JEPPESEN GENERAL AIRWAY MANUAL (Issue Date 1 JUL 21)

9. CAT III PRECISION APPROACH MINIMUMS

Only CAT IIIA minimums are charted on Standard charts within the EASA AIR OPS application
area. The DH 50’ value is charted based on customer input and does not necessarily mean that
the pilot has to use this value as decision height. There is no State within Europe publishing a
specific DH value for CAT IIIA operations as State required minimum.
RVR 200m, as the minimum RVR for CAT IIIA operations according to EASA Air OPS, is charted
unless a higher value is required by the State of the aerodrome.
Pilots have to check the Flight Operations Manual (or similar documents) for their specific appro-
vals.

10. AERODROME MINIMUMS LISTING

On customer request, the EASA AIR OPS minimums may be made available on a minimums list-
ing page. The listings are indexed as 10-9S/10-9S1, 20-9S/20-9S1, etc.
TERPS change 20 was harmonized with the EASA minimum tables for CAT I, APV and NPA
(CAT C and D aircraft only). Those procedures with the TERPS label are therefore EASA AIR
OPS compliant and a 10-9S page is normally not required.

CHART LEGEND

193

CHART LEGEND - EASA AIR OPS AERODROME OPERATING MINIMUMS (AOM)

11. DEPICTION OF EASA AIR OPS AOM IN CASE OF EXISTING

STATE MINIMUMS

If State minimums are officially published, the depiction of AOM may differ from the standard
depiction where all values are expressed as RVR or VIS.

a. If RVR and VIS are charted together, the RVR value is compulsory. If no RVR is reported,

the reported VIS has to be used without conversion.

b. No prefix is charted if RVR and VIS is identical. The reported RVR is compulsory. If no RVR

is reported, the reported VIS has to be used without conversion.

c. If only VIS is charted, the reported VIS has to be used without conversion.

d. If CMV is charted, the pilot converts a reported VIS and compare this value against the char-

ted CMV.

CHART LEGEND

195

CHART LEGEND - EASA AIR OPS AERODROME OPERATING MINIMUMS (AOM)

GENERAL

This legend serves as supplementary information to the new format and regular approach chart
legend. The following pages briefly explain the differences and symbols used on airline charts.
Airline charts refer only to aircraft categories C and D. Blue as an additional color serves for better
differentiation between primary and secondary information.

APPROACH CHART HEADING

Airline chart icon.
The former reference to CAT II and CAT III suffixes are routinely being omitted by vari-
ous states according to ICAO recommendations. Whenever possible, CAT I, CAT II,
and IIIA ILS procedures will be combined.

The lowest permissible CAT IIIA minimum will always be charted if a runway is CATIIIA
approved together with a cross reference note for CAT I and CAT II referring to the min-
imums.

PLAN VIEW

DME distance and radial information spaced at intervals of 5 NM

CHART FORMAT DESCRIPTION INFORMATION

197

AIRLINE FORMAT

APPROACH CHART LEGEND AIRLINE FORMAT

Special use airspace (Prohibited, Restricted, Danger Areas)

Secondary airport

PROFILE VIEW

Recommended Altitude Descent Table

When not already state-supplied, a DME ribbon, beginning at the final approach fix (FAF), will be
shown for all non-precision approaches when a suitable DME is used in the procedure.

Conversion Table

The aircraft approach speeds have been adjusted to better match the aircraft categories C and D.

CHART FORMAT DESCRIPTION INFORMATION

198

AIRLINE FORMAT

APPROACH CHART LEGEND AIRLINE FORMAT

APPROACH AND AIRPORT CHART MINIMUMS

Landing Minimums

Typical depiction of landing minimums for runways approved for ILS CAT IIIA operations.

Take-off Minimums

CAUTION: Legend pages titled “AIRLINE FORMAT” contain information specific to charts
created for airlines. These legend pages include only those items that are unique to the air-
line format. For information not covered in the “AIRLINE FORMAT” legend, refer to the
“NEW FORMAT” and regular “APPROACH CHART LEGEND.”

SID/DP/STAR OVERVIEW CHART LEGEND AIRLINE FORMAT

SID/DP/STAR overview charts are to-scale; however, they are

not intended for navigation pur-

pose. They serve mainly to enhance terrain and general situational awareness and to provide
basic information useful in flight planning. If ordered by your airline, these optional overview
charts serve as supplementary information only in conjunction with the associated SID/DP/STAR
charts.
The following pages briefly explain the differences and symbols used on the airline overview
charts. Blue as an additional color serves to better differentiate between primary and secondary
information.

