Military reference books and manuals (2009-2023, Volume 2)

NAVAIR 00-80T-104

Page

No.

MK 14 system set-up

3-5

Training LSO qualification

10-3

Optical landing system limits

6-13

Certification

10-4

System condition indicators

4-4

Classroom training experience

10-4

Field experience

10-4

Formal ground training

10-4

Prerequisites

10-3

Shipboard experience

10-4

Team, Shipboard LSO team performance

Transition qualification

6-2

evaluation

10-5

Type commander

1-3

Touchdown points

3-7

Traffic pattern control:

Responsibilities

5-7

Responsibilty at non-tower

Undergraduate carrier qualification

6-2

controlled airfields

5-7

Upgrading procedures

1-5

Training:

Aircraft crosstype

2-2

Automated performance assessment and

Visual landing aids

3-1

readiness training system (APARTS)

11-1

General

3-1

Classroom training experience

10-4

MK 8 fresnel lens optical landing

Field training

2-1

system (FLOLS)

3-2

Formal ground

2-1, 10-1, 10-2, 10-3, 10-4

MK 14 improved fresnel lens optical

Formal ground training

landing system (IFLOLS)

3-4

program evaluation

10-5

MOVLAS

3-5

LSO carrier qualification (CQ)

Operation and checks of shore-based

requirements

2-3

visual landing aids

3-5

LSO qualification

10-3

LSO training model manager

1-3

LSO training program

2-1

Waivers

1-6

LSO training status matrix

10-5

Wind over deck (WOD) requirements

6-13

MOVLAS

6-13

Wing LSO qualification

10-3

Recurrent CV procedures

6-1

Certification

10-3

Requirements

1-6

Formal ground training

10-3

Shipboard

2-2

Shipboard LSO experience

10-3

Simulator

5-6

Written and practical evaluation

10-3

Index-7/(8 blank)

ORIGINAL

JFIRE

MULTI-SERVICE

TACTICS, TECHNIQUES,

AND PROCEDURES

FOR THE JOINT

APPLICATION OF

FIREPOWER

FM 3-09.32

MCRP 3-16.6A

NTTP 3-09.2

AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

DECEMBER 2007

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION Distribution authorized to the DOD,

DOD contractors, Austra ia, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, France,

Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,

and the Un ted Kingdom only to protect technical or operational

information from automatic dissemination under the International

Exchange Program or by other means. This determination was made on

17 December 2007. Other requests will be referred to HQ TRADOC,

ATTN ATFC-EJ, Fort Monroe, VA 23651-1067; HQ MCCDC, C116,

Quantico, VA 22134-5021; NWDC, ATTN N5, Newport, RI 02841-1207;

or HQ AFDDEC/DDJ, Maxwell AFB, AL 36112-6112.

DESTRUCTION NOTICE Destroy by any method that must prevent

disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document.

FOREWORD

This publication has been prepared under our direction for use by our respective

commands and other commands as appropriate.

BARBARA G. FAST

ANDREW W. O'DONNELL, JR.

Major General, USA

Brigadier General, USMC

Deputy Director/Chief of Staff

Director

Army Capabilities Integration Center

Capabilities Development

Directorate

CARLTON B. JEWETT

ALLEN G. PECK

Rear Admiral, USN

Major General, USAF

Commander

Navy Warfare Development Command

Air Force Doctrine Development

and Education Center

This publication is available through the ALSA Web site (www.alsa.mil );

through the Army at Army Knowledge Online (AKO) (www.us.army.mil ) and

at the General Dennis J. Reimer Training and Doctrine Digital Library

(www.train.army.mil ) Web sites; and through the Air Force at the Air Force

Publishing Web site

(www.e-publishing.af.mil ).

PREFACE

Purpose

JFIRE is a pocket-size, quick-reference guide for requesting fire support in

accordance with approved joint tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP).

JFIRE contains calls for fire, joint air attack team (JAAT) techniques, a format for

joint air strike requests, close air support (CAS) coordination and planning

procedures, communications architecture, and weapons data.

Scope

JFIRE applies to the tactical and special operating forces of the Army, Navy,

Marine Corps, and Air Force. It is a United States (US) unilateral-only document,

but includes some North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) formats where

appropriate. Information in JFIRE has been extracted from existing Service

directives. It is primarily intended for use by members of battalion and squadron-

level combat units.

Implementation Plan

Participating Service command offices of primary responsibility (OPRs) will

review this publication, validate the information and, where appropriate,

reference and incorporate it in Service manuals, regulations, and curricula as

follows:

Army. Upon approval and authentication, this publication incorporates the

procedures contained herein into the United States (US) Army Doctrine and

Training Literature Program as directed by the Commander, US Army Training

and Doctrine Command (TRADOC). Distribution is in accordance with applicable

directives and the Initial Distribution Number (IDN) listed on the authentication

page.

Marine Corps.1 The Marine Corps will incorporate the procedures in this

publication in US Marine Corps training and doctrine publications as directed by

the Commanding General, US Marine Corps Combat Development Command

(MCCDC). Distribution is in accordance with the Marine Corps Publication

Distribution System (MCPDS).

Navy. The Navy will incorporate these procedures in US Navy training and

doctrine publications as directed by the Commander, Navy Warfare Development

Command (NWDC)[N5]. Distribution is in accordance with Military Standard

Requisition and Issue Procedure (MILSTRIP) Desk Guide Navy Supplement

Publication-409 (NAVSUP P-409).

Air Force. The Air Force will incorporate the procedures in this publication in

accordance with applicable governing directives. Distribution is in accordance

with Air Force Instruction (AFI) 33-360.

Marine Corps PCN: 144 000033 00

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 i

User Information

a. TRADOC, MCCDC, NWDC, Air Force Doctrine Development and Education

Center (AFDDEC), and the Air Land Sea Application (ALSA) Center developed

this publication with the joint participation of the approving Service commands.

ALSA will review and update this publication as necessary.

b. This publication reflects current joint and Service doctrine, command and

control organizations, facilities, personnel, responsibilities, and procedures.

Changes in Service protocol, appropriately reflected in joint and Service

publications, will likewise be incorporated in revisions to this document.

c. We encourage recommended changes for improving this publication. Key

your comments to the specific page and paragraph and provide a rationale for

each recommendation. Send comments and recommendations directly to—

Army

Commander, US Army Training and Doctrine Command

ATTN: ATFC-EJ

Fort Monroe VA 23651-1067

DSN 680-3951 COMM (757) 788-3951

E-mail: doctrine.monroe@us.army.mil

Marine Corps

Deputy Commandant for Combat Development and Integration

ATTN: MCCDC CDD MID DCB 116

3300 Russell Road, Suite 204

Quantico VA 22134-5021

E-mail: Publication POC at https://www.doctrine.usmc.mil

Navy

Commander, Navy Warfare Development Command

ATTN: N5

686 Cushing Road

Newport RI 02841-1207

DSN 948-1070/4201 COMM (401) 841-1070/4201

E-mail: alsapubs@nwdc.navy.mil

Air Force

Commander, Air Force Doctrine Development and Education Center

ATTN: DDJ

155 North Twining Street

Maxwell AFB AL 36112-6112

DSN 493-2640/2256 COMM (334) 953-2640/2256

E-mail: afddec.ddj.workflow@maxwell.af.mil

ALSA

Director, ALSA Center

114 Andrews Street

Langley AFB VA 23665-2785

DSN 575-0902 COMM (757) 225-0902

E-mail: alsa.director@langley.af.mil

FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

FM 3-09.32/ MCRP 3-16.6A/ NTTP 3-09.2/ AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Joint Application of

Firepower.

This revision, dated 17 Dec 2007, provides a major overhaul of the document.

