Military reference books and manuals (2009-2023, Volume 2)

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August 2008

Special Operations Forces Reference Manual

Special Boat Team TWELVE (SBT-12)

SBT-12 is based in Coronado California.

It is commanded by a Navy Commander

(O-5) and consists of a headquarters

element, sixteen Rigid Hull Inflatable

Boat (RIB) Detachments, and five MK V

Special Operations Craft (SOC) Detach-

ments. Each Detachment normally con-

sists of two boats with crews. SBT-12

supports special operations missions

for West Coast Naval Special Warfare

forces and deploys detachments to

Naval Special Warfare Unit ONE, and

to Detachments throughout the Pacific

and Central areas of operation. SBT-12

is under the operational and adminis-

trative control of Naval Special Warfare

Group FOUR.

Special Boat Team TWENTY

Special Boat Team TWENTY (SBT-20) is based in

Little Creek, Virginia. It is commanded by a Navy

Commander (O-5), and consists of a headquar-

ters element and thirteen Rigid Inflatable Boat

(RIB) detachments and four MK V Special Opera-

tions Craft (SOC) Detachments. Each detachment

normally consists of two boats. SBT-20 supports

special operations missions for East Coast Naval

Special Warfare forces and deploys detachments to

NSWU-2. SBT-20 focuses on providing operational

support to the European and Atlantic theaters of

operations. SBT-20 is under the operational and

administrative control of Naval Special Warfare

Group FOUR.

Special Boat Team TWENTY-TWO

Special Boat Team TWENTY-TWO (SBT-22) is

based in Stennis, Mississippi. It is commanded by a

Navy Commander (O-5) and consists of a headquar-

ters element, two Patrol Boat Light (PBL) detach-

ments (used for training purposes only), and eight

Special Operations Craft-Riverine (SOC-R) detach-

ments. Each detachment consists of two boats with

crews. SBT-22 focuses on providing riverine support

in Southern and European theaters of operations.

SBT-22 is under the operational and administrative

control of Naval Special Warfare Group FOUR.

SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team

The SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team (SDVT-1) operates

the SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV), Dry Deck Shelter

(DDS), and Advanced SEAL Delivery System (ASDS)

combat systems and related equipment in the con-

duct of SO.

SDVT Mission and Tasks

The SDVT mission is to organize, man, train, equip,

and deploy forces to employ combatant submersibles

in SO, and other SO as tasked.

SDVT Planning, Training, and Preparation Tasks

Train and equip assigned forces to meet the require-

ments of CCDR Mission Guidance Letters, FXP-6/

METL, and other taskings.

SDVT Operational Tasks

SDVT-specific tasks include employment of combat-

ant submersibles to conduct SO.

Special Warfare Combatant-craft Crewmen (SWCC) from Special
Boat Team 20 maneuver into a stack formation after completing a
free-fall parachute jump from an Air Force C-130 at approximately
12,500 feet altitude. U.S. Navy photo by Shane Hollar.

August 2008

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

4-15

Chapter 4. U.S. Naval Special Operations Forces

Naval Special Warfare Units

NSWUs (not a NSW Task Unit, which is a provi-

sional task organization) normally exercise OPCON

of all NSW forces in the respective GCC’s AOR.

ADCON of NSW forces is exercised by their parent

NSWG. The commanding officer of an NSWU is an

NSW Captain (0-6) and is the maritime component

of the TSOC. NSWU COs may be assigned (and

receive designations for such) to act as a commander

under the TSOC and/or as a commander under the

Navy component (fleet) commander for a specified

operation, exercise or other purpose. In this case,

the NSWU Commanding Officer will be designated

as either an NSWTF, NSWTG or other appropriate

designation under the Joint SOF commander, and/or

as a CTF subordinate to the Navy commander.

NSWUs are assigned COCOM to the GCCs

(OPCON of the NSWU is normally exercised for

the GCC by the CDRTSOC) as follows:

NSWU-1 in Apra Harbor, Guam assigned

COCOM to USPACOM and ADCON to

NSWG-1.

NSWU-2 in Stuttgart, Germany assigned

COCOM to USEUCOM and ADCON to

NSWG-2.

NSWU-3 in Manama, Bahrain assigned

COCOM to USCENTCOM and ADCON to

NSWG-1.

NSWG-2 Det SOUTH assigned COCOM to

USSOUTHCOM and ADCON to NSWG-2.

SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team Organization

SDVT-1 is a subordinate Echelon IV command

assigned to NSWG-3. The SDVT is organized into a

headquarters element, administrative and logistics

support elements, and operational/combat elements

consisting of SDV Troops (SDVTPs), ASDS, and

other task-organized elements.

SDVT SDV Troop

An SDVTP consists of a C2 element, SDV Platoon

and DDS Platoon. An SDV platoon is normally com-

prised of two SDVs, SEALs including SDV driver and

navigator, and support personnel.

SDVT Advanced SEAL Delivery System

The Advanced SEAL Delivery System capability

includes a C2 element, the ASDS operators (two sub-

marine officers, two SEAL officers, one Limited Duty

Officer Engineer), support personnel (11 fleet-source

technicians), one ASDS, and associated equipment.

An ASDS may be augmented by a variety of force

packages (for example, SEAL combat swimmers)

and employ specialized equipment (such as sensors)

to accomplish a range of missions.

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August 2008

Special Operations Forces Reference Manual

Design Characteristics

Length ................... 81’ 2”

Beam ..................... 17’ 5 ¾”

Draft ...................... 5’

Displacement ....... 57 tons (full load)

Fuel Capacity ....... 2,600 gallons

Propulsion ............ 2 MTU 12V396

diesels (2,285 horsepower each)

2 KaMeWa waterjets

Aluminum hull with 5 watertight compart-

ments

Radar, full suite communications (HF, UHF,

HF, SATCOM), GPS, IFF

Complement: 1 officer, 5 enlisted
Detachment: 16 SOF combat-loaded operators with

4 CRRCs
Performance Criteria

Max Speed ............ 45–48 knots for 250 nautical

miles in Sea State 2

Cruising Speed 25–40 knots Sea State 3

Seaworthiness ...... Survive through Sea State 5

Max Range ........... 500 NM (2 engines at 45

knots)

Armament

5 pintles supporting any combination of .50-cali-

ber machine guns, M60 machine guns, MK 19

grenade launchers
Small arms

Preplanned product improvement: Mount-

ing stations for GAU-17 Minigun, MK

95 Twin 50-cal machine gun, MK 38

chain gun
Rolling Stock per two boat detachment

2 MK V SOC transporters

2 M9161A prime movers

2 M1083 5-ton trucks

4 M1097 HMMWVs with S250 shelters

1 5-ton forklift

Naval Special Warfare Weapons Systems

MK V Special Operations Craft (MK V SOC)

The 82-foot MK V SOC primary mission is a medium

range insertion and extraction platform for special

operations forces in a low to medium threat envi-

ronment. The secondary mission is limited Coastal

Patrol and Interdiction (CP&I), specifically limited

duration patrol and low-to-medium threat coastal

interdiction.

The MK V SOC will normally operate in a two-

craft detachment. A maintenance support element

is inherent in each MK V SOC detachment and

provides technical assistance and maintenance sup-

port during mission turnaround. The MK V SOC is

fundamentally a single sortie system with a 24-hour

turn-around time. The typical MK V SOC mission

duration is 12 hours. The MK V SOC is fully interop-

erable with the NSW RIBs. As such, both could be

employed from a Forward Operating Base (FOB), in

a synergistic effect.

An MK V SOC detachment consists of two craft

and support equipment and is deployable on two

USAF C-5 aircraft into the gaining theater within 48

hours of notification. A detachment is transportable

over land on existing roadways. Detachments are

not configured nor manned to provide their own

security, messing, or berthing for personnel while

forward deployed.

A MK V special operations craft provides cover fire during the

annual East Coast SEAL reunion capabilities demonstration.
U.S. Navy photo.

August 2008

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

4-17

Chapter 4. U.S. Naval Special Operations Forces

Special Operations Craft–Riverine (SOC-R)

The 25-foot SOC-R is a special operations platform,

fully capable of operation in riverine, littoral and

light-weather coastal environments. The SOC-R is a

quick, maneuverable craft that can traverse shallow,

restricted waterways with little effect from surface or

subsurface obstacles, while carrying large payloads.

The SOC-R is designed to withstand the forces gen-

erated by operating the boat at maximum attainable

speed in all directions in sea state 2 (1–3 foot sig-

nificant wave height) and with judicious handling

in a sea state 3 (4–5 foot significant wave height).

Noteworthy characteristics of the craft include its

low noise signature (virtually undetectable from

noise at idle), its extreme maneuverability, and shal-

low draft.

The primary mission of the SOC-R involves clan-

destine insertion and extraction of special operations

forces into a low-to-medium threat environment

in a riverine arena. Secondary mission capabilities

include providing fire support, serving as a staging

area and reconnaissance platform, acting as a water-

borne guard post, and operating as an interdiction

or SAR craft.

The fact that the SOC-R is water-jet propelled

allows for shallow water operations at full throttle

providing quick extractions if the situation warrants.

Two Special Operations Craft-Riverine maneuver during live-fire training.

U.S. Navy photo Seaman Gerstenslager.

The large bow and stern gunwale flats are designed

for quick embarkation and debarkation. The ¼” alu-

minum-hull bottom, coupled with zero appendage

drag of the water jet, allows for operating in debris

congested waters. Narrow waterways of just over 26’

can be operated in effectively because of the craft’s

ability to spin about a pivot point.

The mission capabilities of the SOC-R are di-

rectly related to its performance characteristics and

configuration. The SOC-R has been certified for Low

Velocity Air Drop (LVAD), Internal Air Transport

(IAT), and External Air Transport (EATS).

Principal Characteristics

General

Length Overall .... 26’0”

Beam Overall ....... 9’0”

Height Overall ..... 6’0”

Draft to Keel ......... Static 18”

Dynamic 6” – 8”

Fuel capacity ........ 100 Gals

Construction ........ Aluminum modified Shal-

low –V/18 Deg Hull

Propulsion Engine: SEATEK 6-4V-9L

Diesel/640hp

Engine Performance: 600 Bps/3150 rp

Propulsor .............. Hamilton 291 Water-jet

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August 2008

Special Operations Forces Reference Manual

Operational Weight Data

Length Overall .... 26’0”

Light (w/Full Fuel): 8,893 lbs

Payload Crew & Gear

(2) @ 240 lbs each: 480 lbs

Passengers & Gear

(8) @ 275 lbs each: 2,200 lbs

Comm Equipment: 245 lbs

Weapons & Ammo: 1,107 lbs

Max payload: 4,032 lbs

Full load Weight: 12,925 lbs

Performance (Full Load)

Max Speed @ RPM: 41 mph @ 3,130 RPM

Max sustained speed @ RPM: 35 mph @ 2,950

RPM

Cruise Speed @ RPM: 34 mph @ 2,650 RPM

Range @ Cruise Speed: 150 Statute miles

Acceleration (0-25 knots): 25 sec

Max Operational Sea State: SS 2

Max Capable Sea State: SS 3

Ancillary Systems

Weapons: 2 FWD/3 AFT: M60 7.62 mm,

MK-19, M2HB .50 cal (Port, Stbd, Centerline

Aft)

Navigation: Radar/GPS

Communications: UHF/VHF LOS, UHF

SAT

LVAD/IAT

C-130: 1 Craft + Prime mover

C-5: 2 Craft + Prime mover

Rigid Inflatable Boat (RIB)

The 11-meter RIB is a high speed, high buoyancy,

extreme weather craft with the primary mission of

insertion/extraction of SEAL tactical elements from

enemy occupied beaches.

