ÀÂÒÎÍÎÌÍÀß ÍÅÊÎÌÌÅÐ×ÅÑÊÀß ÎÐÃÀÍÈÇÀÖÈß
ÌÍÎÃÎÓÐÎÂÍÅÂÛÉ ÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÒÅËÜÍÛÉ ÊÎÌÏËÅÊÑ
ÂÎÐÎÍÅÆÑÊÈÉ ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÎ-ÏÐÀÂÎÂÎÉ ÈÍÑÒÈÒÓÒ
ÑÎÖÈÀËÜÍÎ-ÏÐÀÂÎÂÎÉ ÔÀÊÓËÜÒÅÒ
ÊÀÔÅÄÐÀ ÏÑÈÕÎËÎÃÈÈ
Ê Ó Ð Ñ Î Â À ß Ð À Á Î Ò À
Äèñöèïëèíà «Ïñèõîäèàãíîñòèêà»
Ðàçðàáîòêà òåñòà-îïðîñíèêà äëÿ äèàãíîñòèêè óðîâíÿ àãðåññèâíîñòè ó ëèö þíîøåñêîãî âîçðàñòà
Âûïîëíèëà: ñòóäåíòêà 3 êóðñà
î÷íîé ôîðìû îáó÷åíèÿ ãð.
Ïðîâåðèëà:
Âîðîíåæ 2008 ã.
ÎÃËÀÂËÅÍÈÅ
Ââåäåíèå……………………………………………………………….............3
I. ÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÍÛÉ ÀÍÀËÈÇ ÎÏÐÎÑÍÈÊÀ………………………………7
II. ITEM – àíàëèç:
1. Àíàëèç òðóäíîñòè çàäàíèé……………………………………………...8
2. Âû÷èñëåíèå èíäåêñà äèñêðèìèíàòèâíîñòè……………………………9
III
. Îïðåäåëåíèå íàäåæíîñòè òåñòà
1. Ðàñ÷åò ðåòåñòîâîé íàäåæíîñòè……………………………………….23
2. Ðàñ÷åò íàäåæíîñòè ÷àñòåé òåñòà…………………………………..…27
IV
. ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÈÅ ÂÀËÈÄÍÎÑÒÈ ÒÅÑÒÀ…………………………..…31
V
. Ñòàíäàðòèçàöèÿ ïîêàçàòåëåé
(
Z
-ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå îöåíîê)
1. Ïîëó÷åíèå Z-ïîêàçàòåëåé…………………………………………..….36
2. Ïåðåâîä Z-ïîêàçàòåëåé â øêàëó ñòàíàéíîâ……………………..……38
3. Îïðåäåëåíèå àñèììåòðèè è ýêñöåññà……………………………...….39
ÇÀÊËÞ×ÅÍÈÅ………………………………………………………………...42
ÑÏÈÑÎÊ ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÍÎÉ ËÈÒÅÐÀÒÓÐÛ………………………...44
ÏÐÈËÎÆÅÍÈß
ÂÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ
Àãðåññèâíîñòü
– ýòî ïðîÿâëåíèå àãðåññèè ê îáúåêòó èëè ñóáúåêòó.
Àãðåññèÿ
– ìîòèâàöèîííîå ïîâåäåíèå, àêò, êîòîðûé ìîæåò ÷àñòî íàíîñèòü âðåä îáúåêòàì àòàêè-íàïàäåíèÿ èëè æå ôèçè÷åñêèé óùåðá äðóãèì èíäèâèäàì, âûçûâàþùèé ó íèõ äåïðåññèþ, íàïðÿæåííîñòü, ñòðàõ, áîÿçíü.
Âèäû àãðåññèè:
1. Ôèçè÷åñêàÿ àãðåññèÿ
– èñïîëüçîâàíèå ôèçè÷åñêîé ñèëû ïðîòèâ äðóãîãî ëèöà.
2. Âåðáàëüíàÿ àãðåññèÿ
– âûðàæåíèå íåãàòèâíûõ ÷óâñòâ êàê ÷åðåç ôîðìó (ññîðà, êðèê, âèçã), òàê è ÷åðåç ñîäåðæàíèå ñëîâåñíûõ îáðàùåíèé ê äðóãèì ëèöàì (óãðîçà, ïðîêëÿòèÿ, ðóãàíü).
3. Êîñâåííàÿ àãðåññèÿ
– èñïîëüçîâàíèå íàïðàâëåííûõ ïðîòèâ äðóãèõ ëèö ñïëåòåí, øóòîê è ïðîÿâëåíèå íåíàïðàâëåííûõ, íåóïîðÿäî÷åííûõ âçðûâîâ ÿðîñòè (êðèê, òîïàíüå íîãàìè è ò.ï.).
4. Ïðÿìàÿ àãðåññèÿ
, íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ïðÿìî íàïðàâëÿåòñÿ ïðîòèâ êàêîãî-ëèáî èíäèâèäà èëè îáúåêòà.
5. Âðàæäåáíàÿ àãðåññèÿ
– íåïîñðåäñòâåííîå ïðè÷èíåíèå âðåäà îáúåêòó ñàìîé àãðåññèè, ýñêàëàöèè.
6. Àóòîàãðåññèÿ
– îòíîøåíèå è äåéñòâèÿ ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ñåáå è îêðóæàþùèì, ïðîèñòåêàþùèå èç âîçìîæíîãî óáåæäåíèÿ ÷åëîâåêà â òîì, ÷òî îí âðåäíûé, ïëîõîé, ïîñòóïàåò íåõîðîøî: çëîáíî è áåññîâåñòíî.
Àãðåññèâíûå àêòû âûñòóïàþò â êà÷åñòâå ñïîñîáà ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêîé çàùèòû; ñïîñîáà óäîâëåòâîðåíèÿ îïðåäåëåííîé ïîòðåáíîñòè; ñïîñîáà ñàìîðåàëèçàöèè, ñàìîóòâåðæäàåìîñòè, ñàìîðåàëèçóåìîñòè; ñðåäñòâà äëÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ êàêîé-ëèáî çíà÷èìîé öåëè; ñïîñîáà, ïîìîãàþùåãî îêàçàòü ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêîå âîçäåéñòâèå íà äðóãîãî èíäèâèäóóìà ñ öåëüþ ïîäàâèòü åãî âîëåâûå ñòèìóëû, äåñòðóêòèðîâàòü – ìåòàáîëèçèðîâàòü ïðèñóùåå äðóãîìó èíäèâèäó óñòîé÷èâûå â åãî ïñèõèêå ïîâåäåí÷åñêèå ðåàêöèè.
Òåîðèè àãðåññèè
1.
Ïñèõîàíàëèòè÷åñêàÿ òåîðèÿ (Ç. Ôðåéä)
Àãðåññèâíîå ïîâåäåíèå ïî ñâîåé ïðèðîäå èíñòèíêòèâíî è íåèçáåæíî.  ÷åëîâåêå ñóùåñòâóåò äâà íàèáîëåå ìîùíûõ èíñòèíêòà: ñåêñóàëüíûé (ëèáèäî) è èíñòèíêò âëå÷åíèÿ ê ñìåðòè (òàíàòîñ). Ýíåðãèÿ ïåðâîãî òèïà íàïðàâëåíà íà óïðî÷íåíèå, ñîõðàíåíèå è âîñïðîèçâåäåíèå æèçíè. Ýíåðãèÿ æå âòîðîãî òèïà íàïðàâëåíà íà ðàçðóøåíèå è ïðåêðàùåíèå æèçíè. Ç. Ôðåéä óòâåðæäàë, ÷òî âñå ÷åëîâå÷åñêîå ïîâåäåíèå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåçóëüòàòîì ñëîæíîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ýòèõ èíñòèíêòîâ, è ìåæäó íèìè ñóùåñòâóåò ïîñòîÿííîå íàïðÿæåíèå. Ââèäó òîãî, ÷òî ñóùåñòâóåò îñòðûé êîíôëèêò ìåæäó ñîõðàíåíèåì æèçíè (ýðîñîì) è åå ðàçðóøåíèåì (òàíàòîñîì), äðóãèå ìåõàíèçìû (ñìåùåíèå) ñëóæàò öåëè íàïðàâëÿòü ýíåðãèþ òàíàòîñà âîâíå, â íàïðàâëåíèè îò «ß». À åñëè ýíåðãèÿ òàíàòîñà íå áóäåò îáðàùåíà âîâíå, òî ýòî âñêîðå ïðèâåäåò ê ðàçðóøåíèþ ñàìîãî èíäèâèäóóìà. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, òàíàòîñ êîñâåííî ñïîñîáñòâóåò òîìó, ÷òî àãðåññèÿ âûâîäèòñÿ íàðóæó è íàïðàâëÿåòñÿ íà äðóãèõ.
2.
Ôðóñòðàöèîííàÿ òåîðèÿ (Ä. Äîëëàðä)
Çäåñü àãðåññèâíîå ïîâåäåíèå ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ êàê ñèòóàòèâíûé ïðîöåññ. Îñíîâíûå ïîëîæåíèÿ ýòîé òåîðèè çâó÷àò òàê:
1) Ôðóñòðàöèÿ âñåãäà ïðèâîäèò ê àãðåññèè â êàêîé-ëèáî ôîðìå.
2) Àãðåññèÿ âñåãäà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåçóëüòàòîì ôðóñòðàöèè.
 îòíîøåíèè ïîáóæäåíèÿ ê àãðåññèè ðåøàþùåå çíà÷åíèå èìåþò òðè ôàêòîðà:
· Ñòåïåíü îæèäàåìîãî ñóáúåêòîì óäîâëåòâîðåíèÿ îò áóäóùåãî äîñòèæåíèÿ öåëè;
· Ñèëà ïðåïÿòñòâèÿ íà ïóòè äîñòèæåíèÿ öåëè;
· Êîëè÷åñòâà ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûõ ôðóñòðàöèé.
Ò.å., ÷åì â áîëüøåé ñòåïåíè ñóáúåêò ïðåäâêóøàåò óäîâîëüñòâèå, ÷åì ñèëüíåå ïðåïÿòñòâèå è ÷åì áîëüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî ðåàêöèé áëîêèðóåòñÿ, òåì ñèëüíåå áóäåò òîë÷îê ê àãðåññèâíîìó ïîâåäåíèþ. À åñëè ôðóñòðàöèè ñëåäóþò îäíà çà äðóãîé, òî èõ ñèëà ìîæåò áûòü ñîâîêóïíîé è ýòî ìîæåò âûçâàòü àãðåññèâíóþ ðåàêöèþ áîëüøåé ñèëû.
Êîãäà âûÿñíèëîñü, ÷òî èíäèâèäû íå âñåãäà ðåàãèðóþò àãðåññèåé íà ôðóñòðàöèþ, Ä. Äîëëàðä è ñîàâòîðû ïðèøëè ê âûâîäó, ÷òî ïîäîáíîå ïîâåäåíèå íå ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ â òîò æå ìîìåíò ôðóñòðàöèè ïðåæäå âñåãî èç-çà óãðîçû íàêàçàíèÿ.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïðîèñõîäèò «ñìåùåíèå», â ðåçóëüòàòå êîòîðîãî àãðåññèâíûå äåéñòâèÿ íàïðàâëÿþòñÿ íà äðóãîãî ÷åëîâåêà, íàïàäåíèå íà êîòîðîãî àññîöèèðóåòñÿ ñ íàèìåíüøèì íàêàçàíèåì.