The organization of the publication has been changed to: Chapter I - Planning

Considerations, Chapter II - Surface-based Fire Support, Chapter III - Joint Air

Attack Team and Close Combat Attack, Chapter IV - Close Air Support

Execution, Appendix A - Capabilities and Communications Equipment, Appendix

B - Brevity, Appendix C - Laser Operations, Appendix D - Fire Support

Coordination Measures and Airspace Coordinating Measures, Appendix E -

Aircraft-Delivered Munitions Descriptions, Appendix F - Risk-estimate Distances,

Appendix G - General Information, Appendix H - Electronic Attack / Call for

Electronic Fires, as well as a list of references and a glossary. (Appendix H is

classified SECRET and available on ALSA’s classified website

http://www.acc.af.smil.mil/alsa/jfire.)

The revised publication presents the material to the reader in a more logical

fashion and incorporates a large amount of new information such as: unmanned

aircraft systems and inertially aided munitions considerations, US Army close

combat attack procedures, details on joint fires observers and tactical shows of

force, an expanded entry on AC-130 and fixed wing integration, as well as

including briefing formats for electronic attack, airdrop (aerial resupply), casualty

evacuation, and reconnaissance / surveillance missions. Additionally, in an effort

to keep the publication current, the munitions descriptions and risk-estimate

distances have been updated to include new weapons that have been fielded

since the previous version of JFIRE was written. It also includes a more robust

listing of rotary wing munitions as well as common allied / coalition weapons.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 iii

JFIRE

MULTI-SERVICE TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES FOR THE

JOINT APPLICATION OF FIREPOWER

*FM 3-09.32

MCRP 3-16.6A

NTTP 3-09.2

AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

FM 3-09.32

US Army Training and Doctrine Command

Fort Monroe, Virginia

MCRP 3-16.6A

Marine Corps Combat Development Command

Quantico, Virginia

NTTP 3-09.2

Navy Warfare Development Command

Newport, Rhode Island

AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

Air Force Doctrine Development and

Education Center

Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama

17 Dec 2007

Table of Contents

Chapter I: Planning Considerations

1. General Planning for Close Air Support / Joint Air Attack

Team / Close Combat Attack

2. Convoy Escort

3. Urban / Mountain Considerations

4. Timeline Considerations

5. Unmanned Aircraft Systems Considerations

6. Considerations for High Altitude, Level Delivery of Precision

Munitions

7. Inertially Aided Munitions

8. Hybrid / Dual-mode Weapons

9. DD Form 1972, Joint Tactical Air Strike Request

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution authorized to the DOD, DOD contractors, Australia, Canada,

Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,

and the United Kingdom only to protect technical or operational information from automatic dissemination

under the International Exchange Program or by other means. This determination was made on 17 DEC 07.

Other requests will be referred to:

HQ TRADOC, ATTN: ATFC-EJ, Ft Monroe, VA 23651-1067;

HQ MCCDC, ATTN: C116, Quantico, VA 22134-5021;

NWDC, ATTN: N5, Newport, RI 02841-1207;

or AFDDEC, ATTN: DDJ, Maxwell AFB, AL 36112-6112.

DESTRUCTION NOTICE: Destroy by any method that must prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction

of the document.

* Supersedes FM 3-09 32/MCRP 3.16 6A/NTTP 3-09 2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6, 29 October 2004.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 v

Chapter II: Surface-based Fire Support

1. Artillery / Mortar Fire

2. Naval Surface Fire Support

3. Munitions Descriptions and Target - Weapons Pairings

Chapter III: Joint Air Attack Team and Close Combat Attack

1. Army Aviation

2. Army Close Combat Attack Procedures

3. Joint Air Attack Team

4. Joint Air Attack Team Execution

5. Joint Air Attack Team Communications

Chapter IV: Close Air Support Execution

1. Joint Terminal Attack Controller

2. Joint Fires Observer

3. Close Air Support Execution with Non-Joint Terminal Attack

Controller Personnel (Emergency Close Air Support)

4. Close Air Support Execution Procedures

5. Joint Terminal Attack Controller Brevity Codes

6. Electronic Attack / Call for Electronic Fires

7. Tactical Show of Force

8. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Procedures

9. Other Briefing Formats

10. Forms Prescribed/Adopted

Appendix A: Capabilities and Communications Equipment

Appendix B: Brevity

1. Marking Brevity Terms

2. Laser Brevity Terms

3. Video Downlink Brevity Terms

4. Other Brevity Terms

Appendix C: Laser Operations

1. Joint Terminal Attack Controller Laser Respons bilities

2. Laser Communications Examples

3. Laser Designation Zones

4. Hellfire Designator Exclusion Zone

Appendix D: Fire Support Coordination Measures and Airspace

Coordinating Measures

1. Permissive and Restrictive Fire Support

Coordination Measures

2. Maneuver Control Measures

3. Battlefield Coordination Line

4. Integration Techniques

5. Common Geographic Reference System and Global

Area Reference System

Appendix E: Aircraft-delivered Munitions Descriptions

1. General Purpose Munitions

2. Guided Bombs

3. Guided Missiles

4. Guns

vi FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

5. Rockets

6. Cluster Munitions

7. Illumination Flares

100

8. Incendiary Munitions

100

9. Inert and Practice Munitions

100

10. Common United Kingdom Weapons

100

11. Recommended Target-Weapons Pairings

102

Appendix F: Risk-estimate Distances

105

1. Danger Close

105

2. Surface-to-surface Risk-estimate Distances

106

3. Air-to-surface Risk-estimate Distances

107

Appendix G: General Information

111

1. Conversion Tables

111

2. Minimum Safe Distances

112

3. Surface-to-air Threat Capabilities

117

Appendix H:

(SECRET) Electronic Attack / Call for Electronic

Fires (See ALSA classified website.)

121

References

123

Glossary

125

List of Figures

Figure 1. Sample Communication

Figure 2. Sample DD Form 1972

Figure 3. Elements and Transmissions of a Call for Fire

Figure 4. Example of a Combined Attack

Figure 5. Example of a Sectored Attack

Figure 6. Sample Joint Air Attack Team Communications Net

Figure 7. Joint Air Attack Team Mission Flow Example

Figure 8. Risk Assessment

Figure 9. Keyhole Example

Figure 10. AC-130 Integration in the Wheel

Figure 11. AC-130 Integration with IP-to-target Run-in

Figure 12. AC-130 Opposite Sector Attack

Figure 13. Abort Call Illustration

Figure 14. Electronic Attack Request Form

Figure 15. Sample North Atlantic Treaty Organization Close Air

Support Worksheet

Figure 16. Laser Designation Zones

Figure 17. 2-D Laser Safety and Optimal Attack Zones

Figure 18. Hellfire Designator Exclusion Zone

Figure 19. Artillery Close Air Support Lateral Separation

Figure 20. Artillery Close Air Support Altitude Separation

Figure 21. Common Geographic Reference System Example

Figure 22. Global Area Reference System Example

List of Tables

Table 1. Target Location Error Categories

Table 2. Field Artillery Cannons

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 vii

Table 3. Mortars

Table 4. Artillery / Mortar / Rocket Illumination Factors

Table 5. 5”/54 and 5”/62 Naval Gun Data

Table 6. Cannon / Mortar Targets and Suggested Ammunition

Table 7. Artillery Precision-Guided Munitions

Table 8. Multiple Launch Rocket System / High Mobility Artillery

Rocket System

Table 9. Tomahawk Land Attack Missile

Table 10. Coordinated Attack Types

Table 11. Close Air Support Terminal Attack Attr butes

Table 12. Advantages and Disadvantages of Types of Control

Table 13. AC-130 Integration Attributes

Table 14. Commercial Off the Shelf Emitters Targeted by

Electronic Attack

Table 15. Joint Tactical Air Str ke Request Remarks

Information (Section 8)