The RIB is constructed of glass-reinforced plastic

with an inflatable tube gunwale made of a new hyp-

alon neoprene/nylon reinforced fabric.

The RIB has demonstrated the ability to operate

in light-loaded conditions in Sea State 6 and winds

of 45 knots. For other than heavy weather coxswain

training, operations are limited to Sea State 5 and

winds of 34 knots or less.

The 11-meter RIB (NSW RIB) carries a crew of

three and allows for a SEAL squad delivery capabil-

ity.

Design Characteristics

11-meter RIB

Length:

11 meters

Beam:

11’

Draft:

3’

Weight:

14,700 lbs

Propulsion: Two-Caterpillar 3126 DITA

Complement: 3 crew/8 passengers

Radios:

Radar, HF, UHF, VHF, SATCOM

Radios

Performance Criteria

Speed: 35+ knots

Range: 200 nautical miles

Seaworthiness: Sea State 5

Armament: Forward and aft mounts

capable of M-60, M-2, or MK 19

Naval Special Warfare
combatant-craft crewmen

operate a Rigid Inflatable Boat

from a forward location. The
RIB is equipped with 50-caliber
machine guns. U.S. Navy photo.

August 2008

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

4-19

Chapter 4. U.S. Naval Special Operations Forces

Combat Rubber Raiding Craft (CRRC)

The CRRC is used for clandestine surface inser-

tion and extraction of lightly armed SOF. They are

employed to land and recover SOF from over the

horizon. The CRRC is capable of surf passages. The

CRRC may be launched by air (airdrop/helo cast) or

by craft (LCU, LCM). It may also be deck launched

or locked-out from submarines. It has a low visual

electronic signature and is capable of being cached

by its crew once ashore. It uses one 35 55 horsepower

engine.
Design Characteristics

Length: 15’ 5”

Beam:

6’ 3”

Draft:

2”

Weight: 265 lbs without motor or fuel

Speed:

18 knots, no load

Range:

Dependent on fuel carried

Complement: 8 max

Combat Rubber Raiding Craft

SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV) MK VIII

The SDV MK VIII is a “wet” submersible, designed

to carry combat swimmers and their cargo in fully

flooded compartments. Submerged, operators and

passengers are sustained by the individually worn

underwater breathing apparatus (UBA). Operational

scenarios for the vehicle include underwater map-

ping and terrain exploration, location and recovery

of lost or downed objects, reconnaissance missions,

and limited direct action missions.

The vehicle is propelled by an all electric propul-

sion subsystem powered by rechargeable silver zinc

batteries. Buoyancy and pitch attitude are controlled

by a ballast and trim system; control in both the

horizontal and vertical planes is provided through a

manual control stick to the ruddier, elevator, and bow

planes. A computerized Doppler navigation sonar

displays speed, distance, heading, altitude, and other

piloting functions. Instruments and other electronics

units are housed in dry, watertight canisters. The

special modular construction provides easy removal

for maintenance.

Major subsystems are hull, propulsion, ballast/

trim, control, auxiliary life support, navigation, com-

munications, and docking sonar.

Seal Delivery Vehicle

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Special Operations Forces Reference Manual

Advanced SEAL Delivery System (ASDS)

The 65-foot ASDS is a dry, 1 ATM, mini-submers-

ible that can transport a SEAL squad from a host

platform, either surface ship or submarine, to an

objective area. The ASDS has a lockout chamber

that is controlled by operators for lockout from an

anchored position. The ASDS will anchor above the

bottom. The ASDS is transportable by land, sea, or

C-5/17 aircraft.

ASDS Design Characteristics:

Length:

65’

Beam:

6.75’

Height:

8.25’

Displacement:

55 tons

Propulsion: 7hp electric motor

Advanced SEAL Delivery System (ASDS)

Dry Deck Shelter on a Submarine Deck

An ASDS rides attached to the top of the much larger
Los Angeles Class submarine USS Greeneville. The
ASDS is connected to the host ship via a watertight
hatch. U.S. Navy photo.

Dry Deck Shelter (DDS)

The DDS allows for the launch and recovery of an

SDV or combat rubber raiding craft (CRRC) with

personnel from a submerged submarine. The DDS

consists of three modules constructed as an integral

unit. The first module is a hangar in which an SDV

or CRRC is stowed. The second module is a transfer

trunk to allow passage between the modules and the

submarine. The third module is a hyperbaric recom-

pression chamber. The DDS provides a dry

working environment for mission prepara-

tions. In a typical operation the DDS hangar

module will be flooded, pressurized to the

surrounding sea pressure, and a large door

opened to allow for launch and recovery of

the vehicle. A DDS can be transported by

USAF C-5/C-17 aircraft, rail, highway, or

sealift.
DDS Design Characteristics:

Length: 39’

Width:

10’

Weight: 65,000 lbs

Volume: 3,705 cubic feet

August 2008

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

5-1

Chapter 5.

U.S. Air Force Special Operations Forces

Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC)

FSOC manages all USAF special operations.

AFSOC is an Air Force major command

and constitutes the air component of USSOCOM.

AFSOC is organized into two active-duty wings, a

numbered air force, one reserve wing, one national

guard wing, two active-duty overseas groups, one

active-duty group (special tactics), and several direct

reporting units. AFSOC forces are apportioned and

assigned by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to USSOCOM

and geographic combatant commanders. CONUS-

based forces are under OPCON of AFSOC, while

the theater SOCs exercise OPCON of assigned or

OCONUS assets. Only PACOM and EUCOM have

theater-assigned AFSOC forces.

Figure 5-1. AFSOC Operations
Units and Special Tactics Units

Air Force Special Operations Command

Hurlburt Field FL

1 SOW

Hurlburt Field FL

4 SOS

AC-130U

Hurlburt Field FL

318 SOS

Non-Std Aviation

Cannon AFB NM

23 AF

Hurlburt Field FL

623 AOC

Hurlburt Field FL

7 SOS

MC-130H

Mildenhall UK

1 SOS

MC-130H

Kadena AB JA

5 SOS

Aircrew Training

Hurlburt Field FL

8 SOS

CV-22

Hurlburt Field FL

17 SOS

MC-130P

Kadena AB JA

711 SOS

MC-130E

Duke Field FL

9 SOS

MC-130P

Eglin AFB FL

67 SOS

MC-130P

Mildenhall UK

320 STS

CCT/PJ/SOWT

Kadena AB JA

AF Spec Ops Tng

Ctr (AFSOTC)

Hurlburt Field FL

Spec Ops School

(USAFSOS)

Hurlburt Field FL

Spec Ops Tng Sq

(STTS)

Hurlburt Field FL

19 SOS

Hurlburt Field FL

15 SOS

MC-130H

Hurlburt Field FL

321 STS

CCT/PJ/SOWT

Mildenhall UK

720 Special

Tactics Group

Hurlburt Field FL

16 SOS

AC-130-H

Cannon AFB NM

193 SOW (ANG)

Harrisburg PA

23 STS

CCT/PJ

Hurlburt Field FL

20 SOS

MH-53J/M*

Hurlburt Field FL

193 SOS

EC-130J

Harrisburg PA

24 STS

CCT/PJ/SOWT

Pope AFB NC

6 SOS

CAA

Hurlburt Field FL

22 STS

CCT/PJ

McChord AFB WA

3 SOS

MQ-1

Cannon AFB NM

21 STS

CCT/PJ

Pope AFB NC

319 SOS

U-28A

Hurlburt Field FL

10 CWS

SOWT

Hurlburt Field FL

73 SOS

MC-130W

Cannon AFB NM

353 SOG

Kadena JA

27 SOW

Cannon AFB NM

352 SOG

Mildenhall UK

919 SOW (AFR)

Duke Field FL

AFR

Air Force Reserve

ANG

Air National Guard

AOC

Air Operations Center

CAA

Combat Aviation Advisors

CCT

Combat Control Team

CWS

Combat Weather Squadron

Pararescue

SOG

Special Operations Group

SOS

Special Operations Squadron

SOW Special Operations Wing
SOWT Special Operations Weather

Team

STS

Special Tactics Squadron

* scheduled to

retire in FY2008

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August 2008

Special Operations Forces Reference Manual

AFSOC Mission

AFSOC is America’s specialized air power. It is a

step ahead in a changing world, delivering special

operations combat power anytime, anywhere. The

command is committed to continual improvement

to provide Air Force special operations forces for

worldwide deployment and assignment to regional

unified commands, conducting and supporting the

full spectrum of Special Operations.

AFSOC Employment

Air Force SOF consist of uniquely equipped aircraft

operated by highly trained aircrews whose mis-

sions include insertion, extraction, resupply, aerial

fire support, refueling, combat search and rescue,

PSYOP, and intra-theater airlift in small and medium

aircraft. SOF missions also include unmanned aerial

vehicle (UAV) armed reconnaissance, airborne sur-

veillance, and target acquisition.

For infiltration missions, vertical-lift aircraft are

normally preferred over airdrop to minimize injuries

and reassembly problems. Air refueling of AFSOC

vertical-lift aircraft may be necessary to extend range

and minimize the security and logistics problems

associated with forward area ground refueling.

Threats

AFSOC’s primary method of dealing with the threat

is to use

detection avoidance navigation, threat

avoidance navigation

(DANTAN). Low-level opera-

tions and the cover of night are primary employment

concepts used to avoid detection and threats. Exten-

sive planning to avoid enemy radar, air defenses,

and populated areas is required. Minimum light-

ing/lights out, communications out/radio disci-

pline, low probability of intercept/detection (LPI/D)

radios, and deceptive course changes are also used

to achieve mission objectives. AFSOC uses passive

warning systems and procedures to assist in avoid-

ing detection and threats, and countermeasures and

evasive maneuvering when engaged.

Capabilities

AFSOC crews and aircraft can conduct clandestine

penetration of hostile, sensitive, or politically denied

airspace. They can navigate precisely along planned

routes to points or targets within narrow time

parameters, in conditions of minimum visibility

(darkness and/or adverse weather). Fixed-wing air-

craft used for airland operations can use minimum

length, unimproved landing strips. Terrain follow-

ing and terrain avoidance systems and procedures

are employed. AFSOC’s capabilities include:

Clandestine or covert penetration of hostile,

sensitive, or politically-denied airspace

Infiltration, exfiltration, and resupply using

airland, airdrop, and alternate insertion and

extraction (AIE) methods

Organic tanker air refueling of vertical lift

platforms

Strategic tanker inflight refueling of organic

fixed-wing aircraft

Precision munitions employment against static

and moving targets

Electronic broadcasting for PSYOP in stan-

dard AM/FM radio, television, short wave, and

military communications frequency bands. In

addition, select SOF aircraft may be employed

in PSYOP roles supporting either special or

conventional operations

Controlling air traffic, establishing air assault

landing zones, directing close air support for

strike aircraft and gunship missions, making

weather observations, supporting personnel

recovery, and providing advanced trauma

care

Advising, training, or assisting foreign nation

air forces to support U.S. and coalition inter-

ests in support of host nation internal defense

and development strategy

Provide command and control for special

operations.