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷åëîâåê, êîòîðîãî óäåðæèâàåò îò àãðåññèâíîñòè ïðîòèâ
ôðóñòðàòîðà ñèëüíûé ñòðàõ íàêàçàíèÿ, ïðèáåãàåò ê ñìåùåíèþ ñâîèõ íàëàäîê,
íàïðàâëÿÿ íà äðóãèå ìèøåíè – íà òåõ ëèö, ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê êîòîðûì ó äàííîãî èíäèâèäóóìà íå äåéñòâóåò ñäåðæèâàþùèé.
Êàêèå æå ôàêòîðû îñëàáëÿþò àãðåññèâíóþ ìîòèâàöèþ? Îòâåò íà ýòîò âîïðîñ ñëåäóåò èñêàòü â ïðîöåññå êàòàðñèñà, ò.å. òàêèå àêòû àãðåññèè, êîòîðûå íå ïðèíîñÿò óùåðáà, ñíèæàþò óðîâåíü ïîáóæäåíèÿ ê àãðåññèè (îñêîðáëåíèå, àãðåññèâíûå ôàíòàçèè, óäàð ïî ñòîëó êóëàêîì – àêòû àãðåññèè, êîòîðûå ñíèæàþò óðîâåíü ïîáóæäåíèÿ ê ïîñëåäóþùåé áîëåå ñèëüíîé àãðåññèè).
3.
Òåîðèÿ ñîöèàëüíîãî íàó÷åíèÿ À. Áàíäóðû
Àãðåññèÿ (ïðèîáðåòàåìàÿ ïîñðåäñòâîì: áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ôàêòîðîâ (íàïðèìåð, ãîðìîíû, íåðâíàÿ ñèñòåìà); íàó÷åíèÿ (íàïðèìåð, íåïîñðåäñòâåííûé îïûò, íàáëþäåíèå) ïðîâîöèðóåòñÿ:
· Âîçäåéñòâèåì øàáëîíîâ (íàïðèìåð, âîçáóæäåíèå, âíèìàíèå);
· Íåïðèåìëåìûì îáðàùåíèåì (íàïðèìåð, íàïàäêè, ôðóñòðàöèÿ); Ïîáóäèòåëüíûìè ìîòèâàìè (íàïðèìåð, äåíüãè, âîñõèùåíèå);
· Èíñòðóêöèÿìè (íàïðèìåð, ïðèêàçû).
Àãðåññèÿ ðåãóëèðóåòñÿ:
à) Âíåøíèì ïîîùðåíèåì è íàêàçàíèåì (íàïðèìåð, ìàòåðèàëüíîå
âîçíàãðàæäåíèå, íåïðèÿòíûå ïîñëåäñòâèÿ);
á) Âèêàðíûì ïîäêðåïëåíèåì (íàïðèìåð, íàáëþäåíèå çà òåì, êàê ïîîùåðÿþò èëè íàêàçûâàþò äðóãèõ)
â) Ìåõàíèçìàìè ñàìîðåãóëÿöèè (íàïðèìåð, ãîðäîñòü, âèíà)
Öåëü
: ðàçðàáîòêà òåñòà-îïðîñíèêà äëÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ àãðåññèâíîñòè.
Îáúåêò
: àãðåññèâíîñòü.
Ïðåäìåò
: îñîáåííîñòè ïðîÿâëåíèÿ àãðåññèâíîñòè ó ëèö þíîøåñêîãî âîçðàñòà.
I. ÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÍÛÉ ÀÍÀËÈÇ ÎÏÐÎÑÍÈÊÀ
| Îáëàñòè ïðîÿâëåíèÿ (ìàíèôåñòàöèè) |
Ñîäåðæàíèå (ñòðóêòóðà) êîíñòðóêòà |
| Ôèçè÷åñêàÿ àãðåññèÿ |
Êîñâåííàÿ àãðåññèÿ |
Âåðáàëüíàÿ àãðåññèÿ |
Ïîäîçðèòåëüíîñòü |
Ðàçäðàæèòåëüíîñòü |
| 1.Ýìîöèîíàëüíîå íàïðÿæåíèå |
2 (23, 31) |
2 (6, 32) |
1 (43) |
1 (34) |
2 (26, 49) |
| 2.Âçðûâíîé òèï ðåàãèðîâàíèÿ |
5 (1, 5, 27, 36, 45) |
2 (28, 42) |
4 (3, 11, 16, 48) |
1 (39) |
3 (13, 40, 44) |
| 3.Âåðáàëüíîå ïðîÿâëåíèå |
1 (50) |
3 (2, 10, 15) |
4 (20, 25, 33, 38) |
1 (21) |
3 (8, 17,22) |
| 4.Íåâåðáàëüíîå ïðîÿâëåíèå |
3 (9, 14, 41) |
2 (19, 37) |
2 (7, 46) |
1 (12) |
2 (4, 35) |
| 5.Çëîðàäñòâîâàíèå |
1 (18) |
1 (24) |
1 (29) |
1 (47) |
1 (30) |
Ôèçè÷åñêàÿ àãðåññèÿ
– èñïîëüçîâàíèå ôèçè÷åñêîé ñèëû ïðîòèâ äðóãîãî ëèöà. Èñêëþ÷àåòñÿ ëèøü óíè÷òîæåíèå íåîäóøåâëåííûõ ïðåäìåòîâ.
Êîñâåííàÿ àãðåññèÿ
– àãðåññèÿ, îêîëüíûì ïóòåì íàïðàâëåííàÿ íà äðóãîå ëèöî èëè íè íà êîãî íå íàïðàâëåííàÿ. Ýòî ìîãóò áûòü ñïëåòíè, øóòêè, òîïàíèå íîãàìè è ò.ï.
Âåðáàëüíàÿ àãðåññèÿ
– âûðàæåíèå íåãàòèâíûõ ÷óâñòâ ÷åðåç ôîðìó (êðèê, âèçã), òàê è ÷åðåç ñîäåðæàíèå ñëîâåñíûõ îòâåòîâ (óãðîçû).
Ïîäîçðèòåëüíîñòü
– â äèàïàçîíå îò íåäîâåðèÿ è îñòîðîæíîñòè ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ëþäÿì äî óáåæäåíèÿ â òîì, ÷òî äðóãèå ïëàíèðóþò è ïðèíîñÿò âðåä.
Ðàçäðàæèòåëüíîñòü
– ãîòîâíîñòü ê ïðîÿâëåíèþ íåãàòèâíûõ ÷óâñòâ ïðè ìàëåéøåì âîçáóæäåíèè (âñïûëü÷èâîñòü, ãðóáîñòü, ðåçêîñòü).
II. ITEM – àíàëèç
ITEM–àíàëèç – àíàëèç ïóíêòîâ çàäàíèé ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì, ïîëó÷åííûì â ïåðâîì èññëåäîâàíèè. Åãî öåëü – îòáîð íàèëó÷øèõ çàäàíèé äëÿ îêîí÷àòåëüíîé âåðñèè îïðîñíèêà, òàêæå âêëþ÷àåò â ñåáÿ îïðåäåëåíèå òðóäíîñòè (ñëîæíîñòè) çàäàíèÿ è äèñêðèìèíàòèâíîñòè êàæäîãî çàäàíèÿ.
1. Àíàëèç òðóäíîñòè çàäàíèé
Äëÿ âû÷èñëåíèÿ èíäåêñà òðóäíîñòè çàäàíèé
èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ñëåäóþùàÿ ôîðìóëà:
ãäå U
ò
– èíäåêñ òðóäíîñòè â ïðîöåíòàõ (%),
Nn
– ÷èñëî èñïûòóåìûõ, ïðàâèëüíî ðåøèâøèõ äàííóþ çàäà÷ó ( â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ êëþ÷îì),
N
– îáùåå êîëè÷åñòâî èñïûòóåìûõ.
| U1
= 100 · (1 – 28/50) = 44% |
U13
= 100 · (1 – 30/50) = 40% |
| U2
= 100 · (1 – 21/50) = 58% |
U14
= 100 · (1 – 34/50) = 32% |
| U3
= 100 · (1 – 34/50) = 32% |
U15
= 100 · (1 – 43/50) = 14% |
| U4
= 100 · (1 – 33/50) = 34% |
U16
= 100 · (1 – 34/50) = 32% |
| U5
= 100 · (1 – 43/50) = 14% |
U17
= 100 · (1 – 37/50) = 26% |
| U6
= 100 · (1 – 19/50) = 62% |
U18
= 100 · (1 – 18/50) = 64% |
| U7
= 100 · (1 – 36/50) = 28% |
U19
= 100 · (1 – 17/50) = 66% |
| U8
= 100 · (1 – 41/50) = 18% |
U20
= 100 · (1 – 41/50) = 18% |
| U9
= 100 · (1 – 3/50) = 94% |
U21
= 100 · (1 – 23/50) = 54% |
| U10
= 100 · (1 – 26/50) = 48% |
U22
= 100 · (1 – 7/50) = 86% |
| U11
= 100 · (1 – 26/50) = 48% |
U23
= 100 · (1 – 20/50) = 60% |
| U12
= 100 · (1 – 17/50) = 66% |
U24
= 100 · (1 – 33/50) = 34% |
| U25
= 100 · (1 – 29/50) = 42% |
U38
= 100 · (1 – 27/50) = 46% |
| U26
= 100 · (1 – 35/50) = 30% |
U39
= 100 · (1 – 18/50) = 64% |
| U27
= 100 · (1 – 22/50) = 56% |
U40
= 100 · (1 – 29/50) = 42% |
| U28
= 100 · (1 – 40/50) = 20% |
U41`
= 100 · (1 – 14/50) = 72% |
| U29
= 100 · (1 – 16/50) = 68% |
U42
= 100 · (1 – 16/50) = 68% |
| U30
= 100 · (1 – 34/50) = 32% |
U43
= 100 · (1 – 39/50) = 22% |
| U31
= 100 · (1 – 23/50) = 54% |
U44
= 100 · (1 – 35/50) = 30% |
| U32
= 100 · (1 – 35/50) = 30% |
U45
= 100 · (1 – 35/50) = 30% |
| U33
= 100 · (1 – 37/50) = 26% |
U46
= 100 · (1 – 12/50) = 76% |
| U34
= 100 · (1 – 19/50) = 62% |
U47
= 100 · (1 – 17/50) = 66% |
| U35
= 100 · (1 – 16/50) = 68% |
U48
= 100 · (1 – 42/50) = 16% |
| U36
= 100 · (1 – 46/50) = 8% |
U49
= 100 · (1 – 28/50) = 44% |
| U37
= 100 · (1 – 31/50) = 38% |
U50
= 100 · (1 – 3/50) = 94% |
Ó÷èòûâàÿ äîïóñòèìûå ïðåäåëû òðóäíîñòè (îò 16% äî 84%)
, ìû ñìîãëè âûáðàòü ñëèøêîì ëåãêèå è ñëèøêîì òðóäíûå çàäàíèÿ. Çàäàíèÿ, âûõîäÿùèå çà äîïóñòèìûå ïðåäåëû, ìû èñêëþ÷àåì èç òåñòà: 05, 09, 15, 22, 36, 50.