Table 16. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Standard Rear Briefing

Table 17. Fixed - Wing Capabilities and Communication Equipment

Table 18. Rotary - Wing Capabilities and Communication Equipment

Table 19. Targeting Pod Capabilities

Table 20. Attack Helicopter Weapons Capabilities

Table 21. Video Downlink - Link / Frequency / Player Reference

Table 22. Joint Terminal Attack Controller / Observer

Communication Equipment

Table 23. Control Node Communications Equipment

Table 24. US Air Force / Army Communications Nets

Table 25. Permissive Measures

Table 26. Restrictive Measures

Table 27. Integration Techniques

Table 28. Recommended Target-Weapons Pairings for Ordnance

102

Table 29. Mortar Risk-Estimate Distances

106

Table 30. Cannon Risk-Estimate Distances

106

Table 31. Naval Gunfire Risk-Estimate Distances

107

Table 32. Tomahawk Land Attack Missile Risk-Estimate Distances

107

Table 33. Fixed-Wing Risk-Estimate Distances

107

Table 34. Rotary-Wing Risk-Estimate Distances

110

Table 35. Speed and Time Conversions

111

Table 36. Distance Conversion Table (1 meter = 3.28 feet)

112

Table 37. Minimum Safe Distances for Ground Parties

(Training Use Only: Live Fire)

113

Table 38. Surface-to-Air Missile Threat Capabilities

117

Table 39. Antiaircraft Artillery Threat Capabilities

119

List of Formats

Format 1. Adjust Fire Mission (Grid Method)

Format 2. Adjust Fire Mission (Polar Plot)

Format 3. Adjust Fire Mission (Shift From a Known Point)

Format 4. Fire for Effect Mission (Grid Method)

viii

FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

Format 5. Suppression / Immediate Suppression / Smoke Mission

(Grid Method)

Format 6. Marking Mission (Grid Method)

Format 7. Suppression of Enemy Air Defences Mission

(Marine Corps - Grid Method)

Format 8. Artillery / Mortar - Quick Smoke Request

Format 9. Artillery / Mortar Illumination Request - Call for Fire

Format 10. Naval Surface Fire Support Call for Fire

(Grid / Polar Plot / Shift from a Known Point)

Format 11. Close Combat Attack Check-In

Format 12. Close Combat Attack Briefing - Ground to Air (5-Line)

Format 13. Close Air Support Check-In

Format 14. Situation Update

Format 15. Close Air Support 9-Line Briefing

Format 16. AC-130 Call for Fire

Format 17. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Close Air Support

Check-in Briefing

Format 18. North Atlantic Treaty Organization 15-Line

Controller to Attack Aircraft Briefing

Format 19. Casualty Evacuation Briefing

Format 20. Airdrop Briefing (Aerial Resupply)

Format 21. Reconnaissance / Surveillance Briefing

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 ix

PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS

The following commands and agencies participated in the development of this

publication:

Joint

US Joint Forces Command, Norfolk, VA

US Central Command, MacDill AFB, FL

US European Command, Vaihingen, GE

US Pacific Command, Camp H.M. Smith, HI

US Southern Command, Miami, FL

US Strategic Command, Offutt AFB, NE

US Special Operations Command, MacDill AFB, FL

Joint Fires Integration and Interoperability Team, Eglin AFB, FL

Army

US Army Training and Doctrine Command, Fort Monroe, VA

Combined Arms Doctrine Directorate, CAC, Ft Leavenworth, KS

US Army Field Artillery School, Ft Sill, OK

US Army Armor Center, Ft Knox, KY

US Army JFK Special Warfare Center and School, Ft Bragg, NC

Army Joint Support Team, Nellis AFB, NV

Marine Corps

Marine Corps Combat Development Command, Quantico, VA

Marine Aviation Weapons and Tactics Squadron 1, MCAS Yuma, AZ

Navy

Navy Warfare Development Command (Norfolk Detachment), Norfo k, VA

Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center, NAS Fallon, NV

Air Force

Air Force Doctrine Development and Education Center, Maxwell AFB, AL

Air Combat Command/A-3F, Langley AFB, VA

USAF Weapons School, Nellis AFB, NV

6 CTS, Nellis AFB, NV

Other

Air Warfare Centre, RAF Waddington, United Kingdom

x FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

Chapter I:Planning Considerations

1. General Planning for Close Air Support / Joint Air Attack Team / Close

Combat Attack

The following list of planning considerations applies to close air support (CAS),

joint air attack team (JAAT), and close combat attack (CCA). It is not an all

inclusive list, but gives a very broad spectrum of items to consider when planning

for these missions. Ground commander’s intent / mission objectives:

Orientation / Situation

(1) Terrain

(a) Map Datum, Common Geographic Reference System (CGRS) / Global

Area Reference System (GARS)

(See p.93)

(b) Observation / Fields of Fire

(d) Key Terrain

(e) Obstacles

(f) Cover and Concealment

(g) Urban Environment / Lighting

(2) Weather

(a) Ceiling / Vis bility

(b) Temperature / Dew-point

(d) Sunrise / Begin Morning Nautical Twilight

(e) Sunset / End Evening Nautical Twilight

(f) Solar Elevation / Azimuth

(g) Moon Data (rise / set, elevation, azimuth, percent illumination, lux)

(h) Diurnal / Thermal Crossover

(i)

Relative / Absolute Humidity

(3) Enemy

(a) Buildings identified as significant for cultural or religious reasons should

be placed on no-fire lists. Damage or destruction would result in

negative mission impact.

(b) Target Type, Size, Activity, and Location

(d) Courses of Action

1. Most Likely

2. Most Dangerous

(e) Observed Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP)

(f) Enemy Air, Air Defense, and Surface Threat (type / location)

(g) Target Priorities

(h) Intelligence Collection Plan / Products Request

(i)

Plan for intelligence updates before launch and en route.

(4) Friendly

(a) Main Effort

1. Forward Line of Own Troops (FLOT) / Forward Edge of the Battle Area

(FEBA) / Operations

2. Scheme of Maneuver

(b) Higher

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

(d) Supporting Assets Available (Operations [S-3] / Fire Support Officer

[FSO] / Air Liaison Officer [ALO])

1. Rotary-Wing (RW)

a. Assault

b. Attack

2. Fixed-Wing (FW)

a. CAS

Fighters

Bombers

Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs)

b. Electronic Warfare (EW) / Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses

(SEAD)

c. Tanker

d. Communications System

e. Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR)

3. Indirect Fires

a. Cannon

b. Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS)

c. Mortar

d. Naval Surface Fire Support (NSFS)

4. Ground Observers

a. Joint Terminal Attack Controllers (JTACs)

b. Scout

c. Combat Observation Lasing Team (COLT) / Fire Support Team

(FIST) (USA) / Joint Fires Observer (JFO)

d. Special Operations Forces (SOF)

Mission

(1) Commander’s Guidance

(2) Objectives

(3) Success Criteria

(4) Tactical Risk Assessment

(5) Targeting Priorities

Execution

(1) Prepare Situation Update (JFIRE Format 14)

(See p.47)

(2) Command and Control (C2)

(a) Agencies

1. Theater C2 (Airborne Warning and Control System [AWACS], control

and reporting center [CRC], Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar

System [JSTARS], tactical air operations center [TAOC] (USMC), etc.)