CHART FORMAT DESCRIPTION INFORMATION

199

AIRLINE FORMAT

APPROACH CHART LEGEND AIRLINE FORMAT

LEGEND

Airline chart icon.

Index number (special chart for airlines).

Standard terminal arrival overview.

Standard terminal arrival routes to all available runways.
Highest of portrayed terrain high point/man-made structures, or terrain contours in the
charted plan view. Higher terrain or man-made structures may exist which have not
been portrayed.

North arrow.

Large water area, lake, or river.

Special use airspace (prohibited, restricted, danger areas).

Secondary airport.
DME distance circles preferably based on a VORDME on or in the vicinity of the airport
concerned. Where no suitable VORDME is available, DME distance circles may be cen-
tered on ILS/LOCDME, stand-alone DME or TACAN locations. For quick identification,
the box of the concerned radio aid is printed blue.

TMA boundary with name and airspace classification.

Brown box indicating the corresponding layer’s top elevation within the plan view.

CHART FORMAT DESCRIPTION INFORMATION

201

AIRLINE FORMAT

APPROACH CHART LEGEND AIRLINE FORMAT

MANDATORY SIGNS

Mandatory signs have a red background with a white inscription. They are used to denote an
entrance to a runway or critical area and areas where an aircraft is prohibited from entering.

TAXIWAY/RUNWAY AND RUNWAY/RUNWAY HOLDING

This sign is located at the holding position on taxiways that intersect a
runway or on runways that intersect other runways. The inscription on the
sign contains the designation of the intersecting runway. The runway
numbers on the sign are arranged to correspond to the respective runway
threshold. For example, “15-33” indicates that the threshold for Runway
15 is to the left and the threshold for Runway 33 is to the right. A runway
holding position sign on a taxiway will be installed adjacent to holding po-
sition markings on the taxiway pavement. On runways, holding position
markings will be located only on the runway pavement adjacent to the
sign, if the runway is normally used by air traffic control for “Land, Hold
Short” operations or as a taxiway.

On taxiways that intersect the beginning of the takeoff runway, only the
designation of the takeoff runway may appear on the sign, while all other
signs will have the designation of both runway directions.

When a sign is located on a taxiway that intersects the intersection of two runways, the designa-
tions for both runways will be shown on the sign along with arrows showing the approximate
alignment of each runway. In addition to showing the approximate runway alignment, the arrow
indicates the direction to the threshold of the runway whose designation is immediately next to
the arrow.

ILS CRITICAL AREA HOLDING

At some airports, when the instrument landing system is being used, it is
necessary to hold an aircraft on a taxiway at a location other than the normal
holding position. In these situations the holding position sign for these opera-
tions will have the inscription “ILS” and be located adjacent to the holding po-
sition marking on the taxiway.

SIGNS AND MARKINGS

203

UNITED STATES AIRPORT SIGN SYSTEMS

RUNWAY APPROACH AREA HOLDING

At some airports, it is necessary to hold an aircraft on a taxiway located
in the approach or departure area for a runway so that the aircraft does
not interfere with operations on that runway. In these situations, a sign
with the designation of the approach end of the runway followed by a
“dash” (-) and letters “APCH” will be located at the holding position on
the taxiway. In this example, the sign may protect the approach to Run-
way 15 and/or the departure for Runway 33.

NO ENTRY

Prohibits an aircraft from entering an area. Typically, this sign would be located
on a taxiway intended to be used in only one direction or at the intersection of
vehicle roadways with runways, taxiways or aprons where the roadway may be
mistaken as a taxiway or other aircraft movement surface.

LOCATION SIGNS

Location signs are used to identify either a taxiway or runway on which the aircraft is located.
Other location signs provide a visual cue to pilots to assist them in determining when they have
exited an area. The various location signs are described below.

Taxiway Location Signs have a black background with a yellow inscription
and yellow border. The inscription is the designation of the taxiway on
which the aircraft is located. These signs are installed along taxiways either
by themselves or in conjunction with direction signs or runway holding posi-
tion signs.
Runway Location Signs have a black background with a yellow inscription
and yellow border. The inscription is the designation of the runway on
which the aircraft is located. These signs are intended to complement the
information available to pilots through their magnetic compass and typically
are installed where the proximity of two or more runways to one another
could cause pilots to be confused as to which runway they are on.