2. Âû÷èñëåíèå èíäåêñà äèñêðèìèíàòèâíîñòè
Äèñêðèìèíàòèâíîñòü
– ñïîñîáíîñòü îòäåëüíûõ çàäàíèé òåñòà äèôôåðåíöèðîâàòü èñïûòóåìûõ îòíîñèòåëüíî ìàêñèìàëüíîãî è ìèíèìàëüíîãî ðåçóëüòàòà òåñòà.
2.1. Äëÿ âû÷èñëåíèÿ èíäåêñà äèñêðèìèíàòèâíîñòè âû÷èñëÿåì ñòàíäàðòíîå îòêëîíåíèå
èíäèâèäóàëüíûõ îöåíîê âñåõ èñïûòóåìûõ âûáîðêè ïî âñåìó òåñòó:
ãäå Sx
– ñòàíäàðòíîå îòêëîíåíèå,
xi
– èíäèâèäóàëüíûé áàëë êàæäîãî èñïûòóåìîãî ïî âñåìó òåñòó,
- ñðåäíåå àðèôìåòè÷åñêîå ðåçóëüòàòîâ âñåõ èñïûòóåìûõ ïî âñåìó òåñòó
N
– êîëè÷åñòâî èñïûòóåìûõ â âûáîðêå.
= 
=
(34 - 27,24)2
+ (23 – 27,24)2
+ (14 – 27,24)2
+ (18 – 27,24)2
+ (21 – 27,24)2
+ (26 – 27,24)2
+ (30 - 27,24)2
+ (39 – 27,24)2
+ (45 – 27,24)2
+ (25 – 27,24)2
+ (31 – 27,24)2
+ (38 – 27,24)2
+ (33 – 27,24)2
+ (18 – 27,24)2
+ (32 – 27,24)2
+ (36 – 27,24)2
+ (24 – 27,24)2
+ (21 – 27,24)2
+ (34 – 27,24)2
+ (22 – 27,24)2
+ (26 – 27,24)2
+ (25 – 27,24)2
+ (15 – 27,24)2
+ (33 – 27,24)2
+ (27 – 27,24)2
+ (32 – 27,24)2
+ (26 – 27,24)2
+ (22 – 27,24)2
+ (27 – 27,24)2
+ (27 – 27,24)2
+ (19 – 27,24)2
+ (17 – 27,24)2
+ (23 – 27,24)2
+ (31 – 27,24)2
+ (39 – 27,24)2
+ (36 – 27,24)2
+ (35 – 27,24)2
+ (32 – 27,24)2
+ (26 – 27,24)2
+ (29 – 27,24)2
+ (19 – 27,24)2
+ (23 – 27,24)2
+ (40 – 27,24)2
+ (15 – 27,24)2
+ (23 – 27,24)2
+ (26 – 27,24)2
+ (30 – 27,24)2
+ (22 – 27,24)2
+ (28 – 27,24)2
+ (25 – 27,24)2
=
45,7 + 18 + 175,3 + 85,4 + 39 + 1,5 + 7,6 + 138,3 + 315,4 + 5 + 14,1 + 115,8 + 33,2 + 85,4 + 22,7 + 76,8 + 10,5 + 39 + 45,7 + 27,5 + 1,54 + 5 + 149,8 + 33,2 + 0,06 + 22,7 + 1,54 + 27,5 + 0,06 + 0,06 + 67,9 + 104,9 + 18 + 14,1 + 138,3 + 76,8 + 60,2 + 22,7 + 1,54 + 3,1 + 67,9 + 18 + 162,8 + 149,8 + 18 + 1, 54 + 7,6 + 27,5 + 0,6 + 5 = 2509
2.2. Âû÷èñëÿåì êîýôôèöèåíò äèñêðèìèíàöèè
(ìåðà ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ óñïåøíîñòè âûïîëíåíèÿ îäíîãî çàäàíèÿ âñåìó òåñòó) ïî ôîðìóëå:
ãäå rpb
– êîýôôèöèåíò äèñêðèìèíàöèè,
- ñðåäíåå àðèôìåòè÷åñêîå îöåíîê ïî òåñòó ó èñïûòóåìûõ, ïðàâèëüíî âûïîëíèâøèõ çàäàíèå (ïîêàçàâøèõ ñîâïàäåíèå ñ êëþ÷îì),
- ñðåäíåå àðèôìåòè÷åñêîå ðåçóëüòàòîâ âñåõ èñïûòóåìûõ ïî âñåìó òåñòó,
Sx
– ñðåäíåå êâàäðàòè÷åñêîå îòêëîíåíèå èíäèâèäóàëüíûõ îöåíîê âñåõ èñïûòóåìûõ ïî âñåìó òåñòó,
N+
- ÷èñëî èñïûòóåìûõ, ïðàâèëüíî ðåøèâøèõ àíàëèçèðóåìóþ çàäà÷ó,
N
– îáùåå êîëè÷åñòâî èñïûòóåìûõ.
01.
= (34+23+14+21+26+39+45+25+38+32+24+21+22+33+32+26+
23+31+39+36+35+32+26+29+40+23+26+30) / 28 = 29,5
r1
= 
02.
= (26+39+45+32+36+24+34+26+15+33+32+26+22+27+31+39+
35+32+26+22+28) / 21 = 30
r2
= 
03.
= (34+23+21+26+30+39+45+38+33+18+32+36+24+34+22+26+25+
33+27+22+27+23+31+39+36+35+32+29+40+15+30+28+25) / 34 = 28,8
r3
= 
04.
= (34+23+18+26+30+45+25+31+38+33+18+32+24+34+22+26+25+
15+27+32+27+19+23+31+39+36+35+29+40+15+26+30+28) / 33 = 28,4
r4 =
05.
= (34+23+14+18+21+26+39+45+25+31+18+32+36+24+21+22+26+
25+15+33+27+32+26+27+27+19+17+23+31+39+36+35+32+26+29+23+40+15+
26+30+22+28+25) / 43 = 27,05
r5
=
06.
= (34+30+45+31+38+33+32+34+25+33+31+39+36+32+26+29+40+
28+25) / 19 = 32,7
r6
=
07.
= (34+23+30+39+45+25+31+38+33+32+36+24+34+22+26+25+33+
27+32+26+22+27+27+23+31+39+36+32+26+19+40+15+23+22+28+25) / 36 =
= 29,2
r7
=
08.
= (34+18+26+30+39+45+31+38+33+18+32+36+24+21+34+26+25+
15+27+32+26+27+19+17+23+31+39+36+35+32+26+29+23+40+15+23+26+30+
22+28+25) /41 = 28,2
r8
=
09.
= (23+33+45) / 3 = 33,7
r9
=
10.
= (34+23+30+39+45=31+38+32+21+22+26+25+33+27+32+26+27+
27+17+36+32+19+23+40+26+30) / 26 = 29,3
r10
=
11.
= (34+30+39+45+25+31+38+33+36+21+34+33+27+26+27+31+39+
36+35+32+29+40+15+23+30+25) / 26 = 31,3
r11
=
12.
= (34+14+21+39+45+25+31+34+22+25+15+33+32+26+36+35+28) / 17 = 29,12
r1
2
=
13
.
= (23+18+30+39+45+25+31+18+32+36+21+34+25+33+27+32+
27+27+17+31+35+32+26+29+19+40+23+26+28+25) / 30 = 28,47
r1
3
=
14.
= (34+23+14+21+26+30+39+45+25+31+38+33+36+21+22+26+
33+32+26+22+27+27+19+23+31+39+35+32+26+29+40+26+30+28) / 34 = 29
r1
4
=
15.
= (34+18+21+26+30+39+45+25+31+38+33+18+32+36+24+34+
22+26+25+27+32+26+22+27+27+19+17+23+31+39+36+35+32+26+29+19+40+
23+26+30+22+28+25) / 43 = 28,3
r1
5
=
16.
= (34+18+26+30+39+45+25+31+38+32+36+34+33+27+32+26+22+
27+27+23+31+39+36+35+32+26+19+23+40+15+26+22+28+25) / 34 = 29,47
r1
6
=
17.
= (34+18+21+30+39+25+38+33+18+32+36+24+21+34+22+26+33+
22+27+27+19+17+23+39+36+35+32+26+29+40+23+26+30+22+28) / 37 = 28,22
r1
7
=
18.
= (23+18+26+39+45+36+24+26+33+32+27+23+39+35+26+40+
23+30) / 18 = 30,28
r1
8
=
19.
= (39+45+25+31+34+17+31+39+36+32+29+40+23+30+22+28+25) / 17 = 30,94
r1
9
=
20.
= (34+18+21+26+39+25+31+38+33+18+32+36+21+34+26+25+
15+27+32+26+22+27+19+23+31+39+36+35+32+26+29+19+23+40+15+23+26+30+22+28+25) / 41 = 27,5
r
20
=
21.
= (34+14+21+26+39+45+25+38+33+36+24+22+25+33+32+26+27+
39+36+35+23+22+28) / 23 = 29,7
r
21
=
22.
= (45+38+32+24+26+39+40) / 7 = 34,86
r
22
=
23.
= (34+23+39+45+31+38+33+34+22+33+36+32+26+29+19+23+40+
23+26+22) / 20 = 30,4
r
23
=
24.
= (34+14+21+26+30+39+45+31+38+33+32+24+21+34+26+27+32+
26+22+27+19+17+31+39+36+35+32+19+23+26+30+28) / 33 = 28,9
r
24
=
25.
= (34+21+39+45+25+31+38+33+32+36+21+34+22+26+25+27+26+
27+27+23+39+36+29+40+23+26+22+28) / 29 = 29,56
r
25
=
26.
= (34+23+14+21+30+39+45+31+38+33+18+32+36+24+34+22+26+
25+32+22+19+17+31+39+36+35=32+29+19+23+40+23+26+30+25) / 35 = 28,66
r
26
=
27.
= (34+21+30+39+45+25+38+33+36+34+22+26+33+27+39+36+35+
32+26+23+40+30) / 22 = 32
r
27
=
28.
=(34+23+14+21+26+30=39+31+38+32+36+34+22+26+25+15+27+
32+26+22+27+27+19+17+23+31+39+32+26+29+19+13+40+15+23+26+30+22+28+25) / 40 = 26,85
r
28
=
29.
= (34+18+30+39+25+31+38+32+36+34+27+22+27+23+23+28) / 16 = 29,2
r
29
=
30.
= (34+23+21+26+30+39+45+38+33+18+32+36+24+34+22+33+27+
32+26+22+27+17+31+39+36+35+26+23+40+15+26+30+22+25) / 34 = 29,03
r
30
=
31.
