Military reference books and manuals (2009-2023, Volume 6)

Operational Threats

1-24. According to this theory, the blame for violence must be shared between the gathered crowd and the

control force. It states that the actions and reactions of the control force play a significant part in the levels

of violence that occur and places the blame on law enforcement. Therefore, leaders and members of the

control force must be fully aware of their actions, reactions, and behaviors and how they affect the gathered

crowd and its participants’ actions and behaviors.

1-25. The interaction between the two crowds can be described using the metaphor of a dance, complete

with well understood rules of dance etiquette. The escalation of tension and the potential for violence

begins when one side or the other violates these rules. Through the violation of the implicit rules of dance

etiquette, one crowd or the other triggers entry of both into an ever-escalating cycle of action, reaction, and

counteraction. Dependent on preexisting expectations and on the present response, escalation of tension and

violence may ensue.

1-26. Along with the interaction of the two crowds, there are several factors to consider for a crowd

management event that affect the escalation of tension and outbreak of violence. Acknowledging and

understanding these factors can help predict outcomes of crowd events and, thus, aid in prior planning and

decisionmaking on the scene. These factors are—

Official anticipation. Official anticipation is the prediction of the occurrence of an event and

eventual outcome by control force leadership before the event. An expectation of escalation is

created through public pronouncements. Media reporting predictions by officials result in a self-

fulfilling prophecy, wherein authorities bring about confrontation by anticipating violence where

none was imminent and by overreacting to minor incidents, making them into major ones.

Political intervention and diplomatic restriction. Political intervention or diplomatic

restriction affects the tactics and strategies used by the control force by limiting the options

available, or by dictating the choice of tactics. For example, in some countries where U.S. forces

are deployed, the use of chemical irritants is restricted. These restrictions reduce the on-scene

commander’s options and crowd control arsenal.

Choice of strategy and tactics. Tactical and strategic choice points should be clearly

identifiable. Determine if tactical and strategic choices

(for example, containment versus

coercive dispersal) made at those points served to increase or decrease the potential for tension

and violence.

Rogue responses. Rogue responses are apparent random instances of hostility on either side that

serve to spotlight marginal participants and spectators and increase tension within core

participants. This behavior is considerably more aggressive than the behavior of others with

similar responsibilities.

(For example, a control force member strikes out with their riot baton

hitting a demonstrator out of frustration or anger because of continuous verbal abuse while the

rest of the control force remains calm in formation.) To qualify as rogue, less than 10 percent of

the members or participants engage in this behavior during an event and engagement is clearly

excessive.

Application (and misapplication) of nonlethal technology. Focused use of NLW targeted on

obvious offenders may decrease tension. Conversely, random and uncontrolled application, such

as spraying a crowd composed of participants, media, spectators, and passersby with a chemical

irritant may increase tension, may put focus on those involved, and may result in

counterviolence.

Boundaries. Drawing a line in the sand randomly creates an artificial boundary that either

crowd becomes firmly invested in to the point that their defense or their breach becomes a matter

they believe requires the use of force.

Illusion of communication. The illusion of communication is when the control force operates

as though instructions (an order to disperse) have been heard and understood, but individuals,

groups, and crowds may not have heard or understood because of language barriers, garbled

amplification, or inadequate projection.

Denigration and vilification. Denigration and vilification are the dehumanizing and

stereotyping of opposing crowds. The depersonalization of the opposing crowd leads to the

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magnification of the sense of threat. (As in, the control force labeling all protestors as anarchists,

or when demonstrators label all control force members as mindless followers of an oppressive

government.)

Goldilocks principle. This principle refers to how the degree of response to a past crowd

management event by the control force was characterized as too hard or too soft by political

operatives or the media. Future events result in an adjusted response that is either too hard or too

soft instead of responding to the situation as directed by the commander’s guidance, planning,

ROE, and rules for the use of force (RUF).

Official perspective. Official perspective is a variable that is also known as military police

knowledge, military police perception, or military police worldview. This perspective reflects the

filters applied in creating the definition of the situation upon which strategic and tactical

decisions are made. It incorporates organizational culture, predispositions, and prejudices;

personal stereotypes; perception of legitimacy; and commitment to protecting the freedom of

expression and assembly. As such, it contributes to a self-fulfilling prophecy—by behaving

according to their assumptions and expectations, the control force may create and contribute to

the expected outcome. If the crowd is predicted to change into a violent mob and behaves

accordingly, then the chances of a violent outcome are increased.

CROWD TYPES

1-27. Gaining an understanding of crowd dynamics and behaviors that cause individuals or groups to join

together is every leader’s responsibility. For the sake of description, crowds are identified as casual,

sighting, agitated, and mob-like or riotous. Do not confuse motives inferred from the crowd actions with

the description of the crowd type.

CASUAL

1-28. Casual crowds are identified as individuals or small groups with nothing in common to bind them

together. If they have an agenda, it is their own. They arrive separately and leave separately. Casual crowds

are made up of individuals or small groups occupying the same common place, such as a shopping mall

where these individuals or small groups meet.

SIGHTING

1-29. Sighting crowds are similar to casual crowds with one additional element—an event. There are

numerous events that cause people to come together as a crowd, such as; sporting events, fires and

accidents, music concerts, labor strikes, demonstrations, and protests. Individuals or groups gather at these

events for the same purpose. It is the event or one’s curiosity that compels a sighting crowd to come

together.

AGITATED

1-30. Agitated crowds are generally casual or sighting crowds with the addition of strong emotions

expressed verbally. As more people within the crowd become emotionally involved, a sense of unity can

develop, causing changes in the overall demeanor of the crowd. Yelling, screaming, crying, and profane

name-calling are all associated with an agitated crowd.

MOB-LIKE OR RIOTOUS

1-31. Mobs have all the elements found in the first three types of crowds, with the addition of aggressive,

physical and, sometimes, violent actions. Under these conditions, individuals within a crowd will often say

and do things they usually would not. Extreme acts of violence and property damage are often a part of

mob activities. Mobs consist of (or involve) the elements of people and groups being mixed together and

becoming fluid.

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CROWD TACTICS

1-32. During a civil disturbance, individuals and small groups within a crowd use any number of tactics to

resist authority, disrupt, and add turmoil to achieve their goals. The more organized and purposeful a crowd

becomes, the more likely that a tactic will be used. These tactics can be planned or unplanned and violent

or nonviolent.

1-33. Commanders and leaders must be aware that highly organized groups of protesters and

demonstrators have developed tactics to disrupt the control force. These crowd tactics were published in

handbooks for communist organizers during the Cold War, and today, the Internet contains sites that are

devoted to sharing these and other tactics with the general public and various protest groups. Although

some of these tactics are outdated, commanders and leaders must be aware of them and their potential

consequences. Commanders must be aware that well-organized crowds may attempt to engage the control

force, surround it, and overpower it by sheer numbers. To avoid this, commanders must do a detailed

terrain analysis (intelligence preparation of the battlefield [IPB]) of the area to include all approach and exit

routes in the area. The control force flanks have to be protected to avoid being enveloped by the mob. To

avoid being enveloped, the on-site commander should keep the crowd at a comfortable distance from the

control force formation. Establishing predetermined rally points for the control force is critical in the event

that this type of tactic is used by the crowd.

NONVIOLENT TACTICS

1-34. Most gatherings of individuals and small groups into a crowd do not involve violent behavior. A

public disorder or disturbance usually involves some name-calling, demonstrations to express views,

corporate yelling and chanting, and even singing and dancing. Nonviolent actions of a crowd are disruptive

because they are in direct conflict with what authorities want them to do, such as refusing to leave when

directed, locking arms, and sitting in front of or around areas and buildings that the authorities are

attempting to clear.

VIOLENT TACTICS

1-35. A crowd that becomes a mob can be very violent and destructive. Although some nonviolent

activities occur, violent crowds strike out physically at bystanders, others in the crowd, or members of the

control force on the scene. They destroy private and government property, set fires, employ bombs (in

extreme cases), or use other weapons or tools at their disposal. Some violent tactics, such as setting fires,

are done to create confusion or as a diversion from another activity. The only limitations for violent crowds

are their own imaginations, the training of their leaders, and the materials readily available.

1-36. Riots vary considerably in targets and players. A communal riot, for instance, deals with deep-seated

ethnic, religious, and language differences. Commodity riots involve an attack on property by acts of

vandalism, looting, and arson. Protest riots

(such as the riot around the World Trade Organization

Assembly in Seattle, Washington in

1999), illustrated individuals and groups that aggressively and

sometimes violently acted out or voiced their opposition to the assembly. The Democratic Convention in

Chicago, Illinois, in 1968 reflects a riot that directly targeted police and authority in general. Celebration

riots occur across the United States as a result of home team victories in sporting events, among other

reasons. Celebrating crowds look to make the moment more memorable through raucous acts that

demonstrate their joy or happiness; for example, the riots that took place in Chicago in 1992 as a result of

the Chicago Bulls winning the National Basketball Association Championship.

COMMON TACTICS USED AGAINST AUTHORITIES DURING A RIOT

1-37. Organized mobs try to defeat, disrupt, confuse, and deter the control force by employing several

different tactics. These tactics include—

Constructing barricades.

Using weapons and projectiles.

Feinting and flanking actions.

Participating in verbal abuse.

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Chapter 1

Perceiving that people are innocent or weak.

Using vehicles or other objects.

Setting fires.

Barricades

1-38. Violent crowds may erect physical barriers to impede the movement and prevent authorities from

entering certain areas or buildings to hide their activities. Common materials used for barricades include—

Vehicles.

Felled trees.

Furniture.

Felled light poles.

Fencing materials.

1-39. By constructing barricades, the rioters are trying to disrupt the movement of the control force. If the

control force does advance toward the barricade, the rioters want the obstacle to split the control force and

leave it vulnerable to mob actions.

Weapons and Projectiles

1-40. Mobs will often use various types of weapons and projectiles against authorities to achieve their

agendas and goals. It is extremely important that leaders train Soldiers to recognize possible threats of the

various weapons that can be used by crowds or mobs, enabling the Soldiers to react with the appropriate

minimum force. The types of weapons and projectiles used could be almost anything. Some examples

include, but are not limited to—

Firearms.

Molotov cocktails.

Explosives.

Blades.

Baseball bats.

Axes.

Bottles.

Rocks.

1-41. Sniping or massing fire from within the crowd, in buildings, or other covered positions can, at times,

be effective tools for terrorists or other belligerent rioters using a crowd to cover their acts.

1-42. Angry mobs will often attempt to disrupt the control force by throwing rocks and other projectiles.

As the situation deteriorates, the mob may escalate the violence by using a battery of slingshots that will

pellet the control force with projectiles. They may also use smoke grenades (homemade or store-bought) to

mask their movements. Molotov cocktails are also used against personnel, employed vehicles, and portions

of the control force. A group or individual may attempt to gain a position above an armored vehicle to

enable them to drop a Molotov cocktail into an open hatch.

1-43. Explosives can be used by rioters in many ways: as simple diversions, to block the advances of

formations, or to provide an escape for rioters. In worst-case scenarios, explosives can be used to purposely

kill, injure, or demoralize authorities that are protecting the safety of everyone.

1-44. In many cases, a crowd throws anything in their reach that can be picked up. Rotten fruit or

vegetables, rocks, bricks, bottles, sticks, and pieces of lumber are most often used because they are readily

available. More sophisticated types of thrown objects are improvised bombs, such as petrol bombs or tennis

balls with nails sticking out of them. Never discount that these individuals and groups could acquire

hand-thrown explosives, such as dynamite or grenades.

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Feinting and Flanking Actions

1-45. Organized mobs may attempt to disrupt the movement of the control force by feinting an assault.

When the control force moves to blunt the assault, the mob will assault the exposed flanks in an attempt to

split the control force and envelop a portion of it.

Verbal Abuse

1-46. In almost every instance of a civil disturbance or riot, verbal abuse will be an aggressive tool.

Obscene language, racial remarks, taunts, ridicules, and jeers should always be expected. It is apparent that

the purpose for using verbal abuse is to anger, demoralize, and provoke a physical response. Undisciplined,

untrained Soldiers who face such an attack could cause the situation to escalate. Just one provoked action

of a Soldier could be interpreted as an act of brutality by the media.

Perceived Innocent or Weak People

1-47. Women, children, and the elderly are often used as pawns in civil disturbance events. On many

occasions, the innocent and the weak are moved to the front of the crowd and used as a barrier. With the

innocent and the weak directly facing authorities, aggressive and violence-prone individuals or groups

behind them attempt to provoke authorities to react. Often, this tactic is to exploit the situation in the eyes

of the media for propaganda value. Despite the perception of sometimes being weaker, women, children,

and the elderly can be just as committed to the cause as those behind them.

Vehicles and Other Objects

1-48. Vehicles and other objects can be placed on higher ground (atop a hill or in a building) to disrupt the

control force. For example, a vehicle or tire can be set on fire and rolled down a hill, carts or barrels filled

with hazardous or flammable materials can be pushed down a hill, or burning furniture and petrol bombs

can be thrown from two-story or higher buildings toward a formation of Soldiers.

Fire

1-49. Rioters have set buildings, vehicles, and other structures on fire to block the advances of authorities

and to create confusion and diversions. If property damage is the goal of a crowd, fire is an effective tool. A

sniper, for example, may set a building on fire to divert attention or provide maximum target possibilities.

Another tactic sometimes used is to flood the lower floors or basements of structures with flammable

liquids or gas and then ignite it at an opportune moment.

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Chapter 2

Control Force Planning and Tactics

Crowd management requires its own thought process. Emphasis should be on

prevention rather than confrontation. In combat, military forces are taught to fight

and eliminate threats. In crowd control, military forces must deal with noncombatants

that have recognized rights; these rights must be respected while maintaining public

order. This is an issue that law enforcement agencies (LEAs) have been struggling

with for years. Dealing with crowd control incidents is a matter of using some basic

guidelines. It also includes asking the right questions in a logical manner so that key

issues are not omitted. Commanders and staffs must use these guidelines along with

mission variables (mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available,

time available, and civil considerations [METT-TC]), the location of the incident

(CONUS or OCONUS), and the risk management process (see FM 5-19) to ensure

that proper planning and appropriate tactics are used.

PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS

2-1. Information is the key to developing civil disturbance plans. One must know who the demonstrators

are; when, where, and why they are demonstrating; what their capabilities are; and what their possible

course of action (COA) is. A commander’s need for current, valid information cannot be overemphasized.

The commander must learn as much as they can about the participants (their age range, motivations,

strategies, tactics, targets, and dedication). The more knowledge that commanders have about the

participants, the better equipped they are to counter different actions. Along with information on the

situation itself, commanders and staffs need to know what they are authorized and prohibited from doing

legally. Commanders and staffs need sound information, along with integrating risk management, to decide

how to best use their available resources.

2-2. The side that possesses better information and uses that information to gain understanding has a

major advantage over its opponent. Forces that have this advantage can use it to bring about changes in

attitudes, decisions, and actions in assembled demonstrators. In planning for crowd control or civil

disturbance missions, planners must decide what data is needed to develop threat assessments and courses

of action.

LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS

2-3. Commanders must know the legal boundaries, their sources, and how they apply to interacting with

civilians in OCONUS and CONUS. The staff judge advocate (SJA) office is able to assist with information

as well. The SJA office should be included in planning and involved in any activity with potential legal

implications. For civil disturbance missions there are differences in the legal boundaries, and in how U.S.

federal forces can be utilized, depending on if the event is within the United States or within a foreign

country. The planning and execution for these missions needs to be conducted within those legal

parameters.

Continental United States Versus Outside the Continental United States

2-4. For the U.S. Army, conducting civil disturbance missions within the United States. will vary greatly

when compared to conducting civil disturbance missions within a foreign country where the U.S. Army is

conducting operations. Except as expressly authorized by the Constitution of the United States or by

another act of Congress, the Posse Comitatus Act (18 USC 1385) prohibits the use of the Active Army as

enforcement officials to execute state or federal law and perform direct law enforcement functions within

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CONUS. For OCONUS operations, especially when the HN does not have a legitimate government or law

enforcement capabilities, the U.S. Army may have to perform these functions, including responding to civil

disturbances and performing the tactics and techniques discussed in this manual.

2-5. When the U.S. Army is conducting unified land operations within a foreign country, and there is a

need for U.S. forces to conduct a civil disturbance mission, there are certain legal considerations that must

be made. These considerations include (if applicable): United Nations or non-United Nations mandates,

status-of-forces agreements, international laws, HN laws, the civil authorities (if functioning) of the foreign

country, and ROE.