August 2008

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5-3

Chapter 5. U.S. Air Force Special Operations Forces

Planning Considerations

Mission planning for penetration and overflight of

hostile territory must be thorough and complete.

Detailed planning includes terrain, weather, cultural

features, population, and air and ground enemy air

defenses. OPSEC and COMSEC are imperative for

both mission planning and execution.

Mission planning support requirements are

usually extensive. All joint SO activities must be

closely coordinated. Mission tasking details must be

provided sufficiently in advance to allow adequate

mission planning time. During tactical airdrop

operations, air commanders are responsible for air

safety, and ground commanders are responsible for

ground safety. Close coordination is required to

ensure understanding and consensus on the concept

of operations. Tactical deception must be considered

during planning for all special operations missions.

Inherent operational limitations of most SOF

normally precludes rapid commitment to support

conventional military operations. Planners must

be familiar with the limitations defined in the ap-

propriate technical manuals/orders and volumes of

AFTTP 3-1 (S) for AFSOC aircraft. AFSOF operate

most effectively in particular environments and

under specific methods of employment. As a general

rule, AFSOF become less effective when employed

outside their intended operational environments.

For example, infiltration, exfiltration, and resupply

aircraft may be less effective in conditions other than

darkness and adverse weather. General limitations

that apply to all AFSOF may include:

Limited self-deployment and sustainment

capability

Dependence on established support and logis-

tics packages that must accompany employ-

ment aircraft

Technological sophistication of most AFSOF

resources affects bed-down requirements,

bare base operations, and requires extensive

maintenance support

Long-range deployment and employment

require inflight refueling (strategic) and

air refueling (AFSOC tanker, vertical-lift

receiver)

Limited air-to-air defensive capabilities.

Air Force Special Operations Training Center (AFSOTC)

AFSOTC was established as a provisional group in

February 2008 with an expected stand-up in fall

2008. AFSOTC’s mission is to recruit, assess, select,

indoctrinate, and train AFSOC personnel. The

Training Center will build on the success of other

component programs, consolidate disparate training

programs, and relieve the training stress on opera-

tional units by providing them “finished products”

from the training pipeline.

AFSOTC will begin with a solid base of es-

tablished units consisting of the United States Air

Force Special Operations School (USAFSOS), the

19th Special Operations Squadron (19 SOS), and

the Special Tactics Training Squadron (STTS), all

located at Hurlburt Field, Florida.

USAFSOS will provide the necessary special

operations-related education and language

training.

The 19 SOS provides mission training for

multiple SOF aircraft. It is the Air Force’s most

advanced weapons instruction and mission

rehearsal unit, providing innovative solutions

across the full spectrum of joint combat and

contingency training and mission preview/

rehearsal requirements. The 19 SOS will

also provide combat aviation advisor (CAA)

training to develop Air Commandos who

are language proficient, regionally-oriented,

politically astute, and culturally aware aviation

advisory experts.

The STTS includes Advanced Skills Train-

ing (AST), the Special Operations Terminal

Attack Controller’s Course, and Deployed

Aircraft Ground Response Element (DAGRE)

training. AST teaches special tactics skill-

sets to battlefield airmen: combat controller

(CCT), pararescue (PJ), and special operations

weather team (SOWT) personnel.

AFSOTC is scheduled to add a unit at Cannon

AFB, New Mexico, to conduct AC-130H, non-

standard aviation (NSA), and MC-130W mission

training. EC-130J mission training conducted at

Harrisburg IAP, Pennsylvania will also fall under

AFSOTC.

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Special Operations Forces Reference Manual

Aircraft And Unique Unit Summary

MC-130E Combat Talon I, MC-130H Combat Talon II,
and MC-130W Combat Spear

Combat Talon and Combat Spear support a range

of activities from crisis response to wartime com-

mitment in special operations missions. These mis-

sions include day and night infiltration, exfiltration,

resupply, PSYOP, and aerial reconnaissance in hos-

tile territory using airland or airdrop procedures.

Combat Talons/Spears are capable of inflight refuel-

ing, giving them extended range. They are capable

of air refueling specially modified helicopters for

extended operations. Combat Talon/Spear missions

may be accomplished either single-ship or in concert

with other SO assets in varying multi-aircraft sce-

narios. Combat Talons/Spears can airland and air-

drop personnel and equipment on austere, marked,

and unmarked landing/drop zones, day or night, in

adverse weather. These aircraft can conduct overt,

clandestine, and low-visibility operations. They can

be employed in a low to medium threat environment

as defined in AFTTP 3-1, Vol 33 (S).

AC-130H Spectre and AC-130U Spooky

The AC-130 is a C-130 modified with gun systems,

electronic and electro-optical sensors, fire control

systems, enhanced navigation systems, sophisticated

communications, defensive systems, and inflight

refueling capability. Additionally, the AC-130 can

receive Predator UAV video to find and fix targets,

allowing the AC-130 to “stand off” in a safer envi-

ronment until the target is identified by the Predator.

These systems give the gunship crew the capability

to acquire and identify targets day or night, coordi-

nate with ground forces and command and control

agencies, and deliver surgically precise firepower in

support of both conventional and special operations

missions. The gunship is best suited for the close air

support (CAS) mission and has a unique capability

to deliver ordnance in extremely close proximity to

friendly forces in a troops-in-contact (TIC) situa-

tion. Gunships can also perform interdiction and

armed reconnaissance missions, particularly where

limited collateral damage is required. The gunship

can be employed in low to medium threat environ-

ments as defined by AFTTP 3-1, Vol 31 (S).

MC-130P Combat Shadow

The Combat Shadow aircraft is required to support

a range of activities from crisis response to wartime

commitment in special operations (SO) missions.

The mission of the Combat Shadow is clandestine

formation or single-ship intrusion of hostile territory

to provide air refueling of special operations helicop-

ters and the infiltration, exfiltration, and resupply

of special operations forces by airdrop or airland

operations. To perform these missions, the pri-

mary emphasis is on NVG operations. The Combat

Shadow can be employed in a low to medium threat

environment as defined in AFTTP 3-1, Vol 33 (S).

MH-53J/M Pave Low III

(scheduled for retirement in FY 2008)

The primary mission of the MH-53J/MH-53M is to

conduct clandestine infiltration, exfiltration, resup-

ply, airdrop, and heavy-lift sling operations over a

wide range of environmental conditions. The aircraft

can perform a variety of other missions, including

shipboard operations, radar vectoring, and combat

rescue. The Pave Low can be employed in low to

medium threat environments as defined by AFTTP

3-1, Vol 34.

EC-130J (Commando Solo)

Commando Solo is an airborne electronic broadcast-

ing system. The 193 SOW, Pennsylvania Air National

Guard, based at Harrisburg International Airport,

Middletown, Pennsylvania, operates the EC130J

Commando Solo aircraft. Its mission is to conduct

PSYOP broadcasting in frequency spectrums includ-

ing the standard AM/FM radio, television, short-

wave, and military communications bands. This

system may also be used to:

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Chapter 5. U.S. Air Force Special Operations Forces

Support disaster assistance efforts by broad-

casting public information and instruction

for evacuation operations

Provide a temporary replacement for existing

transmitters or expand their areas of cover-

age

Meet other requirements that involve radio

and television broadcasting in its frequency

range.

CV-22 Osprey

The CV-22 Osprey is a tilt-rotor platform that over-

comes many limitations of AFSOC’s aging helicopter

fleet. The CV-22 can self-deploy immediately to the

area of operations eliminating dependence on stra-

tegic airlift and additional time to tear down and

build up vertical lift assets. It has a vertical takeoff

and landing (VTOL) capability, speed comparable

to an MC-130, double the unrefueled range of an

MH-53M, and requires less aerial refueling tanker

support than existing SOF helicopters. The CV-22

also has improved survivability, reliability, maintain-

ability, and reduced weapon system support force

structure. The CV-22 is designed for penetrating

denied airspace and conducting infiltration, person-

nel recovery, exfiltration, and resupply missions.

The planned force structure for the CV-22 is 50

aircraft. The first operational CV-22 was delivered

to Hurlburt Field in January 2006, and complete

delivery is scheduled for FY 2017.

MQ-1 Predator

The MQ-1 Predator, flown by the 3rd Special Opera-

tions Squadron, is a medium-altitude, long-endur-

ance, remotely piloted aircraft with associated

personnel and equipment. The MQ-1’s primary

mission is interdiction and armed reconnaissance

against critical, perishable targets

MQ-9 Reaper

The MQ-9 Reaper is a medium-to-high altitude,

long-endurance, remotely piloted aircraft. The

MQ-9’s primary mission is as a persistent hunter-

killer against emerging targets. The MQ-9’s alternate

mission is as an intelligence, surveillance and recon-

naissance asset, with sensors to provide real-time

data.

The 6th Special Operations Squadron (SOS)

The 6 SOS is AFSOC’s aviation combat advisory

unit. Its members provide U.S. military expertise to

foreign country governments worldwide, supporting

U.S. and coalition interests in support of HN inter-

nal defense and development (IDAD) efforts.

Special Tactics (ST)

The 720 Special Tactics Group (STG) comprises

Air Force Combat Control, Pararescue, and Special

Operations Weather personnel capable of provid-

ing terminal control, reconnaissance, and recovery.

Special Tactics core competencies include austere

airfield control; environmental reconnaissance/

objective area weather forecasting; terminal attack

control/fire support operations; personnel rescue

and recovery; battlefield trauma care; and assault

zone assessment, establishment, and control. In

addition, the 720 STG includes specialized support

in the fields of intelligence, life support, logistics,

weapons, supply, medical logistics, vehicle main-

tenance, and radio maintenance. These are highly

skilled individuals who are technical experts and

worldwide deployable to support any type of contin-

gency across the spectrum.

USAF Special Operations School (USAFSOS)

USAFSOS provides special operations-related educa-

tion to personnel from all branches of DoD, govern-

mental agencies, and allied nations. Subjects covered

include SOF indoctrination, regional orientation,

cross cultural communication, force protection,

antiterrorism, SOF command and control, counter-

insurgency, influence operations, PSYOP, and SOF

space applications.

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Augmenting USAF Forces

Although not core AFSOF, certain conventional forces

are specially trained, equipped, and organized to conduct

missions in support of SO. This support is provided on

a non-dedicated, mission-specific basis. These forces do

not conduct unilateral SO activities, but provide specific

requirements supporting AFSOF.

Depending upon the mission, the President,

SecDef, or geographic combatant commander may

allocate any DoD assets to support SO, depend-

ing upon the capabilities required. This support

is usually mission-specific and of short duration.

Such capabilities may include strategic or tactical

bombing or airlift, airborne warning and control,

electronic warfare, reconnaissance, deception, or

space-based support.

Special Operations Low-Level (SOLL)

Basic fixed-wing strategic and theater (tactical) airlift

forces that can quickly augment AFSOF for the con-

duct and support of selected SO as the result of spe-

cial aircrew training and/or aircraft modification.

Strategic tankers

USAF maintains a limited number of strategic

tanker crews trained to support the unique refueling

requirements of AFSOF fixed-wing aircraft.

A-10s

A-10s may support SOF operations to provide

AFSOC with a hard kill and Anti-Aircraft Artillery

(AAA) suppression capability.