2. Air Support Operations Center (ASOC) / Direct Air Support Center

(DASC) (USMC)

3. Tactical Air Coordinator (Airborne) (TAC[A]) / Direct Air Support Center

(Airborne) (DASC[A])

4. JTAC / Forward Air Controller (Airborne) (FAC[A])

(b) Nets / Frequencies

(d) Digital CAS

2 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

(e) Authentication Procedures

(3) Friendly Location Marking Procedures

(4) Target Marking Procedures

(a) Smoke / White Phosphorous (WP) / High Explosive (HE)

(b) Laser

(See p.83)

1. Self Lase

2. Buddy Lase

3. Ground Based Lase

4. Laser Code Deconfliction

(5) Prepare CAS Attack Briefing (9-Line Format 15 / NATO Format 18)...(See

p.48/p.62)

(6) 9-Line Remarks Considerations

(a) Target Description

(b) Threats

(d) Clearance (Final Control / Abort Code)

(e) Desired Ordnance Effects

(f) Restrictions

(g) Timing / Deconfliction Plan

(h) Airspace Coordination Areas (ACAs)

(i)

Weather

(j)

SEAD / EW and Location

(k) Laser, Illumination, Night Vision Capability

(l)

Danger Close

(7) Fire Support Coordination

(a) Airspace Coordinating Measures (ACMs) / Fire Support Coordination

Measures (FSCMs), Kill Box Plans

(See p.87)

(b) Artillery / Mortar Position Areas (PAs)

(d) Minimum / Maximum Ordinate

(e) Attack Plan

(f) Support by Fire and Maneuver

(g) Schedule of Fires Worksheet

(h) High-payoff Target List

(i)

Attack Guidance Matrix

(j)

Target Precedence List (TPL)

(k) Target Marking (Smoke / Laser / Illumination)

(l)

SEAD

(8) Fixed-wing

(See p.69)

(a) Type

(b) Ingress / Egress Considerations

(d) Altitudes

(e) Deconfliction Plan

(f) Sensors

(g) Munitions

(See p.95)

1. Type and Number

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

2. Target-Weapons Pairings

(See p.102)

3. Jettison

(h) Attack Profiles

1. Level

2. Loft

3. Pop-up

4. Dive

(i)

Communications

(j)

FAC(A)

(9) Rotary-wing

(See p.73)

(a) Type

(b) Ingress / Egress Considerations

(d) Battle / Firing Positions

(e) Altitudes

(f) Deconfliction Plan

(g) Sensors

(h) Munitions

(i)

Attack Profiles

1. Diving

2. Running

3. Hovering

(j)

Communications

(k) FAC(A)

(10) JAAT

(See p.36)

(a) Location and Designation of Air Mission Commander (AMC)

(b) Attack Types

(See p.37)

1. Combined

2. Sectored

(See p.37)

1. Simultaneous

2. Sequential

3. Random

(d) Deconfliction

(See p.38)

1. Lateral / Geographic

2. Altitude

3. Time on Target (TOT) / Time to Target (TTT)

4. Combination

(e) Mission Abort

(See p.38)

1. Authority

2. Criteria

3. Notification Procedures

(11) UAS

(See p.8/p.71)

(a) Type

(b) Restricted Operations Zone (ROZ) / Restricted Operations Area (ROA)

(d) Munitions

(e) Communications

4 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

(12) Personnel Recovery / Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR) / Tactical

Recovery of Aircraft and Personnel (TRAP) [USMC]

(a) Embedded / On-call

(b) Spider Routes (CSAR assets)

(13) Airdrop / Resupply

(See p.64)

(14) Casualty Evacuation (CASEVAC)

(See p.63)

(15) Bomb Hit Assessment / Battle Damage Assessment (BDA) Passage

(a) CAS Aircraft

(b) ASOC/DASC

(d) Intelligence (S-2)

(16) Contingencies

Coordinating Instructions

(1) Airspace Control Order (ACO)

(2) Air Tasking Order (ATO)

(3) Special Instructions (SPINS)

(4) Rules of Engagement (ROE)

(5) Collateral Damage Estimate (CDE)

(6) Minimum-risk Routes (MRRs)

(7) Named Areas of Interest (NAIs)

(8) Target Areas of Interest (TAIs)

(9) Preplanned Contact Points (CPs) / Initial Points (IPs)

(10) Landing Zones (LZs)

(11) Unit Boundaries

(12) FSCMs

(See p.87)

(a) Coordinated Fire Line (CFL)

(b) Battlefield Coordination Line (BCL) (USMC)

(d) Restrictive Fire Area (RFA)

(e) No-fire Area (NFA)

(f) Free Fire Area (FFA)

(g) Airspace Coordination Area (ACA)

(h) Missile Engagement Zone (MEZ)

(i)

Fighter Engagement Zone (FEZ)

Tactical Air C2

(1) ASOC / DASC / Joint Operations Center (JOC) / Tactical Operations Center

(TOC) / CRC / AWACS connectivity and interface.

(2) Satellite Communications (SATCOM), Ultrahigh Frequency (UHF), Very High

Frequency (VHF), Frequency Modulation, Secure, Have Quick, and internet relay

chat (IRC) usage.

(3) Civilian air traffic and deconfliction with military operations - liaison officers.

(4) Areas lacking radar and communications requiring procedural deconfliction

methods.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

2. Convoy Escort

The following are planning considerations when air assets are tasked in support

of convoy operations. This is not an exhaustive list, but is designed to provide a

basis for further mission specifics. For more information see Field Manual (FM)

4-01.45 / Marine Corps Reference Publication (MCRP) 4-11.3H / Navy Tactics,

Techniques, and Procedures (NTTP) 4-01.3 / Air Force Tactics, Techniques, and

Procedures (Interservice) (AFTTP(I)) 3-2.58, Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques,

and Procedures for Tactical Convoy Operations.

a. Frequency

(1) JTAC

(2) Convoy

b. Number of Vehicles

(1) JTAC Vehicle #___ of ___ in Convoy

(2) Additional JTACs

(3) Cordon Dimensions of Convoy

c. Type of Vehicles

(1) Military

(2) Civilian (car / sport utility vehicle / etc.)

(3) Other

d. Number of Passengers

(1) US

(2) Friendly / Coalition

(3) Other

e. Marking Ability

(1) Mortars / Round Type

(2) Laser with Code

(3) IR Marker / Strobe / Smoke

(4) Mirror / VS-17 Panel / Flares / Thermal Panel

f. Coordinates / Elevation / Wind

(1) Mk-7 (coordinates and elevation)

(2) Map Type / Falcon View

(3) Kestral 4000 (wind measurement)

g. Convoy Gameplan

(1) Ground Commander Intent

(2) Ground Commander Call Sign

(3) Ground Commander Initials

(4) Start Point

(5) Middle Point

(6) End Point

h. Employment Contract

(1) Show of Force

(See p.59)

(2)

9-Line Briefing / Attack plan

(See p.48)

(3) Communication Plan (secure or plain)

(4) Abort Code

(5) JTAC’s Game Plan for Use of Air Assets

(a) Counter-improvised Explosive Device (IED)

(b) Route Reconnaissance (Recce)

(See p.63)

6 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

(6) Vehicle Smoke Use During Attack

i. Foot Patrol

(1) Number of Troops

(2) Marking of Lead / Trail Individuals (VS-17, etc.)

(3) Smoke Use During Attack

(4) Cordon Dimensions

3. Urban / Mountain Considerations

a. Communications Plan

(1) Line of Sight (LOS) Limitations

(2) Optimal Communications Locations

b. Alternate Communications Assets

(1) Airborne (e.g., TAC(A), JSTARS)

(2) Ground (e.g., JTAC)

c. Targeting / Marking

(1) Mission Materials

(a) Large Scale Maps with Labels

(b) Gridded Reference Graphic (GRG) Highlights

(d) Target Reference Points (TRPs)

(2) Marking

(a) Cultural Washout

(b) LOS Considerations

d. Holding Plan

(1) Terrain Elevation Considerations

(2) Cultural Areas / Lines of Communications (LOCs)

e. Employment / Weaponeering

(1) Fuzing (instantaneous versus delayed)

(2) Final Attack Plan

(a) Laser Target Line (LTL) / Final Attack Heading / Lase Leg for LOS

(b) Impact Parameters (angle, velocity, azimuth, etc.)