2-6. Within CONUS, military operations would fall under the defense support of civil authorities (see

ADP 3-28 and ADRP 3-28). Military support to law enforcement is one of two categories: direct and

indirect support. When authorized by the Secretary of Defense, federal military forces may provide indirect

support to law enforcement agencies; but support is limited to logistical, transportation, and training

assistance except when emergency authority applies. State and territorial governors can use state National

Guard forces for direct support to civilian law enforcement; however, such use is a temporary expedient

and must be in accordance with state laws (see ADP 3-28).

2-7. The Constitution of the United States, laws, regulations, policies, and other legal issues limit the use

of federal military personnel in domestic support operations. Any Army involvement in civil disturbance

operations involves many legal issues requiring comprehensive legal reviews. However, federal forces are

authorized for use in civil disturbance operations under certain circumstances. The following references

pertain to the use of federal forces within the United States, therefore; commanders, staffs, and leaders must

be familiar with, and adhere to, the parameters within them—

Insurrection Act (10 USC 333-334).

Posse Comitatus Act (18 USC 1385).

32 CFR, Part 215.

AR 381-10.

DODD 3025.18.

DODI 3025.21.

NGR 500-1.

2-8. The Constitution of the United States provides two exceptions for which the Posse Comitatus Act

does not apply. These exceptions are based upon the inherent right of the U.S. government to ensure the

preservation of public order and to carrying out governmental operations within its territorial limits by

force, if necessary. These two exceptions are—

Emergency authority. A sudden and unexpected civil disturbance, disaster, or calamity may

seriously endanger life and property and disrupt normal governmental functions to such an

extent that local authorities cannot control the situation. At such times, the federal government

may use military force to prevent the loss of life or wanton destruction of property and to restore

government functions and public order. In these circumstances, federal military commanders

have the authority, in extraordinary emergency circumstances where prior authorization by the

President is impossible and duly constituted local authorities are unable to control the situation,

to engage temporarily in activities that are necessary to quell large-scale, unexpected civil

disturbances (see DODD 3025.18).

Protection of federal property and functions. When the need for the protection of federal

property or federal functions exists, and duly constituted local authorities are unable to, or

decline to provide adequate protection, federal action, including the use of military forces, is

authorized.

2-9. Laws passed by the U.S. congress include four exceptions to the Posse Comitatus Act. With the first

three laws discussed below (10 USC 331-333) there is a prerequisite that the President must take personal

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Control Force Planning and Tactics

action, including the issuance of a proclamation calling upon insurgents to disperse and retire peaceably

within a limited time. The four exceptions, based on law are—

10 USC 331. When a state is unable to control domestic violence and they have requested

federal assistance, the use of the militia or Armed Forces is authorized.

10 USC 332. When ordinary enforcement means are unworkable due to unlawful obstructions or

rebellion against the authority of the United States, use of the militia or Armed Forces is

authorized.

10 USC 333. When a state cannot or will not protect the constitutional rights of the citizens, due

to domestic violence or conspiracy to hinder execution of State or Federal law, the use of the

militia or Armed Forces is authorized.

House Joint Resolution 1292. This resolution directs all departments of the U.S. government,

upon request of the Secret Service, to assist in carrying out its statutory duties to protect

government officials and major political candidates from physical harm.

Rules of Engagement and Rules for the Use of Force

2-10. The ROE are directives issued by competent military authority that delineate the circumstances and

limitations under which U.S. forces will initiate and/or continue combat engagement with other forces

encountered (JP 1-04). Clearly stated ROE are published before Army forces are committed. The highest

military authority, with input from subordinate commanders, will continually evaluate the ROE and modify

them as appropriate. Commanders must be aware that, in any confrontation ROE decisions made by

Soldiers can have strategic political implications on current and future operations. Therefore, it is vital that

leaders and Soldiers hold a common understanding of when, how, and to what degree force is to be used.

This requires training.

2-11. RUF are directives issued to guide U.S. forces on the use of force during various operations. These

directives may take the form of execute orders, deployment orders, memoranda of agreement, or plans (JP

3-28). The key with RUF is that the minimum force necessary to defeat the threat should be used. Force

should be used as a last resort, and the use of force must be reasonable in intensity, duration, and magnitude

based on the totality of the circumstances to counter the threat. (For further discussion on the use of force

for law enforcement and security duties, see AR 190-14).

2-12. Commanders at all levels are responsible for establishing ROE and RUF for mission accomplishment

that comply with the ROE and RUF of senior commanders, the law of armed conflict, and applicable

international and domestic law. It is critical that commanders consult with their command judge advocates

when establishing ROE and RUF (JP 3-28).

INFORMATION COLLECTION

2-13. Information superiority helps forces to anticipate problems and requirements. It allows commanders

to control situations earlier and with less force, creating the conditions necessary to achieve the optimal end

state. Inform and influence activities, military information support operations (MISO), and civil military

operations are activities that may provide the commander with control techniques in the situational

development phase.

2-14. Information is available from a multitude of sources. A diverse source pool is best because it

prevents a single biased perspective. Primary sources are as follows:

Open sources.

Libraries.

Periodicals and newspapers.

Television and radio.

Internet.

Law enforcement sources.

Local LEAs.

National LEAs.

HN LEAs.

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Military sources (according to AR 381-10).

Department of Defense (DOD) intelligence community.

Local military intelligence (MI) field offices.

2-15. Intelligence activities during the defense support of civil authorities within CONUS should be

coordinated through higher headquarters for approval, in addition to consulting with a SJA. Additionally,

Executive Order 12333 provides guidelines for the use of MI, including permitted and prohibited activities

during the defense support of civil authorities operations (ADP 3-28).

Note. Most information collection activities are only done during operations OCONUS. The

U.S. military does not conduct MISO within CONUS.

2-16. Police intelligence operations (PIO) is a military police function imbedded within the three military

police disciplines (see FM 3-39). This function is a process of actively and passively collecting information

that is of a police, criminal, or combat nature. As military police perform the three disciplines of security

and mobility support, police operations, and detention operations, they are gathering information that

supports, enhances, and contributes to the commander’s protection program, situational understanding, and

operational environment visualization by portraying relevant threat information that may affect operational

and tactical environments. Appropriate procedures must be followed when providing police intelligence

products to MI personnel with respect to American citizens or corporations. PIO can be a vital avenue for

the collection of information pertaining to civil disturbances.

2-17. The IPB is a systematic process of analyzing and visualizing the portions of the mission variables of

threat, terrain and weather, and civil considerations in a specific area of interest and for a specific mission.

By applying IPB, commanders gain the information necessary to selectively apply and maximize

operational effectiveness at critical points in time and space (FM 2-01.3). During the IPB process, the

intelligence officer

(S-2) or Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence

(G-2) uses all available databases,

intelligence sources, products, and related MI information to analyze the threat and the environment. The

PIO function supports this process by providing the S-2 with collected police, criminal, and combat

information that can directly and significantly contribute to the success of the MI effort. In addition to

combat information, the PIO function provides additional information on possible criminal threats and

COAs. This is intended to support the S-2 IPB process and can be used by the commander to upgrade force

protection. When events have occurred that cause individuals and groups to gather into crowds, proper IPB

(coupled with PIO) aids commanders in their decisionmaking process. Proper information collection,

analysis, and use greatly assist the commanders in civil disturbance situations and help in the determination

of control force size, placement, and tactics to be used. (For more information and regulatory guidance on

information collection and acquisition, see AR 380-13 and DODD 5200.27.)

THREAT ANALYSIS AND CROWD ASSESSMENT

2-18. Threat analysis is vital for any military mission. The assessment of crowds requires its own set of

questions. These questions should be answered before a crowd assembles or as quickly as possible. In some

cases, all the questions may not be answered. The following questions represent a logical way to develop an

understanding of the crowd the commander is tasked to control.

Who are they and what is the overarching identity of the crowd? Do they identify

themselves as strikers, ethnic groups, religious factions, social protestors, some other group, or

even a combination of these? Understanding who they are will indicate what they may do. It

may be possible to determine identities and goals from advance assembling instructions, leaflets

distributed to bystanders, placards and banners, or chants and songs.

What are their goals? What the group wants to accomplish by assembling could determine the

extent to which they can be accommodated once they have assembled. They may only seek

recognition for their cause

(being seen and heard). If so, this goal is usually easy to

accommodate. However, some groups may have more demanding goals, for example the

demonstrators in Seattle who sought to stop the World Trade Organization. Goals that cannot be

accommodated make confrontation very likely.

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What is the composition of the crowd and are there any known factions? Seattle

demonstrations against the World Trade Organization were composed of groups that were

protesting environmental issues, wages, and child labor laws. Differing goals and the resulting

friction were evident between such organizations as the Ruckus Society and the American

Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations. Factions within a crowd represent

threats and opportunities.

What are they capable of doing? Protest groups often claim that they will assemble large

numbers of people to produce some disruptive action. However, there is often a difference

between the claim and reality. An organization may claim that it can mass a 100,000 people, but

in reality can only get 40,000. Organizers exaggerate because they want to boost the morale of

their own people and they want the media to report that they have strength in numbers. Studying

the past activities of a group may provide indications of what they are capable of doing in the

future.

What are their traditional behaviors or cultural repertoires? What people do during protests

is not universal. It varies with the group, individual, and the culture. Social protestors and

striking unions may carry placards and banners, while other groups may protest in a quiet way.

Understanding these behaviors, along with their goals, can be helpful in deciding how to

respond.

When and where will they assemble? Every protest organizer has a time and place for

assembling and a destination for the crowd to move toward. If the organizer attempts to mobilize

large numbers of participants, the time and place for assembling and dispersing must be made

known in the instructions. This information may be stated in the mobilization instructions or

disseminated by an informal network, such as word of mouth. Such impromptu networks in

densely populated areas can enable rapid assembling. Knowing the location is a key to planning

for a commander and their staff.

Where will they go? Many crowds have destinations. Organizations may march a specified

distance to ensure that their cause gets sufficient attention. Commanders need to know the route

to minimize disruptions to the rest of the community. Knowing the route allows LEAs to take

such measures as rerouting traffic to prevent congestion caused by protest marches. It is also

necessary to provide security along the route to prevent counterdemonstrators from confronting

the marchers. This will prevent an even greater problem for the community.

What are the possible targets of violence? Riot participants, in particular, may focus on target

facilities, personnel, or objects. There is no set target list for rioters, and it depends on the

location and what is in the area. Some common targets include: authority figures (the control

force), government facilities, food supply facilities, gun stores, retail stores (especially those

with high value items), and symbols of authority or government (such as statues, flags, or signs).

When and where will they disperse? Crowds have a life cycle that includes how they disperse

(see chapter 1). Commanders must consider this. It is essential that there be one or more avenues

that individuals and groups can use to disperse. These dispersal routes should be clearly marked,

visible, and open-ended. There may be a need for U.S. forces to assist the crowd with dispersal.

Assistance includes: securing routes, marking routes, and providing or helping arrange

transportation.

Are there plans for subsequent gatherings? Organizers may have multiple gatherings planned

on different dates or locations. Also, a crowd may disperse for a short time so that participants

can take care of personal needs. This could be days or only a few hours.

What is the worst-case scenario? Worst-case scenarios must be recognized, discussed, and

planned for, if for nothing else, to avoid them. This could be when an originally peaceful

demonstration evolves into a full-blown riot.

PREINCIDENT PLANNING

2-19. Seek to know as much as possible about social protestors or other organized groups prior to a crowd

management event. This will provide insight into the organization and its functions and provide a warning

as to what to expect. Knowing as much about these organizations as possible, will help in anticipating their

next move.

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2-20. Preincident planning is initiated at the operational level with guidance from the strategic level. The

planning includes guidance on crowd control and addresses responsibilities, training, organization,

operating procedures, use of force and ROE. The most difficult and productive decisions are those made in

the preincident planning process.

Define Goals

2-21. When defining a goal, determining the end state is one of the first steps. Defining the goal is

fundamental. However, actually working toward and accomplishing the goal is easier said than done, as the

process can drive the situation. Commanders and leaders must be aware of this. The military force must

focus on what they are trying to accomplish.

Focus on Prevention

2-22. Planning should focus on the prevention of unfavorable outcomes. Experience has shown some

LEAs attempting to help crowds accomplish their goals within the law has been beneficial and even led to

conceding some violations for the purpose of avoiding confrontation. However, LEAs maintains a law

enforcement presence, which signifies social restraint. The LEAs also decides when and where they will

not compromise and the amount of force to use.

Avoid Confrontation

2-23. Crowd situations are highly unpredictable, but history has proven that confrontation will most likely

cause crowd resistance. When pushed, people tend to resist opposition to the realization of their purposes.

ACCEPTABILITY

2-24. Deployed U.S. forces will find themselves engaged in crowd control missions under difficult

circumstances. The host nation (HN) may have groups that do not accept the presence of U.S. forces, which

will make imposing order and the protection of citizens difficult at best. U.S. forces will be under intense

media and political scrutiny (an environment much like what LEAs operate in on a day-to-day basis).

2-25. Winning in this environment is not like winning in combat. U.S. forces may appear to be invincible

and formidable, but they risk being portrayed as oppressors. Thus, U.S. forces can lose by appearing to win.

Groups that perceive themselves as oppressed will readily seek being seen as victims in an effort to gain the

support of public opinion. Winning in this environment is about seizing and holding the moral high ground.

U.S. forces must maintain the authority and legitimacy of what they are doing.

2-26. Projecting a favorable image will require outreach to local leaders and citizens. It will also require

developing a relationship with the media. For example, the Los Angeles Sheriff’s Department often invites

the media to accompany their tactical commander during crowd control situations. This shows that they

have nothing to hide. It also provides an opportunity for individuals to see the commander’s side of an

event.

2-27. In this environment, commanders must consider how actions will play among several audiences—

local, allied, United States, and international. The media effect is inescapable. In some cases, it will be

difficult to accommodate all of these audiences. However, the most important audience is the American

public, because it is vital to the continued support of U.S. forces.

RELATIONSHIP BUILDING WITH THE CROWD

2-28. Working relationships between commanders and protest group leaders are increasingly seen as the

best means for preventing bad outcomes in crowd situations. This is called the negotiated management

model of crowd control. The LEAs in large metropolitan cities in the United States and Europe practice it.

2-29. Open dialog helps develop working relationships between commanders and protest group leaders,

providing an opportunity to communicate clearly. Talking allows group leaders to tell authorities and

tactical commanders what they want to accomplish. It also allows authorities and commanders to tell group

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Control Force Planning and Tactics

leaders what they are prepared to do and how they might respond to certain crowd behaviors. Such

communications can do much to resolve issues and prevent violence.

2-30. Commanders may not be able to talk to all leaders before a crowd assembles. Some groups do not

have recognized leaders and are ad hoc organizations. Other groups may have several leaders, but only

some of those leaders will negotiate. In such cases, meetings with some leaders may tell who the other

leaders are and provide critical information. Negotiations may also encourage more moderate leaders to do

things that will support the commander.

2-31. Initiate communication with group leaders to work out issues before an event. Commanders should

make a concentrated effort to maintain a working relationship with the leaders of protest groups.

2-32. Communication also means persuasion. Commanders should make a concerted effort to win over

demonstration leaders. Commanders may tell group leaders that they want to help them complete their

mission in a safe manner. They should encourage demonstrators to protest in an acceptable way. Several

rules apply in negotiations, and credibility is vital. Only communicate necessary information and those

actions that authorities and commanders intend to do. Negotiations are made from a position of strength,

and by negotiating an agreement may be reached. However, contingencies should be developed in the event

that the agreement is violated.

2-33. Working relationships between commanders and protest group leaders often result in protest groups

policing themselves. This is one of the basic premises of negotiated management. Protesters are more likely

to listen to their own leaders, as opposed to listening to U.S. forces. Protest organizers are likely to buy into

a cooperative effort and agree to ground rules set during pre-protest negotiations. Many protest leaders seek

to stay on the right side of the law.

WEAPON AND AMMUNITION CONFIGURATIONS

2-34. Individuals designated as nonlethal shooters must have the means to transition to lethal rounds, if

lethal firing is required. Lethal rounds are carried separately from nonlethal rounds so that the shooter will

not confuse them in the heat of confrontation. These nonlethal shooters must be well trained in transition

drills from nonlethal to lethal firing, as well as weapons retention.

2-35. Squad leaders should designate nonlethal shooters within their squad. Ideally, the squad should not

change its organization to accommodate NLW.

2-36. Commanders should not dispatch patrols with only NLW capabilities. They should plan patrols with

nonlethal capabilities in addition to their lethal capabilities. Soldiers are never sent in harm’s way without

lethal protection. NLW are only considered additional tools for the mission and not a mission in itself.