17th Air Support Operations Squadron (ASOS),

Fort Benning, Georgia

17 ASOS is tasked with supporting the Ranger Regi-

ment as well as having Special Operations Tactical

Air Control Party (SOF TACP) support of USA-

SOC’s 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 10th Special Forces Groups,

and the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and

School. 17 ASOS advises the ground commander

on the capabilities and use of tactical air power and

assists the ground commander on the planning and

employment of tactical air support. SOF TACPs also

provide the communications link with the Theater

Air Control System, conduct emergency CAS/termi-

nal guidance operations and training, and provide

CAS control for exercises and contingencies.

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Chapter 5. U.S. Air Force Special Operations Forces

AFSOC Numbered Air Force

23rd Air Force, Air Force Special Operations Forces

The 23rd Air Force, at Hurlburt Field, Florida, was

activated in January 2008 to provide worldwide Air

Force special operations command and control sup-

port to combatant commanders.

The mission of the 23 AF is to provide highly

trained special operations command and control, in-

telligence, and reachback support forces to deployed

air commanders for execution of assigned missions.

Specific tasks include mobilizing and deploying

AFSOC units, personnel and equipment; provid-

ing reachback support for deployed AFSOC units;

performing C2 for AFSOC forces above the wing

level; accomplishing global force management and

synchronization for AFSOC forces and prioritizing

warfighter requirements.

The 623rd Air and Space Operations Center, the

18th Flight Test Squadron, and the 11th Intelligence

Squadron fall under the 23 AF.

623rd Air Operations Center (623 AOC)

The 623 AOC, at Hurlburt Field, Florida, provides

command and control capability of assigned air

assets for USSOCOM and other combatant com-

mands as directed. The AOC ensures organized,

trained, and equipped capabilities for effective

operational-level C2 and ensures SOF are integrated

with conventional, joint, and combined forces.

At full operational capability, the 623 AOC

will have deployable liaison elements, deployable

joint special operations air component core and/

or augmentation packages, and additional reserve

component C2 capabilities.

18th Flight Test Squadron (18 FLTS)

The 18 FLTS is AFSOC’s independent field test

agency. It evaluates aircraft, equipment and tactics

in realistic battlespace environments to provide

decision makers accurate, timely, and complete

assessments of mission capability. From concept

development to system fielding, the 18th’s mission

improves the survivability and combat capability of

special operations forces worldwide.

11th Intelligence Squadron

The 11th Intelligence Squadron is USSOCOM and

AFSOC’s only dedicated processing, exploitation,

and dissemination (PED) node for intelligence, sur-

veillance, and reconnaissance (ISR). The squadron

provides primary exploitation of full-motion video

from theater airborne ISR and all-source fusion in

direct support of special operations mission custom-

ers as directed by the 623d Air Operations Center,

with all PED support tailored to the exacting needs

of USSOCOM’s tactical users. Further, the squadron

trains and deploys an Expeditionary Intelligence

Squadron to fulfill ISR tactical coordinator taskings,

embedding squadron members directly with opera-

tional SOF teams in the field. Finally, the squadron

develops TTPs for PED support of SOF.

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Mission

The mission of the 352 SOG is to act as the focal

point for all USAF special operations activities

throughout the European Central Command area

of responsibility. The group is prepared to conduct

a variety of high priority, low-visibility missions

supporting U.S. and allied special operations forces

throughout the European theater during peacetime,

joint operations exercises, and combat operations.

The 352 SOG develops and executes peacetime and

wartime contingency plans to effectively use fixed-

wing and personnel assets to conduct infiltration,

exfiltration, and resupply of U.S. and allied special

operations forces.

Organization

The 352 SOG is the Air Force component for

SOCEUR, a sub-unified command of the U.S. Euro-

pean Command. The 352 SOG has two flying squad-

rons, a maintenance and tactical communications

squadron, and a special tactics squadron. It includes

the units depicted in Figure 5-1. All 352 SOG units

are based at RAF Mildenhall, England.

353d Special Operations Group (353 SOG)

The 353 SOG, with headquar-

ters at Kadena Air Base, Japan,

is the Air Force component for

SOCPAC.

Mission

The group’s mission is to act as the focal

point for all USAF special operations activities

throughout the Pacific. The group is prepared to con-

duct a variety of high-priority, low-visibility air sup-

port missions for joint and allied special operations

forces in the region. It maintains a worldwide mobil-

ity commitment, participates in theater exercises,

and supports humanitarian assistance and disaster

relief operations. The group develops wartime and

contingency plans to effectively use the full range

of fixed wing capabilities, to include infiltration,

1st Special Operations Wing (1 SOW)

The 1 SOW is located at Hurl-

burt Field, Florida, and is the

oldest and most seasoned unit

in AFSOC.

Mission

The 1 SOW mission is to organize,

train, and equip Air Force special operations forces

for global employment. The 1 SOW focuses on uncon-

ventional warfare, including counterinsurgency and

PSYOP during operations other than war.

Organization

The 1 SOW is AFSOC’s largest unit. It deploys with

specially trained and equipped forces from each ser-

vice, working as a team to support national security

objectives. The 1 SOW manages a fleet of more than

90 aircraft with a military and civilian work force of

nearly 10,000 people. It includes the units depicted

in Figure 5-1.

27th Special Operations Wing (27 SOW)

AFSOC recently stood up a second

wing, located at Cannon AFB,

New Mexico. It includes the units

depicted in Figure 5-1.

Mission

The 27 SOW mission is to plan and

execute specialized and contingency oper-ations

using advanced aircraft, tactics, and air refueling

techniques to infiltrate, exfiltrate, and resupply SOF

and to provide intelligence, surveillance and recon-

naissance, and CAS in support of SOF operations.

352d Special Operations Group (352 SOG)

The 352 SOG at RAF Mildenhall,

United Kingdom, is the desig-

nated Air Force component for

SOCEUR.

AFSOC Wings and Groups

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Chapter 5. U.S. Air Force Special Operations Forces

720th Special Tactics Group (720 STG)

The 720 STG, with headquarters

at Hurlburt Field, Florida, has

assigned combat controllers,

pararescuemen, and special

operations weathermen who

work jointly in Special Tactics

Teams (STT).

There are six Special Tactics Squadrons (STS),

one Combat Weather Squadron (CWS), and one

Operations Support Squadron (OSS). The 21 STS is at

Pope AFB, North Carolina; the 22 STS is at McChord

AFB, Washington; the 23 STS is at Hurlburt Field,

Florida, the 24 STS is at Ft Bragg, North Carolina.

The 320 STS at Kadena AB, Japan, and the 321 STS at

RAF Mildenhall, England, are assigned to and under

the operational control of the 353d and 352d SOGs,

respectively. The 720 OSS is co-located with 720 STG

at Hurlburt Field, and provides mission support and

functional guidance for the STG subordinate units.

The 10 CWS is also headquartered at Hurlburt Field,

but the bulk of its personnel are assigned to detach-

ments co-located with U.S. Army Special Operations

Command units.

exfiltration, and resupply of U.S. and allied special

operations forces. The primary peacetime responsi-

bility of the 353 SOG is to oversee the training and

maintenance of its assigned units. The group ensures

the combat readiness of these units through com-

prehensive involvement in numerous theater and

Joint Chiefs of Staff-directed military exercises and

training activities throughout the Pacific.

Organization

The 353 SOG comprises the USAF special operations

air arm in PACOM. The commander is designated

Commander, Air Force Special Operations Com-

mand, Pacific, which is a sub-unified command to

the Special Operations Command, Pacific. The 353

SOG has two flying squadrons, a maintenance and

tactical communications squadron, and a special

tactics squadron. It includes the units shown in

Figure 5-1.

Figure 5-2. Special Tactics Organization

AFSOC

Hurlburt Field

720 STG

Hurlburt Field

320 STS

Kadena AB

22 STS

McChord AFB

24 STS

Fort Bragg

125 STS

Portland ANG

23 STS

Hurlburt Field

123 STS

Louisville ANG

10 CWS*

Hurlburt Field

21 STS

Pope AFB

321 STS

RAF Mildenhall

720 OSS

Hurlburt Field

SOCPAC

Camp Smith HI

353 SOG

Kadena AB

SOCEUR

Vaihingen GE

352 SOG

RAF Mildenhall

* 6 Geographically Separated Units: Ft Bragg, Ft Campbell, Ft Benning, Ft Carson, Ft Lewis, and Hunter AAF

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Air Reserve and Air National Guard Components

AFSOC gains three Air Reserve Component units

when they are mobilized. One is the 919 SOW

(AFRES) at Duke Field. Florida. Its 711 SOS flies

the MC 130E Combat Talon I. The second is the 193

SOW (ANG) at Harrisburg International Airport,

Pennsylvania, which flies the EC 130J Commando

Solo. The third component is the 123/125 Special

Tactics Squadrons of the ANG.

919th Special Operations Wing (919 SOW) (AFRC)

The 919 SOW at Duke Field, Flor-

ida is the only Air Force Reserve

Command special opera-

tions wing. When mobilized,

it reports to AFSOC. The 919

SOW provides MC 130E Combat

Talon I and MQ-1 aircraft operations,

maintenance, and support functions to accomplish

SO and trains active duty crew members to fly

the U-28A. The 919 SOW reports to the Air Force

Reserve’s 10th Air Force at Carswell AFB, Texas.

The 919 SOW has more than 1,400 reservists and

full-time civilian employees assigned. It includes the

5 SOS and the 711 SOS.

193d Special Operations Wing (193 SOW) (ANG)

The 193 SOW, Pennsylvania Air

National Guard, Harrisburg Inter-

national Airport, Pa., is the Air

Force’s sole asset for providing

airborne radio and television

broadcast missions. This Guard

unit falls under AFSOC when mobi-

lized for wartime action, humanitarian efforts or

contingencies. The 193 SOW provides an airborne

platform for virtually any contingency, including

state or national disasters, or other emergencies, on

a moment’s notice, anywhere in the world. The 193

SOW performs this unique mission with specially

configured EC-130J Commando Solo aircraft. Sec-

ondary 193 SOW missions are to provide airlift for

Air Force Intelligence Agency missions with modi-

fied EC-130Js and to provide airborne command and

control for special operations.

123rd Special Tactics Squadron, Kentucky Air National Guard

Located at Louisville, Kentucky, the 123rd falls

under AFSOC when mobilized for wartime action,

humanitarian efforts, or contingencies. The 123rd

trains, equips, and employs combat control, para-

rescue, special operations weathermen, and support

personnel in response to Presidential/SecDef task-

ings. Their primary task is to integrate, synchronize,

and/or control the elements of air and space power

in the objective area. The 123rd performs austere

airfield control, terminal attack control, person-

nel rescue and recovery, assault zone assessment,

battlefield trauma care, direct action, and special

reconnaissance.

125th Special tactics Squadron, Oregon Air National Guard

Located at Portland, Oregon, the 125th falls under

AFSOC when mobilized for wartime action, human-

itarian efforts or contingencies. The 125th trains,

equips and employs combat control and support

personnel in response to Presidential/SecDef task-

ings. Their primary task is to integrate, synchronize,

and/or control the elements of air and space power

in the objective area. The 123rd performs austere

airfield control, terminal attack control, personnel

rescue and recovery, assault zone assessment, direct

action, and special reconnaissance.