= (34+14+21+26+30+39+45+38+33+21+34+22+26+33+23+39+36+
35+26+29+23+40+30) / 23 = 30,3
r
31
=
32.
= (34+23+26+30+39+45+25+31+38+33+32+36+24+34+26+25+27+
32+26+22+27+27+19+31+39+36+35+26+29+40+15+23+30+28+25) / 35 = 28,57
r
32
=
33.
= (34+23+14+18+21+26+45+25+31+38+33+18+32+24+21+26+25+
15+33+27+32+26+27+19+17+23+31+39+36+35+32+26+19+23+40+28+25) / 37 = 27,22
r
33
=
34.
= (30+45+38+33+36+26+25+33+27+19+31+39+35+29+19+23+23+
30+22) / 19 = 29,7
r
34
=
35.
= (34+21+30+39+45+31+38+33+34+33+39+36+32+40+26+30) / 16 = 33,8
r
35
=
36.
= (34+23+14+18+21+26+39+45+25+31+38+33+18+32+36+21+34+
22+26+15+33+27+32+26+22+27+27+19+17+23+31+39+36+35+32+26+29+19+
23+40+15+26+30+22+28+25) / 46 = 27,4
r
36
=
37.
= (23+26+30+39+45+31+38+33+18+36+24+34+25+33+27+32+26+
27+23+31+39+36+35+32+29+40+26+30+22+25) / 31 = 30,4
r
37
=
38.
= (18+21+26+45+38+18+36+24+21+34+25+15+33+27+32+26+22+
27+27+39+36+35+32+19+40+30+28) / 27 = 28,7
r
38
=
39.
= (23+21+26+39+45+31+33+36+32+22+19+31+19+23+40+23+26+
30) / 18 = 28,8
r
39
=
40.
= (18+39+45+25+31+33+32+36+24+34+22+25+15+33+27+22+27+
27+23+39+36+35+32+26+29+19=40+23+25) / 29 = 29
r
40
=
41.
= (34+39+45+33+32+36+36+35+32+29+19+23+40+30) / 14 = 33
r
41
=
42.
= (34+23+30+45+38+33+18+36+34+33+26+31+39+26+29+40) / 16 = 32,2
r
42
=
43.
= (23+14+18+26+30+45+25+18+32+36+24+21+34+26+25+15+33+
32+26+27+27+19+17+23+31+39+35+26+29+19+23+40+15+23+26+30+22+28+
25) / 39 = 26,3
r
43
=
44.
= (34+23+18+30+39+45+25+31+38+33+18+32+36+24+21+25+27+
32+27+17+23+31+39+36+35+32+26+23+40+15+26+30+22+28+25) / 35 = 28,74
r
44
=
45.
= (34+23+14+26+30+39+45+31+38+33+32+36+24+21+34+22+26+
33+27+32+26+22+27+31+39+36+35+32+26+23+40+23+22+28+25) / 35 = 29,6
r
45
=
46.
= (18+39+45+38+33+21+33+27+19+23+26+25) / 12 = 28,92
r
46
=
47.
= (14+26+30+25+38+32+36+24+25+15+27+17+39+29+19+23+22) / 17 = 25,9
r
47
=
48.
= (34+18+26+30+39+45+25+31+38+33+18+32+36+21+34+22+26+
15+33+27+32+26+22+27+27+19+17+23+31+39+36+35+32+26+29+23+40+15+
26+30+28+25) / 42 = 28,36
r
48
=
49.
= (30+39+45+31+38+33+32+36+21+34+25+15+33+27+32+22+27+
19+31+36+35+32+29+40+23+22+25) / 28 = 30
r
49
=
50.
= (45+36+35) / 3 = 38,7
r
50
=
Êîýôôèöèåíò äèñêðèìèíàöèè ìîæåò ïðèíèìàòü çíà÷åíèÿ îò -1 äî +1. Çàäàíèÿ ñ îòðèöàòåëüíûì êîýôôèöèåíòîì äèñêðèìèíàöèè îöåíèâàþòñÿ êàê íåïðèãîäíûå, â íàøåì ñëó÷àå ýòî çàäàíèÿ ¹ 05, 28, 33, 43, 47
.
2.3. Âû÷èñëÿåì èíäåêñ äèñêðèìèíàòèâíîñòè
(ðàçíîñòü ìåæäó äîëåé ëèö, îòâå÷àþùèõ â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ êëþ÷îì, èç ëó÷øåé è õóäøåé ãðóïï) ïî ôîðìóëå:
ãäå D
- èíäåêñ äèñêðèìèíàòèâíîñòè,
, 
- ÷èñëî èñïûòóåìûõ, âûïîëíèâøèõ äàííîå çàäàíèå â âûñîêîé è íèçêîé êîíòðàñòíûõ ãðóïïàõ,
, 
- îáúåìû êîíòðàñòíûõ ãðóïï.
Äëÿ âû÷èñëåíèÿ îáúåìà êîíòðàñòíûõ ãðóïï îòñåêàåòñÿ ïî 27% èñïûòóåìûõ èç ãðóïïû ñ âûñîêèìè è íèçêèìè ïîêàçàòåëÿìè îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà èñïûòóåìûõ.
= 29 - 29·0,27 = 29 – 7,83 = 21,17
= 21 - 21·0,27 = 21 – 5,67 = 15,33
D1
= 19/21,17 – 9/15,33 = 0,9 – 0,6 = 0,3
D2
= 17/21,17 – 4/15,33 = 0,8 – 0,26 = 0,54
D3
= 24/21,17 – 10/15,33 = 1,13 – 0,65 = 0,48
D4
= 22/21,17 – 11/15,33 = 1,04 – 0,72 = 0,32
D5
= 25/21,17 – 18/15,33 = 1,18 – 1,17 = 0,01
D6
= 17/21,17 – 2/15,33 = 0,8 – 0,13 = 0,67
D7
= 24/21,17 – 12/15,33 = 1,13 – 0,78 = 0,35
D8
= 27/21,17 – 14/15,33 = 1,3 – 0,9 = 0,4
D9
= 2/21,17 – 1/15,33 = 0,09 – 0,06 = 0,03
D10
= 19/21,17 – 7/15,33 = 0,9 – 0,46 = 0,44
D11
= 21/21,17 – 5/15,33 = 0,99 – 0,33 = 0,66
D12
= 11/21,17 – 6/15,33 = 0,52 – 0,39 = 0,13
D13
= 20/21,17 – 10/15,33 = 0,94 - 0,65 = 0,29
D14
= 25/21,17 – 9/15,33 = 1,18 – 0,59 = 0,59
D15
= 28/21,17 – 15/15,33 = 1,32 – 0,98 = 0,34
D16
= 25/21,17 – 9/15,33 = 1,18 – 0,59 = 0,59
D17
=24/21,17 – 13/15,33 = 1,13 – 0,85 = 0,28
D18
= 13/21,17 – 5/15,33 = 0,61 – 0,33 = 0,28
D19
= 12/21,17 – 5/15,33 = 0,57 – 0,33 = 0,24
D20
= 25/21,17 – 16/15,33 = 1,18 – 1,04 = 0,14
D21
= 15/21,17 – 8/15,33 = 0,7 – 0,5 = 0,2
D22
= 6/21,17 – 1/15,33 = 0,28 – 0,06 = 0,22
D23
= 14/21,17 – 6/15,33 = 0,66 – 0,39 = 0,27
D24
= 24/21,17 – 9/15,33 = 1,13 – 0,6 = 0,53
D25
= 20/21,17 – 9/15,33 = 0,94 – 0,6 = 0,34
D26
= 21/21,17 – 14/15,33 = 0,99 – 0,9 = 0,09
D27
= 18/21,17 – 4/15,33 = 0,85 – 0,26 = 0,59
D28
= 24/21,17 – 16/15,33 = 1,13 – 1,04 = 0,09
D29
= 11/21,17 – 5/15,33 = 0,52 – 0,33 = 0,19
D30
= 23/21,17 – 11/15,33 = 1,09 – 0,72 = 0,37
D31
= 17/21,17 – 6/15,33 = 0,8 – 0,39 = 0,41
D32
= 26/21,17 – 9/15,33 = 1,23 – 0,6 = 0,63
D33
= 21/21,17 – 16/15,33 = 0,99 – 1,04 = - 0,05
D34
= 13/21,17 – 6/15,33 = 0,61 – 0,39 = 0,22
D35
= 15/21,17 – 1/15,33 = 0,7 – 0,06 = 0,64
D36
= 28/21,17 – 18/15,33 = 1,32 – 1,17 = 0,15
D37
= 24/21,17 – 7/15,33 = 1,13 – 0,46 = 0,67
D38
= 18/21,17 – 9/15,33 = 0,85 – 0,6 = 0,25
D39
= 11/21,17 – 7/15,33 = 0,52 – 0,46 = 0,06
D40
= 18/21,17 – 11/15,33 = 0,85 – 0,72 = 0,13
D41
= 12/21,17 – 2/15,33 = 0,57 – 0,13 = 0,44
D42
= 14/21,17 – 2/15,33 = 0,66 – 0,13 = 0,53
D43
= 21/21,17 – 18/15,33 = 0,99 – 1,17 = - 0,18
D44
= 22/21,17 – 13/15,33 = 1,04 – 0,85 = 0,19
D45
= 25/21,17 – 10/15,33 = 1,18 – 0,65 = 0,53
D46
= 7/21,17 – 5/15,33 = 0,33 – 0,33 = 0
D47
= 8/21,17 – 9/15,33 = 0,38 – 0,6 = - 0,22
D48
= 29/21,17 – 13/15,33 = 1,37 – 0,85 = 0,52
D49
= 20/21,17 – 8/15,33 = 0,94 – 0,52 = 0,42
D50
= 3/21,17 – 0/15,33 = 0,14
Îáû÷íî èíäåêñ äèñêðèìèíàòèâíîñòè ïðèíèìàåò çíà÷åíèÿ îò -1 äî +1. ×åì âûøå èíäåêñ, òåì âûøå äèñêðèìèíàòèâíîñòü çàäàíèÿ. Êàê ïðàâèëî, òðåáóåòñÿ ìèíèìàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå (êîððåëÿöèÿ) 0,1 , çàäàíèÿ ñ îòðèöàòåëüíîé è íóëåâîé êîððåëÿöèåé èñêëþ÷àþòñÿ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, èç íàøåãî îïðîñíèêà èñêëþ÷àþòñÿ çàäàíèÿ ¹ 05, 09, 26, 28, 33, 39, 43, 46, 47
.
Íà îñíîâàíèè ïîëó÷åííûõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ ìîæíî ñäåëàòü âûâîä, ÷òî ñîñòàâëåííûé íàìè îïðîñíèê ìîæåò áûòü ïî÷òè ïîëíîñòüþ èñïîëüçîâàí äëÿ ïðîâåäåíèÿ äèàãíîñòè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé àãðåññèâíîñòè.