(3) Podium Effect

(4) Effects of Density Altitude on Aircraft Performance

(a) Weapons Delivery

(b) Dive Recovery

f. ROE and CDE Considerations

NOTE: Additional references are found in joint publication (JP) 3-09.3

Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Close Air Support and

FM 3-06.1 / MCRP 3-35.3A / NTTP 3-01.4 / AFTTP(I) 3-2.29, Multi-

Service Procedures for Aviation Urban Operations.

4. Timeline Considerations

The ability to accurately and succinctly transmit targeting and control information

is critical to responsive and effective CAS. Deviation from jointly agreed TTP

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

increases the opportunity for misunderstanding and delays execution. This is

unacceptable when mission success and safety of friendly forces is at stake.

5. Unmanned Aircraft Systems Considerations

UASs consist of one or more unmanned aircraft (UA), a control station, datalinks,

and payloads. The capability of UASs to support or execute CAS varies greatly

between systems. For example, US Air Force (USAF) MQ-1 and MQ-9 are

armed with air-to-surface weapons, have radio communications aboard the UA,

and are flown by rated aviators trained in CAS procedures. Other systems may

not be similarly equipped or flown by CAS-qualified crews but may be employed

for situational awareness, target marking, or as an observer for Types 2 or 3

control by the controlling JTAC. (See appendices A and B for more information

on UASs.) The following UAS CAS considerations are intended for use with

CAS-capable UAS and CAS-qualified UAS operators only:

a. Threat: Unmanned aircraft are unlikely to survive in a heavily defended

environment. Consideration must be given to enemy air-to-air and surface-to-air

weapons with the ability to engage a UA at its operating location and altitude.

UAs are not normally equipped with warning receivers or countermeasures and

depend on threat avoidance for mission survivability. Datalinks may be

suscept ble to jamming or interference.

b. Weather: UAs are susceptible to turbulence, icing, and visible precipitation.

Electro-optical (EO) / IR sensors and laser designators / range finders / target

markers require unobstructed LOS to the target. Intervening haze, clouds, or

blowing dust may interfere with or prevent mission accomplishment. On the

other hand, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and inertially aided munitions (IAMs)

are unaffected by haze, cloud cover, or dust. High winds aloft may make it

difficult for the UA to maintain station in a highly restricted location or may

unacceptably delay transit between target areas.

c. Signature: UAs vary in visual, radar, IR, and acoustic signature and in system

ability and crew proficiency to manage the signature. For example, when

minimum noise is desired to avoid tipping off a target, it may be possible to

modulate power and trade altitude for airspeed in order to reduce the noise

signature while approaching closer to a target. On the other hand, it may be

desirable to announce presence in order to stimulate a desired response or

intimidate the target.

d. Deconfliction: While UASs presently lack the ability to see and avoid other

aircraft, there are other means to integrate UASs (e.g., voice radio; tactical

datalinks; identification, friend or foe [IFF]). Formal and informal airspace control

measures apply to UASs. UAs may hold overhead or offset from a target.

Relatively slow airspeeds can permit a UA to operate in a smaller segment of

airspace than other aircraft. Depending upon performance capabilities of the

specific UAS and communications with the crew, it may take several minutes to

reposition the UA or change altitude blocks. JTACs must trade off the best

position for the UASs to employ sensors / weapons against the desired target(s)

with the ability to best employ other assets. Consideration should also be given

to the “lost link” profile autonomously flown by UA if the control datalink is lost.

Upon initial check-in, the JTAC should query the UAS operator for the currently

programmed lost-link profile. If unacceptable due to airspace limitations or other

8 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

reasons, the JTAC should direct a new lost-link profile and receive verification

that the UA has been programmed.

e. Communication and Situational Awareness: Some UAs have onboard radios

and / or secure voice providing the ability to communicate with the UAS pilot as

with any manned aircraft. In addition, some UASs have secure chat and voice

over Internet Protocol, as well as additional air and ground situational awareness

displays. Providing the ground scheme of maneuver to the supporting UAS can

significantly increase the crew’s situational awareness and subsequent mission

support.

f. Video Downlink (VDL) and Machine-to-machine Datalinks: Some UASs can

accept and provide machine-to-machine digital targeting information and many

UASs provide LOS video downlinks to users with compatible video receivers.

This can significantly reduce voice traffic and reduce information transfer errors.

(See table 21 VDL - Link / Frequency / Player Reference on p.77 for more

information.)

g. Tactics: UASs employ using a variety of tactics ranging from a wheel to a

variant of an IP-target run-in. UA performance characteristics and sensor and

weapons capabilities, along with the environmental and tactical situation,

influence the selection of tactics, ranges, altitudes, and timing considerations.

h. Time on Station: In general, UAs have a much longer time on station when

compared to manned aircraft. An extended time on station enables the UAS

crew to develop high situational awareness with and for the supported unit.

Suitably equipped UASs are excellent candidates to provide target marking or

target designation for other aircraft.

i. Altitude Blocks: Altitude blocks for employment of UAs vary greatly due to

widely varying performance characteristics of the aircraft and sensors. For

example, many man-portable UAs are employed at a few hundred feet of altitude

above ground level (AGL), while the MQ-1 Predator routinely operates anywhere

between 5,000-20,000 feet above mean sea level (MSL). Consider sensor

capabilities against the desired target set as well as other aircraft requirements

during the mission planning process.

j. Weapons Delivery: UAS weapon delivery tactics vary based on the type of

UAS and standard tactical considerations for aircraft.

k. Further Information: For more information and considerations on UASs, see

FM 3-04.15 / NTTP 3-55.14 / AFTTP(I) 3-2.64 Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques,

and Procedures for the Tactical Employment of Unmanned Aircraft Systems.

6. Considerations for High Altitude, Level Delivery of Precision Munitions

These considerations may be applied to any aircraft dropping precision munitions

from high altitude in a level delivery.

(Formerly known as “Bomber CAS.”)

a. Deliveries may be from fighters, bombers, or UASs.

b. Deconflict airspace based on extended weapon delivery distance and

expected weapon flight path.

c. Depending on aircraft type, IP selection may require extended distances

compared to low altitude deliveries.

d. Release points will likely have bomb ranges outside of visual range. Because

of these long bomb ranges and weapons profiles, nose position may not be

indicative of where weapons will impact. Use of Type 2 or Type 3 control is

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

recommended if allowed by the tactical situation. See figure 1 below for

communication example.

e. JTAC may request weapons prerelease call.

f. JTAC may request expected weapon(s) impact time.

g. Restrictions may be required, but excessive restrictions could preclude

weapon delivery.

h. Expect extended delays with reattacks (up to several minutes depending on

aircraft type.)

Communication / Activity

JTAC sends 9-Line.

Crew maneuvers to release point and calls “IN” at 30 sec from release.

JTAC ensures area clear and calls “Cleared hot.”

Crew calls “Weapons away, (weapon TTT).”