Air Force Special Operations Forces Logistics

AFSOF logistics is primarily focused on creating,

preparing, deploying, employing, sustaining, and

protecting the specialized air operations mission

through the full range of military operations. Logis-

tics and maintenance emphasize the launch, recov-

ery, service, rapid repair, and re-launch cycle. The

turn-around cycle may be compressed into relatively

short periods of 12 hours or less. This places a signifi-

cant burden on the logistics infrastructure, given the

level of sophistication of SOF aircraft modifications

and the requirement to operate from austere loca-

tions. Additionally, AFSOF logistics may be required

to provide initial contingency base operating sup-

port in support of special operations.

The parent organizations—wing, group and/

or squadron—are responsible for determining

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Chapter 5. U.S. Air Force Special Operations Forces

equipment, spares, and personnel requirements.

Total requirements determination will be based on

the deployment duration and the extent of existing

logistics and base operating support at the deployed

location. Once deployed, the AFSOF logistics readi-

ness officer will manage and coordinate logistics

support, including but not limited to supply and

contracting support, communications, vehicle,

fuels, billeting, and messing requirements, and will

establish connectivity with the theater and CONUS

logistic support systems.

Should time permit prior to deployment, the

wing or group logistic planning cell will develop a

plan to support deployed air operations and con-

comitant logistics objectives. AFSOC units normally

tailor their contingency support packages to accom-

modate the mission options for self-deployment,

limited airlift deployments, and, when applicable,

shipboard operations. Employment of 30 days or

less normally will be supported by mobility readi-

ness spares packages and limited base operating

support. Intermediate level maintenance support

may be deployed to collocate with AFSOF or be

centrally located to support SOF as well as theater

operations. While AFSOC units are en route or at

an austere location, the AFSOF Logistics Readiness

Center (LRC) is the primary supply support medium

for non-mission-capable supply (NMCS) spares

requests and orchestrates the acquisition-to-delivery

process. Long-term employments will be supported

by established supply pipelines with the exception

of NMCS conditions which will be accomplished by

the LRC. SOF-unique requests may go through the

JSOTF/SOC J-4 to USSOCOM Special Operations

Acquisition and Logistics Center (J4) or directly to

SOFSA.

From an Air Force logistics perspective, support

squadrons are organic to the 1 SOW, the 27 SOW and

the two OCONUS SOGs. They deploy, in part, when-

ever elements of the parent wing or group deploy.

The 16th Maintenance and Mission Support Groups,

comprised of qualified personnel from a composite

of support squadrons, provide the primary logistics

support for CONUS-based AFSOF. The OCONUS

Special Operations Groups provide the primary

logistic support of OCONUS-based AFSOF. They

accomplish their mission by meeting the following

key objectives: maintaining personnel, equipment

and supplies in constant state of deployment and

combat readiness; providing world class training to

logistics and maintenance personnel; and striving

for technological superiority, robustness, agility, and

full integration with joint operations.

New AFSOC Units

3rd Special Operations Squadron (3 SOS)

The 3 SOS is located at Creech

AFB, Nevada. It is currently

geographically separated from

its parent wing, the 27th SOW,

but will be conducting a unit

move to Cannon AFB, New

Mexico, in FY2009.

Mission

The SOS mission is to provide UAV support to spe-

cial operations forces.

Organization

To accomplish the mission, the 3 SOS uses the MQ-1

Predator unmanned aerial vehicle. The MQ-1 Preda-

tor is a medium-altitude, long-endurance, remotely

piloted aircraft.

319th Special Operations Squadron (319 SOS)

The 319 SOS is located at Hurl-

burt Field, Florida.

Mission

The 319 SOS mission is to

provide intra-theater sup-

port for special operations

forces.

Organization

To accomplish its mission, the 319 SOS uses the

U-28A, a variation of the Pilatus PC-12. The U-28A

has a crew of two, but can be flown by one pilot.

The plane was selected for its versatile performance

and ability to operate from short and unimproved

runways. It is certified to land on dirt and grass

strips, and is equipped with weather radar, a suite of

advanced communications, and navigation gear.

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Chapter 5. U.S. Air Force Special Operations Forces

AFSOC Aircraft and Capabilities

MC-130E Combat Talon I/MC-130H Combat Talon II

Combat Talon aircraft are equipped with inflight

refueling equipment, terrain-following, terrain-

avoidance radar, an inertial and GPS navigation

system, and a high-speed aerial delivery system.

Combat Talon I and some Talon II aircraft are

also equipped with air refueling systems to refuel

vertical-lift assets.

Mission

Combat Talon I and Combat Talon II are required to

support the range of activities from crisis response

to wartime commitment in special operations mis-

sions. The mission of the Combat Talon is to provide

global, day, night, and adverse weather capability

to airdrop and airland personnel and equipment in

support of U.S. and allied special operations forces.

The Combat Talons conduct infiltration, exfiltration,

resupply (using airland and/or airdrop), PSYOP, and

aerial reconnaissance in hostile or denied territory.

Both Combat Talons are capable of inflight refueling,

giving them an extended range, limited only by crew

endurance and availability of conventional tanker

support. Combat Talon I and some Talon II aircraft

are capable of air refueling vertical-lift aircraft in

support of extended operations. The Combat Talon

missions may be accomplished either single-ship

or in concert with other special operations assets

in varying multi-aircraft scenarios. Combat Talons

are able to airland/airdrop personnel/equipment

on austere, marked and unmarked LZ/DZs, day or

night. Combat Talon missions may require overt,

clandestine, or low-visibility operations.

Equipment

General Characteristics and Specifications

Special navigation and aerial delivery systems are used to

locate small drop zones and deliver people or equipment

with greater accuracy and at higher airspeeds than pos-

sible with a standard C-130E/H aircraft. The following

equipment has been installed on the standard C-130E/H

aircraft to meet Combat Talon mission requirements:

Terrain-Following/Terrain-Avoidance Radar

(TF/TA)

Precision Ground Mapping Radar (PGM)

Precision Navigation System (INS, Doppler

and GPS)

Automatic Computed Air Release Point System

(AUTOCARP)

Table 5-1. MC-130E vs. MC-130H Comparisons

MC-130E Combat Talon I

MC-130E Combat Talon II

Primary Function

Infiltration, exfiltration, resupply of SOF, aerial

refueling of specially equipped helicopters

Infiltration, exfiltration, resupply of SOF

Builder

Lockheed Aircraft Corp

Power Plant

Four Allison T-56-A-15 turboprop engines

Thrust

4,910 shaft horsepower, each engine

Length

100 ft, 6 in (30.7 m)

99 ft, 9 in (30.4 m)

Height

38 ft, 6 in (11.7 m)

Wingspan

132 ft, 7 in (40.4 m)

Speed

300 mph (480 kph)

Ceiling

33,000 ft (10,000 m)

Load

59 troops or 32 paratroopers

75 troops or 50 paratroopers

Max Takeoff Weight

155,000 lbs (69,750 kg), 175,000 lbs with waiver

Range

3,110 miles (2,700 nm), unlimited with air refueling

Crew

5 officers (2 pilots, 2 navigators, 1 EWO), 4 enlisted

(1 flight engineer, 1 comm specialist, 2 loadmasters)

4 officers (2 pilots, 1 navigator, 1 EWO), 3 enlisted

(1 flight engineer, 2 loadmasters)

Fuel

JP-8

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Electronic Countermeasures (ECM)

Infrared Countermeasures (IRCM)

High Speed Low-Level Aerial Delivery System

(HSLLADS)

Container Release System (CRS)

Inflight refueling, receiver operations

Secure voice HF, UHF, VHF-FM, and

SATCOM radios

Infrared sensor

Helicopter refueling systems

Employment

See table 5-2.

General Planning Factors

Altitude profile.

Combat Talon missions are normally

flown at night using a high-low-high altitude profile.

The high altitude portions are generally flown prior

to penetrating and after exiting the target area. These

portions of the flight are flown at an average ground

speed of 260 knots and at an altitude that minimizes

fuel consumption and enemy detection. The aircraft

will descend to low-level, terrain-following altitudes

to penetrate hostile territory. The highest altitude

commensurate with detection/threat avoidance and

mission requirements is normally flown. Mission

success may require the flight to be conducted at the

lowest possible altitude consistent with flying safety

and at a ground speed between 220 and 260 knots.

NVGs may be used. The Combat Talons operate in a

low to medium threat as defined in AFTTP 3-1.

Range.

Aircraft range depends upon several factors,

including configuration, payload, length of time spent

low level, en route winds, and weather. For plan-

ning purposes, range (without refueling, 2 hours low

level) is 2300 NM. Crew limitations and availability

of tanker support are the only limitations on range

of aircraft with inflight refueling capability. Load

capabilities depend on aircraft configuration, fuel

load, and operating altitude.

Duration.

Mission duration will depend on the air-

craft basing location, aircraft configuration, crew

composition, target location, availability of tanker

support, and routing required for successful mission

accomplishment.

Crew.

Crew duty day varies for basic crews and aug-

mented crews. Crew compositions are as follows:

Basic

1 Aircraft Commander

1 Copilot

2 Navigators (1 MC-130H)

1 Flight Engineer

1 Radio Operator (None MC-130H)

2 Loadmasters

1 Electronic Warfare Officer

Augmented

2 Aircraft Commanders

1 Copilot

3 Navigators (2 MC-130H)

1 Flight Engineer

2 Radio Operators (None MC-130H)

2 Loadmasters

2 Electronic Warfare Officers

Notes

1.  Duty  day  for  a  basic  mission  crew  is  16
hours,  providing  no  tactical  events  are
accomplished  after  12  hours  and  no  air
refueling  is  accomplished  after  14  hours.
2. Duty day for an augmented mission crew
is 20 hours, providing no tactical events are
accomplished after 16 hours and no air refueling
is accomplished after 18 hours.

Response time.

The Combat Talon is not a rapid

response force. Missions deep into heavily defended

enemy territory require extensive preflight plan-

ning. Therefore, exercise/contingency operations

require at least 72 hours notification prior to mis-

sion execution.

MC-130E Combat Talon 1

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Chapter 5. U.S. Air Force Special Operations Forces

Table 5-2. MC-130E/H Employment Methods

Method

Type

Comments

Infiltration and

Exfiltration

Static line low altitude airdrops

Flown at 130 knots at 800 (min) AGL. Static line drops can also be accomplished in

combination with CRS. For combination drops, troops exit from the ramp immedi-

ately after ejection of equipment from the ramp.

High Altitude Low Opening (HALO)

/ High Altitude High Opening

(HAHO)

Made above 3000 ft. The navigator determines the High Altitude Release Point

(HARP). HAHO airdrops are normally made above 10,000-ft AGL, without free-fall, to

travel long distances. HALO and HALO are flown at 130 kts indicated airspeed.

Airland Infiltration/Exfiltration

For training operations, LZ should be hard surfaced. Extreme caution must be used

in coordinating these events at non-active-duty military installations Min runway

length is takeoff/landing roll + 500 ft (approx. 3,000 ft). Min runway width is 60

ft. NVG operations require a runway at least 3500 ft by 60 ft. Permission must be

received from the airport manager and weight-bearing capacity must be adequate.

Compatible fire-fighting equipment must be immediately available if multiple land-

ings are planned. See AFI 13-217 and AFSOCI 11-202 for training and contingency

runway length.