2-37. Recovery, apprehension, and extraction teams should be established before deployment. Team

members should be equipped with personal protective equipment, a sidearm, nonlethal munitions and

weapons, and disposable restraints. They should have some training in open-hand control, pain compliance,

and handcuffing techniques.

2-38. Crowd control formations

(see chapter

4) should be well trained and well rehearsed. Rapid,

coordinated movements of a well-trained and well-rehearsed control force can often be a strong deterrent.

2-39. Lethal overwatch, in the form of a designated marksman (DM), always covers the control force.

During an engagement, the use of a DM provides confidence and safety to those facing a riot. The DM in

an overwatch position scans the crowd to identify threats and designates personnel for recovery, as well as

firing lethal rounds

(if a lethal threat is presented). They are ideally suited for flank security and

countersniper operations.

MILITARY WORKING DOG TEAMS

2-40. Military working dog (MWD) teams may be employed with a control force formation as a method of

deterring the crowd from approaching or engaging the formation. The teams should be in the rear of the

formation in plain sight of the crowd, but in front of the command element. The MWD teams work back

and forth behind the formation as an intimidation measure. The presence of the MWD may produce a

profound psychological effect on the crowd. These teams may also be used to help control individuals who

21 April 2014

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Chapter 2

are under the control of apprehension teams by acting as a deterrent to unlawful acts. (See ATTP 3-39.34

for additional information on MWD.)

CAUTION

Do not unleash an MWD on a crowd.

VIDEO AND PHOTOGRAPHY

2-41. Video and still camera men should make a photographic record of the civil disturbance scene, and

especially individuals in the crowd who are leaders and instigators. Events must be documented to hold

personnel, factions, gangs, or groups accountable for acts that violate law, destroy property, or cause

physical harm. Electronically recording these events aids in the prosecution of such cases. Cameras also act

as a deterrent since most individuals will not act in certain ways if they know they are being recorded.

URBAN TERRAIN ANALYSIS

2-42. Of all the environments in which the Army may need to conduct operations, the urban environment

confronts commanders with a combination of difficulties rarely found in other environments. The distinct

characteristics of the environment result from the combination of man-made features and supporting

infrastructure superimposed on the existing natural terrain and the density of civilians in close proximity to

combat forces. The human dimension it represents is potentially the most important and perplexing for

commanders and their staffs to understand and evaluate. Commanders must make extraordinary efforts to

assess and understand their particular urban environment to plan, prepare for, and execute effective civil

disturbance operations. See FM 3-06 for detailed discussion of the urban environment and factors for

planning military operations.

GRADUATED RESPONSE

2-43. The graduated-response process is a measured approach in response to a crowd gathering. By

recognizing a use of force policy, Soldiers must be taught and understand that they use the minimum force

necessary. Without the appearance of a graduated response, the gathering crowd may consider actions as

excessive, causing a possible escalation of hostilities or violence. To aid in the graduated-response process,

the following are possible actions:

Try to persuade the crowd to quietly disperse by talking with leaders.

Use translators as necessary.

Let the first approach be by the local authorities (the mayor or police).

Pass out handbills requesting that the crowd return home.

Use video and still cameras to photograph individuals and events (this can be a deterrent, being

used later as evidence).

Give warnings before moving to the next level of force.

2-44. Ideally, the force should be positioned out of sight of the crowd. Have the troops move into position

with few shouted commands. For maximum effect on the crowd, have them form their formation decisively

and professionally. To aid in the formation process, if properly authorized, do the following:

Display force in a graduated manner (for example a helicopter, hardened vehicles, and Soldiers

with weapons).

Exploit the psychological effects of show of force.

Demonstrate force (not on unarmed civilians).

Escalate the MISO message.

Highlight the target pointer.

Demonstrate sniper precision strike capability.

Employ riot control measures.

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Control Force Planning and Tactics

Use nonlethal munitions.

Use RCAs (tear gas, pepper spray) if approved.

Move through the crowd using riot control formations and movement techniques (see chapter 4).

Use the graduated-response matrix (GRM) (discussed below).

2-45. With the increased participation of U.S. forces in unified actions around the world, it accentuates the

need to establish procedures for applying graduated military responses to situations that threaten these

missions. Numerous GRMs and similar products exist throughout the military. These products graphically

portray available responses in a graduated manner. The intent of these products is to give the on-scene

commanders a list of options with which to control or defuse a situation before it gets out of hand. Most

threats can be eliminated without loss of life or collateral damage by effectively applying the resources

available (see figure 2-1 for an example of a GRM card).

Note. Remember there is a difference in the actions that can be taken by military forces within

CONUS as compared to OCONUS.

Crowd

Nonlethal Response

Action

Command

Demonstration of Force

Riot Control

Presence and

Show of Force

Means (if

MISO

approved)

Unarmed

• Ensure that the

• Display force

• Do not demonstrate force toward

•

Employ

Civilians

on-site

along with

unarmed civilians.

RCAs at the

commander of

escalating

point of

the tactical

the dispersal

penetration.

military

proclamation.

•

Use MISO to

information

• Display force

exploit the

support

in a

psychological

operations team

graduated

effect.

directs the

Armed

manner, such

• Display force along with escalating

•

Move

broadcast of the

as a

Civilians

the dispersal proclamation.

through the

dispersal

(Knives,

helicopter

crowd using

• Highlight the target pointer.

Clubs)

proclamation

hovering over

riot control

and passes out

• Demonstrate sniper precision strike

a crowd or

formations

handbills.

capabilities.

Soldiers with

and

• Escalate the

charged

movement

tone of the

weapons.

techniques.

dispersal

• Exploit the

proclamation

psychological

from information

effect of a

Armed

to a warning

•

Do not use

show of

Crowds

force.

RCAs; they

force.

and Military

may escalate

(Firearms)

the situation.

Hostile intent and hostile act occurs by armed threat.

Figure 2-1. Sample GRM card

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Chapter 2

Crowd

Lethal Response

Control

Small Arms

Sniper Response

Aerial Fires

Indirect Fires

Direct Fire

• Ensure that

• Determine

• Determine that small arms direct fire is

• Determine

target leaders or

that sniper

ineffective.

that air assets

troublemakers

response is

are

• Use the minimum response

are targeted.

insufficient.

unavailable or

necessary.

Unarmed

ineffective.

• Use the

• Consider

• Use a minimal precision strike initially;

civilians

minimum

demonstratin

use subsequent fires based on the

• Use the

response

g capabilities.

minimum

situation.

necessary.

response

• Exploit the

• Exploit the psychological impact of

• Exploit the

psychological

necessary.

each strike.

psychological

effect of a

• Ensure that

effect of an

lethal

the response

attack.

response.

is directed by

• Escalate

the on-site

commander.

gradually,

Armed

starting with a

• Close air support and indirect fires must be authorized.

civilians

small caliber,

• Consider requesting permission for use when—

(knives,

single round

All lesser means have been ineffective.

clubs)

and work up

to a large

There are physical eyes on the target.

Armed

caliber,

Proximity to civilians has been considered.

crowds and

automatic.

Prudent risk to friendly forces and evacuee’s

military

outweighs the prudent risk of collateral damage.

(firearms)

Legend:

RCA riot control agent

MISO military information support operations

Figure 2-1. Sample GRM card (continued)

PLANNING A GRADUATED-RESPONSE MATRIX

2-46. The planning for and development of a GRM begins with the mission analysis portion of the military

decision-making process. Some missions require U.S. forces to enforce treaties or accords to protect the

lives of civilians in uncertain or hostile environments (such as noncombatant evacuation operations) or to

provide large-scale humanitarian assistance. These missions require some sort of graduated-response

criteria to maintain order and prevent uncertain environments from becoming hostile. The development of a

GRM requires the following seven steps:

Identify the need for a GRM.

Establish a GRM development team.

Develop targets.

Coordinate staff functions.

War-game.

Receive command approval.

Operate deliberately.

IDENTIFY THE NEED FOR A GRADUATED-RESPONSE MATRIX

2-47. Not all missions require a GRM. The decision to use a GRM requires careful consideration. Once it

is agreed that a GRM is necessary, it requires guidance from the commander regarding the response options

available. Determining the appropriate responses is based on the facts, assumptions, and limitations

identified during mission analysis.

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2-48. Planners (staff) must agree on the intent of the GRM. The GRM can be used as a training and

rehearsal tool. It provides leaders with the most likely vignettes that can be incorporated into a COA

analysis, predeployment training, and rehearsals. The GRM can also be used as a handy reference during

situations that require graduated responses.

ESTABLISH A TEAM TO DEVELOP THE GRADUATED-RESPONSE MATRIX

2-49. Establish a GRM development team with a broad range of skills, knowledge, and professionalism.

The following list of individuals makes up a typical GRM team:

Provost marshal or senior military police advisor.

Fire support element.

Brigade legal officer.

MISO representative.

Land information warfare or inform and influence activities officer.

2-50. Since the GRM is designed to give commanders graduated options for dealing with hostile and

nonhostile threats to the mission, this team composition allows for target selection, application of the ROE,

and attack methods using both nonlethal and lethal means.

Develop Targets

2-51. The fire support element, in conjunction with the S-2 section, develops targets for lethal and

nonlethal responses. In the case of stability operations, these targets are usually not the conventional

specific point or piece of equipment on the ground. They are more situational than specific. The GRM

identifies situations or acts that subordinate elements could face during the mission. The sample GRM in

figure 2-1 shows three possible situations or acts that on-scene commanders could expect to encounter.

From the targeting standpoint, these are groups of more specific targets.

2-52. During mission analysis, the fire support officer identifies both lethal and nonlethal assets available

to the unit. A tactical military information support team attached to the unit is an example of a nonlethal

attack asset that should not be overlooked. The following are examples of what the fire support officer

should look for:

RCAs.

Tactical military information support teams.

Electronic warfare assets.

Civil Affairs teams.

Inform and influence activities.

Artillery smoke projectiles.

Aircraft.

Mortars.

Note. Figure 2-1 is only a sample GRM card and would not be appropriate for every situation of

civil disturbance. There are also significant differences in actions that can be taken by military

forces when operating OCONUS as compared to CONUS.

2-53. The lethal assets described could be used in a nonlethal show of force or demonstration to defuse a

situation before it requires lethal force. The critical element of this mission analysis is not to focus solely on

lethal assets. In stability tasks, the Army wants to prevent acts of hostility first and then be prepared, if

necessary, to apply lethal force.

2-54. Graduated responses can range from command presence through the show of force, a demonstration,

the use of RCAs, and other techniques (such as the application of lethal force using snipers, small arms,

aircraft, and indirect fires).

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Coordinate Staff Functions

2-55. To coordinate staff functions, the rest of the GRM team assembles to complete the escalation

sequence for each response. Inform and influence activity and legal representatives are critical attendees

during the escalation sequencing process. In the area of MISO, the tactical military information support

team must exploit the effects of all responses.

2-56. The legal officer evaluates each escalation of force option and graduated response to ensure that it is

consistent with the ROE. The GRM is designed to recommend applications of force consistent with the

ROE, yet not limit the leader or Soldier’s right to self-defense. A GRM should clearly show that if a hostile

act occurs, a lethal response is an option.

War-Game

2-57. Once the types of escalations for each potential graduated response are determined and annotated, the

GRM must then be war-gamed. The staff must walk through each act or situation from the on-scene

commander’s standpoint.

Receive Command Approval

2-58. Once the GRM has been war-gamed, it must be submitted to the commander for approval. This is the

final check to ensure that the GRM team has applied the commander’s guidance correctly and met his

intent.

Operate Deliberately

2-59. Operating deliberately affords commanders ample opportunity to plan and prepare for possible civil

disorder situations. Through the effective gathering of information and a working cooperation with local

government and police officials, commanders can often be made aware of dates, times, locations, and what

groups may assemble before the operation. The purpose is to gather as much information as possible: who

is involved, where they are assembling, what incident promoted the activity, and what seems to be the

prevailing attitude of the assembling crowd.

2-60. Civil disturbances are dynamic, ever-changing environments requiring effective communications

both up and down the chains of command. They require advance preparation and planning using the

established troop leading procedures. Troop leading procedures aid commanders and their subordinate

leaders in planning and preparing for an operation (see ADRP 5-0). Most steps can be accomplished

concurrently, but rarely is there enough time to go through each step in detail. Despite this, leaders must

follow the troop leading procedure steps to ensure that nothing is left out of the planning process.

NONLETHAL WEAPONS

2-61. U.S. forces regularly perform peacekeeping and peace enforcement missions at a greater tempo than

in the past. In the peacekeeping and peace enforcement environment, the use of conventional firearms or

the threat of their use may not be the solution to a situation where U.S. forces must separate two

belligerent, hostile ethnic groups or prevent a similar group from entering an area that is off-limits to them.

However, a show of force using NLW and nonlethal munitions should cause crowds to disperse, separate,

or leave the area with minimal casualties. For more information on the tactical use of NLW see FM 3-

22.40.

2-62. The fundamental principles of mission planning are not changed by the incorporation of NLW into a

plan. NLW are intended to be operational enhancement tools. The first concern of a commander is the

successful completion of the mission. Nonlethal munitions provide a commander with a wider range of

response options, but these munitions are not a replacement for lethal capabilities. Commanders must

always be capable of answering a lethal attack with a lethal response.

2-63. When a commander commits their Soldiers and equipment to a crowd control situation, he commits

his forces with the additional tools of nonlethal capabilities. This is an addition to the force continuum that

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Control Force Planning and Tactics

the control force commander now has available. Commanders that properly employ nonlethal munitions

and weapons have a tactical advantage over those who rely completely on lethal means.

2-64. There are various nonlethal capabilities, NLW, and nonlethal munitions available to U.S. forces. For

more information on nonlethal munitions, capabilities, and training see TC 3-19.5. Examples of nonlethal

include—

RCAs (tear gas and pepper spray).

Rubber and bean bag style munitions (fired from shotguns and grenade launchers).

Riot batons and riot shields.

Riot megaphone and other acoustical devices.

Riot grenades (rubber pellet filled or flash-bang).

Smoke grenades.

Electro-muscular disruption (TASER®).

2-65. If the tactical situation dictates a nonlethal response, a Soldier who levels a weapon loaded with

nonlethal munitions must be trained in distance to the target and appropriate points of aim. Based on the

Soldier’s understanding and training on the characteristics and capabilities of the round, they can easily

discern and engage targets to the desired effect. NLW are only nonlethal when fired within their

parameters.

2-66. Nonlethal munitions and equipment are not completely nonlethal; they are nonlethal by design. The

term nonlethal does not guarantee zero mortality or nonpermanent damage. NLW can add flexibility to

combat operations and enhance protection by providing an environment in which friendly troops can

engage threatening targets with a reduced risk of noncombatant casualties and collateral damage.

DANGER

If NLW are fired outside their parameters, they may cause serious

injury or death.

CORE CAPABILITIES

2-67. Core capabilities are those fundamental competencies that enable the commander to achieve the

desired operational outcome. In the case of NLW, this includes providing a flexible means of response to

protect friendly forces and influence the actions of potential adversaries and noncombatants. With nonlethal

capabilities, these goals can be achieved without resorting to lethal force and in a manner that will

minimize collateral damage. The core capabilities associated with nonlethal effects fall into the following

two major categories:

Counterpersonnel. Nonlethal counterpersonnel capabilities enable the application of military

force with a reduced risk of fatalities or serious casualties among noncombatants or, in some

instances, among enemy forces. There are several specific nonlethal counterpersonnel

capabilities to be explored. These include the means to influence the behavior and activities of a

potentially hostile crowd, and the capability to bring a mob engaged in a riot under control.

While there are many similarities in these two scenarios, each involves unique challenges, which

may require radically different solutions.

Countermaterial. Nonlethal countermaterial capabilities enhance missions by rendering

equipment and facilities unusable without complete destruction. Nonlethal countermaterial

capabilities enable the application of military force to defuse potentially volatile situations under

circumstances in which more destructive conventional military means might prove

counterproductive.

NONLETHAL WEAPON CAPABILITIES IN FORMATIONS

2-68. The mix of NLW within the control force formation is based on METT-TC. For example, the first

rank of the formation will have riot shields, riot batons, and their personal weapon (slung across their back

21 April 2014

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Chapter 2

[left to right] with the butt up and muzzle down or holstered). The second row will have a mix of shotguns

and grenade launchers. Shotguns and grenade launchers may be used as area denial or point target weapons

depending on the specific munitions used. The shotgun provides cover for the slower loading grenade

launcher. The commander may move these weapons within the formation to meet the needs of the mission

and to create distance between the formation and the crowd.