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204

UNITED STATES AIRPORT SIGN SYSTEMS

Runway Boundary Signs have a yellow background with a black inscription
with a graphic depicting the pavement holding position marking. This sign,
which faces the runway and is visible to the pilot exiting the runway, is lo-
cated adjacent to the holding position marking on the pavement. The sign
is intended to provide pilots with another visual cue which they can use as
a guide in deciding when they are “clear of the runway.”
ILS Critical Area Boundary Signs have a yellow background with a black in-
scription and a graphic depicting the ILS pavement holding position mark-
ing. This sign is located adjacent to the ILS holding position marking on the
pavement and can be seen by pilots leaving the critical area. The sign is
intended to provide pilots with another visual cue which they can use as a
guide in deciding when they are “clear of the ILS critical area.”

DIRECTION SIGNS

Direction signs have a yellow background with a black inscription. The inscription identifies the
designations(s) of the intersecting taxiway(s) leading out of the intersection that a pilot would nor-
mally be expected to turn onto or hold short of. Each designation is accompanied by an arrow
indicating the direction of the turn.
When more than one taxiway designation is shown on the sign each designation and its associ-
ated arrow is separated from the other taxiway designations by either a vertical message divider
or a taxiway location sign.
Direction signs are normally located on the left prior to the intersection. When used on a runway
to indicate an exit, the sign is located on the same side of the runway as the exit.

Taxiway Direction Sign or
Runway Exit Sign

When the intersection is
comprised of only one
crossing taxiway, it will
have two arrows associ-
ated with the crossing
taxiway.

DESTINATION SIGNS

Destination signs also have a yellow background with a black inscription indicating a destination
on the airport. These signs always have an arrow showing the direction of the taxi route to that
destination. When the arrow on the destination sign indicates a turn, the sign is located prior to
the intersection.
Destinations commonly shown on these types of signs include runways, aprons, terminals, mili-
tary areas, civil aviation areas, cargo areas, international areas, and fixed base operators. An
abbreviation may be used as the inscription on the sign for some of these destinations.

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205

UNITED STATES AIRPORT SIGN SYSTEMS

Outbound Destination Sign

Outbound Destination
Sign to Different Run-
ways. More than one run-
way, separated by a dot,
is shown where the taxi-
ing route is common to
both runways.

Inbound Destination Sign

INFORMATION SIGNS

Information signs have a yellow background with a black inscription. They are used to provide the
pilot with information on such things as areas that cannot be seen from the control tower, applica-
ble radio frequencies, and noise abatement procedures. The airport operator determines the
need, size, and location for these signs.

RUNWAY DISTANCE REMAINING SIGNS

Runway Distance Remaining Signs are used to provide distance remaining informa-
tion to pilots during takeoff and landing operations. The signs are located along one
or both sides of the runway, and the inscription consists of a white numeral on a
black background. The signs indicate the distance remaining in thousands of feet.

The distance remaining may be 50 ft less than shown on the sign. There is a 50 ft tolerance in the
sign placement. Some signs may be omitted because they cannot meet this tolerance.
When runway length is not an even multiple of 1000 ft, half the “additional distance” is added to
the first and last sign placement. The example below is for a 6900 ft runway.

EXAMPLES

NOTE: Generally, signs will be lighted if the runway or taxiway on which they are installed is ligh-
ted. Holding position signs and any collocated location signs will be lighted if the runway for which
they are installed is lighted even if the taxiway on which they are installed is unlighted.

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206

UNITED STATES AIRPORT SIGN SYSTEMS

UNITED STATES INSTRUMENT RUNWAY MARKINGS

Runway markings are white. Markings, excluding hold lines and the runway designator marking
(the runway number) are described below.

THRESHOLD MARKING

Eight longitudinal stripes of uniform dimensions arranged symmetrically about the runway center-
line. They are always 150° long.

RUNWAY CENTERLINE MARKINGS

A line of uniformly spaced stripes and gaps located on the centerline of the runway. Stripes are
120' long.