Combat Rubber Raiding Craft

(CRRC)

Airdropped using low-level procedures (800-ft AGL min). 19 parachutists can be

airdropped in conjunction with 1 CRRC or 18 parachutists with 2 CRRCs. 3-4 CRRCs

may be airdropped on a single pass when stacked and rigged IAW Army FM 10-542/

AFTO 13C7-51-21.

Resupply

High Speed Low Level Delivery

System (HSLLADS)

Primary method of low-level (250-ft AGL min) resupply because it minimizes risks

and avoids compromise of the DZ. Air drop is accomplished at a max airspeed of 250

kts. AUTOCARP or special sight procedures (marked point of impact) will be used to

determine release point. High-speed containers must weigh between 250-600 lbs

each. 4 containers may be dropped on a single pass, providing the total weight does

not exceed 2,200 lbs.

Heavy Equipment Platform Airdrop Primary method for airdrop of heavy-weight supplies. This is a low-level (800-ft

AGL), low-speed (130 kts) item-extraction-type drop of platforms assembled in

lengths of 8–32 ft in increments of 4 feet. Combination airdrops may be accom-

plished utilizing the aircraft ramp after the load exits. A max of 20 personnel may

exit when using parachutes rigged with static lines. Max weight of 42,000 lbs may

be airdropped on a single pass.

Container Release System (CRS)

Used for low-level (min 500 ft AGL), low-speed (130 kts) gravity drops. Used to

airdrop A-series containers. A total weight not to exceed 6,667 lbs may be dropped

on a single pass. Combination drops may be accomplished with CRS. Parachutists

exit the aircraft from the ramp after the load exits.

Container Delivery System (CDS)

Used to deliver up 16 A-series cargo containers by gravity extraction on a single

pass. A max weight of 37,248 lbs may dropped on a single pass. Combination

airdrops may accomplished with CDS. A total of 20 parachutists may dropped on a

single pass.

Door Bundles

A door bundle is a container weighing less than 500 lbs and released from the

paradrop door. Dimensions must 48x30x66 inches or smaller.

Ramp Bundles

Ramp bundles are rigged and dropped from the aircraft cargo ramp. They are rigged

in A-series containers on a skid board at least 42 in wide. Max container height is

83 in. Loads followed by a parachutist must be rigged breakaway, unless specifically

authorized in a specific rigging manual.

PSYOP

PSYOP are conducted through leaflet drops. Psychological warfare units supply the

necessary information, leaflets, and other materials as needed.

Aerial

Reconnaissance

Some aircrews are trained to conduct visual reconnaissance. A portable camera

system may be mounted on the MC-130 to provide a limited daylight photo capabil-

ity for use in a low-threat environment. A portable video recorder can also record

FLIR images providing a limited night photo capability.

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Waivers.

Commonly requested operational waivers

are:

Crew duty day extension

Takeoff gross weight

Minimum runway criteria

IMC self-contained approaches (SCA)

HAR below 1000 feet.

Employment/Navigation and Drop Capabilities.

Navi-

gation to a computed air release point (CARP) for

airdrops is accomplished by one of the procedures

shown in Table 5-4.

Drop missions.

Combat Talon aircrews accomplish

drops on drop zones with no markings or commu-

nications. If commanders agree to use marked drop

zones, reception committee personnel must fully

coordinate with the aircrew on the type of markings

to be used, configuration of the drop zone, method

of authentication, and release point determination.

The most frequent cause of mission abort is lack

of coordination or confusion over correct mark-

ing procedures. Placement and markings types are

outlined in TC 31-20-3, AFM 3-5, SOCOMM 350-3,

and AFI 13-217.

Inaccuracies in DZ coordinates, lack of radar

update targets, and a non-operational INS will

degrade the accuracy of airdrops accomplished using

onboard navigational equipment (AUTOCARP).

Mission scenario.

Not all aircrew members are qualified

in all employment events. Also, the aircraft can be

configured for several different employment events

or combinations of events. Therefore, the employ-

ment scenario must be known prior to deployment to

determine crew and aircraft mission configuration/

equipment requirements. Crew qualifications for

specific missions are shown in Table 5-3.

Terrain following.

Terrain-following will be degraded

during moderate to heavy showers/thunderstorms.

Mission

Crew Qualification

Airdrop

All crews.

NVG Landing

NVG left-seat pilot, NVG right-seat

pilot, flight engineer

Inflight Refueling

Aircraft commander, navigator, flight

engineer

Helicopter Refueling

Aircraft commander, navigator, flight

engineer, one or two loadmasters —

not required for Combat Talon II

Forward Arming

Refueling Point (FARP)

All Crews

Table 5-3. Combat Talon Aircrew Qualification

Table 5-4. Combat Talon Drop Capabilities

Method

Procedure

Manual CARP

Navigator manually computes release point using parachute ballistic data and winds, and visually directs the pilot to the

point. DZ point of impact or release point must be marked.

AUTOCARP

Mission computer calculates the release point and provides steering direction to pilot through the flight director system.

At the release point, the computer automatically releases the load. Accuracy of the drop is improved if a radar target is

located within 5 nm of the DZ or if a GAR/I beacon is positioned on the point of impact (or other precoordinated offset

position). Because the GAR/I transmit and receives line-of-sight, an unobstructed beacon alignment is required. The

GAR/I should be turned on 10 minutes before scheduled target time.

Ground-marked

Release System

Ground forces compute the release point and provide a ground marker. The release point will be over the ground marker

or offset 50 meters to the right for an “inverted L” (other letters may be used if precoordinated.

Area DZ

Prearranged flight track over a series of acceptable drop zones (1/2 mile either side of track) established in a line-of-flight

between two points more that 15 miles apart. The ground party is free to receive the drop anywhere along the flight

path. Use of the GAR/I and the AUTOCARP IS the preferred method of navigation to the release point because it permits

early DZ recognition and course adjustments by the aircrew.

Regular DZ

The location, size, and marking are determined before the mission.

Blind DZ

Airdrop on unmarked DZs using AUTOCARP procedures.

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Chapter 5. U.S. Air Force Special Operations Forces

Load Capabilities for the MC-130E Combat Talon I

Tables 5-5, 5-6, and 5-7 illustrate maximum air-

craft load capabilities for the MC-130E Combat

Talon I aircraft. Load capabilities will be reduced

if operating in high terrain and/or temperature

environments.

Load Capabilities for the MC-130H Combat Talon II

Tables 5-8, 5-9, and 5-10 illustrate maximum air-

craft load capabilities for the MC-130H Combat

Talon II aircraft. Load capabilities will be reduced

if operating in high terrain and/or temperature

environments.

Table 5-5. Combat Talon I Load Capabilities

for Ground Troop Movement and Personnel Airdrop

Table 5-6. Combat Talon I Load Capabilities for Equipment Airdrop

Notes:
1. The CRS bundles can be airdropped from the aircraft ramp. Number, size and weight of bundles is a limiting fac-

tor. Max weight for the MC-130 ramp is 5,000 lbs, including the weight of the dual rails (336 lbs), and air deflectors

(137 lbs).
2. 3 to 4 CRRCs may be airdropped on a single pass when stacked and rigged for airdrop IAW Army FM 10-542/
Air Force TO 13C7-51-21.

Notes:
1. Number and size of equipment items may affect number of paratroops.
2. There is no combination airdrop capability with HSLLADS.
3. HSLLADS CRS loads may be positioned while airborne for multiple DZs.
4. 3 to 4 CRRCs may be airdropped on a single pass when stacked and rigged for airdrop IAW Army FM 10-542/
Air Force TO 13C7-51-21

Table 5-7. Combat Talon I Load Capabilities for Equipment and Personnel (Combination Airdrop)

Type

Load – Internal Fulton Equipment Removed

Ground troops (excluding aircrew)

Paratroops (including safeties and jumpmaster)

Load

Single-Pass Drop

Total Load

High Speed Low Level Aerial Delivery System

(HSLLADS) bundles

Restricted to space available & 2,200 lbs.

Container Release System (CRS) bundles.

(See Note 1)

Depends on type of container used. Depends on type of container used. Total weight not

to exceed 6,667 lbs.

Door bundles (max size and weight

Size: 48x30x66 in.; Weight: 500 lbs. Depends on mission requirements

Combat Rubber Raiding Craft (See Note 2)

Heavy Equipment Platforms

2, 28 ft total length

Container Delivery System

Load

Single-Pass Drop

Total Load

CRS bundles / combat equipped paratroops

Depends on type “A” containers/20 paratroops.

Total static lines not to exceed 20 on anchor cable.

Depends on type “A” containers and

space available.

Door bundles: max size & weight / combat-

equipped paratroops (through paratroop doors)

2@500 lbs each and 48x30x66 inch or less / 32

paratroops

2@500 lbs each and 32 paratroops

AHKIO sleds / combat-equipped paratroops

2/26 paratroops

Combat Rubber Raiding Craft or inflated assault

boat / paratroops (See Note 3)

2/18 paratroops or 1/19 paratroops (See Note 3)

4/18 paratroops

Heavy Equipment Platforms / paratroops

2 platforms / 20 paratroops

Container Delivery System / paratroops

12 containers / 8 paratroops

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Table 5-8. Combat Talon II Load Capabilities for

Ground Troop or Personnel Airdrop

Notes:
1. The CRS bundles can be airdropped from the aircraft ramp. Number, size and weight of bundles is a limiting fac-

tor. Max weight for the MC-130 ramp is 5000 lbs including the weight of the dual rails (336 lbs) and air deflectors

(137 lbs).
2. 3 to 4 CRRCs may be airdropped on a single pass when stacked and rigged for airdrop IAW Army FM 10-542/
Air Force TO 13C7-51-21.

Table 5-9. Combat Talon II Load Capabilities for Equipment Airdrop

Notes:
1. Number and size of equipment items may affect number of paratroops.
2. There is no combination airdrop capability with HSLLADS.
3. HSLLADS and CRS loads may be positioned while airborne for multiple DZs.
4. 3 to 4 CRRCs may be airdropped on a single pass when stacked and rigged for airdrop IAW Army FM 10-542/
Air Force TO 13C7-51-21.

Table 5-10. Combat Talon II Load Capabilities for Equipment and Personnel (Combination Airdrop)

MC-130H Combat Talon II

Type

Load

Ground troops (excluding aircrew)

Paratroops (including safeties and jumpmaster)

Load

Single-Pass Drop

Total Load

High Speed Low Level Aerial Delivery Sys-

tem (HSLLADS) bundles

Single bundle up to 600 lbs & multiple bundles on

a single pass up to 2,200 lbs.

Multiple bundles up to 2,200 lbs

Container Release System (CRS) bundles.

(See Note 1)

Depends on type of container used; multiple

bundles up to 6,667 lbs

Depends on type of container used; mul-

tiple bundles up to 6,667 lbs

Door bundles (max size and weight)

Multiple bundles, weight restriced to 500 lbs per

bundle

Multiple bundles, weight restriced to 500

lbs per bundle

Combat Rubber Raiding Craft (See Note 2)

Heavy Equipment Platforms

Container Delivery System

MOAB

Load

Single-Pass Drop

Total Load

CRS bundles / combat equipped paratroops

Depends on type “A” containers/20 paratroops.

Total static lines not to exceed 20 on anchor cable.

Depends on type “A” containers and

space available.