CROWD MANAGEMENT TACTICS

2-69. When operating in an environment where civil disturbances occur, commanders must be aware of the

various tactics that are used in managing a crowd. Sometimes there is ample time for planning and

preparing, especially if there is a scheduled demonstration coming up, and there is also good

communication with protest leaders. Other times, a civil disturbance may erupt without any prior warning,

and the response is conducted in a hasty manner. (See table 2-1 for crowd management techniques used

during different levels of escalation and crowd behavior.)

Table 2-1. Escalating situation crowd management techniques

Situation

Response

Crowd management techniques

Lawful assembly

• Meet with event organizers and stakeholders

Lawfully protected activities

• Determine crowd history and risk

• Speeches

• Check permit limitations

• Marches

• Observe and assess crowd behavior

• Demonstrations

• Separate opposing factions

• Rallies

• Maintain a video log

• Picketing

• Interact with organizers and gain cooperation

• Public assemblies

• Use facilitation, not confrontation

• Protests

• Provide direction and expectations at mission

• Celebratory events

briefing

Crowd intervention techniques

• Use organizers to gain voluntary compliance

Isolated unlawful behavior

• Isolate, apprehend, and remove law violators

Isolated unlawful activity by individuals or small groups

as quickly as possible

should not cause the declaration that the assembly is

unlawful.

• Video Soldier and violator actions

• Isolated destruction of property

• Use amplified communication equipment to

gain compliance

• Isolated acts of violence

• Use low-profile tactics, do not increase

• Isolated object (rocks, bottles) throwing

tensions by unnecessary aggressive

• Individual sit down demonstrators

appearance or behavior

Use Crowd Control Techniques

• Put control force in place

• Identify dispersal routes

Unlawful Assembly

• Use amplified communication to give

dispersal proclamation

Assemblies may be dispersed when they are violent,

pose a clear danger of violence, or when they are

• Disperse unlawful crowd

breaking another law in the process. Action may be

• Video actions of Soldiers and violators

taken to stop a crime before giving an order to

• Apprehend those who fail to disperse or those

disperse.

conducting illegal activity

• Ensure proper escalation of force

• Deploy nonlethal munitions as needed to

defend control force or to disperse the crowd

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Table 2-1. Escalating situation crowd management techniques (continued)

Situation

Response

Use Crowd Control Techniques

• Put control force in place

• Stop the illegal activity

• Video actions of Soldiers and violators

• Apprehend law violators

Riot

• Deploy nonlethal munitions as needed to

One or more groups or individuals that are part of a

defend control force or to disperse the crowd

larger crowd that involves threats or actual acts of

• Use lethal munitions if deadly threat exists

violence against persons or property.

• Ensure proper escalation of force

• Protect lives, property, vital facilities

• Remain present, reassess situation

• Return to normalcy

• Act quickly

Note. The civil disturbance response activities depicted in table 2-1 are carried out by the forces

responding to the particular civil disturbance. Not all of these activities will be conducted by

U.S. forces, especially if the event is within CONUS and federal forces have been authorized to

be used in a supporting role. Legal considerations must be adhered to, and federal forces must

follow all applicable laws and regulations. However, when the U.S. Army is the primary force

responding to a civil disturbance within the foreign country they are operating in (OCONUS),

U.S. forces may have to conduct most, if not all of the activities discussed in table 2-1. The

following tactics would most likely be conducted during civil disturbance missions OCONUS

when the host nation has no legitimate law enforcement capabilities and U.S. forces are in the

lead. There are significant restrictions for the use of federal forces within CONUS.

CONDUCT HASTY MISSIONS

2-70. Conducting hasty missions seems to be the norm rather than the exception. Unlike deliberate

missions, hasty crowd management is reactionary in nature with little or no time for planning. In these

situations, the event of a crowd gathering is already underway. There is very little, if any, advanced

warning of the unfolding situation, and commanders are usually put in the position of sending their Soldiers

into an already volatile, and perhaps hostile, environment.

2-71. Commanders should be in immediate and constant communication with local civil and police

authorities. The purpose is to gather as much information as possible about who is involved, where they are

assembling, what incident promoted the activity, and what seems to be the prevailing attitude of the

assembling crowd.

2-72. It is essential that commanders operating in environments where civil disturbances are likely ensure

that their Soldiers receive training at all levels. Commanders and subordinate leaders need to instinctively

rely on the same troop leading procedures that they would in a deliberate operation.

CONDUCT TACTICAL OPTIONS

2-73. In the peacekeeping and peace enforcement environment, the use of conventional firearms or the

threat of their use may not be the solution. In a situation where U.S. forces must separate two belligerent,

hostile ethnic groups or prevent a similar group from entering an area that is off limits to them, there are

different tactical options.

2-74. Crowd control options are often combined. Commanders choose their options based on an evaluation

of the particular crowd. Commanders select any combination of control techniques and force options they

think will influence the particular situation (METT-TC). Commanders must always try to choose the

response that can be expected to reduce the intensity of the situation.

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Chapter 2

Observing

2-75. Observing an assembled crowd consists of gathering necessary information and watching them to

determine progress and development. It is this gathered information that helps commanders select the

appropriate actions. Gathered information can often be used to help defuse a situation through persuasion.

2-76. Observing is continuous. Without timely information, responses could cause the situation to escalate

beyond what it should have or cause a response to be inadequate based on the situation.

2-77. Commanders may task teams with specific missions to observe crowd activity and note any new

developments. Observing done by these teams gives the commander up-to-the-minute information so that

they can gauge crowd activity and intent in relation to the overall situation.

2-78. Marksman/observer teams watch crowd activities and gather information. They observe and report

on crowd size, location, and mood, as well as the developing situation. A marksman/observer team consists

of a marksman, a radio operator, and an observer equipped with binoculars. They may be posted

strategically on rooftops and other high terrain that overlooks the crowd.

2-79. Observing is also done through the use of electronic surveillance equipment. These camera devices

are strategically placed to observe sensitive areas such as entry control points, perimeters, government

facilities, as well as other important locations such as combat outposts. High powered cameras mounted on

towers and aerial vehicles are important tools for observing and developing situations on the ground.

2-80. The timely flow of information may allow the commander to influence the outcome of the situation

with simple negotiations. Observing is appropriate when more decisive action is not feasible because of

crowd size or when the intensity of a situation might escalate. It is particularly useful in large, nonviolent

demonstrations. Observing can serve as an interim measure until more control forces arrive.

2-81. Communication with crowd leaders and participants can help a commander control a situation

without more severe measures. If communications exist with crowd leaders, the authorities may be able to

divert the leaders or the crowd from their stated or apparent goal. Pressure can be put on leaders to channel

the crowd into an area that minimizes disruption to the community and aids crowd control operations.

March routes and demonstration areas can be limited to those that will help contain the crowd and reduce

their potential for disrupting the community. Pressure can be positive (offering concessions) or negative

(with deterrents).

2-82. If the commander can gain the cooperation of crowd leaders, it can decrease the potential for

disorder. If crowd leaders seek cooperation from authorities, officials should try to be accommodating.

Crowd leaders can be placed in liaison positions between the crowd and the control force. Crowd leaders

can be made responsible for managing the crowd by policing their own activities.

2-83. Taking still pictures or videotaping the faces of individuals within a crowd may prevent or reduce

unlawful and violent acts. If needed, photographs or videotapes can be used as evidence for prosecution. To

be effective, crowd members must see their presence and actions being recorded. The photographer or

camera operator should be in uniform so that the crowd knows who he is. Recorders must be close enough

to the crowd to be seen easily, but not close enough to be endangered.

Blocking

2-84. It is not uncommon for protests and demonstrations against the United States or its forces to occur

outside the main entrances to United States military installations or embassies. Because of the sensitive

nature of equipment and information that can be found at these locations, blocking unauthorized entry is

critical. Blocking is also necessary to stop a crowd from gaining access to sensitive locations, such as food

distribution points, or other areas deemed off limits to unauthorized persons.

2-85. Blocking is the physical denial of advance upon a facility or an area by a crowd. Commanders may

have to task their forces to block a crowd. Blocking physically denies crowd advance. Crowd control

formations, particularly line formations, along with barricades can be used to block advancing crowds.

Various items can be used as barricades to block (or channel movement) of a crowd. These items include:

vehicles, concertina wire or other fencing material, concrete barriers, or other types of barriers like water

filled barrels.

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Control Force Planning and Tactics

Dispersing

2-86. Dispersing is taking deliberate actions to fragment an assembled crowd to prevent the destruction of

property or prevent injury. It is extremely effective against smaller crowds in congested urban

environments. However, this may increase and spread lawless activity rather than reduce it. Thus, the

commander’s forces must control dispersal routes and the areas in which the dispersal will occur. Forces

must protect the facilities that could be considered likely targets of opportunity for dispersing individuals or

groups. Dispersal of the crowd may require apprehension of small groups or individuals still active in the

area. Proclamations, shows of force, crowd control formations, and RCAs can disperse crowds.

2-87. Avoid (if possible) the dispersion of crowds into wide-open areas because it gives the crowd the

opportunity to grow rapidly in size. The direction of crowd movement is difficult to anticipate and channel.

2-88. Once the crowd has started to disperse, it may occasionally be necessary for the forces to advance,

keeping the crowd on the move and in the right direction. To avoid panic, a crowd on the move should not

be hurried. At no time should the crowd be cornered in a position where there is the perception of no

escape. This invokes an acute stress response, and can possibly escalate violent activity.

2-89. Issuing a proclamation

(see figure

2-2, page

2-18) can help disperse a crowd. Proclamations

officially establish the illegal nature of crowd actions and put the populace on notice that the situation

demands special measures. Proclamations prepare the people for the presence of military authority and it

tends to inspire respect. Proclamations support law-abiding elements and psychologically bolster military

forces trying to restore order. They also demonstrate the gravity of the situation to all concerned and are

excellent ways to make a commander’s intentions known to a crowd. It is also a good way to reduce crowd

size in case direct action is needed. Commanders can make a verbal proclamation similar to the following

statement: “In the name of the President of the United States, I command that you disperse and retire

peaceably to your homes.”

2-90. In making a proclamation, a commander may consider imposing a time limit. However, the situation

may change, and not imposing a time limit leaves the commander free to choose other actions when he

wants. A proclamation must be specific in its instruction.

2-91. If a time limit is stated, it must be a reasonable length of time for the crowd to comply with the

instructions. When drafting a proclamation, the commander must consult closely with the SJA. He must use

the simplest language possible to maximize the effects of the proclamation. If proclamations must be

translated to a local language, the translation must be made with great care.

2-92. The commander at the scene may direct that a proclamation be issued over public address systems.

The force of the words used in the proclamation must be gauged to the composition of the crowd. If the

crowd consists of normally law-abiding citizens who are presently assembled to show disagreement with an

existing situation, the proclamation requires less force. On the other hand, if the crowd consists of militant

rioters, the proclamation requires more force. The text may take a number of forms, depending on the

situation.

Note. The control force must ensure that the crowd actually hears and understands any

proclamation given, to avoid the illusion of communication.

2-93. A show of force is often a useful measure for dispersing a crowd. When troops arrive, the

psychological impact of their arrival can be used. Soldiers can dismount from the helicopters, buses, or

trucks in plain sight of the crowd, but they must be far enough away to prevent a provoked attack of thrown

objects. The first echelon to dismount from the vehicle secures the surrounding area.

2-94. When small groups are scattered throughout a large disturbance area, a show of force can be made by

marching troops conducting motor marches, conducting patrols, and setting up static posts. Sometimes

marching well-equipped, highly disciplined Soldiers in view of a crowd may be all that is needed to

convince them to disperse and retire peaceably. On the other hand, a show of force may attract people to an

event. It may also provoke a nonviolent crowd into a violent confrontation. METT-TC and information

collection contribute to the decision of what type of show of force is to be used to aid in crowd dispersal.

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Chapter 2

Figure 2-2. Sample proclamation

Containing

2-95. Containment is the process of limiting a crowd to the area that they are presently occupying. It is a

suitable option when the crowd must be prevented from spreading to surrounding areas and communities.

Additionally, it prevents those outside the already assembled crowd from joining. Containment is useful

when apprehensions become necessary. Containment prevents those in the crowd from escaping. Crowd

control formations, perimeter patrols, and barriers are effective containment methods. In all instances,

caution must be used to avoid the fight-or-flight response that is common to people feeling trapped with no

escape.

2-96. Military vehicles are adaptable to roadblock operations as they can serve as barriers. They also

provide added protection for the Soldiers inside and those outside manning the roadblocks because they

provide an easily accessible barrier for them to crouch behind.

2-97. Military vehicles traveling at close intervals in a column formation next to a crowd are largely a

psychological barrier (see chapter 4). They can be used to contain a large, fast-moving crowd. The moving

cordon creates a temporary obstacle between the crowd and the line beyond which they will not be allowed

to cross. A well-trained driver in a mobile cordon can do a better job than dismounted Soldiers. To execute

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Control Force Planning and Tactics

safe, quick reversals of direction for mobile cordons on narrow roads, the Soldiers executing this formation

must be highly-trained vehicle operators.

2-98. By-the-number commands issued over vehicle radios are the most common method for coordinating

a cordon movement. Vehicles equipped with public address systems can also prove effective to issue both

commands to troops and directives to the crowd. The cordon speed needs to be slow and safe, no more than

5 miles per hour with an interval of at least 20 feet. Blue and red lights, sirens, blinkers, and horns may or

may not be used. Armored vehicles can also serve as mobile command posts. When used properly, vehicles

provide security, communications, and mobility.

Patrolling

2-99. Alert, aggressive patrolling of the disturbance area deters the gathering of crowds. The use of

patrolling is most effective for this purpose. It allows information to be collected, and it creates the

psychological impression of the control force being everywhere at once.

2-100. Standard military transport vehicles provide mobility and communications for area coverage.

Soldiers must be deployed with enough vehicles to provide the flexibility to handle all situations in the

disturbance area. The vehicles can be modified with sandbags, wire screens, or similar materials to protect

against sniper fire and thrown objects. Armored vehicles are used to help protect against sniper fire or other

small arms attacks.

2-101. Armored vehicles patrolling an area of violence provide an added psychological effect and allow

troops to maneuver close to snipers to make an apprehension. They may also be used as rescue vehicles to

extract hostages or people surrounded by a hostile crowd.

2-102. Varying patrol routes and times for mounted and dismounted Soldiers keeps lawbreakers from

being able to pick a safe place or time to act. Patrols are particularly useful in preventing overt arson and

other acts of violence. Patrol members can also spot and promptly report fires. Whenever possible, military

patrols are integrated with civil police patrols. Joint patrols conserve military forces and aid civilian

military communications. They also help troops become familiar with an area quickly. In addition, the civil

police are available to make apprehensions, if needed. Patrol members must practice proper standards of

conduct and fair treatment of civilians at all times. They are performing an important community relation

and control function.

2-103. Motorized patrols, because of their speed and mobility, provide timely reconnaissance and broad

area coverage. Motorized patrols are always in radio contact with their headquarters. They can make

periodic contact with foot patrols and stationary posts while patrolling their own areas. Moreover,

motorized patrols can respond quickly to calls for help from other patrols and guard posts. Motorized

patrols should have at least three vehicles with three personnel in each. Strength in numbers is necessary

for protection. When planning patrol routes, avoid areas where the patrols can be isolated or placed in

jeopardy. In addition, motorized patrols are equipped with fire extinguishers to put out small fires, thus

reducing the burden on the fire department.

2-104. Besides foot and motorized patrols, air patrols provide a third dimension in directing the overall

control effort in the disturbance area. They can perform reconnaissance and surveillance and provide near

real-time information of the disturbance. They are an excellent means of providing timely information to

the commander concerning the demonstration area and its surrounding perimeter. They can observe the

actions of rioters, the extent of damage, the status of access routes, locations and conditions of road

barriers, and other important conditions.

Delaying

2-105. Areas that units are assigned to patrol are often larger than the unit has resources to manage

effectively. In addition, units must manage taskings, contingency plans, and other commitments, which will

quickly drain available manpower. This problem will manifest itself when factions threaten to riot or gather

in large numbers to demonstrate. In order for the commander to stall for time while they shift unit assets,

delaying the arrival of buses and vehicles full of demonstrators is an option. This technique is based on the

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Chapter 2

assumption that protestors are moving to the demonstration site by vehicle. Key and secondary routes into

the demonstration site must be analyzed by the S-2 when they do the IPB.

Note. There should be an overwatch when this technique is attempted.

2-106. As demonstrator buses or other vehicles move toward the demonstration site, Soldiers in two

vehicles block the road just ahead of the approaching vehicles. Once the demonstrators dismount their

vehicles and begin to close in on the Soldiers, the Soldiers drive backwards approximately 1 kilometer (see

figure 2-3) down the road to repeat the process again. This is repeated as often as necessary. This process,

if repeated enough times, may discourage the demonstrators enough that they give up and go home. At a

minimum, it provides enough time to shift assets to the demonstration site.