Figure 1. Sample Communication

7. Inertially Aided Munitions

a. IAMs can be delivered at night or through weather on a set of coordinates by

various aircraft. The effectiveness of an IAM depends upon the tactical situation

(type of target, desired weapons effects, target movement, global positioning

system (GPS) jamming, etc.) and target location error (TLE) of the target

coordinates. In addition, planners and aircrew must ensure that the World

Geodetic System 1984 (WGS-84) coordinate datum plane is used by both

controller and weapon delivery platform when employing IAMs. Datum planes

should be verified prior to deployment / mission as part of deployment / mission

checklist and coordinated or confirmed with the ASOC / DASC and / or higher

echelons. Significant errors can result if different datums are used. This

will increase the likelihood of fratricide and/or reduce weapons effects.

b. Aircraft altitude and speed can yield significant standoff ranges (in excess of

10 nm). Therefore, it is necessary to deconflict high altitude / long range release

profiles from other systems operating below and above (in the case of glide

weapons) the release altitudes. Significant issues exist when using weapons

that transit over or around friendly forces using preprogrammed flight paths and

impact points. Once released, these weapons may not be redirected. Due to the

standoff capability, aircraft and aircrews can effectively avoid many enemy point

defense weapons systems by employing IAMs. However, if stand-off is not

required, aircrews may be able to minimize release ranges to mitigate airspace

deconfliction issues.

c. The footprint for IAMs in the event of a malfunction, such as loss of guidance

or control fin hard-over, is very large and, in some cases, increases the

probability of fratricide. Like all other weapons, when able, precision-guided

munitions such as IAMs should be employed parallel to the FLOT.

d. The time required to coordinate for and receive IAM weapons effects must be

weighed against the time required to provide any immediate weapons effects

(guns, general purpose bomb, etc.) on a time-sensitive target. Additional

10 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

consideration must be given to the type (1, 2, or 3) control required by the

supported commander.

e. IAMs may be employed via two methods: bomb on coordinate (BOC) or bomb

on target (BOT). Both delivery methods are equally accurate, the only difference

being the associated TLE. The tactical situation (type of target, desired weapons

effects, closest friendlies, etc.) determines the acceptable delivery method.

(1) Bomb on Coordinate. Using this method, IAMs guide to a designated

impact angle and azimuth over the coordinates entered into the munition via the

aircraft system. The aircrew may be passed the coordinates by a JTAC or other

controlling agency, or the coordinates may be generated on-board the aircraft

and then manually entered into the weapon / steerpoint / waypoint (as

appropriate per weapon and platform), and then employed upon. Great care

must be taken to ensure that the most accurate target location (i.e., lowest TLE)

based on the tactical situation is obtained and correctly input into the weapon /

system prior to employment. Per JP 3-09.3, if executing an IAM attack via BOC

and working with a JTAC / FAC(A), each aircraft delivering an IAM is required to

read back the target coordinates, elevation, and restrictions from the weapon /

system to the JTAC / FAC(A). When using aircraft system targeting, aircrew will

confirm the coordinates loaded into the waypoint, offset, or target points. Aircrew

will verify correct data is selected prior to the “IN” call.

(2) Bomb on Target. Many aircraft can deliver IAMs via self-derived targeting.

Examples include head-up display employment, forward-looking infrared (FLIR)

or targeting pod slews, radar, or relative bit employment. This method indicates

that aircraft are employing an IAM based on a sensor as opposed to bombing on

a coordinate.

(a) BOT or self-derived targeting assumes that the aircrew is tally / has captured

the JTAC’s intended target or aim point. TLE for a BOT delivery will depend on

aircraft / sensor type as well as the variables discussed in paragraph 7.f.(2)(a)

below. This delivery mode is advantageous in dynamic situations such as mobile

target sets (currently at rest), low threat environments, situations where

controllers are not able to generate low TLE coordinates for BOC employment, or

when aircrew are tally / have captured the target and to delay the attack in order

to generate a coordinate for BOC employment would unacceptably increase the

time to kill.

(b) When employing via BOT, all release restrictions and normal methods of

deconfliction apply. If an IAM is delivered via BOT, the original coordinates

passed should serve as a baseline for refining the target’s exact position via

sensor. Once the controller has correlated that the aircraft has the target (via

VDL, ta k-on, correction from mark, etc.), BOT IAM delivery may be treated like

any other weapon delivery.

f. Target Location Error

(1) The definition of TLE is the difference between the coordinates generated for

a target and the actual location of that target. TLE is expressed primarily in

terms of circular and vertical errors, or infrequently, as spherical error.

(2) In order to facilitate the communication of targeting accuracy, TLE is

characterized in six categories (CATs). The first row presents the categories of

TLE which range from best (CAT 1) to worst (CAT 6) and are used to classify the

accuracy of any coordinate generating system. See table 1 below.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

(a) Proper coordinate generation procedures must be followed when stating that

a given system is capable of a specific TLE category. In reality, variables such

as slant range, altitude, beam divergence of the laser spot, and aim point on the

target all have significant effects on the accuracy of the coordinate generated.

(b) Aim point is a significant factor in the TLE of all coordinate generation

systems. As an example, Precision Str ke Suite for Special Operations Forces is

capable of CAT 1 coordinates, but a JTAC may not be able to produce a CAT 1

solution for a vehicle parked in a field that is not adequately depicted in his / her

system. Likewise, a fixed-wing aircraft / targeting pod combination may be

capable of CAT 2 coordinates, but not able to generate a CAT 2 solution for a

target / aim point that is not sensor significant such as a bunker, trench line, or

emplacement with overhead cover and concealment.

(3) There are currently no requirements to transmit TLE categories during any

CAS transmission, and this data is presented for situational awareness only. If

TLE categories are transmitted during a CAS mission, it should be done at the

time of coordinate generation, based on the real-time assessment of aircraft TLE

capabilities in accordance with (IAW) paragraph 7.f.(2)(a). NOTE: Expect USAF

aircrews to communicate TLE category capability upon check-in and whenever

target coordinates are generated by the aircrew. This information should be

considered a tool that can be used if time/conditions permit in a given tactical

situation and is not intended to alter standard procedures for CAS employment.

Table 1. Target Location Error Categories

Cat 1

Cat 2

Cat 3

Cat 4

Cat 5

Cat 6

0-20 ft

21-50 ft

51-100 ft

101-300 ft

301-1000 ft

>1001 ft

0-6 m

7-15 m

16-30 m

31-91 m

92-305 m

> 305 m

8. Hybrid / Dual-mode Weapons

a. Hybrid weapons are capable of using both laser energy as well as a GPS-

aided INS for guidance providing all-weather strike capability. The weapon may

be released in a BOC mode as described in the IAMs section above, and then

refined using laser energy to effectively reduce TLE to zero. If no laser energy is

seen, the bomb will act as a standard IAM.

b. Advantages of hybrid / dual-mode weapons: all-weather capability, increased

standoff range, expanded delivery envelope, and greater capability against

moving targets (up to 60 mph). Some hybrids allow off-boresight release as well

as programmable impact parameters.

c. The two main types of hybrid / dual-mode weapons are Enhanced Paveway II

and Laser JDAM. See appendix E, paragraph 2.d (p.96) for specifics on each

weapon.

12 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

9. DD Form 1972, Joint Tactical Air Strike Request

Department of Defense (DD) Form 1972 is used at battalion level and higher

headquarters (HHQ) to submit air support requests (ASRs) when automated

systems with an air strike request submission capability are not available. See

figure 2, pg.16. Below are basic instructions on filling out the form line by line.

SECTION I - MISSION REQUEST

LINE 1:

UNIT CALLED

Identifies the unit designation / call sign / pre-assigned number.

THIS IS

Identifies the request originator by unit designation / call sign / pre-assigned

number.

REQUEST NUMBER

For preplanned missions, indicates the originator’s request number in

series. For an immediate mission, this number is assigned by the

ASOC/DASC.

SENT

Indicates the time and the individual who transmitted the request.

LINE 2: (Mission Categories):

PREPLANNED - Precedence or Priority

For preplanned requests, make an entry at precedence (block A) or at

priority (block B).

(a) Precedence is stated numerically in descending order of importance, as

determined by the requestor.

(b) Priority is expressed as #1 for emergency, #2 for priority, or #3 for routine.

See below.