Door bundles: max size & weight / combat-

equipped paratroops (through paratroop doors)

2@500 lbs each and 48x30x66 inch or less / 32

paratroops

2@500 lbs each and 32 paratroops

AHKIO sleds / combat-equipped paratroops

2/26 paratroops

Combat Rubber Raiding Craft or inflated assault

boat / paratroops (See Note 3)

2/18 paratroops or 1/19 paratroops

Heavy Equipment Platforms / paratroops

3 platforms / 20 paratroops

Container Delivery System / paratroops

12 containers / 20 paratroops

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Chapter 5. U.S. Air Force Special Operations Forces

Improvements

The Combat Talon I underwent an extensive modifi-

cation and improvement program called Mod 90 to

increase maintainability, survivability, and capabil-

ity in hostile environments, improve command and

control, and enhance navigational ability.

MC-130H Combat Talon II

In addition to the existing 10 Combat Talon I air-

craft, 20 production C-130Hs have been modified to

the Combat Talon II configuration. This program

was developed to supplement the Combat Talon I

and resolve the shortfall in long-range assets. Avi-

onics systems are different from the Combat Talon

I MOD 90 improvement. The weather and threat

environment capabilities are the same as the Combat

Talon I. The additional equipment and differences

between the two are as follows:

Integrated avionics on flight deck (glass

cockpit)

TF/TA and search radar, can look and TF

through turns (Emerson APQ-170)

Infrared detection system (IDS)

Helicopter refueling (HAR) capability has

been added to all 15 SOS assigned MC-130H

(overseas units cannot perform HAR)

Crew size is seven

Cargo compartment loading of six pallets.

Additional Information

AFTTP 3-1, Vol 33 (S), contains additional/classified

information.

AC-130H SPECTRE Gunship/AC-130U Spooky

Spectre and Spooky are heavily armed aircraft. Both

have side-firing weapons integrated with sophisti-

cated sensor, navigation, and fire control systems to

provide accurate firepower during extended loiter

periods, at night, and in adverse weather.

Spectre has an impressive combat history. During

Vietnam, gunships destroyed more than 10,000

trucks and were credited with many life-saving close

air support missions. AC 130s suppressed enemy air

defense systems and attacked ground forces during

Operation Urgent Fury in Grenada. This enabled

the successful assault of Point Salines airfield via

airdrop and airland of friendly forces. Gunships

had a starring role during Operation Just Cause in

Panama by destroying Panamanian Defense Force

Headquarters and numerous command and control

facilities by accurate employment of ordnance in an

urban environment. As the only close air support

platform in the theater, Spectre was credited with

saving many friendly lives. Both Spectre and Spooky

aircraft have played prominent roles in Operation

Enduring Freedom and were key to the liberation of

the people of Afghanistan. The Spooky aircraft were

also heavily involved with Operation Iraqi Freedom

and the overthrow of Saddam Hussein.

Mission

The AC-130 is a C-130 modified with gun systems,

electronic and electro-optical sensors, fire control

systems, enhanced navigation systems, sophisticated

communications, defensive systems, and inflight

refueling capability. These systems give the gunship

crew the capability to acquire and identify targets

day or night, coordinate with ground forces and

command and control agencies, and deliver accurate

firepower in support of both conventional and spe-

cial operations missions. The gunship is best suited

for the CAS mission and has a unique capability to

deliver ordnance in extremely close proximity to

friendly forces in a troops-in-contact (TIC) situa-

tion. Gunships can also perform interdiction and

armed reconnaissance missions, particularly where

limited collateral damage is required. The gunship

can be employed in low-to- medium threat envi-

ronments as defined by AFTTP 3-1, Vol 31. Within

permissive environments, the AC-l30 is effective in

the following roles:

Close Air Support (CAS)

Interdiction

Armed Reconnaissance

Point Defense

Escort (Convoy, Naval, Train, Rotary-Wing)

Surveillance

Landing/Drop Zone (LZ/ DZ) Support

Limited Airborne Command and Control.

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Fire Control Computers

Fire control computers resolve all variables to com-

plete fire control solutions. They can store prese-

lected targets and sensor sightline targets. Both

aircraft have multiple computers to provide redun-

dancy. Additionally, the AC-130H/U can engage

targets using dual target attack (DTA). DTA can

be used against two separate targets or used to

deliver maximum ordnance on a single target by

allocating an individual sensor and gun to each fire

control channel. Also, DTA can be used with one

sensor and two guns on the same target. For dual

target engagements, with targets separated by more

than about 800 m, the gunship may not be able to

engage both targets during all portions of the orbit.

A live-fire boresight area is required prior to firing

in close proximity of friendly forces. Employment

altitude depends on terrain, threat environment,

and weather.

Navigation

Navigation aids include two TACANS and VORs,

the GPS, dual INUs, and Doppler feed into a Kalman

filter that produces excellent navigational accuracy.

Additionally, the navigation computers can store

targets and navigation points.

Communications

Communications radios include two HF, three

(two AC-130U) VHF, AM/FM, two UHF, and one

SATCOM. Secure voice is available for HF, VHF

(KY-100), UHF, and SATCOM (KY-58). Both UHF

radios are Have Quick ll capable.

Equipment

General Specifications

Prime Contractor: Lockheed

Horsepower: 3,750 equivalent shaft power

Wingspan: 132’ 7”

Length: 97’ 9”

Height: 38’ 6”

Unrefueled range (combat ammo load):

AC-130U-1200 NM; AC-130H-1200 NM;

Unlimited with air refueling

Unrefueled combat radius (1-hour loiter): 500

Speed: 250 Knots (True Airspeed) cruise. 300

mph (at sea level)

Maximum gross weight: 155,000 lbs, 175,000

lbs with waiver

Fuel load: 40,000 lbs (inflight refuelable)

Fuel type: JP 8

Fuel consumption: 6,000 pounds per hour;

6,500 during low level.

Mission Equipment

The following equipment has been added to the

standard C-130:

Dual Fire Control Computers

Enhanced Navigation System (Dual INS, GPS,

Doppler)

Secure Communications: 2 HF, 2 VHF AM/

FM, 2 UHF, SATCOM, Data Burst

Inflight Refueling

Low Light Level Television (LLLTV/AC-130H)

with Laser Illuminator

All Light Level Television (ALLTV/AC-130U)

with Laser Illuminator

Infrared Detection Set (IDS)

APQ-150 Beacon Tracking Radar (BTR/

AC-130H)

APQ-180 Strike Radar (AC-130U)

IR and Electronic Countermeasures, Active

and Passive

25mm GAU-12 Cannon, Trainable

(AC-130U)

40mm M2A1 (modified) Automatic Cannon,

Trainable

105mm M137 Cannon, Trainable

Battle Damage Assessment (BDA) Recorder.

AC-130H Spectre Gunship

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Chapter 5. U.S. Air Force Special Operations Forces

both aircraft are equipped with essentially the same

capabilities.

Radar Warning: ALR-69

Electronic Countermeasures

AC-130H: ALQ-172 (V) 3

AC-130U: ALQ-172 (V) 1A

Chaff/Flare System: ALE-40 (to be replaced

with ALE-47)

IR Countermeasures: AAQ-24 Directional

Infrared Countermeasures System

Missile Warning: AAR-44A.

g.
All defensive equipment on the gunship is de-

signed to defeat a single engagement, not allow

prolonged exposure to a threat. Mission planning to

avoid a threat envelope, either by circumnavigation

or by altitude separation, is the primary means of

survival. The threat environments the gunship can

be employed against can be found in AFTTP 3-1.

AC-130 (S). The specific capability of defensive sys-

tems and tactics against a given threat is classified.

Further, risk assessment decisions are a complex

balance of mission priority, available options, threat

system, proficiency of the threat system operators,

and weather conditions. Therefore, a list of the

probability of survival against a specific threat is

inappropriate. The crews tasked to fly a mission, ad-

ditional planners, and intelligence support together

provide the best vehicle to determine the probability

of survival and mission success.

Sensors

Electro-optical and visual sensors require

visual meteorological conditions (VMC). Of

special note, the TV system degrades during

sunrise and sunset. The gunship cannot see

color; all images are viewed in shades of gray

and recorded onto videotape for review after

the mission.

The ability to acquire and identify a given

target depends on the size of the target, slant

range, contrast with the environment, and

weather conditions. The crew coordination

involved to ensure the limiting of collateral

damage is phenomenal. The sensor operator

will find the desired target. After validating

the target, the fire control officer will assign

a gun to the sensor. The navigator will confirm

both the target and gun/sensor combination are

correct. After the navigator confirms all information,

the pilot will authorize the gunners to arm the guns.

Once the guns are armed, the sensor operator will

then engage the targets. During the engagement, the

fire control officer continuously checks the accuracy

of the fire control system and updates as necessary.

The following sensors are employed:

LLLTV (AC-130H).

The LLLTV can be used in

extremely low light, below about 30% illumi-

nation, in conjunction with gated laser illumi-

nator (GLINT). The GLINT is normally used

only in a permissive environment. The LLLTV

has a wide and a narrow field of view (FOV).

The narrow FOV magnification is about 22 to

1. This gives an FOV of approximately 70 m

at 6,000’ AGL, 8,000’ slant range.

ALLTV (AC-130U).

The ALLTV also uses a

laser illuminator (LIA). The ALLTV has a

wide, medium, and narrow FOV. The narrow

FOV magnification is about 45 to 1.

IDS.

Both aircraft use the AAQ-26 IDS, which

requires no visible light. This system has a

wide and narrow FOV. The narrow FOV of the

AAQ-26 magnification is about 43 to 1.

Defensive Equipment.

The AC-130 is equipped with

a variety of defensive equipment. Though some

basic differences exist between the H and U models,

AC-130 Live Fire Mission

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intended for attacking specific, briefed targets. The

gunship can effectively search LOCs, however the

narrow field of view of the sensors limits the gun-

ship’s ability to search large areas. The time required

to perform armed reconnaissance must be considered

with respect to the threat.

Helicopter Landing Zone (LZ) and Drop Zone (DZ)
Support.

The gunship can provide escort, LZ/DZ

security, and fire support for helicopter operations.

Mission accomplishment is achieved through a joint

pre brief of route, special procedures, and establish-

ment of a communications net (fire support coor-

dination net). The gunship can assist helicopters in

search and rescue missions as necessary. Helicopter

use of beacons greatly aids in vectoring. The gunship

can provide LZ/DZ weather and threat updates to all

participating aircraft. The gunship can also destroy

unrecoverable loads that have landed off a DZ and

should not fall into enemy hands.

Fighter Escort Operations.

Fighters can operate with

the gunship as part of a strike package. Fighter assets

provide additional strike capability with greater stand-

off, hard-target kill capability, and larger area sup-

pression weapons. Fighters can also provide real-time

threat suppression in the target area and during en

route portions of the mission. Operations with fighter

aircraft require effective teamwork between the dis-

similar aircraft and increase the complexity of crew

coordination on the gunship. Flexibility and situ-

ational awareness must be maintained at all times.

Specialized Missions

Point Defense.

This is essentially a preplanned

CAS mission. The situation may allow for in-

depth planning and coordination, but proce-

dures are the same as for any CAS scenario.

Escort.

Another version of CAS is escort. The

gunship can provide convoy, naval, train,

helicopter escort/vectoring surveillance, and

limited protection of friendly forces from

enemy ambush. Communications with the

supported commander are essential. Mission

accomplishment is achieved through a joint

brief of route, special procedures, and estab-

lishment of a communications net. Ground

Employment

Close Air Support (CAS) and Troops in Contact (TIC).