Figure 2-3. Delaying tactic

2-107. Demonstrators are just as capable of blocking areas or routes leading to a demonstration site. This

prevents relief forces or other emergency services from assisting with the situation. One must remember

that demonstrators are often well organized and have handheld radios and other items. A great example of

this was the 1999 demonstration against the World Trade Organization in Seattle, Washington. Police had

erected temporary portable fences in the downtown areas to keep demonstrators from disrupting the

delegates. Determined to be disruptive, the demonstrators relocated the temporary fences, thus blocking

police from that area. Police were forced to back patrol cars over their own fences to gain access.

APPREHENSION TEAMS

2-108. During the course of a civil disturbance, some members of the crowd may take part in unlawful

activities, such as looting and assault. This will require the civil authorities or attached elements to

apprehend, search, and detain people who are participating in the demonstration. Circumstances of the

unfolding situation may require U.S. forces to be called upon to search, take custody of, and detain people

who are participating in some form of protest and violating the law. Apprehensions are conducted to halt

these violations and to deter future violations.

2-109. U.S. forces will be in a supporting role to the local civilian authorities or acting as the control force

in civil disturbance missions. When making apprehensions, it is best to use apprehension teams. These

teams provide quick, organized responses to developing situations. Teams can be organized at the team,

squad, or platoon level depending on the number of apprehensions expected. Information collection and

IPB help to prepare for events where apprehensions may be necessary.

2-110. Each team (if possible) consists of a civilian police or apprehension officer, security element, and

recorder. Team apprehension officers make the actual apprehension with the help of the security elements.

If there is not a civilian police officer available to act as the apprehension officer, then it will be done by

U.S. forces personnel (preferably a noncommissioned officer or an officer).

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Control Force Planning and Tactics

Legal Considerations

2-111. All apprehensions are made by the civil police force, unless it is not possible for them to do so.

Individuals must be known to have committed an illegal act, or there must be probable cause to believe that

an individual committed such an act to be apprehended. If it becomes necessary for a military control force

to apprehend or temporarily detain such violators, control force members often do so with the approval of

the civil authorities. This ensures that all searches, apprehensions, and detentions

(if necessary) are

conducted within the parameters of the law.

2-112. Participating in a legal demonstration to express views is a right of all people, not just Americans

in the United States. The actions, attitudes, and behaviors of U.S. Soldiers performing these operations are

very important. Treat all people firmly, but with reasonable courtesy, dignity, and respect.

2-113. U.S forces should never be seen as a military policing force on our own soil or as an occupying

force in another country. Treating people with contempt, hostility, or excessive force increases the

likelihood of resistance and violence. Searching people, placing them under apprehension, and detaining

them without probable and just cause or without concern for their rights creates problems and hinders due

process. Numerous cases exist where authorities violated an individual’s rights, resulting in the prosecution

of police authorities or civil suits being waged against the officers and their leaders. This includes the

military personnel assisting those officials.

2-114. It is very important that civil law enforcement (if available) is present and supervises all activities.

Military personnel conducting a search or making an apprehension must carry out all the procedures

carefully within the parameters of their training and the authority given to them. For each search and

apprehension performed, the apprehension element must document the specific conduct of the person under

apprehension.

2-115. Apprehending officers and supporting U.S. forces personnel must provide careful descriptive data

for each subject. This description must be sufficient so that, at a later time, the suspected person can be

clearly identified as the subject in question. Names and addresses of witnesses to the violation must be

obtained. This information can be recorded on DD Form 2708 (Pre-Trial/Post Trial Prisoner or Detained

Person). Apprehension teams must retain and tag each item of physical evidence, such as weapons or

stolen goods, which supports the apprehension on DA Form 4137 (Evidence/Property Custody Document).

The subject is provided a copy of the DA Form 4137 as a receipt for the collected evidence.

Apprehension of Subjects

2-116. Once an individual has been identified as a subject that violated the law, inform them that they are

under apprehension. Ensure that the apprehension process is properly conducted and documented.

2-117. Security elements help the apprehension officer handle subjects. Security elements move, restrain,

and search subjects under the supervision of the apprehension officer. The primary responsibility of the

security elements is to watch the crowd and act as a blocking force, keeping the crowd from interfering

with the apprehension. Recorders document the event, preferably by video, and complete DD Form 2708. If

possible, recorders also photograph the apprehension officer with each subject. This aids in the

identification process because it links the apprehension officer to the subject and provides the apprehension

officer with documentation of the apprehension for use in court.

2-118. Electronically capturing the events as they unfold is essential in all civil disturbance missions. If

personnel and equipment are available, videotape the events as they happen or, at a minimum, take still

photographs to provide pictorial documentation that may be used later in court. Recording the scene before,

during, and after the apprehension provides necessary evidence and can also help eliminate additional

hostile and illegal activities. Having control force members take videos or pictures can help control crowd

reaction and makes crowd members less prone to unruly or illegal acts. Subjects need to be transported

from the area. In CONUS operations, civil authorities will usually be responsible for providing the

transportation of a subject. Exceptions to this may be if the demonstration occurs on an installation.

OCONUS operations may require U.S. forces to provide vehicles, such as trucks, buses, or sedans that will

be used to transport a subject. Whenever possible, vehicles used to transport a subject should be modified

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Chapter 2

with barriers to separate them from the drivers. If a barrier cannot be provided, a guard is to be placed in

the vehicle. Passenger compartments are checked for items that could be used as weapons.

2-119. Whenever possible, female civil authorities or female Soldiers are to be used during search and

transport of a female subject. If a female escort in not available, then a minimum of two males will be used.

Tactical Use of Apprehension Teams

2-120. During civil disturbance missions and the use of control force formations, apprehension teams are

a great asset. Apprehension teams are not only stand alone teams used in apprehending subjects, but also

can be part of an extraction team. Extraction teams are usually squad size and are generally formed from

the support element. Extraction teams deploy from the control force formation into the crowd, usually no

more than 10 meters, to extract individuals in danger or subjects to be detained. The control force protects

the extraction team and provides immediate support.

2-121. Depending on the situation and METT-TC, apprehension teams can be used to move throughout

the disturbance area primarily looking for law violators. If the risk is acceptable, these teams apprehend the

violators. These teams are also used for information gathering and reporting, as well as deterrence to

criminal activity from members of the crowd.

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Chapter 3

Equipment and Techniques

During civil disturbance missions there are several key pieces of equipment that are

recommended to enhance the effectiveness of Solider and to aid in their protection.

Correct techniques and use of this equipment, along with proper risk management,

aids in a successful mission by ensuring Soldier safety and proper use of force during

civil disturbance missions.

RIOT SHIELD AND RIOT BATON

3-1. A Soldier may be required to be part of a riot control formation where their primary tool is a riot

baton and their key protection is a riot shield. A riot baton is a very versatile weapon that can be used as an

offensive or defensive weapon. The riot shield offers versatile protection, primarily covering from the top

of the head to below the knees.

3-2. Use of the riot baton and riot shield is based on METT-TC and the commander’s decision on use of

force options. Formations committed to a riot with riot batons must have lethal overwatch, lethal and NLW

within the formation, and reserve forces with additional nonlethal and lethal capabilities. The reserve forces

are positioned to rapidly reinforce the control force formation.

3-3. During the termination phase of the disturbance (when the violence has subsided and is expected to

remain that way), Soldiers are placed in a defensive posture. They may be equipped with a riot shield and a

riot baton to perform their tasks. The riot baton is sometimes used as an offensive weapon when the

formation is in close contact with rioters. The riot baton can also be used when formations are on the

offensive and in contact with the crowd.

RIOT SHIELD

3-4. The riot shield has proven to be the first line of defense for a control force formation. The riot shield

may also be used as an offensive weapon when in contact with an aggressive crowd.

3-5. The riot shield is constructed of hard, durable plastic and is held with one arm. It is secured to the

support-side arm with a strap and handle system. This system is designed to make the riot shield an

extension of the Soldier’s arm. It is designed to protect the Soldier’s face, torso, and upper legs. The riot

shield is held at a slightly inward angle. This allows for debris thrown at the Soldier to fall harmlessly to

the ground.

Carrying Positions

3-6. There are two basic riot shield carrying positions (see figure 3-1, page 3-2), they are as follows:

At-the-Ready. The at-the-ready position is used while in a column formation or on the move

toward a disturbance. This position is designed for rapid movement. It should not be used when

in contact with a crowd.

On-Guard. The on-guard position is used when the control force formation is in contact with

the crowd or contact is eminent. It is used primarily in the following formations:

Line.

Wedge.

Echelon.

Diamond.

Circle.

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Chapter 3

Note. See chapter 4 for control force formations.

Figure 3-1. Riot shield positions

Defense and Retention Techniques

3-7. The riot shield is designed to withstand strikes from objects thrown by the crowd. Each riot shield

holder must be confident in the defensive capabilities of the shield. They must also be trained and

proficient in riot shield retention techniques.

3-8. When the control force is in contact with the crowd, rioting individuals may attempt to strip the riot

shield from the Soldier. When a subject grabs the top of the riot shield (see figure 3-2), the riot shield

holder slaps the riot shield with his strong hand near the subject’s hands and gives a loud, verbal command

“Let go, get back, get away, stop” while continuing to slap the shield until the subject lets go.

Figure 3-2. Riot shield retention (top grab attempt)

3-9. If the riot shield is grabbed from the bottom (see figure 3-3), then the riot shield holder drops to one

knee, pinning the subject’s fingers or hands to the ground. The Soldier gives a loud, verbal command (such

as, “Let go”) and stands back up. Repeat this as necessary until the subject has released of the shield.

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Equipment and Techniques

Figure 3-3. Riot shield retention (bottom grab attempt)

RIOT BATON

3-10. A riot baton in the hands of a properly trained Soldier is a formidable weapon. However, it must be

used in conjunction with other measures to be most effective. Soldiers must be trained with the riot baton to

the point that its various techniques are automatic to them. This training must also include learning the

vulnerable points of the human body so that they can avoid areas that may cause permanent injury or death

when struck.

WARNING

The riot baton is never raised above the head to strike a subject in

a club fashion. Not only is it likely to cause severe injury, but it

also gives an unfavorable image of the control force. The Soldier

is also vulnerable to an attack on their rib cage when the arm is

raised.

Target Areas of the Human Body

3-11. The target areas of the human body are divided into three areas that represent the primary, secondary,

and final target areas. These target areas (shown in figure 3-4, page 3-4) are represented in gray (primary),

white (secondary), and patterned gray (final).

Primary Target Areas

3-12. The primary target areas are those areas, which when struck or restrained, because the least amount

of trauma to the body. These include the meaty or muscular areas of the body, such as—

Foot, shin, and instep.

Inside and outside of the thigh.

Lower abdominal region.

Forearm and upper arm.

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Chapter 3

Figure 3-4. Escalation of trauma chart

Secondary Target Areas

3-13. The secondary target areas are those areas of the body, which when struck or restrained, cause a

moderate level of trauma to the body. This type of trauma tends to be longer lasting because the time to

heal is longer than with other parts of the body. If these areas are struck with a riot baton, serious injury

may occur. However, some of these areas are used for control or restraining holds that tend to lessen the

threat of injury. Some secondary targets of the body include—

Collar bone and shoulder blades.

Elbows and knees.

Upper abdominal region.

Final Target Areas

3-14. The final target areas are those areas which, when struck with a riot baton, cause serious trauma that

tends to be fatal or critical. However, there are some areas that (when used for restraining only), will not

cause death or serious injury. Some final targets of the body include—

Front and back of the head (eye, ear, nose, upper lip, and hollow behind the ear).

Neck and throat.

Upper chest.

Xiphoid process (lowest segment of the human sternum).

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Equipment and Techniques

Spinal column.

Groin area.

Types of Riot Batons

3-15. The Army has two basic types of riot batons: wooden and expandable. The wooden riot baton is

approximately 36 inches in length and usually has a small, leather strap (thong) attached at the grip portion

for better retention control. The expandable riot baton is 24 inches and expands to 36 inches. Regardless of

the baton, all techniques for blocking and striking are identical. The riot baton offers offensive and

defensive capabilities.

3-16. Soldiers must be properly trained in all blocking and striking techniques. Improper use of a riot baton

by an untrained Soldier may have the potential to cause greater injury than intended to the aggressor or to

the Soldier.

Parts of the Riot Baton

3-17. The riot baton is divided into four basic parts: the long end, long portion, grip portion, and grip end

(see figure 3-5). Although the expandable and solid riot batons differ, their nomenclature is similar.

Figure 3-5. Riot batons

Carrying and Positions

3-18. As with any other weapon, there are certain carries and positions from which the riot baton may be

used offensively or defensively.

Two-Hand Carry

3-19. The two-hand carry is intended for executing all blocks and returning with strikes. When the

expandable riot baton is in the collapsed position (at 24 inches), the long end of the riot baton is angled

downward approximately 45°. When it is extended to

36 inches, the long end is angled upward

approximately 45°.

3-20. The Soldier grips the riot baton with both hands. The strong hand grips the grip end of the riot baton,

and the support hand grips the long portion of the riot baton, 2 to 4 inches from the long end. The palm is

down, with the strong hand pulled in close against the strong-side hip.

Outside-Arm Carry (Expandable Riot Baton Only)

3-21. The outside-arm carry is used with the expandable riot baton in the collapsed (24-inch) position only.

Assuming a wide-based defensive stance (knees slightly bent and feet shoulder width apart), a Soldier

draws the grip portion of the riot baton with his strong hand. Without striking out or widely swinging the

riot baton, the Soldier brings the long portion up against the outer part of the strong arm (the tricep area).

The Soldier’s support hand should be raised in a position to protect and block strikes from an aggressor. It

is from this carrying position that a Soldier can effectively use both the front and rear strikes.

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Chapter 3

Vertical, High-Profile Carry

3-22. Assuming a wide-based defensive stance, the Soldier draws the riot baton with their strong hand by

the grip portion. Once the riot baton has been drawn from the carrier, the Soldier swings the riot baton in a

downward motion, fully extending the arm and holding the riot baton down and parallel to the strong-side

leg ensuring that it is visible to crowd members. The Soldier’s support hand is raised in a position to protect

and block strikes from an aggressor (see figure 3-6). Although this carry can be used with both riot baton

systems, it is best suited for the expandable riot baton collapsed to 24 inches. The vertical high-profile carry

clearly shows the Soldier with a drawn riot baton in an effective defensive posture and ready for attack. A

drawn riot baton in the hands of a trained Soldier may offer just the kind of deterrence needed to stop the

activity of an aggressor.

Figure 3-6. Vertical, high-profile carry

Vertical, Low-Profile Carry

3-23. Assuming a wide-based defensive stance, the Soldier draws the riot baton with their strong hand by

the grip portion. Once the riot baton has been drawn from the carrier, the Soldier swings the riot baton in a

downward motion, fully extending the arm and holding the riot baton down and behind the strong-side leg.

The Soldier’s support-side hand is raised in a position to protect and block strikes from an aggressor (see

figure 3-7). Although this carry can be used with both types of riot batons, it is best suited for the

expandable riot baton collapsed to 24 inches. This position portrays the Soldier in an effective defensive

position ready for an attack, but with a possible hidden weapon. In a low-profile carry, the Soldier holds the

riot baton hidden behind the strong-side leg displaying a nonaggressive posture, while in a high-profile

carry the baton is outside of the leg and easily seen. A drawn riot baton in the hands of a trained Soldier

may offer the deterrence needed to stop the activity of an aggressor.

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Equipment and Techniques

Figure 3-7. Vertical low profile

Riot Baton Blocking Techniques

3-24. The use of a riot baton in a defensive manner is done primarily through the use of blocking

techniques. There are many ways that an aggressor attacks a control force Soldier. Common items used by

the aggressor include sticks, baseball bats, bricks, clubs, and pipes.

High Block

3-25. The high block is very effective in blocking a downward, vertical strike directed at the top of the

head and shoulders. This type of downward, vertical strike may be from a club, pipe, or similar object. The

high block, is a three-step movement. To perform a high block the Soldier performs the following steps:

Step 1. Raise the riot baton straight across the body until the baton is parallel to the ground (see

figure 3-8, page 3-8).

Step 2. Bring the riot baton straight up in front of body until the long portion of the riot baton is

in front of the forehead (approximately 2 inches from the head). The riot baton should be in a

horizontal position above the head and slightly angled down toward the support hand as it

absorbs the shock from the strike (see figure 3-8). The fingers of the support hand should be

open and behind the long portion of the riot baton when blocking the object to protect the fingers

from being injured by the strike.

