

3350

115 11,500

3500 120 12,000

3650 125 12,500

3800

130 13,000

3950

135 13,500

4100 140 14,000

4250 145 14,500

4400

150 15,000

4550

155 15,500

4700 160 16,000

4900 165 16,500

5050

170 17,000

5200

175 17,500

5350 180 18,000

5500 185 18,500

5650

190 19,000

5800

195 19,500

5950 200 20,000

6100 205 20,500

6250

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ICAO RULES OF THE AIR - ANNEX 2

RVSM — FEET

In areas where feet are used for altitude and where, in accordance with regional air navi-
gation agreements, a vertical separation minimum of 1000 ft is applied between FL290
and FL410 inclusive:*

TRACK **

From 000° to 179° ***

From 180° to 359° ***

IFR Flights

VFR Flights

IFR Flights

VFR Flights

Level

Feet

Meters

Feet

Meters

Feet

Meters

Feet

Meters

210 21,000

6400

215 21,500

6550 220 22,000

6700 225 22,500

6850

230 23,000

7000

235 23,500

7150 240 24,000

7300 245 24,500

7450

250 25,000

7600

255 25,500

7750 260 26,000

7900 265 26,500

8100

270 27,000

8250

275 27,500

8400 280 28,000

8550 285 28,500

8700

290 29,000

8850

300 30,000

9150

310 31,000

9450

320 32,000

9750

330 33,000 10,050

340 34,000

10,350

350 35,000 10,650

360 36,000

10,950

370 37,000 11,300

380 38,000

11,600

390 39,000 11,900

400 40,000

12,200

410 41,000 12,500

430 43,000

13,100

450 45,000 13,700

470 47,000

14,350

490 49,000 14,950

510 51,000

15,550

etc.

Except when, on the basis of regional air navigation agreements, a modified table of cruis-
ing levels based on a nominal vertical separation minimum of 1000 ft (300m) is prescribed
for use, under specified conditions, by aircraft operating above FL410 within designated
portions of the airspace.

Magnetic track, or in polar areas at latitudes higher than 70 degrees and within such exten-
sions to those areas as may be prescribed by the appropriate ATS authorities, grid tracks
as determined by a network of lines parallel to the Greenwich Meridian superimposed on a
polar stereographic chart in which the direction towards the North Pole is employed as the
Grid North.

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ICAO RULES OF THE AIR - ANNEX 2

RVSM — FEET

In areas where feet are used for altitude and where, in accordance with regional air navi-
gation agreements, a vertical separation minimum of 1000 ft is applied between FL290
and FL410 inclusive:*

TRACK **

From 000° to 179° ***

From 180° to 359° ***

IFR Flights

VFR Flights

IFR Flights

VFR Flights

Level

Feet

Meters

Feet

Meters

Feet

Meters

Feet

Meters

***

Except where, on the basis of regional air navigation agreements, from 090 to 269 degrees
and from 270 to 089 degrees is prescribed to accommodate predominant traffic directions
and appropriate transition procedures to be associated therewith are specified.

NOTE: Guidance material relating to vertical separation is contained in the

Manual on Imple-

mentation of a 300m (1000 ft) Vertical Separation Minimum Between FL290 and FL410 In-
clusive (Doc 9574) (not published herein).

RVSM — METERS

In areas where meters are used for altitude and where, in accordance with regional air
navigation agreements, a vertical separation minimum of 300m is applied between 8900m
and 12,500m inclusive:*

TRACK**

From 000° to 179° ***

From 180° to 359° ***

IFR Flights

VFR Flights

IFR Flights

VFR Flights

Level

Std

Metric

Me-

ters

Feet

Std

Metric

Me-

ters

Feet

Std

Metric

Me-

ters

Feet

Std

Metric

Me-

ters

Feet

0030

300

1000

—

0060

600

2000

—

0090

900

3000

0105

1050

3500

0120

1200

3900

0135

1350

4400

0150

1500

4900

0165

1650

5400

0180

1800

5900

0195

1950

6400

0210

2100

6900

0225

2250

7400

0240

2400

7900

0255

2550

8400

0270

2700

8900

0285

2850

9400

0300

3000

9800

0315

3150 10,300

0330

3300 10,800

0345

3450 11,300

0360

3600 11,800

0375

3750 12,300

0390

3900 12,800

0405

4050 13,300

0420

4200 13,800

0435

4350 14,300

0450

4500 14,800

0465

4650 15,300

0480

4800 15,700

0495

4950 16,200

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ICAO RULES OF THE AIR - ANNEX 2

RVSM — METERS

In areas where meters are used for altitude and where, in accordance with regional air
navigation agreements, a vertical separation minimum of 300m is applied between 8900m
and 12,500m inclusive:*