IMMEDIATE - Priority

For immediate requests, enter a priority number at block C. A precedence

entry is not required for immediate requests because, by definition, all

immediate requests are precedence #1. Use the numerical designation

below to determine the priority (e.g., define the tactical situation) for

preplanned (block B) or for immediate (block C):

(a) Emergency is #1 - Targets that require immediate action and supersede

all other categories of mission priority.

(b) Priority is #2 - Targets that require immediate action and supersede

routine targets.

execution.

RECEIVED - Indicates the time and the individual who received the request.

LINE 3: TARGET IS / NUMBER OF

Describes the type, approximate size, and mobility of the target to be

attacked. It is necessary to specify, even if a rough estimate, the number of

targets (e.g., 10 tanks) or the size of the target area (e.g., personnel on a

500 meter front). Otherwise planners cannot accurately determine what

force is required - aircraft numbers / type and ordnance amount / type.

LINE 4: TARGET LOCATION IS

(a) Coordinates block A - Locates a point target or starting point.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

(b) Coordinates block B - When used together with A, provides from A to B

coordinates.

(d) Coordinates block D - When used together with A through C, provides a

route or describes a target area.

(e) Target Elevation - Target elevation in feet above MSL.

(f) Sheet no. - Self-explanatory.

(g) Series - Self-explanatory.

(h) Chart No. - Self-explanatory.

CHECKED - Indicates with who target information has been crosschecked.

LINE 5: TARGET TIME / DATE

ASAP - As soon as possible.

NLT - The target is to be attacked before, but not later than the time

indicated.

AT - Indicates time at which target is to be attacked.

TO - Denotes end of period of time in which support such as airborne alert

or column cover is required. When TO is used, NLT and AT are

unnecessary.

LINE 6: DESIRED ORD / RESULTS

Indicates the requestor’s desired air strike results. This is essential

information for the planner and must be carefully considered by the

requestor.

(a) Ordnance - Desired ordnance.

(b) Destroy - Self-explanatory.

(d) Harass / Interdict - Self-explanatory.

LINE 7: FINAL CONTROL

Indicates the final controller (e.g., JTAC, FAC[A]) who will conduct the

briefing and control the release of ordnance.

(a) FAC - Transmit the type of terminal control.

(b) Call Sign - Call sign of terminal controller.

(d) Fix / Cont Pt - Military grid coordinates and / or navigational aid fix of a

control point which is the furthest limit of an attack aircraft’s route of flight

prior to control by the final controller.

LINE 8: REMARKS

Allows incorporation of briefing information not included elsewhere in the

request. Enter data of the 9-line CAS brief.

SECTION II - COORDINATION

LINE 9: NSFS - Naval surface fire support coordination.

LINE 10: ARTY - Artillery coordination.

LINE 11: AIO / G-2 / G-3

Air Intelligence Officer (AIO), G-2, or G-3, or other Service equivalent

coordination.

LINE 12: REQUEST - Indicates the approval or disapproval of the request.

LINE 13: BY - Indicates the individual who approved or disapproved the request.

LINE 14: REASON FOR DISAPPROVAL - Self-explanatory.

LINE 15: RESTRICTIVE FIRE / AIR PLAN

14 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

The ACA establishes airspace that is reasonably safe from friendly surface-

delivered non-nuclear fires. The ACA provides a warning to aircrew of the

parameters of surface-delivered fire in a specified area. A plan number or

code name is issued, as appropriate.

LINE 16: IS IN EFFECT

Establishes the time period that the applicable ACA plan will be in effect.

LINE 17: LOCATION

Grid coordinates of the start / end points of the ACA’s centerline.

LINE 18: WIDTH (METERS)

Defines ACA from either side of the centerline.

LINE 19: ALTITUDE / VERTEX

ACA altitude given in feet MSL.

LINE 20: MISSION NUMBER

Self-explanatory.

LINE 21: CALL SIGN

Self-explanatory.

LINE 22: NO. AND TYPE AIRCRAFT

Self-explanatory.

LINE 23: ORDNANCE

Type of ordnance either by code number or actual nomenclature.

LINE 24: EST / ACT TAKEOFF

Estimated or actual time the mission aircraft will take off.

LINE 25: EST TOT

Estimated time on target.

LINE 26: CONT PT (COORDS)

The farthest limit of the attack aircraft’s route of flight prior to control by the

final controller. Same as Line 7, item D, when designated in the request.

LINE 27: INITIAL CONTACT

Indicates the initial control agency the flight is to contact.

LINE 28: FAC / FAC(A) / TAC(A) CALL SIGN / FREQ

Call sign and frequency of the final control agency.

LINE 29: AIRSPACE COORDINATION AREA

Refer to lines 15 through 19 for this data.

LINE 30: TGT DESCRIPTION

Self-explanatory.

LINE 31: TGT COORD / ELEV

Self-explanatory.

LINE 32: BATTLE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT (BDA) REPORT

This optional space is used to record BDA.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

Chapter II:Surface-based Fire Support

NOTE: Per CJCSI [Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction]

3900.01C, Position (Point and Area) Reference Procedures, users will

reference coordinates to the WGS-84 system for all joint operations.

Users will also report the vertical model referenced within WGS 84.

1. Artillery / Mortar Fire

a. Elements of a Call for Fire (CFF). A call for fire is a concise message

prepared by the observer. It contains all information needed by the fire

direction center (FDC) to determine the method of target attack. It is a

request for fire, not an order. When voice transmissions are used, six

elements of the call for fire are sent to the FDC in three transmissions: the

observer identification, warning order, target location, target description,

method of engagement, and method of fire and control. There is a break

after each transmission as the FDC reads back data. Expect a challenge

and response after the last readback. See figure 3.

Elements and Transmissions of a Call for Fire

1st Transmission

1. Observer Identification (ID).

(Call Sign)

2. Warning Order (Adjust Fire; Fire for Effect; Immediate Suppression;

Immediate Smoke; SEAD; Suppress; Mark; Adjust Fire / Polar; Adjust Fire /

Shift) “________________________________”

(Insert the known point or target number)

2nd Transmission

3. Target Location (Can be given in three ways: grid, polar plot, or shift from a

known point.)

3rd Transmission

4. Target Description (Brief but accurate statement describing the target.)

5. Method of Engagement (Danger Close, High Angle, Ammunition Type

Requested, Mark)

6. Method of Fire and Control (At My Command, Request Time of Flight,

Request Splash, Request TOT, Direction)

Figure 3. Elements and Transmissions of a Call for Fire

b. Warning Order (Type of Mission).

(1) Adjust Fire. When the observer believes that an adjustment must be

made (because of questionable target location or lack of registration

corrections), the observer announces ADJUST FIRE.

(2) Fire for Effect (FFE). The observer should always strive for first-round

FFE. FFE accuracy depends on the accuracy of target location and the

ammunition being used. When the observer is certain that the target

location is accurate and that the first volley should have the desired

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

effect on the target so that little or no adjustment is required, the

observer announces FIRE FOR EFFECT.

(3) Suppress. To quickly bring fire on a target that is not active, the

observer announces SUPPRESS (followed by the target identification).

Suppression missions are normally fired on preplanned targets and a

duration is associated with the call for fire.

(4) Immediate Suppression and Immediate Smoke. When engaging a

planned target or target of opportunity that has taken friendly maneuver

or elements under fire, the observer announces IMMEDIATE

SUPPRESSION or IMMEDIATE SMOKE (followed by the target

location).

c. Target Location Methods. There are three methods to define target

location: grid coordinates, polar plot, and shift from a known point. The

most common method is grid coordinates. In a grid mission, a minimum of

six-place grids normally are sent. Eight-place grids or greater can be sent if

available for greater accuracy. The call for fire formats listed here are set

up for the grid coordinates method. Grid coordinates are normally in UTM

[universal transverse mercator] six-digit format. If other methods are

desired, substitute these formats into the second (mandatory) transmission

(3. target location). For polar missions, the FDC must know the observer’s

location; for shift-from-a-known-point missions, the location of the known

point must be known to both the observer and the FDC.

d. Message to Observer. After the FDC processes the call for fire, it will send

the following:

(1) Call sign of the unit firing the mission (mandatory). This is given as the

last letter of the call sign of the unit firing the mission. If two letters are

given, the first letter is the unit that will fire for effect and the second is

the unit firing the adjusting rounds.