Step 3. Assess the situation following a high block, and take appropriate follow-up action as

needed.

Low Block

3-26. A low block is very effective in blocking an upward, vertical strike directed at the groin, lower

abdomen, chest, or chin. This upward, vertical strike may be from an individual’s foot, knee, fist, or from a

weapon such as a club or pipe. To perform a low block, the Soldier performs the following steps:

Step 1. Raise the riot baton straight across the body until the baton is parallel to the ground (see

figure 3-9, page 3-8).

Step 2. Bring the riot baton straight down in front of the body, bending at the knees and keeping

the body upright until the long portion of the riot baton is just below the knees. The riot baton

should be horizontal and parallel to the ground as it absorbs the shock from an upward strike.

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Chapter 3

The support hand fingers should be open and behind the long portion of the riot baton when

blocking the object to protect the fingers from being injured by the strike.

Step 3. Assess the situation following a low block, and take appropriate follow-up action, as

needed.

Figure 3-8. High block (steps 1 and 2)

Figure 3-9. Low block (steps 1 and 2)

Strong-Side Block

3-27. A strong-side block is very effective in blocking a horizontal strike directed at the strong side of the

head, neck, chest (or flank), or hip area. The horizontal strike may be from an individual’s foot, fist, elbow,

or knee or from a weapon. To perform a strong-side block, the Soldier performs the following steps:

Step 1. Raise the riot baton straight across the body in a vertical position where the grip portion

is in the strong hand and the long portion is in the support hand (see figure 3-10).

Step 2. Turns body laterally by rotating the hips toward the strong side and moving the riot

baton across the body, keeping the riot baton vertical (see figure 3-10).

Step 3. Assess the situation following a strong-side block, and take appropriate follow-up action

as needed.

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Equipment and Techniques

Figure 3-10. Strong-side block (steps 1 and 2)

3-28. The strong-side block provides protection for a Soldier from the front to the rear of the body. A riot

baton held in the vertical position absorbs the shock of a strike coming from the strong side. The fingers of

the Soldier’s support hand should be open and behind the long portion of the riot baton when blocking the

object to protect the fingers from being injured by the strike.

Support-Side Block

3-29. A support-side block is very effective in blocking a horizontal strike directed at the support side of

the head, neck, chest, or hip area. The horizontal strike may be from an individual’s foot, fist, elbow, or

knee or from a weapon. To perform a support-side block, the Soldier performs the following steps:

Step 1. Move the riot baton in a vertical position toward the support side, ensuring that the grip

portion is pointing straight down and the long portion is pointing straight up.

Step 2. Keep the fingers of the support hand open and behind the long portion of the riot baton

when blocking the object to protect the fingers from being injured by the strike. At the moment

of contact with the opposing strike, the blocking surface of the long portion should be at a right

angle to the opposing object.

Step 3. Assess the situation following a support-side block, and take appropriate follow-up

action as needed.

Middle Block

3-30. A middle block is very effective in blocking a front horizontal strike directed at the face, throat,

chest, abdomen, or hip. The horizontal strike may be from an individual trying to tackle near the waist or

shove or punch at the face. To perform a middle block, the Soldier performs the following steps:

Step 1. Move the riot baton toward the middle of the body at a 45° angle, keeping the long

portion pointed up and slightly forward of the grip portion (see figure 3-11, page 3-10).

Step 2. Keep the fingers of the support hand open and behind the long portion of the riot baton

when blocking the object to protect the fingers from being injured by the strike. However, the

support hand may have to grip the long portion when pushing an individual away or forcing an

individual down on the ground if the individual is trying to tackle.

Step 3. Assess the situation following a middle block, and take appropriate follow-up action, as

needed.

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Chapter 3

Figure 3-11. Middle block

Riot Baton Striking Techniques

3-31. Seven strikes can be executed using the riot baton. Two of these strikes come from the outside-arm

or vertical carry. The other five strikes come from the two-hand carry.

One-Hand Forward Strike

3-32. The one-hand forward strike is a very quick and effective offensive strike. It is usually employed as a

countermeasure to an attack from the front that has been blocked effectively.

3-33. Target areas can be as high as the outside upper arm, down to the outer thigh region. An effective

one-hand, forward strike must be aggressively quick, with the purpose of distracting, disabling, or altering

behavior. Therefore, those employing this technique must be sensitive to what part of the riot baton they

use to strike the individual. Strike the target with the last 2 to 4 inches of the long end for optimal results.

3-34. When selecting available targets, consider proper placement according to the zones discussed in

figure 3-4, page 3-4. The one-hand, forward strike is employed in one of three ways:

A horizontal manner.

A downward diagonal manner to destabilize an individual.

A vertical manner in front of the body to clear an aggressor’s hands.

Note. When the one-hand, forward strike is used in a vertical manner, keep the long portion

straight up, not angled forward. By keeping the long portion up rather than angled forward, the

chance of striking the individual in the face or head is significantly reduced. For the

counterstrike to be effective, follow through with the technique when the baton makes contact

with the aggressor or the object to destabilize them. A pattern of movement such as a forward

shuffle, forward pivot, strong-side step, or rear pivot may enhance this technique.

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Equipment and Techniques

WARNING

This technique is used with the expandable riot baton in the

nonextended position. Do not execute the one-hand, forward

strike with the 36-inch wooden baton or expandable riot baton in

the extended position. It has been shown to cause injury to the

wrist.

3-35. When using the vertical or outside-arm carry position, the Soldier quickly moves the riot baton

across the body using the strength and power of the hips, swinging the baton from the strong side through

the support side (see figure 3-12). Ending this strike leaves the riot baton positioned under the support-side

armpit in preparation for the one-hand, reverse strike (see figure 3-12). When delivering this strong-side

strike technique (in a horizontal or downward diagonal manner), ensure that the palm is facing up. In a

vertical delivery, the palm will be toward the chest rather than up. Pause following the one-hand, forward

strike and assess the situation. Take appropriate follow-up action, as needed. If the situation does not call

for additional strikes, do not strike again.

Outside-arm carry

Forward strike

Target assessment

Figure 3-12. Forward strike

One-Hand, Reverse Strike

3-36. The starting position for the one-hand, reverse strike is under the support-side armpit (see figure

3-13, page 3-12). The one-hand, reverse strike is used as a follow-up strike and is quick and effective.

3-37. Target areas can be as high as the outside upper arm, down to the outer thigh region. An effective

one-hand, reverse strike must be aggressively quick, with the purpose of distracting, disabling, or altering

behavior. Therefore, those employing this technique must be sensitive to which part of the riot baton they

use to strike the individual. Strike the target with the last 2 to 4 inches of the riot baton for optimal results.

3-38. When selecting a target, consider proper placement according to the zones discussed in figure 3-4,

page 3-4. A Soldier may employ a one-hand, reverse strike in one of the following ways:

A horizontal manner.

A downward diagonal manner to destabilize an individual.

A vertical manner (in front of the body to clear an aggressor’s hands).

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Chapter 3

Figure 3-13. Reverse strike

3-39. When the one-hand, reverse strike is used in a vertical manner, keep the long portion straight up, not

angled forward. By keeping the long portion up rather than angled forward, the chance of striking the

individual in the face or head is significantly reduced.

3-40. The one-hand, reverse strike is considered a follow-up strike to the one-hand, forward strike. As a

follow-up strike, it is important that Soldiers are taught the discipline of assessing the target. An aggressor

may not require another strike, based on the condition and actions after enduring the one-hand, forward

strike.

3-41. When using the one-hand, reverse strike, the Soldier quickly moves the straight baton across the

body, using the strength and power of the hips (from support-side to strong-side). When the strike is

completed, the Soldier’s arm will be back in the outside-arm carry position. The Soldier ensures that the

palm is facing down when delivering the counterstrike in a horizontal or diagonal manner. This will prevent

injury to the user’s wrist. In a vertical delivery, the palm will be toward the chest rather than up. Following

the one-hand, reverse strike, assess the situation and take appropriate follow-up action, as needed. If the

situation does not call for additional strikes, the Soldier should avoid striking again.

3-42. When the one-hand, reverse strike is used in a vertical manner, keep the long portion straight up, not

angled forward. By keeping the long portion up rather than angled forward, the chance of striking an

individual in the face or head is significantly reduced. For the counterstrike to be effective, follow through

with the technique when the baton makes contact with the aggressor or the object to destabilize them. A

pattern of movement such as the forward shuffle, forward pivot, strong-side step, or rear pivot may enhance

this technique.

WARNING

This technique is used with the expandable riot baton in the

nonextended position. Do not execute the one-hand, reverse

strike with a 36-inch wooden baton or expandable riot baton in

the extended position. It has been shown to cause injury to the

wrist.

Two-Hand, Strong-Side, Horizontal Strike

3-43. The two-hand, strong-side, horizontal strike starts from the two-hand carry position and is

aggressively quick. The purpose of this strike is to create distance, distract, disable, or alter behavior.

Strong-side, horizontal strikes are quick and effective offensive strikes, usually employed as a

countermeasure to close frontal attacks that have been effectively blocked.

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Equipment and Techniques

3-44. The two-hand carry position enables Soldiers to use riot batons at the 24 or 36 inch length. To

effectively employ this strike, use the strength and power of the hips to thrust the riot baton in a horizontal

manner. Simultaneously, pull back with the support hand as the strong hand drives the grip end toward the

target, striking a rib or the abdominal region of the aggressor (see figure 3-14). A pattern of movement,

such as a forward shuffle or forward pivot, can enhance this technique. Following the two-hand, strong-

side, horizontal strike, assess the target before following up with another strike. An aggressor may not

require another strike, based on his condition and actions after an initial strike.

Figure 3-14. Two-hand, strong-side, horizontal strike

Two-Hand, Support-Side, Horizontal Strike

3-45. An effective two-hand, support-side, horizontal strike must be aggressively quick to create distance,

distract, disable, or alter behavior. The support-side, horizontal strike is a quick and effective offensive

strike usually employed as a follow-up strike to the strong-side, horizontal strike. It is a countermeasure

designed for close frontal attacks that have been effectively blocked. Maintaining a strong defensive stance

after employing a strong-side, horizontal strike puts the Soldier in position to execute a two-hand, support-

side, horizontal strike.

3-46. Use of the two-hand carry position enables Soldiers to use riot batons at 24 or 36 inches. To

effectively employ this strike, use the strength and power of the hips to thrust the riot baton in a horizontal

manner. Simultaneously, pull back with the strong hand as the support hand drives the grip forward toward

the aggressor, striking a rib or the abdominal region of the target (see figure 3-15). A pattern of movement,

such as a forward shuffle or forward pivot, can enhance this technique. Following the two-hand, support-

side, horizontal strike, it is important to assess the aggressor. An aggressor may not require another strike,

based on his condition and actions after an initial strike.

Figure 3-15. Two-hand, support-side, horizontal strike

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Chapter 3

Two-Hand,Front Jab

3-47. The two-hand, front jab starts from the two-hand carry position. It is aggressively quick and creates

distance, distracts, disables, or alters behavior. Front jabs are effective offensive strikes, usually employed

as a countermeasure to charging and overpowering frontal attacks.

3-48. Use the strength and power of the hips to effectively employ this strike in a slightly downward or

horizontal manner. Simultaneously, use both arms to shoot the long end of the riot baton straight out from

the body to the target area. Immediately, pull back the riot baton to the two-hand carry position.

3-49. Forward jabs drive the long end of the riot baton toward the aggressor, striking a rib, a hip flexor, or

the abdominal region (see figure 3-16). A pattern of movement, such as a forward shuffle, enhances the

power of this technique. Following the two-hand, front jab, it is important that Soldiers assess the aggressor

before following through with another strike, as the aggressor may not require another strike.

Figure 3-16. Front jab

Two-Hand, Rear Jab

3-50. Starting from the two-hand carry position, the two-hand, rear jab is aggressively quick and creates

distance, distracts, disables, or alters behavior. Rear jabs are quick and effective offensive strikes usually

employed as a countermeasure to charging and overpowering attacks from the rear.

3-51. To effectively employ this strike, a Soldier turns the head to the rear to identify the target. Then the

Soldier uses the strength and power of the hips to thrust the riot baton slightly downward or in a horizontal

manner (see figure 3-17). They use both arms to shoot the riot baton back from the body to the targeted

area and immediately pull back the riot baton to the two-hand carry position. A pattern of movement, such

as a rear shuffle, enhances the power of this technique.

Figure 3-17. Rear jab

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Equipment and Techniques

Two-Hand, Middle Strike

3-52. The two-hand, middle strike starts from the two-hand carry position. It is aggressively quick and

creates distance, distracts, disables, or alters behavior. It is proven to be an effective follow-up technique to

a two-hand support- or strong-side block or to destabilize an individual by pushing him back and away. The

two-hand, middle strike is used as a two-count movement.

3-53. To perform a two-hand, middle strike (see figure 3-18) the Soldier does the following:

Step 1. Brings the riot baton up to chest level and slightly off parallel to the ground.

Step 2. Steps forward aggressively, simultaneously thrusting the long portion of the riot baton

forward in a horizontal manner. Both arms are fully extended at the end of the movement with a

quick snappy return to the Step 1 position. Use the entire body to generate the power.

Figure 3-18. Two-hand, middle strike

Riot Baton Retention

3-54. A common technique an aggressor may use is grabbing for a Soldier’s riot baton or, in some cases,

even taking the riot baton and using it against the Soldier. This causes a disruption or distraction.

3-55. Maintaining physical control of the riot baton is essential for the safety of the Soldier and the control

force as a whole. Aggressors will generally attempt to grab the riot baton where they can get the strongest

hold. Soldiers must resist the instinct of getting into a tug-of-war match over the riot baton, which often

proves to be ineffective.

3-56. Using the momentum of the aggressor to pull the riot baton away, the Soldier simply steps into or

closer to the aggressor with the support-side foot. With the momentum created, the aggressor’s hold on the

riot baton is lessened. The Soldier then rapidly uses the tracing-C technique to retain control of the riot

baton.

3-57. The movement of the tracing-C technique’s wraps the aggressor’s arms around themselves, and then

causes them to release the baton. A Soldier using the tracing-C technique does the following:

Step 1. Pushes up on the riot baton.

Step 2. Pulls the riot baton down and around in an upward swing as if tracing a C in the air from

bottom to top with the long end.

Step 3. Drives (immediately with a quick and forceful movement) the long end of the riot baton

straight down, as if slicing the C in half (see figure 3-19, page 3-16).

3-58. Once the Soldier reaches the top of the C and the aggressor is tied up, it is impossible for the

aggressor to maintain hold of the riot baton. Further actions such as a strike may or may not be necessary.

Soldiers must be able to assess the situation and react accordingly.

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Chapter 3

Figure 3-19. Tracing-C technique

ADDITIONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

3-59. Along with the riot batons and riot shields, there are additional pieces of equipment (face shields,

elbow pads, shin guards, protective vests, and ballistic riot shields) that increase the effectiveness of a

control force. These items provide the individual Soldier with added protection to the sensitive and vital

areas of the body. They also provide excellent protection for the Soldier from trauma often inflicted from

thrown objects (rocks, bricks, sticks, bottles).

RIOT FACE SHIELDS

3-60. All Soldiers operating in a civil disturbance environment should be outfitted with riot face shields.

The riot face shields have two adjustable positions and are designed to fit securely on the Soldier’s helmet.

A nonballistic riot face shield is constructed of hard, durable plastic and protects the Soldier’s head, face,

and neck from thrown objects (see figure 3-20). It is also designed to be worn over the Soldier’s chemical

protective mask if needed. Nonballistic face shields are not bullet-resistant.

3-61. Units can also obtain ballistic riot face shields for use in civil disturbance missions. The ballistic face

shield is constructed of acrylic and bullet-resistant materials that provide the wearer with Level IIIA

protection. Because of the extra weight, ballistic riot face shields should not be worn for standard riot

control formations. They are best suited for use within specialized teams associated with the riot control

mission; for example, teams responsible for the search and apprehension of identified criminals or for

building or alley clearing.

Figure 3-20. Nonballistic riot face shield

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Equipment and Techniques

SHIN GUARDS

3-62. All Soldiers operating in a civil disturbance environment should be outfitted with shin guards. They

are designed to protect the Soldier’s feet, shins, and knees from thrown objects or strikes. The nonballistic

shin guards are constructed from durable plastic and are easily fastened to a Soldier’s legs. They are not

bullet-resistant.

3-63. Units can obtain ballistic shin guards for use in civil disturbance missions. Ballistic shin guards are

constructed of bullet-resistant materials (Kevlar®), and provide the Soldier with Level IIIA protection to

the feet, shins, and knees. They also protect the Soldier from hand-thrown objects. Because of the excessive

weight (7 to 10 pounds), ballistic shin guards should not be used as part of the standard riot control

formation. Instead, they are best suited for use within specialized teams that are responsible for the search

and apprehension of identified criminals or for building or alley clearing. (See figure 3-21 for shin guards.)