TRACK**

From 000° to 179° ***

From 180° to 359° ***

IFR Flights

VFR Flights

IFR Flights

VFR Flights

Level

Std

Metric

Me-

ters

Feet

Std

Metric

Me-

ters

Feet

Std

Metric

Me-

ters

Feet

Std

Metric

Me-

ters

Feet

0510

5100 16,700

0525

5250 17,200

0540

5400 17,700

0555

5550 18,200

0570

5700 18,700

0585

5850 19,200

0600

6000 19,700

0615

6150 20,200

0630

6300 20,700

0645

6450 21,200

0660

6600 21,700

0675

6750 22,100

0690

6900 22,600

0705

7050 23,100

0720

7200 23,600

0735

7350 24,100

0750

7500 24,600

0765

7650 25,100

0780

7800 25,600

0795

7950 26,100

0810

8100 26,600

0825

8250 27,100

0840

8400 27,600

0855

8550 28,100

0890

8900 29,100

0920

9200 30,100

0950

9500 31,100

0980

9800 32,100

1010 10,100 33,100

1040 10,400 34,100

1070 10,700 35,100

1100 11,000 36,100

1130 11,300 37,100

1160 11,600 38,100

1190 11,900 39,100

1220 12,200 40,100

1250 12,500 41,100

1310 13,100 43,000

1370 13,700 44,900

1430 14,300 46,900

1490 14,900 48,900

1550 15,500 50,900

etc.

Except when, on the basis of regional air navigation agreements, a modified table of
cruising levels based on a nominal vertical separation minimum of 1000 ft (300m) is pre-
scribed for use, under specified conditions, by aircraft operating above FL410 within
designated portions of the airspace.

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ICAO RULES OF THE AIR - ANNEX 2

RVSM — METERS

In areas where meters are used for altitude and where, in accordance with regional air
navigation agreements, a vertical separation minimum of 300m is applied between 8900m
and 12,500m inclusive:*

TRACK**

From 000° to 179° ***

From 180° to 359° ***

IFR Flights

VFR Flights

IFR Flights

VFR Flights

Level

Std

Metric

Me-

ters

Feet

Std

Metric

Me-

ters

Feet

Std

Metric

Me-

ters

Feet

Std

Metric

Me-

ters

Feet

Magnetic track, or in polar areas at latitudes higher than 70 degrees and within such ex-
tensions to those areas as may be prescribed by the appropriate ATS authorities, grid
tracks as determined by a network of lines parallel to the Greenwich Meridian superim-
posed on a polar stereographic chart in which the direction towards the North Pole is
employed as the Grid North.

***

Except where, on the basis of regional air navigation agreements, from 090 to 269 de-
grees and from 270 to 089 degrees is prescribed to accommodate predominant traffic
directions and appropriate transition procedures to be associated therewith are speci-
fied.

NOTE: Guidance material relating to vertical separation is contained in the

Manual on Imple-

mentation of a 300m (1000 ft) Vertical Separation Minimum Between FL290 and FL410 In-
clusive (Doc 9574) (not published herein).

Non-RVSM — FEET

In other areas where feet are the primary unit of measurement for altitude:

TRACK*

From 000° to 179° **

From 180° to 359° **

IFR Flights

VFR Flights

IFR Flights

VFR Flights

Level

Feet

Meters FL

Feet

Meters FL

Feet

Meters

Feet

Meters

010

1000

300

—

— 020

2000

600

—

030

3000

900 035

3500

1050 040

4000

1200

045

4500

1350

050

5000

1500 055

5500

1700 060

6000

1850

065

6500

2000

070

7000

2150 075

7500

2300 080

8000

2450

085

8500

2600

090

9000

2750 095

9500

2900 100 10,000

3050

105

10,500

3200

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ICAO RULES OF THE AIR - ANNEX 2

Non-RVSM — FEET

In other areas where feet are the primary unit of measurement for altitude:

TRACK*

From 000° to 179° **

From 180° to 359° **

IFR Flights

VFR Flights

IFR Flights

VFR Flights

Level

Feet

Meters FL

Feet

Meters FL

Feet

Meters

Feet

Meters

110 11,000

3350 115 11,500

3500 120 12,000

3650

125

12,500

3800

130 13,000

3950 135 13,500

4100 140 14,000

4250

145

14,500

4400

150 15,000

4550 155 15,500

4700 160 16,000

4900

165

16,500

5050

170 17,000

5200 175 17,500

5350 180 18,000

5500

185

18,500

5650

190 19,000

5800 195 19,500

5950 200 20,000

6100

205

20,500

6250

210 21,000

6400 215 21,500

6550 220 22,000

6700

225

22,500

6850

230 23,000

7000 235 23,500

7150 240 24,000

7300

245

24,500

7450

250 25,000

7600 255 25,500

7750 260 26,000

7900

265

26,500

8100

270 27,000

8250 275 27,500

8400 280 28,000

8550

285

28,500

8700

290 29,000

8850 300 30,000

9150 310 31,000

9450

320

32,000

9750

330 33,000 10,050 340 34,000 10,350 350 35,000 10,650

360

36,000

10,950

370 37,000 11,300 380 38,000 11,600 390 39,000 11,900

400

40,000

12,200

410 41,000 12,500 420 42,000 12,800 430 43,000 13,100

440

44,000

13,400

450 45,000 13,700 460 46,000 14,000 470 47,000 14,350

480

48,000

14,650

490 49,000 14,950 500 50,000 15,250 510 51,000 15,550

520

52,000

15,850

etc.

etc. etc.

etc.

etc. etc.

etc.