The AC-130 is an excellent low threat, night CAS

platform. The gunship can provide accurate fire

support with limited collateral damage, and it can

remain on station for extended periods of time. The

AC-130U visual sensors and radar provide real time

reconnaissance of the employment area.

Unlike other fixed-wing CAS aircraft, the AC-130

does not require forward area controller (FAC) sup-

port for ordnance delivery in proximity to friendly

forces, allowing fire support officers, team leaders,

etc., to control ordnance delivery. Since the AC-130

delivers ordnance through a pylon turn, the target

is usually visible and may be engaged throughout

the entire orbit. As a result, run-in headings are not

appropriate.

The first consideration for CAS missions is to

positively identify the friendly position. Friendly

forces may use various marking devices to expedite

acquisition. Radio contact with the ground forces

is maintained at all times during firing, unless

comm-out procedures are coordinated in advance.

To reduce communications during preplanned mis-

sions, as much briefing information as possible is

coordinated in advance.

Interdiction.

Air interdiction consists of air operations

conducted to destroy, neutralize, or delay the enemy’s

potential before it can be brought to bear effectively

against friendly forces. Air interdiction is conducted

at great enough distances from friendly forces that

detailed integration with the fire and movement of

friendly forces is not required. The gunship is best

suited to strike small targets in a permissive environ-

ment where limited collateral damage is required. The

gunship’s accuracy, low-yield munitions, and target

identification capability reduces the risk of collateral

damage. However, the gunship lacks great hitting

power and area coverage capability, which limits the

capability against hardened or large area targets.

Armed Reconnaissance.

Gunship armed reconnaissance

is flown to locate and attack targets of opportunity

(enemy material, personnel, and facilities) in assigned

or general areas or along assigned lines of communi-

cation (LOC). Gunship armed reconnaissance is not

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Chapter 5. U.S. Air Force Special Operations Forces

Notes
1. Observer/Warning Order. This line closely resembles an artillery CFF format. This may be a mission other than

a fire mission (e.g., reconnaissance).

2. Friendly Location/Mark. In a TIC situation, the gunship should identify all friendly forces prior to engaging
targets. If this is not practical, the gunship can engage targets when the friendly forces are known to be clear. The

briefing should include any marking devices such as beacons, IR strobes, etc.

3. Target Location. The preferred method is to reference a target in terms of magnetic bearing and range, in
meters, from the observer’s position. Grid coordinates may be used. Targets may also be described in relation to
target reference points (TRP), roads, or rivers.

4. Target Description/Mark. This aids in both identification and weapon selection. Marking by laser identifier or
tracer fire may aid in target acquisition. The ground party will normally not mark the target until the gunship calls

ready. This reduces the observers’ exposure with an active marking source.

5. Clearance. Normally, transmission of the fire support request is clearance to fire. However, if the target is inside

the danger close range (200 meters for the 105mm and 125 meters for all other guns), the controller should state
“clear danger close” or pass the ground commander’s initials. Danger close is based on the 0.1% probability of
incapacitation PI, based on the 5-minute assault criteria, using prone soldiers in winter clothing and a helmet. The

10.0% PI should be considered as the normal limit to close fire support.

6. At My Command (AMC). If the observer wants to delay the mission until his signal, he will add AMC to line four.

When the crew is ready to fire the mission, the navigator should call “ready to fire.”

7. Adjust Fire. Normally, the crew will positively identify the target. However, in the unlikely event that the crew

cannot identify a specific target, a marking round can be used. In this case, the ground party should make adjust

ments from the impact in range and bearing or cardinal direction.

8. Peacetime Restrictions. During any peacetime live-fire mission, the following restrictions apply:
• Fire no closer to ground parties than 650 meters with 105mm and 500 meters with 40mm or 20mm.
• The gunship will use no-fire zones if the ground party is within 700 meters for the 105mm, 950 meters for

the 40mm, and 2,000 meters for the 25mm.

AC-130 CALL FOR FIRE

1. Observer/Warning Order: “__________ ,

this is

__________ ,

Fire Mission

Over

.”

(AC-130) (Observer)

2. Friendly Location/ Mark: “

My position

___________

marked by

______________”

(TRP, Grid, etc.) (Beacon, IR Strobe, etc.)

3. Target Location: “_____________________________________________.”

(Bearing (magnetic) & Range (meters), TRP, Grid, etc.)

4. Target Description/Mark: “_____________ ,

marked by

_______________ ,

Over

.”

(Target Description) (IR Pointer

Tracer, etc., or None)

AS REQUIRED

1. Clearance: Transmission of the Fire Mission is clearance to fire. Danger Close is

200 m with the 105mm and 125 m with the 40mm and 25mm. For closer fire the

observer must accept responsibility for increased risk. State “

Cleared Danger Close

.”

This clearance may be preplanned.

2. At My Command: Add “

at my command

” at the end of line four. The gunship will call

“

ready to fire

” when ready.

3. Adjust Fire: Only adjust for marking rounds or incorrect target. Adjust from impact,

give range and cardinal direction.

Figure 5-3.
AC-130
Call for Fire

5-24

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

August 2008

Special Operations Forces Reference Manual

parties using electronic beacons greatly aid

in force vectoring.

Reconnaissance.

The night capabilities of the

gunship, combined with its range and endur-

ance, make the gunship a viable reconnais-

sance platform. The gunship has the capability

to record from all the sensors with audio and

video imagery. The gunship is more vulnerable

to enemy threats than other tactical recon-

naissance platforms.

Personnel Recovery.

The gunship can support

personnel recovery operations in a permis-

sive environment. These missions include

combined operations with helicopters and

fighters. Because of the potential complexity

of these missions, thorough mission planning

is essential.

Limited Airborne Command and Control.

The

gunship can be used to relay information

between ground parties or as a ground-to-air

or air-to-air liaison on a limited basis. Plan-

ners must realize that use of the gunship in

this capacity could adversely affect the tacti-

cal mission and therefore must be weighed

carefully.

Weapons

Firing altitude depends on terrain, threat environ-

ment, and weather. Gun selection depends on target

type and damage desired. There are four basic target

types: soft area, soft point, hardened area, and hard-

ened point. To limit collateral damage, a live-fire

area may be required to boresight weapons prior

to employment. The gunship weapons do not have

a hard-kill capability against heavy armor or bun-

kers. However, the 105mm has Super-quick fuses

with both point detonation and 0.05-second delay,

concrete penetrators, and proximity fuses for air-

burst. 40mm have point detonate fuses.

Marking Devices

Beacons.

Marking devices can expedite identification

of friendly forces, improving fire support respon-

siveness and limiting the exposure time for the

gunship. Beacons provide a rapid means to identify

and update the friendly position. During instrument

meteorological conditions, beacons are the only way

for the AC-130H to locate friendly positions. Radar

reflective items may also be used with the AC-130U

radar. These are line of sight methods and can be

used with OFFSET firing mode. Beacon/reference

point offsets should not normally exceed 1,500

meters (1,000 meters for Dual Target Attack, AC-

130U only). Offset firing is not as accurate as direct

mode of fire and is normally used in poor weather

conditions with the ground commander or team

leader calling misses and corrections to the aircraft.

As a rule, the shorter the offset distance, the more

accurate the weapon. The two electronic sensors on

the AC-130H, the APQ-150 BTR, and the APQ-180

strike radar on the AC-130U, work with several

types of beacons. Gunship crews are proficient in

beacon use.

Radar beacons used with the BTR (AC-130H)

and strike radar (AC-130U):

PPN-I9 (I-band, codes B and G only)

ST-181X (codes 1–10).

Visual Marking:

Strobe Light

Flashlights and Vehicle Lights

Fire Flies

Chemlights

Reflective Tape

Weapon

Target Types

Min/Max Alt

(feet AGL)

Rounds

per min

Combat Load

Remarks

25 mm

Personnel (light cover) and

small vehicles

3000/18000

1800

3,000 HEI

AC-130U only,

trainable guns

40mm

Personnel (medium cover)

and small vehicles

4500/18000

100

256 HEI

105 mm

Personnel, vehicles/APC,

buildings

4500/20000

6-10

100 HEI. AC-130U

136 HEI, AC-130H

Table 5-11. AC-130H/U Weapons Capability

August 2008

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

5-25

Chapter 5. U.S. Air Force Special Operations Forces

Pen Gun Flares

Signaling Mirrors

Laser Pointers (LPL-30, GPC-1a, etc.)

Tracer Fire

Mortar/Artillery Marking Rounds

Heat Sources

Heat sources such as MRE heaters, stoves, etc., can

normally be identified by the IDS.

Weapons Delivery

Training.

No-fire headings may be imposed or may be

established by the aircrew, due to ordnance ricochet

fans when the target is between the gunship and the

friendly position.

Fire No Closer Than:

600 meters with the 105mm HE and HF

•

400 meters with the 25mm/105mm TP

•

300 meters with the 40mm

•

No Fire Headings Closer Than:

2,000 meters with the 25mm TP

•

950 meters with the 40mm AP

•

700 meters with the 105mm TP

•

During IMC Live Fire, Fire No Closer Than:

650 meters with 105mm

•

500 meters with the 25mm/40mm

•

Combat.

The ground forces commander must accept

responsibility each time ordnance is requested inside

of the Joint Munitions Effectiveness Manual (JMEM)

Danger Close Range.

JMEM Danger Close Range for 25 mm: inside

65 meters

JMEM Danger Close Range for 40mm: inside

75 meters

JMEM Danger Close Range for 105mm: inside

165 meters

Aircraft Comparison

Although the AC-130H and AC-130U use very dis-

similar avionics and other systems, fire support to

the ground party is generally comparable. The capa-

bilities of the AC-130U will not be required for most

fire support missions, but provide benefits under

certain circumstances. The following describes some

of the most important employment differences.

The strike radar gives the AC-130U adverse

weather capability.

The 25mm gun on the AC-130U can be brought

to bear quickly because it is trainable and can

be employed throughout much of the gunship

flight envelope. The 25mm gun is only effective

against soft targets.

The pressurization system on the AC-130U

improves deployability and range.

PPN-19 and SST-181 can be used with both

the AC-130H and AC-130U.

Limited Threat Capability

Mission success is largely determined by the

threat.

The AC 130 operates best during cover of

darkness. It is extremely vulnerable during

daylight operation and is most suited for

operations in a low-threat environment. By

operating over an undercast, the AC-130U

can degrade daylight threats, but must rely

on radar as its only sensor.

Radar guided anti aircraft artillery, surface

to air missiles, and some IR MANPAD sys-

tems seriously degrade mission execution and

desired objectives. If radar threats are known

or suspected, preemptive jamming or SEAD

(suppression of enemy air defenses) is required,

SEAD being preferable.

Certain threats may dictate higher employ-

ment altitudes. This should be considered

in mission planning, as sensor resolution

decreases with altitude. As range increases fire

control accuracy degrades slightly, reducing

the gunships’ ability to hit point targets.

The threat environment limits the use of laser

illuminators (the “BURN”), as it illuminates

both the aircraft and the ground party to

anyone properly equipped.

Planning Considerations

All missions benefit from face-to-face brief-

ings, especially fire support missions.

Common imagery, comm-out procedures,

charts, and local operating procedures enhance

mission success.

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