III
. Îïðåäåëåíèå íàäåæíîñòè òåñòà
Íàäåæíîñòü
–
õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïñèõîäèàãíîñòè÷åñêîé ìåòîäèêè, îòðàæàþùàÿ òî÷íîñòü ïñèõîäèàãíîñòè÷åñêèõ èçìåðåíèé, à òàêæå óñòîé÷èâîñòü ðåçóëüòàòîâ èññëåäîâàíèÿ ê äåéñòâèþ ïîñòîðîííèõ ñëó÷àéíûõ ôàêòîðîâ.
Òåñò ñ÷èòàåòñÿ íàäåæíûì, åñëè ñ åãî ïîìîùüþ ïîëó÷àþòñÿ îäíè è òå æå ïîêàçàòåëè äëÿ êàæäîãî èñïûòóåìîãî ïðè ïîâòîðíîì òåñòèðîâàíèè.
Ñóùåñòâóåò íåñêîëüêî ñïîñîáîâ îïðåäåëåíèÿ íàäåæíîñòè:
1.
Íàäåæíîñòü ðåòåñòîâàÿ
–
ïðåäïîëàãàåò ïîâòîðíîå ïðåäúÿâëåíèå òîãî æå ñàìîãî òåñòà òåì æå èñïûòóåìûì è â ïðèìåðíî òåõ æå óñëîâèÿõ; ïîâòîðíîå ïðîâåäåíèå ïðîõîäèëî ÷åðåç ìåñÿö.
Äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ðåòåñòîâîé íàäåæíîñòè íåîáõîäèìî:
1.1. Âû÷èñëèòü ñòàíäàðòíîå îòêëîíåíèå ïåðâîãî èñïûòàíèÿ
ïî ôîðìóëå:
ãäå Sx
– ñòàíäàðòíîå îòêëîíåíèå,
xi
– èíäèâèäóàëüíûé áàëë êàæäîãî èñïûòóåìîãî ïî âñåìó òåñòó,
- ñðåäíåå àðèôìåòè÷åñêîå ðåçóëüòàòîâ âñåõ èñïûòóåìûõ ïî âñåìó òåñòó,
n
– îáúåì âûáîðêè.
= 
=
(34 - 27,24)2
+ (23 – 27,24)2
+ (14 – 27,24)2
+ (18 – 27,24)2
+ (21 – 27,24)2
+ (26 – 27,24)2
+ (30 - 27,24)2
+ (39 – 27,24)2
+ (45 – 27,24)2
+ (25 – 27,24)2
+ (31 – 27,24)2
+ (38 – 27,24)2
+ (33 – 27,24)2
+ (18 – 27,24)2
+ (32 – 27,24)2
+ (36 – 27,24)2
+ (24 – 27,24)2
+ (21 – 27,24)2
+ (34 – 27,24)2
+ (22 – 27,24)2
+ (26 – 27,24)2
+ (25 – 27,24)2
+ (15 – 27,24)2
+ (33 – 27,24)2
+ (27 – 27,24)2
+ (32 – 27,24)2
+ (26 – 27,24)2
+ (22 – 27,24)2
+ (27 – 27,24)2
+ (27 – 27,24)2
+ (19 – 27,24)2
+ (17 – 27,24)2
+ (23 – 27,24)2
+ (31 – 27,24)2
+ (39 – 27,24)2
+ (36 – 27,24)2
+ (35 – 27,24)2
+ (32 – 27,24)2
+ (26 – 27,24)2
+ (29 – 27,24)2
+ (19 – 27,24)2
+ (23 – 27,24)2
+ (40 – 27,24)2
+ (15 – 27,24)2
+ (23 – 27,24)2
+ (26 – 27,24)2
+ (30 – 27,24)2
+ (22 – 27,24)2
+ (28 – 27,24)2
+ (25 – 27,24)2
=
45,7 + 18 + 175,3 + 85,4 + 39 + 1,5 + 7,6 + 138,3 + 315,4 + 5 + 14,1 + 115,8 + 33,2 + 85,4 + 22,7 + 76,8 + 10,5 + 39 + 45,7 + 27,5 + 1,54 + 5 + 149,8 + 33,2 + 0,06 + 22,7 + 1,54 + 27,5 + 0,06 + 0,06 + 67,9 + 104,9 + 18 + 14,1 + 138,3 + 76,8 + 60,2 + 22,7 + 1,54 + 3,1 + 67,9 + 18 + 162,8 + 149,8 + 18 + 1, 54 + 7,6 + 27,5 + 0,6 + 5 = 2509
1.2. Âû÷èñëèòü ñòàíäàðòíîå îòêëîíåíèå ïîâòîðíîãî èñïûòàíèÿ
ïî ôîðìóëå:
ãäå Sy
– ñòàíäàðòíîå îòêëîíåíèå,
yi
– èíäèâèäóàëüíûé áàëë êàæäîãî èñïûòóåìîãî ïî âñåìó òåñòó,
- ñðåäíåå àðèôìåòè÷åñêîå ðåçóëüòàòîâ âñåõ èñïûòóåìûõ ïî âñåìó òåñòó,
n
– îáúåì âûáîðêè.
= 
= 
(35 - 27,48)2
+ (22 - 27,48)2
+ (15 - 27,48)2
+ (20 - 27,48)2
+ (21 - 27,48)2
+ (27 - 27,48)2
+ (29 - 27,48)2
+ (41 - 27,48)2
+ (44 - 27,48)2
+ (27 - 27,48)2
+ (32 - 27,48)2
+ (39 - 27,48)2
+ (33 - 27,48)2
+ (20 - 27,48)2
+ (32 - 27,48)2
+ (37 - 27,48)2
+ (25 - 27,48)2
+ (19 - 27,48)+ (33 - 27,48)2
+ (23 - 27,48)2
+ (27 - 27,48)2
+ (25 - 27,48)2
+ (16 - 27,48)2
+ (35 - 27,48)2
+ (26 - 27,48)2
+ (33 - 27,48)2
+ (24 - 27,48)2
+ (23 - 27,48)2
+ (27 - 27,48)2
+ (28 - 27,48)2
+ (18 - 27,48)2
+ (18 - 27,48)2
+ (25 - 27,48)2
+ (32 - 27,48)2
+ (40 - 27,48)2
+ (36 - 27,48)2
+ (33 - 27,48)2
+ (32 – 27,48)2
+ (25 - 27,48)2
+ (27 - 27,48)2
+ (20 - 27,48)2
+ (21 - 27,48)2
+ (41 - 27,48)2
+ (16 - 27,48)2
+ (24 - 27,48)2
+ (26 - 27,48)2
+ (31 - 27,48)2
+ (20 - 27,48)2
+ (26 - 27,48)2
+ (25 - 27,48)2
= 56,55 + 30,03 + 155,75 + 55,95 + 41,99 + 0,23 + 2,31 + 182,79 + 272,91 + 0,23 + 20,43 +132,71 + 30,47 + 55,95 + 20,43 + 90,63 + 6,15 + 71,91 + 30,47 + 20,07 + 0,23 + 6,15 + 131,79 + 56,55 + 2,19 + 30,47 + 12,11 + 20,07 + 0,23 + 0,27 + 89,87 + 89,87 + 6,15 + 20,43 + 156,75 + 72,59 + 30,47 + 20,43 + 6,15 + 0,23 + 55,95 + 41,99 + 182,79 = 131,79 + 12,11 + 2,19 = 12,39 + 55,95 + 2,19 + 6,15 = 2534,46
Sy
= 
1.3. Âû÷èñëèì êîýôôèöèåíò
êîððåëÿöèè äâóõ òåñòîâûõ èñïûòàíèé
(äëÿ ýòîãî èñïîëüçóåì ôîðìóëó
êîýôôèöèåíòà êîððåëÿöèè Ïèðñîíà
):
ãäår
– êîýôôèöèåíò êîððåëÿöèè,
xi
, yi
– èíäèâèäóàëüíûå áàëëû êàæäîãî èñïûòóåìîãî ïî âñåìó òåñòó,
Sx
, Sy
– ñòàíäàðòíûå îòêëîíåíèÿ,
n
– îáúåì âûáîðêè.
= (34 - 27,24)(35 - 27,48) + (23 – 27,24)(22 - 27,48) + (14 – 27,24)(15 - 27,48) + (18 – 27,24)(20 - 27,48) + (21 – 27,24)(21 - 27,48) + (26 – 27,24)(27 - 27,48) + (30 - 27,24)(29 - 27,48) + (39 – 27,24)(41 - 27,48) + (45 – 27,24)(44 - 27,48) + (25 – 27,24)(27 - 27,48) + (31 – 27,24)(32 - 27,48) + (38 – 27,24)(39 - 27,48) + (33 – 27,24)(33 - 27,48) + (18 – 27,24)(20 - 27,48)+ (32 – 27,24)(32 - 27,48) + (36 – 27,24)(37 - 27,48) + (24 – 27,24)(25 - 27,48) + (21 – 27,24)(19 - 27,48) + (34 – 27,24)(33 - 27,48) + (22 – 27,24)(23 - 27,48) + (26 – 27,24)(27 - 27,48) + (25 – 27,24)(25 - 27,48) + (15 – 27,24)(16 - 27,48) + (33 – 27,24)(35 - 27,48) + (27 – 27,24)(26 - 27,48) + (32 – 27,24)(33 - 27,48) + (26 – 27,24)(24 - 27,48) + (22 – 27,24)(23 - 27,48) + (27 – 27,24)(27 - 27,48)+ (27 – 27,24)(28 - 27,48)+ (19 – 27,24)(18 - 27,48) + (17 – 27,24)(18 - 27,48) + (23 – 27,24)(25 - 27,48) + (31 – 27,24)(32 - 27,48) + (39 – 27,24)(40 - 27,48) + (36 – 27,24)(36 - 27,48) + (35 – 27,24)(33 - 27,48) + (32 – 27,24)(32 – 27,48) + (26 – 27,24)(25 - 27,48) + (29 – 27,24)(27 - 27,48) + (19 – 27,24)(20 - 27,48) + (23 – 27,24)(21 - 27,48) + (40 – 27,24)(41 - 27,48) + (15 – 27,24)(16 - 27,48) + (23 – 27,24)(24 - 27,48) + (26 – 27,24)(26 - 27,48) + (30 – 27,24)(31 - 27,48) + (22 – 27,24)(20 - 27,48) + (28 – 27,24)(26 - 27,48) + (25 – 27,24)(25 - 27,48) =
50,83 + 23,23 + 165,23 + 69,11 + 40,43 + 0,59 + 4,19 + 158,99 + 293,39 +1,07 + 16,99 + 123,95 + 31,79 + 69,11 + 21,51 + 83,39 + 8,03 + 52,91 + 37,31 + 23,47 + 0,59 + 5,55 + 140,51 + 43,31 + 0,35 + 26,27 + 4,31 + 23,47 + 0,11 – 0,12 + 78,11 + 97,07 + 10,51 + 16,99 + 147,23 + 74,63 + 42,83 + 21,51 + 30,07 – 0,84 + 61,63 + 27,47 + 172,51 + 140,51 + 14,75 + 1,83 + 9,71 + 39,19 + 1,12 + 5,55 = 2512,25
r·Sx
·Sy
= 50·7,084·7,12 = 2521,904
r = 
Êîýôôèöåíò êîððåëÿöèè r = 0,99 ãîâîðèò î òîì, ÷òî 99%
èñïûòóåìûõ ïîëó÷èëè òå æå ñàìûå ðåçóëüòàòû.