Figure 3-21. Shin guards

BALLISTIC RIOT SHIELDS

3-64. Units may obtain ballistic riot shields for civil disturbance missions. They are constructed from

bullet-resistant material that provides Level IIIA protection to the face, torso, and upper legs. Because of its

excessive weight (18 or more pounds), the ballistic riot shield should not be used as part of a standard

crowd control formation. They are best suited for use within specialized teams for search and apprehension

of identified criminals, or for building and alley clearing. (See figure 3-22 for a ballistic riot shield.)

Figure 3-22. Ballistic riot shield

FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

3-65. During civil disturbance response missions, especially with the control force, having fire

extinguishers available is highly recommended. As stated earlier, individuals in a crowd may use

incendiary devices such as Molotov cocktails against the control force. With a Soldier behind the front line

of shields carrying a fire extinguisher, the control force has the ability to quickly respond to, and put out, a

fire near or on other control force members before there is a chance of serious injury or the shield line.

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Chapter 3

TEAM WORK

3-66. Teamwork is essential during civil disturbances. Soldiers should never have to rely solely on their

own skills or abilities in riot control missions. Although individual skills are discussed in this chapter, it is

important to know that well-trained Soldiers who employ offensive, defensive, riot shield, riot baton, and

NLW techniques working as a team will perform the collective task of crowd control well.

TEAM TECHNIQUE FOR RETAINING A RIOT SHIELD

3-67. Riot control operations are dynamic and often chaotic. Soldiers armed with riot shields provide a first

line of defense, while those armed with riot batons and firearms provide overwatch as the formation moves

toward engaging a hostile crowd. To work effectively and in concert, Soldiers must be properly trained,

drilled, and exercised. If an aggressor approaching a line of skirmishers (members of an employed control

force) violently grabs a riot shield, help is required to maintain control. A Soldier armed with a 36-inch

wooden riot baton or an expandable riot baton (extended to 36 inches) can be of assistance. The Soldier

simply moves forward into a gap between the riot shields where he can quickly strike the top or side of the

riot shield, slicing the long end across or straight down onto the hands and fingers of the aggressor.

3-68. Riot batons are not the only way to effectively knock an aggressor’s hands from a riot shield.

Soldiers armed with shotguns or rifles can just as effectively strike the hands or fingers of a persistent

aggressor with the barrel of the weapons using the technique described above.

TAP-DOWN TECHNIQUE FOR EMPLOYING NONLELTHAL ROUNDS

3-69. Commanders must be familiar with the characteristics and capabilities of all nonlethal rounds to use

them effectively. When shotguns or grenade launchers are used within a line of skirmishers (usually located

behind the riot shields), it is imperative that a method is developed, trained, and practiced to effectively

operate as a team. Operators of these weapons may encounter problems in riot control situations when

trying to identify and effectively engage legitimate targets. The tap-down technique is used to enhance

target identification and engagement with nonlethal munitions. If ordered to engage targets or the situation

authorizes an engagement, Soldiers armed with nonlethal munitions may step forward, level the weapons,

and fire upon legitimate targets.

3-70. A Soldier who is armed with a NLW and is using the tap-down technique must first tap on the shield

holder’s shoulder. Tapping on the shield holder’s shoulder alerts them that the gunner is preparing to fire.

In response to the tap, the shield holder drops to one knee while keeping the riot shield firmly affixed to the

front for protection. The gunner takes a step forward and fills the gap. The gunner then leans into the riot

shield bearer’s back with the knee and fires. This technique ensures that the long end of the weapon is

extended beyond the riot shield.

3-71. Once Soldiers firing munitions have fired, they raise the weapon back to a high-port arms. The

Soldiers clear the weapons and tap the riot shield bearer a second time, signaling them to rise to a standing

position.

PUSH/PULL WITH VERBAL COMMANDS TECHNIQUE FOR EMPLOYING NONLETHAL

ROUNDS

3-72. Another technique for employing nonlethal rounds from a line of skirmishers on a legitimate target is

the push/pull with verbal commands technique. This technique is basically an evolution of the tap-down

technique discussed above, and is seen by many as a superior method.

3-73. A Soldier who is armed with a NLW and is using the push/pull with verbal commands technique will

step forward and physically grab the shield holder’s shoulder area, give a command such as, “Nonlethal,

get down” and then physically push the shield holder down. The shield holder goes down to one knee while

keeping the riot shield firmly affixed to the front for protection. The nonlethal gunner leans into the shield

bearer’s back with their knee and fires, ensuring that the end of the weapon is extended beyond the shield.

3-74. After firing, the nonlethal gunner raises the weapon back to a high-port arms and clears the weapon.

The nonlethal gunner then physically grabs the shield bearer’s shoulder area and gives a command such as,

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Equipment and Techniques

“Nonlethal clear, get up.” The nonlethal gunner then helps pull the shield holder back up, and the shield

holder resumes the position with the line.

3-75. This technique is considered superior to the tap-down technique since it employs more physical

contact and verbal commands so that the shield holder knows exactly what is happening. If the shield

holder is expecting the tap-down method there may be confusion at times when, during a skirmish line,

something accidentally taps a shield holder and they get down, and this was not the intent.

WARNING

The long end (barrel) of the weapon must be projected beyond the

riot shield before firing. This is a critical safety step, which

prevents nonlethal projectiles from hitting the riot shield or

Soldier and causing injury.

WEAPON POSITIONS

3-76. The primary method of carrying weapons in the control force formation is at the safe-port position

(see figure 3-23). It allows the Soldier to control both ends of the weapon while moving in and out of the

formation and advancing on the crowd.

3-77. High-port position (see figure 3-23) is a position of complete readiness. It is used whenever troops

are in contact with a crowd that is showing resistance or not withdrawing. This is a tiring position and is

hard to maintain for extended periods. Commanders must rest the troops at every opportunity by using less

tiring positions.

Figure 3-23. Weapon positions

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Chapter 4

Control Force Formations

In any civil disturbance situation, the commander of the responding unit has many

options for controlling the crowd. These options include holding discussions with

crowd leaders, making proclamations over loudspeakers, displaying a show of force,

and employing NLW from a distance based on level of threat and the use of force

continuum. The use of proper risk management helps the commander determine the

course of action. If the determination is made that the crowd must be dispersed or

moved and is unwilling to do so on its own, the control force is employed. A control

force has multiple tactics and techniques that can be utilized in varying situations.

Control force formations, when properly employed and executed against a crowd, are

some of the most effective methods of crowd control.

GENERAL INFORMATION

4-1. Control force formations are used to disperse, contain, or block a crowd. These formations are more

effective in urban areas. When the control force is employed in urban areas, it is easier to split a crowd into

smaller segments, isolate instigators, or funnel the crowd into the desired location by using buildings and

other man-made structures. Commanders must be mindful of the fact that well-organized crowds may

attempt to move to the flanks of a formation or get behind the formation to gain a positional advantage.

Note. Figure 4-1 is a symbol key for the formation figures in this chapter and appendix B.

Figure 4-1. Symbol key

4-2. With the use of NLW, it is possible to create an effective standoff distance (15 to 100 meters)

between the crowd and the control force. It is also possible to advance on and disperse the crowd without

coming into direct contact with it.

4-3. Commanders must be aware of the limitations of control force formations. They are not the answer to

all civil disturbance situations. Do not expose the formation to sniper fire or unnecessary violence simply

for a show of force. Control force formations should be used when it is decided that a crowd poses a threat

and must be dispersed or moved to a specified area. If considering dividing a large crowd, the commander

must consider that this might not solve the problem. It may worsen the problem by creating smaller

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elements that may engage the control force in small-mob tactics, such as sniping, looting, burning, and

attempting to envelop the control force. These tactics can be defeated by area control measures, such as

building searches, patrolling, and other tactics. After dispersing the crowd, the control force must not

assume that there will be an immediate return to peaceful activities. The use of formations is only part of

the total dispersal effort.

4-4. Commanders must assess and secure the area that the control force will be operating in. This may be

accomplished with the use of helicopter overflights and by visually securing rooftops, high elevations, and

vantage points. DM/observer teams may be used to secure the rooftops and provide lethal overwatch for the

control formation. The control force commander must be aware that DM teams are positioned on rooftops.

4-5. Crowd control formations and the support teams have more capabilities than just crowd dispersal.

They also have the capability to apprehend and detain certain members of the crowd that the commander

feels may instigate the crowd to further violence, or those individuals who have blatantly committed a

crime. Commanders must analyze the threat, determine the mission of the control force, and decide which

control force formations will accomplish that mission according to METT-TC.

4-6. During civil disturbance missions the crowd is primarily made up of civilians. However,

commanders must analyze and prepare for any potential opposition. The formations discussed in this

chapter are guidelines and may be adapted to fit any mission or situation. Whatever the modification,

Soldiers must stay in position and on line. Through training and rehearsals, Soldiers become proficient in

basic formation movements and are able to adjust to changing situations. Soldiers must also be prepared to

move up or down on the levels of force continuum based on the situation.

ACTIONS BEFORE MOVEMENT

4-7. A commander is prudent to include civil disturbance training in the annual training plan of the unit. If

the unit deploys to an area where civil disturbances are a recurring event, sustainment training must occur

more frequently.

4-8. Before moving the control force to the rally point, an intense rehearsal must be conducted by the

leadership and the control force. A top-down review of the ROE and RUF must be accomplished. The ROE

and RUF must be part of the unit training plan and each Soldier must be trained to standard. The use of

NLW (type-specific) must be granted to the on-site commander from the approval authority.

4-9. Before moving the control force to the civil disturbance area and into a potentially hostile urban

environment, the commander and staff must review the preincident plans and expand them (as needed)

based on current information. Because of the employment of forces against ambiguous threats, IPB

becomes critical. Information is the key to developing an appropriate response to civil disturbances.

4-10. During the planning phase (see chapter 2), the information provided by the IPB will aid the staff in

selecting various routes and rally points. The selection of ingress and egress routes must include a variety

of ways in and out of the area. Direct and indirect routes and those with cover and concealment are

necessary. The rally point must be cleared and secured by an advance party capable of controlling the area.

ACTIONS AT RALLY POINT

4-11. Once at the rally point, the commander makes contact with the local police, civil authorities, or

military officer. He then assesses the situation, decides the next course of action, and issues orders, as

appropriate. The platoon sergeants (PSGs) form the platoons into a column formation and place the team

leaders directly in front of the teams (see figure 4-2). Team and squad leaders make last minute checks of

the Soldiers and await orders.

4-12. The commander places the lethal overwatch (DM teams) in areas that overlook the control force and

the crowd. They may be to the flanks and slightly to the front of the formation. It is the DM team

responsibility to protect the formation from lethal fire by constantly scanning the crowd.

4-13. When the commander receives word that DM teams are in place, the control force is put into a crowd

control formation and is moved quickly from the rally point to where the crowd is assembled. Depending

on the situation, movement should be in a column formation or one of the three basic control force

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Control Force Formations

formations (line, echelon, and wedge). Reserve forces are left at the rally point until ordered forward as

additional lethal overwatch or to reinforce the formation.

Figure 4-2. Column formation

FORMATIONS

4-14. Control force formations, when properly employed and executed against a crowd of limited size, are

one of the most practical methods of crowd control. Experience has indicated that the most frequently used

control force formations are the line, echelon, and wedge. The two lesser-used formations are the diamond

and circle. Descriptions of all the formations are as follows:

Line formation. The line formation is the basic formation, and it is used more often because of

its offensive and defensive applications. As an offensive formation, the line formation is used to

push or drive crowds straight back, across an open area, or up a city street. As a defensive

formation, the line formation is used to hold the crowd or to deny access to areas.

Echelon formation. The echelon formation is an offensive formation, and it is used to turn or

divert groups in open or built-up areas and to move crowds away from buildings, fences, and

walls.

Wedge formation. The wedge formation is an offensive formation that is used to penetrate and

split crowds into smaller groups.

Diamond formation. The diamond formation, when used as an offensive formation, is used to

enter a crowd. It is the formation of choice for extraction teams. As a defensive formation, the

diamond formation is used when all-around security is required in open areas. The decision to

use this formation is based on the conformation of the crowd.

Circle formation. The circle formation is used for the same purpose as the diamond formation.

The decision to use this formation is based on the conformation of the crowd.

4-15. There are many suitable variations of the control force formations that may be employed, but

appropriate commands and signals must be created to execute the formations. Because of the somewhat

complicated nature and the coordination required for these formations, new variations must be trained,

practiced, and rehearsed before they are used in a civil disturbance.

4-16. Training must also enforce Soldier understanding of the need to stay formed for individual

protection. Individual Soldiers are much more vulnerable to attack when they break ranks and chase after

crowd members. When an individual Soldier breaks ranks, they not only put themselves in danger, but they

also put the entire formation in danger.

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VEHICLES AND FORMATIONS

4-17. Military vehicles may be employed with the control force formation when determined by METT-TC.

They present a strong psychological effect and offer protection for the occupants. Wheeled armored

vehicles are best because they do not deface the pavement. Whenever vehicles are used in a crowd control

formation, the commander must ensure that he is still able to see and control the formation. This may

require him to occupy a position in a similar vehicle behind the formation or command subordinate leaders

to move away from the front line and into the line of sight control. This will require additional hand-and-

arm signals to allow the commander and subordinate leaders to communicate. Commanders can effectively

use vehicles as primary communication tools by using horns and lights as signals to organize movement or

actions. However vehicles are used, it takes a good measure of training and practice for them to be

effective.

4-18. Although vehicles add strength to formations, certain precautions must be taken. Covering the

windshield with sturdy, close-mesh fencing and the standard safety glass will offer some level of protection

to the occupants. Shields or mobile barriers may be built by using barbwire to mount wooden or metal

frame strung with across the front of a vehicle. Members of the formation should walk as near to the front

corners of each vehicle as possible to keep rioters from attacking the sides and rear of the vehicles.

ELEMENTS OF A CONTROL FORCE FORMATION

4-19. There are four elements that make up the basic crowd control formation. They are as follows:

Base element. The base element is made up of two ranks. The first rank is shield holders, while

the second rank contains the NLW. This is the front line of the formation.

Support element. The support element forms up in a column formation behind the base element

and has a variety of uses. It may be used to replace base element members as needed, provide

lateral or direct support, or perform extraction team operations. The support element helps the

base element by performing the following essential tasks:

General support. The general-support element is formed from an uncommitted squad in the

platoon. When a company is tasked as the control force element, one of the platoons

becomes the general-support element. The element is in a column formation centered on

and behind the main formation. From this formation, the general-support element can move

to lateral or direct support, as needed.

Lateral support. The lateral-support element is used to protect the flanks of the formation.

This is done by moving a set number of teams forward from the general-support element or

by using the end teams in the formation; however, this will make the formation smaller.

Once in position, these teams become part of the formation, with a riot shields facing the

flanks of the formation.

Direct support. When direct support is ordered, the general-support element moves forward

as they move into a formation. While moving forward, the squad and team leaders from the

control force formation step back and allow the riot shield holders from the support element

to step behind riot shield holders of the original formation. This allows the support riot

shield holders to form up between and behind the riot shield holders of the original

formation. Now, there are two lines of riot shield holders between the crowd and NLW

firers. This formation is the strongest of the formations and requires more planning and

practice to master.

Command element. The command element contains several different members. A general

configuration for the command element is the platoon leader, the PSG, a radio operator, a video

recorder operator (if used), and an interpreter (if required). This element does not have a fixed

location within the formation and moves about as needed.

Lethal overwatch element. The lethal overwatch element is a team formed from reserve

security forces.

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4-20. The reserve support element is not part of the control force formation until it is brought forward from

the rally point to join the formation. It remains until released by the formation commander. Lethal

overwatch teams are formed from the reserve force. Once lethal overwatch teams are deployed and in

position, they are under the control of the formation commander. Communication between the lethal

overwatch team and the formation commander is a priority because the commander approves target

selection and engagement.

COMMANDS

4-21. Verbal commands are given to the control force formation. Verbal commands for the on-guard

position are given in one count. All other commands are given in two counts, a preparatory command

followed by a command of execution. However, verbal commands cannot be relied on completely, so

commanders must plan to use hand-and-arm signals (see figure 4-3).

Figure 4-3. Hand-and-arm signals

4-22. Verbal commands are the primary method for communication during control force missions. When

vehicles are part of the formation, radios become an alternate method for relaying commands. To improve

communication, commanders may use hand-and-arm signals with verbal commands. The basic commands

used in control force formations are outlined in table 4-1, page 4-6. These commands can be added to or

combined to form more complex commands, therefore forming more complex formations.