RUNWAY TOUCHDOWN ZONE MARKINGS AND FIXED DISTANCE MARKINGS

Distance from approach end of
runway to beginning of the mark-
ings

500'

Touchdown Zone. Three bars 75' long on each side of the
centerline. They are the beginning of the fixed distance
markers. Fixed distance markers are positioned 500'
apart.

1000'

Thousand Foot Fixed Distance Marker. One “heavy” bar
on each side of the centerline, 150' long and 30' wide.

1500'

Two bars, 75' long, on each side of the centerline.

2000'

Two bars, 75' long, on each side of the centerline.

2500'

One bar, 75' long, on each side of the centerline.

3000'

One bar, 75' long, on each side of the centerline.

SIDE STRIPE MARKING

Continuous stripes located along each side of the runway to provide contrast with the surrounding
terrain and/or to delineate the full strength runway pavement areas. Maximum distance between
the stripes is 200'. Side stripe markings are normally provided only on precision instrument run-
ways.
For non precision instrument runways: TDZ markers are not provided. Fixed distance markers are
provided only on runways 4000' or longer used by jet aircraft.

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211

UNITED STATES AIRPORT SIGN SYSTEMS

DISPLACED THRESHOLD MARKINGS AND MARKINGS FOR BLAST

PADS AND STOPWAYS

ENHANCED TAXIWAY CENTERLINE AND RUNWAY HOLDING

POSITION MARKINGS

APPLICATION

The taxiway centerline markings prior to runway holding positions are being enhanced to provide
pilots with a visual cue that they are approaching a holding position. Runway holding position
markings are also being extended onto the paved shoulders of taxiways and may be accompa-
nied by surface painted holding position signs. These new markings will be the standard for many
major airports in the United States.

CHARACTERISTICS

a. Taxiway centerline markings are modified beginning 150 feet prior to the runway holding

position markings (where sufficient space is available) with the addition of parallel dashed
yellow lines on both sides of the existing taxiway centerline.

b. Existing holding position markings are extended onto paved taxiway shoulders allowing them

to be visible to pilots from the side windows of the cockpit for many aircraft.

SIGNS AND MARKINGS

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UNITED STATES INSTRUMENT RUNWAY MARKINGS

MANDATORY INSTRUCTION SIGNS

APPLICATION

A mandatory instruction sign identifies a location beyond which an aircraft taxiing shall not pro-
ceed unless authorized by ATC. At uncontrolled airports, use appropriate precautions prior to pro-
ceeding. Mandatory instruction signs may include runway designation signs, category I, II or III
holding position signs, runway-holding position signs and NO ENTRY signs. Runway-holding
position markings are supplemented at a taxiway/runway or a runway/runway intersection with a
runway designation sign. A runway designation sign at a taxiway/runway intersection or a runway/
runway intersection will be supplemented with a location sign in the outboard (farthest from the
taxiway) position, as appropriate. A NO ENTRY sign is provided when entry into an area is pro-
hibited.

LOCATION

A runway designation sign at a taxiway/runway intersection or a runway/taxiway intersection will
be located on each side of the runway-holding position marking facing into the direction of
approach to the runway. A category I, II or III holding position sign will be located on each side of
the runway-holding position marking facing into the direction of the approach to the critical area. A
runway-holding position sign will be located on each side of the runway-holding position facing the
approach to the obstacle limitation surface or ILS/MLS critical/sensitive area, as appropriate.

CHARACTERISTICS

Mandatory instruction signs have a red background, with white inscriptions. The inscriptions on a
runway designation sign will consist of the runway designations of the intersecting runway prop-
erly oriented to the viewing direction. The inscriptions on a category I, II or III or joint II/III holding
position sign will consist of the runway designator followed by CAT I, CAT II or CAT III as appro-
priate. The inscriptions on a runway-holding position sign will consist of the taxiway designation
and a number.

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ICAO RECOMMENDED AIRPORT SIGNS, RUNWAY AND TAXIWAY MARKINGS

INFORMATION SIGNS

APPLICATION

An information sign identifies a specific location or routing. Information signs include: direction,
location, destination, runway exit and runway vacated signs. A runway exit sign is provided to
identify a runway exit. A runway vacated sign is provided where the exit taxiway has no centerline
lights and there is a need to indicate leaving the runway, the ILS/MLS critical/sensitive area. A
destination sign indicates the direction to a specific destination, such as cargo, general aviation,
etc. A combined location and direction sign indicates routing information prior to a taxiway inter-
section. A direction sign identifies the designation and direction at a taxiway intersection. A loca-
tion sign is provided in conjunction with a runway designation sign except at a runway/runway
intersection.