2.
Íàäåæíîñòü ÷àñòåé òåñòà
(íàäåæíîñòü ñîäåðæàíèÿ)
îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ïóòåì äåëåíèÿ îïðîñíèêà íà äâå ÷àñòè: íà ÷åòíûå è íå÷åòíûå âîïðîñû.
Äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ íàäåæíîñòè ÷àñòåé òåñòà íåîáõîäèìî:
2.1. Íàéòè ñòàíäàðòíîå îòêëîíåíèå äëÿ îáåèõ ïîëîâèí
òåñòà:
s1 
s2 
ãäå s
1
,
s
2
– ñòàíäàðòíûå îòêëîíåíèÿ,
x1
i
, x2
i
- èíäèâèäóàëüíûå áàëëû êàæäîãî èñïûòóåìîãî ïî êàæäîé ïîëîâèíå òåñòà,
1
,
2
- ñðåäíåå àðèôìåòè÷åñêîå ðåçóëüòàòîâ âñåõ èñïûòóåìûõ ïî êàæäîé ïîëîâèíå òåñòà,
n
– îáúåì âûáîðêè.
= (19 – 13,86)2
+ (11 – 13,86)2
+ (6 – 13,86)2
+ (9 – 13,86)2
+ (11 – 13,86)2
+ (13 – 13,86)2
+ (13 – 13,86)2
+ (21 – 13,86)2
+ (23 – 13,86)2
+ (15 – 13,86)2
+ (17 – 13,86)2
+ (18 – 13,86)2
+ (14 – 13,86)2
+ (8 – 13,86)2
+ (17 – 13,86)2
+ (16 – 13,86)2
+ (13 – 13,86)2
+ (11 – 13,86)2
+ (17 – 13,86)2
+ (13 – 13,86)2
+ (15 – 13,86)2
+ (13 – 13,86)2
+ (6 – 13,86)2
+ (17 – 13,86)2
+ (14 – 13,86)2
+ (18 – 13,86)2
+ (15 – 13,86)2
+ (10 – 13,86)2
+ (14 – 13,86)2
+ (13 – 13,86)2
+ (8 – 13,86)2
+ (8 – 13,86)2
+ (13 – 13,86)2
+ (16 – 13,86)2
+ (20 – 13,86)2
+ (19 – 13,86)2
+ (17 – 13,86)2
+ (18 – 13,86)2
+ (13 – 13,86)2
+ (15 – 13,86)2
+ (8 – 13,86)2
+ (8 – 13,86)2
+ (20 – 13,86)2
+ (8 – 13,86)2
+ (12 – 13,86)2
+ (15 – 13,86)2
+ (14 – 13,86)2
+ (12 – 13,86)2
+ (18 – 13,86)2
+ (11 – 13,86)2
= 26,42 + 8,18 + 61, 78 + 23,62 + 8,18 + 0,74 + 0,74 + 50,98 + 83,54 + 1,3 + 9,86 + 17,14 + 0,02 + 34,34 + 9,86 + 4,58 + 0,74 + 8,18 + 9,86 + 0,74 + 1,3 + 0,74 + 61,78 + 9,86 + 0,02 + 17,14 + 1,3 + 14,9 + 0,02 + 0,74 + 34,34 + 34,34 + 0,74 + 4,58 + 37,7 + 26,42 + 9,86 + 17,14 + 0,74 + 1,3 + 34,34 + 34,34 + 37,7 + 34,34 + 3,46 + 1,3 + 0,02 + 3,46 + 17,14 + 8,18 = 810,04
s1 = 
= (15 – 13,38)2
+ (12 – 13,38)2
+ (8 – 13,38)2
+ (9 – 13,38)2
+ (10 – 13,38)2
+ (13 – 13,38)2
+ (17 – 13,38)2
+ (18 – 13,38)2
+ (22 – 13,38)2
+ (10 – 13,38)2
+ (14 – 13,38)2
+ (20 – 13,38)2
+ (19 – 13,38)2
+ (10 – 13,38)2
+ (15 – 13,38)2
+ (20 – 13,38)2
+ (11 – 13,38)2
+ (10 – 13,38)2
+ (17 – 13,38)2
+ (9 – 13,38)2
+ (11 – 13,38)2
+ (12 – 13,38)2
+ (9 – 13,38)2
+ (16 – 13,38)2
+ (13 – 13,38)2
+ (14 – 13,38)2
+ (11 – 13,38)2
+ (12 – 13,38)2
+ (13 – 13,38)2
+ (14 – 13,38)2
+ (11 – 13,38)2
+ (9 – 13,38)2
+ (10 – 13,38)2
+ (15 – 13,38)2
+ (19 – 13,38)2
+ (17 – 13,38)2
+ (18 – 13,38)2
+ (14 – 13,38)2
+ (13 – 13,38)2
+ (14 – 13,38)2
+ (11 – 13,38)2
+ (15 – 13,38)2
+ (20 – 13,38)2
+ (7 – 13,38)2
+ (11 – 13,38)2
+ (11 – 13,38)2
+ (16 – 13,38)2
+ (10 – 13,38)2
+ (10 – 13,38)2
+ (14 – 13,38)2
= 2,62 + 1,9 + 28,94 + 19,18 + 11,42 + 0,14 + 13,1 + 21,34 + 74,3 + 11,42 + 0,38 + 43,82 + 31,58 + 11,42 + 2,62 + 43,82 + 5,66 + 11,42 + 13,1 + 19,18 + 5,66 + 1,9 + 19,18 + 6,86 + 0,14 + 0,38 + 5,66 + 1,9 + 0,14 + 0,38 + 5,66 + 19,18 + 11,42 + 2,62 + 31,58 + 13,1 + 21,34 + 0,38 + 0,14 + 0,38 + 5,66 + 2,62 + 43,82 + 40,7 + 5,66 + 5,66 + 6,86 + 11,42 + 11,42 + 0,38 = 649,56
s2
= 
2.2. Ò.ê. s
1
≠
s
2
, òî íàäåæíîñòü òåñòà
âû÷èñëÿåì ïî ôîðìóëå Ôëàíàãàíà
:
ãäårxx
- êîýôôèöèåíò íàäåæíîñòè òåñòà,
s
1,
s
2
– ñòàíäàðòíûå îòêëîíåíèÿ,
rx
– êîýôôèöèåíò íàäåæíîñòè ïîëîâèíû òåñòà.
2.2.1. Íàéäåì êîýôôèöèåíò íàäåæíîñòè ïîëîâèíû òåñòà
, êîòîðûé âû÷èñëÿåòñÿ ïî ôîðìóëå:
= (19 – 13,86)(15 – 13,38) + (11 – 13,86)(12 – 13,38)+ (6 – 13,86)(8 – 13,38) + (9 – 13,86)(9 – 13,38) + (11 – 13,86)(10 – 13,38) + (13 – 13,86)(13 – 13,38) + (13 – 13,86)(17 – 13,38) + (21 – 13,86)(18 – 13,38) + (23 – 13,86)(22 – 13,38) + (15 – 13,86)(10 – 13,38) + (17 – 13,86)(14 – 13,38)+ (18 – 13,86)(20 – 13,38) + (14 – 13,86)(19 – 13,38) + (8 – 13,86)(10 – 13,38) + (17 – 13,86)(15 – 13,38) + (16 – 13,86)(20 – 13,38) + (13 – 13,86)(11 – 13,38) + (11 – 13,86)(10 – 13,38) + (17 – 13,86)(17 – 13,38) + (13 – 13,86)(9 – 13,38) + (15 – 13,86)(11 – 13,38) + (13 – 13,86)(12 – 13,38) + (6 – 13,86)(9 – 13,38) + (17 – 13,86)(16 – 13,38) + (14 – 13,86)(13 – 13,38) + (18 – 13,86)(14 – 13,38) + (15 – 13,86)(11 – 13,38) + (10 – 13,86)(12 – 13,38) + (14 – 13,86)(13 – 13,38) + (13 – 13,86)(14 – 13,38) + (8 – 13,86)(11 – 13,38) + (8 – 13,86)(9 – 13,38) + (13 – 13,86)(10 – 13,38) + (16 – 13,86)(15 – 13,38) + (20 – 13,86)(19 – 13,38) + (19 – 13,86)(17 – 13,38) + (17 – 13,86)(18 – 13,38) + (18 – 13,86)(14 – 13,38) + (13 – 13,86)(13 – 13,38) + (15 – 13,86)(14 – 13,38) + (8 – 13,86)(11 – 13,38) + (8 – 13,86)(15 – 13,38) + (20 – 13,86)(20 – 13,38) + (8 – 13,86)(7 – 13,38) + (12 – 13,86)(11 – 13,38) + (15 – 13,86)(11 – 13,38) + (14 – 13,86)(16 – 13,38) + (12 – 13,86)(10 – 13,38) + (18 – 13,86)(10 – 13,38) + (11 – 13,86)(14 – 13,38) = 8,33 + 3,95 + 42,29 + 21,29 + 9,67 + 0,33 – 3,11 + 32,99 + 78,79 – 3,85 + 1,95 + 27,4 + 0,79 + 19,8 + 5,09 + 14,17 + 2,05 + 9,67 + 11,37 + 3,77 – 2,71 + 1,19 + 34,43 + 8,23 – 0,05 + 2,57 – 2,71 + 5,33 – 0,05 – 0,53 + 13,95 + 25,67 + 2,9 + 3,47 + 34,5 + 18,6 + 14,5 + 2,57 + 0,33 + 0,7 + 13,95 – 9,5 + 40,65 + 37,39+ 4,43 – 2,71 + 0,37 + 6,29 – 14 – 1,77 = 525,26
rx
= 
2.2.2. Âû÷èñëèì êîýôôèöèåíò íàäåæíîñòè òåñòà ïî ôîðìóëå Ôëàíàãàíà:
rxx
= 
Äëÿ ïðèçíàíèÿ òåñòà íàäåæíûì êîýôôèöèåíò íàäåæíîñòè äîëæåí ñîñòàâëÿòü íå ìåíåå 0,7.
Èñõîäÿ èç ïîêàçàòåëÿ rxx
= 0,84
,íàøòåñò ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàäåæíûì
.
IV
. ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÈÅ ÂÀËÈÄÍÎÑÒÈ ÒÅÑÒÀ
Âàëèäíîñòü
– êîìïëåêñíàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ìåòîäèêè, âêëþ÷àþùàÿ ñâåäåíèÿ îá îáëàñòè èññëåäóåìûõ ÿâëåíèé è ðåïðåçåíòàòèâíîñòè äèàãíîñòè÷åñêîé ïðîöåäóðû ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê íèì. Ïðîâåðêà âàëèäíîñòè ìåòîäèêè – âàëèäèçàöèÿ
.