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Table 4-1. Control force basic commands

Commands

Command

Given By

Purpose

Platoon on line

Platoon leader or commander

To form a line formation

Platoon wedge

Platoon leader or commander

To form a wedge formation

Platoon echelon

Platoon leader or commander

To form an echelon formation

Platoon diamond

Platoon leader or commander

To form a diamond formation

Platoon circle

Platoon leader or commander

To form a circular formation

Formations

As a command of execution

Note: The platoon leader or

commander also identifies the

Move

Platoon leader or commander

location for the formation by

pointing the arm to the desired

location for the formation.

To place a specified unit in the

General support

Platoon leader or commander

rear of the base element

To place support elements on

Lateral support

Platoon leader or commander

the left or right flank of the base

element

To move support elements

Support

Direct support

Platoon leader or commander

forward to strengthen the base

element

Open

Extraction team leader

To open a space in the formation

To inform the extraction team to

Extraction team leader

start moving back to the main

formation

Weapon system

To ready nonlethal gunners to

gunners, number of

fire weapons; for example,

rounds, type of

Platoon leader or commander

grenade launcher gunners, three

rounds, and prepare

rounds, area target, prepare to

to fire

fire

Fire

To tell riot shield holders to get

Shield down

nonlethal gunners

down on one knee and lower the

riot shield to the ground.

To tell riot shield holders to stand

Shield up

nonlethal gunners

and raise the riot shield

To use when not in contact with

Port arms

Platoon leader or commander

the crowd

To tell nonlethal gunners what

position to hold the weapons in

Weapons

while the formation is in physical

High port

Platoon leader or commander

contact with the crowd. This

allows for rapid targeting and

firing of nonlethal munitions

MOVEMENTS

4-23. Control force formations move in the same manner as

regular formations. This allows the

commander to maneuver the formation by commanding the number of steps it should move and in what

direction, such as “Five steps, forward march.” The normal rate of march for entering and leaving a control

force formation is double-timing. The half-step march is used when the formation is in direct contact with

the crowd. This slows the formation down and allows for better mission command. The squad and team

leaders echo preparatory commands and provide cadence while in control force formations.

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INTERVAL AND DISTANCE

4-24. Interval is the lateral space between elements. Distance is the space between elements in a column.

The usual interval and distance between Soldiers in control force formations is 30 inches. The interval and

distance can be adjusted based on METT-TC. If the crowd has to be physically pushed back, a close

interval is preferred. This allows the riot shields to be overlapped, creating a stronger wall. During peaceful

demonstrations, the interval could increase to double arm width, allowing the formation to cover more area

and still control the crowd. The interval and distance could change several times during the course of

operations before the crowd is dispersed.

EXTRACTION TEAMS

4-25. The extraction team is a squad (see figure 4-4) that is generally formed from the support element, but

could also be formed from reserve security forces (if this squad has four teams, the formation commander

may incorporate the fourth team into the formation or use them as a reserve for the squad). Once the team is

formed, the formation commander has operations control until the team mission is complete and it returns

to the rear of the formation. This team provides the riot control formation with the means to employ NL

and lethal cover forward of the formation. During control force missions, extraction teams conduct the

following:

Extract vehicles or personnel that are in immediate danger from the crowd.

Detain and escort downed rioters to the rear of the formation.

Detain and search subjects (done by the identified apprehension team).

Cover confined or congested areas where a full riot control formation cannot be inserted.

Figure 4-4. Extraction team formation

4-26. The extraction team is usually a squad; however, based on METT-TC, it can be smaller or larger.

While the recommended distance for deploying the extraction team from the control force formation is no

farther than 10 meters, this too may change based on METT-TC. The control force formation protects the

extraction team and provides immediate support, if necessary.

4-27. The extraction team may deploy from anywhere within the formation. When given orders to deploy,

the squad leader of the extraction team gives the formation commands, identifies at least two personnel in

the squad to be the apprehension team that conducts the search and apprehension of the subject. The squad

leader leads the squad to the base line of the formation. He then extends his arm between the two riot shield

holders and commands, “Open,” while tapping the riot shield holders on the side of the shoulder. The two

riot shield holders take one step backward and one step to the right or left. This clears a path for the

extraction team. The extraction team leader then states the number of personnel leaving the formation, such

as “Ten security personnel leaving.” As the last extraction team member exits the formation he states, “Last

man.” The two riot shield holders then return to the original position in the formation. The adjacent base

element squad or team leaders pass the number of personnel in the team through the formation.

4-28. As the extraction team approaches an instigator or incapacitated demonstrator, the riot shield holders

envelop the target and face in the direction of the nearest threat. Nonlethal gunners on the left and right

cover the respective areas. The search and apprehension team immediately controls and restrains the target.

To avoid confusion, one team member concentrates on controlling the subject while another team member

applies a restraining system. When the search and apprehension team has the subject under control, the

extraction squad leader sounds off with, “Up.” Upon hearing the “Up” command, it is repeated by all

extraction team members. Team members then grab a shoulder of the team member in front of them to

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backtrack into the formation. As the extraction team approaches the formation, the nearest base element

leader will extend his arm and command, “Open,” while tapping the riot shield holders on the side of the

shoulder. The riot shield holders move one step backward and to the right or left to open the formation. As

he enters the formation, the extraction team leader sounds off with the number of personnel entering the

formation, such as “Ten security personnel and one demonstrator.” The adjacent base element leader counts

the number of personnel as they enter the formation. When the last man enters the formation, he states,

“Last man.” The riot shield holders then return to the original places in the formation. The adjacent squad

and team leaders in the base element pass the information through the formation that the extraction team

has returned.

LETHAL OVERWATCH TEAMS

4-29. During a nonlethal engagement, the use of a DM team provides confidence and safety to those facing

the mob. If a lethal threat is presented, the DM team in an overwatch position (armed with a standard

military rifle that is mounted with a high-powered scope) can scan the crowd, identify agitators and riot

leaders for apprehension, or fire lethal fire if so ordered or warranted. It is also ideally suited for flank and

counter-sniper operations.

4-30. The DM team sets the security overwatch and provides real-time intelligence and reporting that is

vital to mission success. It provides coverage during the entire approach to the crowd, and its ability to

select positions and provide cover fire (if and when warranted) is critical to the safety of the control force.

Successful execution requires training, practice, and rehearsal with the control force formation.

4-31. The DM team is organized from a standard three- or four-Soldier team. Each individual on the team

is equipped with a standard-issue weapon. One individual has a rifle with a scope, another has a set of

binoculars, and two other individuals provide security for the team. Each team is equipped with a radio for

communication with the headquarters element of the control force formation.

4-32. The teams must have a visual advantage over the crowd to provide lethal protection to the formation.

This is best accomplished by placing them on nearby rooftops, in the upper floors of buildings, and on

hilltops. They must have the optical equipment to identify mob leaders, instigators, and individuals with

weapons. Team integrity must be maintained. With three-Soldier teams, the positions are marksman,

observer, and security. If a team has four Soldiers, the fourth can be utilized as additional security, or

another option is outfitting them with a camera to record events.

4-33. Two teams should be deployed to cover the flanks of the formation. Each team should be deployed to

a position that is in front of the formation and in an overwatch position. The number of teams deployed is

based on METT-TC. As the formation moves forward, the teams leapfrog forward from the formation.

4-34. The reserve forces, located at the rally point, can provide another lethal force of some size that can be

brought forward, as needed. Each Soldier in the control force formation should have a sidearm or a rifle.

The rifle is slung diagonally across the back with the rifle butt over the left shoulder and the muzzle below

the right hip. Lethal munitions are in a separate ammunition pouch that is isolated from nonlethal

munitions. This is to prevent the mixing of nonlethal and lethal ammunition.

RESERVE FORCES

4-35. A large reserve of Soldiers should be maintained during civil disturbance operations. Knowing that a

large reserve force is available provides confidence and safety within the control force and helps prevent

them from overreacting to provocative acts with disorderly and criminal elements in the crowd. When

determining the number of reserve forces required, it should be resolved in favor of a large number. Lethal

overwatch teams, forces to augment the control force, and apprehension teams come from the reserve

forces.

4-36. Apprehension teams are a must when it is likely that a large number of people will be apprehended.

These teams provide an organized response to what could be a chaotic situation. The teams can be

organized at the team or squad level, depending on the number of apprehensions expected. These teams

usually operate behind the base element. During peaceful demonstrations, these teams can be sent forward

to remove demonstrators who refuse to disperse.

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SQUAD FORMATIONS

4-37. The smallest formation is a squad formation, which is used in back of the main formation (usually a

company formation) to cover side streets. Squad members must know the positions regardless of which

control force formation they are in, squad to company.

Note. Three-team squads have been used in the following squad formation diagrams. When

squads have four teams (for example, a Military Police Squad), the fourth team can be added to

the formation or used as a reserve team for the squad formation.

4-38. When moving a squad into a crowd control formation from a column formation, the squad leader

takes one or more steps to the right of the squad and faces it. The squad leader gives the command and

hand-and-arm signal for the formation they want. Then they indicate where the formation is to be located

by pointing in that general direction. The A team leader commands, “Follow me,” and places the baseman

at the position indicated by the squad leader. The squad forms on the baseman position.

LINE FORMATION

4-39. The command for forming a squad in a line formation is, “Squad line formation, move.” On the

command of execution, the A team leader leads the baseman to the place indicated by the squad leader. The

squad members align themselves in sequence with the baseman at normal intervals (see figure 4-5). Based

on the situation, the squad leader may designate a specific interval. They do this when giving the

preparatory command. If no interval is specified, the squad automatically forms using the normal interval.

Figure 4-5. Squad line formation

ECHELON FORMATION

4-40. The command for having a squad form in an echelon formation is, “Squad echelon right (or left),

move.” On the command of execution, the A team leader places the baseman at the location indicated by

the squad leader. The squad members align themselves in sequence with the baseman; one pace to the side

and one pace to the rear (see figure 4-6).

Echelon left

Echelon right

Figure 4-6. Squad echelon formations

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WEDGE FORMATION

4-41. The command for moving a squad formation into a wedge formation is, “Squad wedge, move.” On

the command of execution, the A team leader moves the baseman to the place indicated by the squad

leader. The A team lines up to the left of the baseman, one pace to the left and one pace to the rear of each

preceding man. B team members align themselves with the baseman, one pace to the right and one pace to

the rear of each preceding man. C team members align themselves in the same way to the left of the

baseman (see figure 4-7).

Figure 4-7. Squad wedge formation

ASSEMBLY

4-42. When assembling a squad from the line formation, the squad leader takes a position at a sufficient

distance to the rear of the squad and commands, “Squad assemble.” At the same time, the squad leader

raises the right hand in the air and makes a circular motion. The A team leader and the baseman do an

about-face movement.

4-43. The other squad members face toward the baseman. On the command of execution, “Move,” the

squad leader points to the place where he wants the squad to assemble. The A team leader double-times to

the designated spot, and the other members of the squad follow. Team leaders fall into the file in the

designated positions as they move to the assembly area

(AA). To assemble from a squad echelon

formation, the steps are the same as a line formation.

4-44. To assemble from a squad wedge formation, the squad leader takes the same steps as for the line and

echelon formations. The B team members do a half left face, and the A team and C team members do a half

right face. The C team pauses at the baseman position and allows the B team to clear the formation before

moving to the AA.

DIAMOND AND CIRCLE FORMATIONS

4-45. The diamond and circle formations are used during extraction team operations. They are small

formations used to penetrate the crowd or cover small areas. The decision on which formation to use is

based on METT-TC and the ability of the squad to perform.

4-46. Commands for forming a squad in a diamond or circle formation is, “Squad diamond (or circle),

move.” On the command of execution, the A team leader moves the baseman to the place indicated by the

squad leader. The A team lines up to the left of the baseman, covering the 9 to 12 o’clock positions. B team

members align themselves to the right of the baseman, covering the 1 to 5 o’clock positions. C team

members align themselves covering the 6 to 8 o’clock positions (see figure 4-8).

Figure 4-8. Squad diamond or circle formation

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4-47. To assemble from a squad diamond or circle formation, the squad leader takes the same steps as he

would for a line formation. The A team leads the squad to the AA followed by the B team and then the C

team. Teams fall into a column formation as they file back to the AA.

PLATOON FORMATIONS WITH THREE SQUADS

4-48. The platoon headquarters consists of the following individuals: the platoon leader, the PSG, and a

messenger or radio operator. When directed by the platoon leader, other individuals such as the selected

marksman, interpreter, RCA disperser operators, and firefighters may augment the platoon headquarters. In

forming all control force formations from the column, the platoon leader moves to the right of the platoon

and faces them when giving commands. Along with the preparatory command, the platoon leader gives the

hand-and-arm signal. On the command of execution, “Move,” the platoon leader points to the approximate

location where they want the platoon to form. The platoon leader pauses between the preparatory command

and the command of execution to allow each squad leader to issue a preparatory command to the squad.

PLATOON LINE FORMATION

4-49. The command for forming a platoon line is, “Platoon on line, move.” Immediately following the

platoon leader’s preparatory command, the squad leaders of the 1st and 3d squads give the command,

“Follow me.” The leader of the 2d squad gives the command, “Stand fast.” On the platoon leader’s

command of execution, the 1st and 3d squads move forward to the point designated by the platoon leader.

The 1st team member of the 1st squad is the baseman for the platoon formation. The 1st squad forms a

squad line to the left of the baseman while the 3d squad forms a squad line to the right of the baseman and

dresses with the 1st squad. After the 1st and 3d squads have cleared the platoon, the 2d squad leader gives

the command, “Follow me.” The 2d squad splits and the A and B teams form a line to the right of the 3d

squad. The C team (with the squad leader) forms a line to the left of the 1st squad (see figure 4-9).

Figure 4-9. Platoon line formation (three squads)

Assembling From a Platoon Line Formation

4-50. When assembling the platoon from the platoon line formation, the platoon leader and the

headquarters personnel take a position to the rear of the platoon. The platoon leader then gives the

command, “Platoon assemble,” while raising the right arm and making a circular motion above the head.

Platoon members automatically assume the port arms position. The 1st squad leader and the baseman do an

about face. The 3d squad leader moves to the head of the squad. All other members do an about-face

movement toward the baseman. On the platoon leader’s command of execution, the platoon leader points to

where they want the platoon to assemble. The 1st squad leader gives the command, “Follow me,” and

moves the squad toward the AA. The squad moves to make a single file line to the baseman position

followed by the C team of the 2d squad. As the 1st squad clears the baseman position, the 2d squad leader

comes to a halt at the baseman position. The 3d squad leader gives the command, “Follow me,” and leads

the squad to the AA followed by the A and B teams of the 2d squad. The A team leader of the 2d squad

comes to a halt at the baseman position. Once the 3d squad has cleared the baseman position, the 2d squad

leader gives the command, “Follow me,” and leads the squad to the AA. The 2d squad reassembles into the

original column formation as they move to the AA. As the 1st squad comes to a halt (facing the crowd) in

the AA, the 3d squad dresses with the 1st squad and leaves space for the 2d squad to return to its place in

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the formation. Once the platoon is formed into a column formation, headquarters personnel take the

position in the formation. The PSG, giving commands, moves the platoon to the rally point.

Platoon Line Formation With General Support

4-51. Whenever the command for establishing a crowd control formation contains the phrase “In support”

(without modification), it means that the support element is to remain in general support.

4-52. The command for forming a platoon line with the 2d squad in general support is, “Platoon line, 2d

squad in support, move.” The 1st and 3d squads of the platoon form the line while the 2d squad remains in

the column (see figure 4-10). To assemble a platoon with a squad in general support, the procedure is the

same as the platoon line, except that the 1st and 3d squads dress with the 2d squad.

Figure 4-10. Platoon line formation with general support

Platoon Line Formation With Lateral Support

4-53. The command for forming a platoon line with 2d squad in lateral support is “Platoon line, 2d squad

in lateral support, move.” The 1st and 3d squads execute the line as before, and the 2d squad stands fast.

After the line has been formed, the 2d squad leader gives the command, “Follow me.” The A and B teams

move to the right flank while the squad leader and the C team move to the left flank of the formation. The

2d squad forms columns behind the last Soldiers of the line formation. If no direction is given, the 2d squad

splits to cover both flanks. A squad may be used to cover one flank by giving the command, “2d squad

right (or left) lateral support” (see figure 4-11).

Figure 4-11. Platoon line formation with lateral support (right)

4-12

ATP 3-39.33

21 April 2014

Military reference books and manuals (2009-2023, Volume 6) - page 33