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ICAO RULES OF THE AIR - ANNEX 2

Non-RVSM — FEET

In other areas where feet are the primary unit of measurement for altitude:

TRACK*

From 000° to 179° **

From 180° to 359° **

IFR Flights

VFR Flights

IFR Flights

VFR Flights

Level

Feet

Meters FL

Feet

Meters FL

Feet

Meters

Feet

Meters

NOTE: Guidance material relating to vertical separation is contained in the

Manual on Imple-

mentation of a 300m (1000 ft) Vertical Separation Minimum Between FL290 and FL410 In-
clusive (Doc 9574) (not published herein).

Non-RVSM — METERS

In other areas where meters are the primary unit of measurement for altitude:

TRACK*

From 000° to 179° **

From 180° to 359° **

IFR Flights

VFR Flights

IFR Flights

VFR Flights

Level

Std

Metric

Me-

ters

Feet

Std

Metric

Me-

ters

Feet

Std

Metric

Me-

ters

Feet

Std

Metric

Me-

ters

Feet

0030

300

1000

—

0060

600

2000

—

0090

900

3000

0105

1050

3500

0120

1200

3900

0135

1350

4400

0150

1500

4900

0165

1650

5400

0180

1800

5900

0195

1950

6400

0210

2100

6900

0225

2250

7400

0240

2400

7900

0255

2550

8400

0270

2700

8900

0285

2850

9400

0300

3000

9800

0315

3150 10,300

0330

3300 10,800

0345

3450 11,300

0360

3600 11,800

0375

3750 12,300

0390

3900 12,800

0405

4050 13,300

0420

4200 13,800

0435

4350 14,300

0450

4500 14,800

0465

4650 15,300

0480

4800 15,700

0495

4950 16,200

0510

5100 16,700

0525

5250 17,200

0540

5400 17,700

0555

5500 18,200

0570

5700 18,700

0585

5850 19,200

0600

6000 19,700

0615

6150 20,200

0630

6300 20,700

0645

6450 21,200

0660

6600 21,700

0675

6750 22,100

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ICAO RULES OF THE AIR - ANNEX 2

Non-RVSM — METERS

In other areas where meters are the primary unit of measurement for altitude:

TRACK*

From 000° to 179° **

From 180° to 359° **

IFR Flights

VFR Flights

IFR Flights

VFR Flights

Level

Std

Metric

Me-

ters

Feet

Std

Metric

Me-

ters

Feet

Std

Metric

Me-

ters

Feet

Std

Metric

Me-

ters

Feet

0690

6900 22,600

0705

7050 23,100

0720

7200 23,600

0735

7350 24,100

0750

7500 24,600

0765

7650 25,100

0780

7800 25,600

0795

7950 26,100

0810

8100 26,600

0825

8250 27,100

0840

8400 27,600

0855

8550 28,100

0890

8900 29,100

0920

9200 30,100

0950

9500 31,100

0980

9800 32,100

1010 10,100 33,100

1040 10,400 34,100

1070 10,700 35,100

1100 11,000 36,100

1130 11,300 37,100

1160 11,600 38,100

1190 11,900 39,100

1220 12,200 40,100

1250 12,500 41,100

1280 12,800 42,100

1310 13,100 43,000

1370 13,400 44,000

1370 13,700 44,900

1400 14,000 46,100

1430 14,300 46,900

1460 14,600 47,900

1490 14,900 48,900

1520 15,200 49,900

1550 15,500 50,900

1580 15,800 51,900

etc.

Except where, on the basis of regional air navigation agreements, from 090 to 269 de-
grees and from 270 to 089 degrees is prescribed 10 accommodate predominant traffic
directions and appropriate transition procedures to be associated therewith are speci-
fied.

NOTE: Guidance material relating to vertical separation is contained in the

Manual on Imple-

mentation of a 300m (1000 ft) Vertical Separation Minimum Between FL290 and FL410 In-
clusive (Doc 9574) (not published herein).

APPENDIX 4 — REMOTELY PILOTED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS

NOTE: See Chapter 3, para 3.1.9 of the Annex (not published herein).
NOTE: The Manual on Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) (Doc 10019) contains explana-
tory information related to remotely piloted aircraft systems (not published herein).

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