 ñâîåì èññëåäîâàíèè ìû áóäåì îïðåäåëÿòü êîíâåðãåíòíóþ âàëèäíîñòü. Êîíâåðãåíòíàÿ âàëèäíîñòü
– ïðîâåðêà ñòåïåíè áëèçîñòè ïðÿìîé èëè îáðàòíîé ñâÿçè. Ðå÷ü èäåò î ñâÿçè ìåæäó ðàçðàáàòûâàåìûì òåñòîì è äðóãèì âàëèäíûì áëèçêîðîäñòâåííûì òåñòîì.
 êà÷åñòâå âàëèäíîãî òåñòà ìû èñïîëüçîâàëè îïðîñíèê Áàññà-Äàðêè (
Buss
-
Durkey
Inventory
)
. Îí áûë ðàçðàáîòàí À. Áàññîì è À. Äàðêè â 1957ã., ïðåäíàçíà÷åí äëÿ äèàãíîñòèêè àãðåññèâíûõ è âðàæäåáíûõ ðåàêöèé. Îïðîñíèê ñîñòîèò èç 75 óòâåðæäåíèé, íà êîòîðûå íóæíî îòâåòèòü «äà» èëè «íåò». Êàæäîå óòâåðæäåíèå îòíîñèòñÿ ê 1 èç 8 òàê íàçûâàåìûõ èíäåêñîâ ôîðì àãðåññèâíûõ è âðàæäåáíûõ ðåàêöèé:
·Ôèçè÷åñêàÿ àãðåññèÿ
·Âåðáàëüíàÿ àãðåññèÿ
·Êîñâåííàÿ àãðåññèÿ
·Íåãàòèâèçì
·Ïîäîçðèòåëüíîñòü
·×óâñòâî âèíû
·Îáèäà
·Ðàçäðàæèòåëüíîñòü
Äëÿ âû÷èñëåíèÿ âàëèäíîñòè ìû èñïîëüçóåì êîýôôèöèåíò êîððåëÿöèè Ïèðñîíà
:
ãäå rxb
– êîýôôèöèåíò êîððåëÿöèè,
xi
– èíäèâèäóàëüíûé áàëë êàæäîãî èñïûòóåìîãî ïî êîíñòðóèðóåìîìó òåñòó,
- ñðåäíåå àðèôìåòè÷åñêîå ðåçóëüòàòîâ âñåõ èñïûòóåìûõ ïî âñåìó òåñòó,
bi
-ðåçóëüòàò êàæäîãî èñïûòóåìîãî ïî âàëèäíîìó òåñòó,
- ñðåäíåå àðèôìåòè÷åñêîå ðåçóëüòàòîâ âñåõ èñïûòóåìûõ ïî âàëèäíîìó òåñòó.
= 
= (34 - 27,24)(50 – 42,06) + (23 - 27,24)(29 – 42,06) + (14 - 27,24)(30 – 42,06) + (18 - 27,24)(26 – 42,06) + (21 - 27,24)(27 – 42,06) + (26 - 27,24)(42 – 42,06) + (30 - 27,24)(48 – 42,06) + (39 - 27,24)(57 – 42,06) + (45 - 27,24)(61 – 42,06) + (25 - 27,24)(36 – 42,06) + (31 - 27,24)(41 – 42,06) + (38 - 27,24)(53 – 42,06) + (33 - 27,24)(46 – 42,06) + (18 - 27,24)(29 – 42,06) + (32 - 27,24)(48 – 42,06) + (36 - 27,24)(54 – 42,06) + (24 - 27,24)(46 – 42,06) + (21 - 27,24)(36 – 42,06) + (34 - 27,24)(36 – 42,06) + (22 - 27,24)(40 – 42,06) + (26 - 27,24)(43 – 42,06) + (25 - 27,24)(40 – 42,06) + (15 - 27,24)(21 – 42,06) + (33 - 27,24)(44 – 42,06) + (27 - 27,24)(45 – 42,06) + (32 - 27,24)(43 – 42,06) + (26 - 27,24)(42 – 42,06) + (22 - 27,24)(43 – 42,06) + (27 - 27,24)(31 – 42,06) + (27 - 27,24)(45 – 42,06) + (19 - 27,24)(38 – 42,06) + (17 - 27,24)(31 – 42,06) + (23 - 27,24)(35 – 42,06) + (31 - 27,24)(52 – 42,06) + (39 - 27,24)(57 – 42,06) + (36 - 27,24)(52 – 42,06) + (35 - 27,24)(60 – 42,06) + (32 - 27,24)(47 – 42,06) + (26 - 27,24)(46 – 42,06) + (29 - 27,24)(54 – 42,06) + (19 - 27,24)(35 – 42,06) + (23 - 27,24)(35 – 42,06) + (40 - 27,24)(60 – 42,06) + (15 - 27,24)(33 – 42,06) + (23 - 27,24)(31 – 42,06) + (26 - 27,24)(36 – 42,06) + (30 - 27,24)(47 – 42,06) + (22 - 27,24)(37 – 42,06) + (28 - 27,24)(42 – 42,06) + (25 - 27,24)(43 – 42,06) = 53,7 + 55,4 + 159,7 + 148,4 + 94 + 0,07 + 16,4 + 175,7 + 336,4 + 13,6 – 4 + 117,7 + 22,7 + 120,7 + 28,3 + 104,6 + 12,8 + 37,8 – 41 + 10,8 – 1,2 + 4,6 + 257,8 + 11,2 – 0,7 + 4,5 + 0,07 – 4,9 + 2,7 – 0,7 + 33,5 + 113,2 + 30 + 37,4 + 175,7 + 87 + 139,2 + 23,5 – 4,9 + 21 +58,2 + 29,9 + 228,9 + 110,9 + 46,9 + 7,5 + 13,6 + 26,5 – 0,05 – 2,1 =
2913
=
(34 - 27,24)2
+ (23 – 27,24)2
+ (14 – 27,24)2
+ (18 – 27,24)2
+ (21 – 27,24)2
+ (26 – 27,24)2
+ (30 - 27,24)2
+ (39 – 27,24)2
+ (45 – 27,24)2
+ (25 – 27,24)2
+ (31 – 27,24)2
+ (38 – 27,24)2
+ (33 – 27,24)2
+ (18 – 27,24)2
+ (32 – 27,24)2
+ (36 – 27,24)2
+ (24 – 27,24)2
+ (21 – 27,24)2
+ (34 – 27,24)2
+ (22 – 27,24)2
+ (26 – 27,24)2
+ (25 – 27,24)2
+ (15 – 27,24)2
+ (33 – 27,24)2
+ (27 – 27,24)2
+ (32 – 27,24)2
+ (26 – 27,24)2
+ (22 – 27,24)2
+ (27 – 27,24)2
+ (27 – 27,24)2
+ (19 – 27,24)2
+ (17 – 27,24)2
+ (23 – 27,24)2
+ (31 – 27,24)2
+ (39 – 27,24)2
+ (36 – 27,24)2
+ (35 – 27,24)2
+ (32 – 27,24)2
+ (26 – 27,24)2
+ (29 – 27,24)2
+ (19 – 27,24)2
+ (23 – 27,24)2
+ (40 – 27,24)2
+ (15 – 27,24)2
+ (23 – 27,24)2
+ (26 – 27,24)2
+ (30 – 27,24)2
+ (22 – 27,24)2
+ (28 – 27,24)2
+ (25 – 27,24)2
=
45,7 + 18 + 175,3 + 85,4 + 39 + 1,5 + 7,6 + 138,3 + 315,4 + 5 + 14,1 + 115,8 + 33,2 + 85,4 + 22,7 + 76,8 + 10,5 + 39 + 45,7 + 27,5 + 1,54 + 5 + 149,8 + 33,2 + 0,06 + 22,7 + 1,54 + 27,5 + 0,06 + 0,06 + 67,9 + 104,9 + 18 + 14,1 + 138,3 + 76,8 + 60,2 + 22,7 + 1,54 + 3,1 + 67,9 + 18 + 162,8 + 149,8 + 18 + 1, 54 + 7,6 + 27,5 + 0,6 + 5 = 2509
= (50 – 42,06)2
+ (29 – 42,06)2
+ (30 – 42,06)2
+ (26 – 42,06)2
+ (27 – 42,06)2
+ (42 – 42,06)2
+ (48 – 42,06)2
+ (57 – 42,06)2
+ (61 – 42,06)2
+ (36 – 42,06)2
+ (41 – 42,06)2
+ (53 – 42,06)2
+ (46 – 42,06)2
+ (29 – 42,06)2
+ (48 – 42,06)2
+ (54 – 42,06)2
+ (46 – 42,06)2
+ (36 – 42,06)2
+ (36 – 42,06)2
+ (40 – 42,06)2
+ (43 – 42,06)2
+ (40 – 42,06)2
+ (21 – 42,06)2
+ (44 – 42,06)2
+ (45 – 42,06)2
+ (43 – 42,06)2
+ (42 – 42,06)2
+ (43 – 42,06)2
+ (31 – 42,06)2
+ (45 – 42,06)2
+ (38 – 42,06)2
+ (31 – 42,06)2
+ (35 – 42,06)2
+ (52 – 42,06)2
+ (57 – 42,06)2
+ (52 – 42,06)2
+ (60 – 42,06)2
+ (47 – 42,06)2
+ (46 – 42,06)2
+ (54 – 42,06)2
+ (35 – 42,06)2
+ (35 – 42,06)2
+ (60 – 42,06)2
+ (33 – 42,06)2
+ (31 – 42,06)2
+ (36 – 42,06)2
+ (47 – 42,06)2
+ (37 – 42,06)2
+ (42 – 42,06)2
+ (43 – 42,06)2
= 63 + 170,6 + 145,4 + 257,9 + 226,8 + 0,0036 + 35,3 + 223,2 + 358,7 + 36,7 + 1,12 + 119,7 + 15,5 + 170,6 + 35,3 + 142,6 + 15,5 + 36,7 + 36,7 + 4,2 + 0,9 + 4,2 + 443,5 + 3,8 + 8,6 + 0,9 + 0,0036 + 0,9 + 122,3 + 8,6 + 16,5 + 122,3 + 49,8 + 98,8 + 223,2 +98,8 + 321,8 + 24,4 + 15,5 + 142,6 + 49,8 + 49,8 + 321,8 + 82 + 122,3 + 36,7 + 24,4 + 25,6 + 0,0036 + 0,9 = 4516,23
·
=2509 · 4516,23 = 11331221
rxb
= 
Êîýôôèöèåíò êîððåëÿöèè ìîæåò ïðèíèìàòü çíà÷åíèå îò -1 äî +1. Åñëè rxb
– ïîëîæèòåëüíûé, òî çàâèñèìîñòü ïðÿìîïðîïîðöèîíàëüíàÿ; åñëè - îòðèöàòåëüíûé, òî îáðàòíîïðîïîðöèîíàëüíàÿ çàâèñèìîñòü.
Äëÿ ïðèçíàíèÿ òåñòà âàëèäíûì êîýôôèöèåíò êîððåëÿöèè äîëæåí áûòü íå ìåíåå 0,5 íà óðîâíå çíà÷èìîñòè 0,01 (p≤0,01).