LOCATION

Information signs are located on the left-hand side of the taxiway in line with the taxiway intersec-
tion marking. Where there is no taxiway intersection marking the sign is installed at least 40m
away from the centerline of the intersecting taxiway. A runway exit sign is located on the same
side of the runway as the exit is located (i.e. left or right). A runway vacated sign is located at
least on one side of the taxiway.

CHARACTERISTICS

An information sign other than a location sign consists of an inscription in black on a yellow back-
ground. A location sign consist of an inscription in yellow on a black background. A runway exit
sign consist of the exit taxiway designator and an arrow indicating the direction to follow. A
runway vacated sign depicts the runway-holding position marking as shown in the example in Pat-
tern A in the example under “Runway-Holding Position Markings“. The inscriptions on a destina-
tion sign comprise an alpha, alphanumerical or numerical message identifying the destination plus
an arrow indicating the direction to proceed. The inscriptions on a direction sign comprise an
alpha, alphanumerical message identifying the taxiway(s) plus an arrow or arrows appropriately
oriented as shown in the example. The inscription on a location sign comprise the destination of
the location taxiway, runway or other pavement the aircraft is on or is entering.
NOTE: Generally, signs should be lighted if the runway or taxiway on which they are installed is
lighted.

SIGNS AND MARKINGS

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ICAO RECOMMENDED AIRPORT SIGNS, RUNWAY AND TAXIWAY MARKINGS

MANDATORY INSTRUCTION MARKINGS

APPLICATION

Where it is impracticable to install a mandatory instruction sign a mandatory instruction marking is
provided on the surface of the pavement. Where operationally required, such as on taxiways
exceeding 60m in width, a mandatory instruction sign may be supplemented by a mandatory
instruction marking.

LOCATION

The mandatory instruction marking is located on the left-hand side of the taxiway center line
marking on the holding side of the runway-holding position marking.

CHARACTERISTICS

Mandatory instruction markings consist of an inscription in white on a red background. Except for
a NO ENTRY marking, the inscription provides information identical to that of the associated man-
datory instruction sign. A NO ENTRY marking consists of an inscription in white reading NO
ENTRY on a red background.

SIGNS AND MARKINGS

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ICAO RECOMMENDED AIRPORT SIGNS, RUNWAY AND TAXIWAY MARKINGS

RUNWAY-HOLDING POSITION MARKINGS

APPLICATION AND LOCATION

Runway-holding position markings are located at runway holding positions.

CHARACTERISTICS

At an intersection of a taxiway and a non-precision, non-instrument or take-off runway or where a
single runway-holding position is provided at an intersection of a taxiway and a precision
approach category I, II or III runway, the runway-holding position marking will be shown as in pat-
tern A. Where two or three runway-holding positions are provided at such an intersection, the
runway-holding position marking closer to the runway will be as shown as in pattern A, and the
markings farther from the runway as in pattern B. Where a pattern B runway-holding position
marking exceeds 60m in length, the term CAT II or CAT III as appropriate will be marked on the
surface at the ends of the runway-holding position marking. The runway-holding position marking
displayed at a runway/runway intersection will be perpendicular to the centerline of the runway
forming part of the standard taxiroute. The runway-holding position marking will be shown as in
pattern B.

SIGNS AND MARKINGS

219

ICAO RECOMMENDED AIRPORT SIGNS, RUNWAY AND TAXIWAY MARKINGS

INTERMEDIATE HOLDING POSITION MARKINGS

APPLICATION AND LOCATION

An intermediate holding position marking is displayed at an intersection of two paved taxiways. It
is positioned across the taxiway coincident with a stop bar or intermediate holding position lights,
where provided.

CHARACTERISTICS

An intermediate holding position marking consists of a single broken yellow line.

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220

ICAO RECOMMENDED AIRPORT SIGNS, RUNWAY AND TAXIWAY MARKINGS

STOP BARS

APPLICATION

A stop bar is provided at every runway-holding position when it is intended that the runway will be
used in RVR conditions less than 350m or between 350m and 550m. A stop bar will be provided
at an intermediate holding position to supplement markings with lights or where normal stop bar
lights might be obscured.