Ò.ê. ó íàñ rxb
= 0,865
- çíà÷èò íàø òåñò ÿâëÿåòñÿ âàëèäíûì
; çàâèñèìîñòü ïðÿìîïðîïîðöèîíàëüíàÿ.
V
. Ñòàíäàðòèçàöèÿ ïîêàçàòåëåé
(
Z
-ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå îöåíîê)
Ñòàíäàðòèçàöèÿ ïîçâîëÿåò ñðàâíèòü ïîêàçàòåëè, ïîëó÷åííûå îäíèì èñïûòóåìûì, ñ ïîêàçàòåëÿìè ãåíåðàëüíîé ñîâîêóïíîñòè èëè â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ãðóïïàõ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì äîñòèãàåòñÿ àäåêâàòíàÿ èíòåðïðåòàöèÿ ïîêàçàòåëåé êàæäîãî èñïûòóåìîãî. Ñòàíäàðòèçàöèÿ íàèáîëåå âàæíà â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ñðàâíåíèå ïîêàçàòåëåé èñïûòóåìûõ.  íàøåé ðàáîòå ìû âû÷èñëèì ïîêàçàòåëè ëèíåéíîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ (Z
-ïîêàçàòåëè
). Äëÿ èõ íàõîæäåíèÿ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ôîðìóëà:
ãäå Z
– ïîêàçàòåëü ëèíåéíîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ,
xi
– èíäèâèäóàëüíûé áàëë êàæäîãî èñïûòóåìîãî ïî âñåìó òåñòó,
- ñðåäíåå àðèôìåòè÷åñêîå ðåçóëüòàòîâ âñåõ èñïûòóåìûõ ïî âñåìó òåñòó,
s
– ñòàíäàðòíîå îòêëîíåíèå.
1.
Âû÷èñëèì ñòàíäàðòíîå îòêëîíåíèå
ïî ôîðìóëå:
ãäå s
– ñòàíäàðòíîå îòêëîíåíèå,
xi
– èíäèâèäóàëüíûé áàëë êàæäîãî èñïûòóåìîãî ïî âñåìó òåñòó,
- ñðåäíåå àðèôìåòè÷åñêîå ðåçóëüòàòîâ âñåõ èñïûòóåìûõ ïî âñåìó òåñòó
n
– êîëè÷åñòâî èñïûòóåìûõ â âûáîðêå.
= 
=
(34 - 27,24)2
+ (23 – 27,24)2
+ (14 – 27,24)2
+ (18 – 27,24)2
+ (21 – 27,24)2
+ (26 – 27,24)2
+ (30 - 27,24)2
+ (39 – 27,24)2
+ (45 – 27,24)2
+ (25 – 27,24)2
+ (31 – 27,24)2
+ (38 – 27,24)2
+ (33 – 27,24)2
+ (18 – 27,24)2
+ (32 – 27,24)2
+ (36 – 27,24)2
+ (24 – 27,24)2
+ (21 – 27,24)2
+ (34 – 27,24)2
+ (22 – 27,24)2
+ (26 – 27,24)2
+ (25 – 27,24)2
+ (15 – 27,24)2
+ (33 – 27,24)2
+ (27 – 27,24)2
+ (32 – 27,24)2
+ (26 – 27,24)2
+ (22 – 27,24)2
+ (27 – 27,24)2
+ (27 – 27,24)2
+ (19 – 27,24)2
+ (17 – 27,24)2
+ (23 – 27,24)2
+ (31 – 27,24)2
+ (39 – 27,24)2
+ (36 – 27,24)2
+ (35 – 27,24)2
+ (32 – 27,24)2
+ (26 – 27,24)2
+ (29 – 27,24)2
+ (19 – 27,24)2
+ (23 – 27,24)2
+ (40 – 27,24)2
+ (15 – 27,24)2
+ (23 – 27,24)2
+ (26 – 27,24)2
+ (30 – 27,24)2
+ (22 – 27,24)2
+ (28 – 27,24)2
+ (25 – 27,24)2
=
45,7 + 18 + 175,3 + 85,4 + 39 + 1,5 + 7,6 + 138,3 + 315,4 + 5 + 14,1 + 115,8 + 33,2 + 85,4 + 22,7 + 76,8 + 10,5 + 39 + 45,7 + 27,5 + 1,54 + 5 + 149,8 + 33,2 + 0,06 + 22,7 + 1,54 + 27,5 + 0,06 + 0,06 + 67,9 + 104,9 + 18 + 14,1 + 138,3 + 76,8 + 60,2 + 22,7 + 1,54 + 3,1 + 67,9 + 18 + 162,8 + 149,8 + 18 + 1, 54 + 7,6 + 27,5 + 0,6 + 5 = 2509
2.
Âû÷èñëèìZ-
ïîêàçàòåëè
:
| Z1
= (34 - 27,24) / 7,2 = 0,94 |
Z11
= (31 – 27,24) / 7,2 = 0,52 |
| Z2
= (23 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 0,59 |
Z12
= (38 – 27,24) / 7,2 = 1,49 |
| Z3
= (14 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 1,84 |
Z13
= (33 – 27,24) / 7,2 = 0,8 |
| Z4
= (18 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 1,28 |
Z14
= (18 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 1,28 |
| Z5
= (21 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 0,87 |
Z15
= (32 – 27,24) / 7,2 = 0,66 |
| Z6
= (26 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 0,17 |
Z16
= (36 – 27,24) / 7,2 = 1,22 |
| Z7
= (30 - 27,24) / 7,2 = 0,38 |
Z17
= (24 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 0,45 |
| Z8
= (39 – 27,24) / 7,2 = 1,63 |
Z18
= (21 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 0,87 |
| Z9
= (45 – 27,24) / 7,2 = 2,47 |
Z19
= (34 – 27,24) / 7,2 = 0,94 |
| Z10
= (25 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 0,31 |
Z20
= (22 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 0,73 |
| Z21
= (26 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 0,17 |
Z36
= (36 – 27,24) / 7,2 = 1,22 |
| Z22
= (25 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 0,31 |
Z37
= (35 – 27,24) / 7,2 = 1,08 |
| Z23
= (15 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 1,7 |
Z38
= (32 – 27,24) / 7,2 = 0,66 |
| Z24
= (33 – 27,24) / 7,2 = 0,8 |
Z39
= (26 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 0,17 |
| Z25
= (27 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 0,03 |
Z40
= (29 – 27,24) / 7,2 = 0,24 |
| Z26
= (32 – 27,24) / 7,2 = 0,66 |
Z41
= (19 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 1,14 |
| Z27
= (26 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 0,17 |
Z42
= (23 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 0,59 |
| Z28
= (22 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 0,73 |
Z43
= (40 – 27,24) / 7,2 = 1,77 |
| Z29
= (27 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 0,03 |
Z44
= (15 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 1,7 |
| Z30
= (27 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 0,03 |
Z45
= (23 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 0,59 |
| Z31
= (19 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 1,14 |
Z46
= (26 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 0,17 |
| Z32
= (17 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 1,42 |
Z47
= (30 – 27,24) / 7,2 = 0,38 |
| Z33
= (23 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 0,59 |
Z48
= (22 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 0,73 |
| Z34
= (31 – 27,24) / 7,2 = 0,52 |
Z49
= (28 – 27,24) / 7,2 = 0,1 |
| Z35
= (39 – 27,24) / 7,2 = 1,63 |
Z50
= (25 – 27,24) / 7,2 = - 0,31 |
Ïîñëå ïîëó÷åíèÿ ñòàíäàðòíûõ Z-ïîêàçàòåëåé íàì íåîáõîäèìî ïåðåâåñòè èõ â îäíó èç ñòàíäàðòíûõ òåñòîâûõ øêàë, ïðèíÿòûõ â ïñèõîäèàãíîñòèêå. Îáîáùåííàÿ ôîðìóëà ïåðåâîäà â çàäàííóþ ñòàíäàðòíóþ øêàëó
èìååò âèä:
ãäå Y
– ñòàíäàðòíûé áàëë ïî ïðîèçâîëüíîé øêàëå ñ öåíòðîì Ì
è îòêëîíåíèåì s
,
s
– ñòàíäàðòíîå îòêëîíåíèå,
Z
– ïîêàçàòåëü ëèíåéíîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ,
M
– ìåäèàíà.
 ïñèõîäèàãíîñòèêå ïðèíÿòî âûäåëÿòü òðè âèäà ñòàíäàðòíûõ øêàë:
| Øêàëà |
Ìåäèàíà(
M
)
|
Ñòàíäàðòíîå îòêëîíåíèå (s
) |
| T-øêàëà Ìàêêîëà |
50 |
10 |
| Øêàëà ñòåíîâ |
5,5 |
2 |
| Øêàëà ñòàíàéíîâ |
5 |
2 |
3.
Ïåðåâåäåì ïîëó÷åííûå Z-ïîêàçàòåëè â øêàëó ñòàíàéíîâ
:
| Y1
= 2·0,94 + 5 = 6,88 |
Y24
= 2·0,8 + 5 = 6,6 |
| Y2
= 2·(- 0,59) + 5 = 3,82 |
Y25
= 2·(- 0,03) + 5 = 4,94 |
| Y3
= 2·(- 1,84) + 5 = 1,32 |
Y26
= 2·0,66 + 5 = 6,32 |
| Y4
= 2·(- 1,28) + 5 = 2,44 |
Y27
= 2·(- 0,17) + 5 = 4,66 |
| Y5
= 2·(- 0,87) + 5 = 3,26 |
Y28
= 2·(- 0,73) + 5 = 3,54 |
| Y6
= 2·(- 0,17) + 5 = 4,66 |
Y29
= 2·(- 0,03) + 5 = 4,94 |
| Y7
= 2·0,38 + 5 = 5,76 |
Y30
= 2·(- 0,03) + 5 = 4,94 |
| Y8
= 2·1,63 + 5 = 8,26 |
Y31
= 2·(- 1,14) + 5 = 2,72 |
| Y9
= 2·2,47 + 5 = 9,94 |
Y32
= 2·(- 1,42) + 5 = 2,16 |
| Y10
= 2·(- 0,31) + 5 = 4,38 |
Y33
= 2·(- 0,59) + 5 = 3,82 |
| Y11
= 2·0,52 + 5 = 6,04 |
Y34
= 2·0,52 + 5 = 6,04 |
| Y12
= 2·1,49 + 5 = 7,98 |
Y35
= 2·1,63 + 5 = 8,26 |
| Y13
= 2·0,8 + 5 = 6,6 |
Y36
= 2·1,22 + 5 = 7,44 |
| Y14
= 2·(- 1,28) + 5 = 2,44 |
Y37
= 2·1,08 + 5 = 7,16 |
| Y15
= 2·0,66 + 5 = 6,32 |
Y38
= 2·0,66 + 5 = 6,32 |
| Y16
= 2·1,22 + 5 = 7,44 |
Y39
= 2·(- 0,17) + 5 = 4,66 |
| Y17
= 2·(- 0,45) + 5 = 4,1 |
Y40
ñîäåðæàíèå ..
715
716
717 ..
|
|
|
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