LOCATION

Stop bars are located across the taxiway at the point where it is desired that traffic stop. Addi-
tional lights may be provided at the taxiway edge.

CHARACTERISTICS

Stop bars consist of lights spaced at intervals across the taxiway, showing red in the intended
direction of approach to the intersection or runway-holding position. Stop bars installed at a
runway-holding position will be unidirectional, showing red in the direction of approach to the
runway.

RUNWAY GUARD LIGHTS

APPLICATION

Runway guard lights, configuration A, are located at each taxiway/runway intersection associated
with a runway intended for use in:
RVR conditions less than 550m where a stop bar is not installed; and

SIGNS AND MARKINGS

221

ICAO RECOMMENDED AIRPORT SIGNS, RUNWAY AND TAXIWAY MARKINGS

RVR conditions between 550m and 1200m where traffic density is medium or low.
Configuration A or B or both will be provided at each taxiway/runway intersection where the con-
figuration of the intersection needs to be enhanced, such as on a wide throat taxiway.

LOCATION

Runway guard lights, configuration A, are located at each side of a taxiway, whereas in configura-
tion B they are located across the taxiway.

CHARACTERISTICS

Runway guard lights are unidirectional flashing yellow lights.

RUNWAY MARKINGS

Runway markings are white.

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ICAO RECOMMENDED AIRPORT SIGNS, RUNWAY AND TAXIWAY MARKINGS

THRESHOLD MARKINGS

APPLICATION AND LOCATION

Threshold markings are provided at the threshold of a paved instrument and non-instrument
runway intended for use by international commercial air transport.

CHARACTERISTICS

Runway threshold markings consist of a pattern of longitudinal stripes of uniform dimensions dis-
posed symmetrically about the centerline of a runway. The number of stripes shall be in accord-
ance with the runway width as follows:

RUNWAY WIDTH

NUMBER OF STRIPES

18m

23m

30m

45m

60m

Where a runway designator is placed within a threshold marking, there will be a minimum of three
stripes on each side of the runway centerline. Stripes are at least 30m long.

RUNWAY DESIGNATION MARKINGS

APPLICATION AND LOCATION

Runway designation markings are located at the thresholds of a paved runway.

CHARACTERISTICS

Runway designation markings consists of a two-digit number located at the threshold. On parallel
runways each runway designation number is supplemented by a letter in the order from left to
right when viewed from the direction of approach.

RUNWAY CENTERLINE MARKINGS

APPLICATION AND LOCATION

A runway centerline marking is provided on a paved runway along the centerline.

CHARACTERISTICS

Runway centerline markings consist of a line of uniformly spaced stripes and gaps. Stripes are
normally 30m long, gaps 20m long.

HIGH SPEED TAXIWAY TURN-OFF INDICATOR LIGHTS (HSTIL)

ICAO term is Rapid Exit Taxiway Indicator Lights (RETIL)

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ICAO RECOMMENDED AIRPORT SIGNS, RUNWAY AND TAXIWAY MARKINGS

APPLICATION

HSTIL should be provided on a runway intended for use in RVR conditions less than 350m and/or
where traffic density is heavy.

LOCATION

A set of HSTIL shall be located on the runway on the same side of the runway centerline as the
associated high speed turn-off taxiway, in the configuration shown below.

CHARACTERISTICS

HSTIL are fixed unidirectional yellow lights, aligned so as to be visible to the pilot of a landing air-
plane in the direction of approach to the runway.

RUNWAY TOUCHDOWN ZONE MARKINGS

APPLICATION

A touchdown zone marking is provided in the touchdown zone of a paved precision approach
runway and non-precision approach runway or non-instrument runway where additional identifica-
tion of the touchdown zone is required.

LOCATION AND CHARACTERISTICS

A touchdown zone marking shall consists of pairs of rectangular markings symmetrically disposed
about the runway centerline with the number of pairs are related to the landing distance available
(LDA).
A touchdown zone marking shall conform to either of the two runway patterns shown below.

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ICAO RECOMMENDED AIRPORT SIGNS, RUNWAY AND TAXIWAY MARKINGS

JEPPESEN GENERAL AIRWAY MANUAL (Issue Date 1 JUL 21) - page 7