(2) Changes to the call for fire (if any are made).

(3) Number of rounds (rnds) (mandatory). Number of rounds per tube that

will fire for effect.

(4) Target number (mandatory). For tracking subsequent missions or to

record as a target for future use.

(5) Time of flight (TOF) (if requested by observer). Time in seconds from

shot to impact. Announced when time of flight is requested by observer

or when firing high angle, aerial observer, moving target, or coordinated

illumination missions.

(“H, 1 round, Target AA7742, over).

e. Artillery / Mortar / Naval Gunfire Definitions.

(1) AT MY COMMAND - Command used when observer desires to control

exact delivery time of fires.

(2) CHECK FIRING - Command from anyone in the fire support net to halt

firing immediately.

(3) DANGER CLOSE - Term included with the method of engagement

segment of a call for fire which indicates friendly troops are within close

proximity of the target. The exact distance is determined by the munition

fired. The creeping method of adjustment (no adjustment greater than

100 meters) will be used exclusively during danger close missions.

18 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

(4) DIRECTION - Term used by spotter / observer to indicate the direction

from the observer to the target. Also known as the observer target line

(OTL). When the observer anticipates he / she will be required to adjust

fire, the observer will send a direction to the FDC.

(5) MARK - Term indicates the ground burst of a spotting or illumination

round and is used to indicate targets to aircraft, ground troops, or fire

support.

(6) MAXIMUM ORDINATE (MAX ORD) - In artillery and naval gunfire

support, MAX ORD indicates the height of the highest point in the

trajectory of a projectile above the horizontal plane passing through its

origin. MAX ORD passed from the FSO is in meters AGL. To arrive at

MSL altitude for aircraft deconfliction, conversion needs to be made to

feet AGL, and then add firing location elevation.

(7) REPEAT - During adjustment, this term is a request by the observer to

fire again using the same firing data. During fire for effect, this term is a

request to fire the same number of rounds using the same method of

fire.

(8) SHOT - Term indicates rounds fired. It is announced by the FDC to

alert the observer.

(9) SPLASH - Rounds will impact in 5 seconds. It is announced by FDC.

(10) SURVEILLANCE - Term used for BDA by the Navy only.

(11) TIME ON TARGET - Time the observer desires round(s) to impact.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

f. Mission Formats

Format 1. Adjust Fire Mission (Grid Method)

Observer: “__________ this is ___________, Adjust Fire, Over”

(FDC Call Sign)

(Observer Call Sign)

“Grid ______________, Over”

(Minimum 6-digits)

Target Description: “___________________________”

(Target Description, Size, Activity)

Method of Engagement (optional):

(Danger Close, Mark, High Angle, Ammo / Fuze Type)

Method of Fire and Control (optional):

(At My Command, Time on Target, Request Splash, Request TOF, Request

Ordinate Altitude Information)

“Over”

FDC may challenge after they read back the above.

The observer should be prepared to authenticate.

Message to Observer (* = Mandatory Call)

Units to Fire*

(Firing Unit, Adjusting Unit)

Changes to Call for Fire (If any)

Number of Rounds* (Per Tube)

Target Number*

Time of Flight (Seconds)

Ordinate Altitude

Information

Given After Message to Observer

“Direction _________________, Over”

(Mils or Degrees*)

[*Mils is the default - specify if using degrees.]

When requesting mortar fires, direction is given as OTL when ta king to the

FDC. Direction is given as GTL when sending directly to the mortar crew.

(See FM 3-22.90, Mortars.)

Adjustments

“Left/Right ________”

(Meters, Distance from Impact to OTL)

“Add/Drop ________ , Over”

(Meters, Distance from Impact to Target)

“Up/Down __________” (Only for Airburst Rounds - typically USMC only)

(Meters, Distance from Height of Burst (HOB) to Desired HOB)

Mission Completion

“End of Mission ____, Over.” (BDA and Target Activity) or “Refinements,

Record as Target, End of Mission, and Surveillance (RREMS)”

RREMS transmission is optional.

20 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

Format 2. Adjust Fire Mission (Polar Plot)

Observer: “__________ this is ___________, Adjust Fire Polar, Over”

(FDC Call Sign)

(Observer Call Sign)

“Direction _____________________” in mils / degrees method

(observer to target line - nearest 10 mils / 1 degree)

(Note: Must specify degrees to FDC only if direction is given in degrees.)

“Distance _____________________” in meters (to nearest 100m)

“Up/Down _____________________” in meters (to nearest 5m)

(Note: Difference in target altitude is with respect to observer, not given if less

than a 35m elevation difference between the observer and target. For polar

missions, the FDC must know the observer’s location.)

Target Description: “___________________________”

(Target Description, Size, Activity)

Method of Engagement (optional):

(Danger Close, Mark, High Angle, Ammo / Fuze Type)

Method of Fire and Control (optional):

(At My Command, Time on Target, Request Splash, Request TOF, Request

Ordinate Altitude Information)

“Over”

FDC may challenge after they read back the above.

The observer should be prepared to authenticate.

Message to Observer (* = Mandatory Call)

Units to Fire*

(Firing Unit, Adjusting Unit)

Changes to Call for Fire (If any)

Number of Rounds* (Per Tube)

Target Number*

Time of Flight (Seconds)

Ordinate Altitude

Information

Adjustments

“Left/Right ________”

(Meters, Distance from Impact to OTL)

“Add/Drop ________ , Over”

(Meters, Distance from Impact to Target)

“Fire for Effect, Over”

(Sent with the final correction, when effects on target are observed.)

Mission Completion

“End of Mission ____, Over.” (BDA and Target Activity) or “Refinements,

Record as Target, End of Mission, and Surveillance (RREMS)”

RREMS transmission is optional.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

Format 3. Adjust Fire Mission (Shift from a Known Point)

Observer: “_________________ this is _________________, Adjust Fire,

(FDC Call Sign)

(Observer Call Sign)

Shift ______________, Over”

(Identify known point, for example, target AA7733)

“Direction _________________” in mils / degrees grid

(OTL - nearest 10 mils / 1 degree)

(Note: Must specify degrees to FDC only if direction is given in degrees.)

“Left/Right _____________” in meters (Lateral shift to nearest 10m)

“Add/Drop _____________” in meters (Range shift to nearest 100m)

“Up/Down _____________” in meters (Vertical shift to nearest 5m)

(Note: Difference in target altitude is with respect to observer, not given if less than a

35m elevation difference between the observer and target. For shift from a known point

mission, the location of he known point must be known to both the observer and the

FDC.)

Target Description: “___________________________”

(Target Description, Size, Activity)

Method of Engagement (optional):

(Danger Close, Mark, High Angle, Ammo / Fuze Type)

Method of Fire and Control (optional): At My Command, Time on Target, Request Splash,

Request TOF, Request Ordinate Altitude Information)

“Over”

FDC may challenge after they read back the above. The observer should be prepared to

authenticate.

EXAMPLE - MIL RELATIONSHIP

The observer knows the distance from his location to a known point (church) is 2,500

meters. With binoculars, the observer measures an angular deviation of 62 mils from the

church to the target. The observer calculates the lateral shift as follows:

W = R x mils (Width of lateral shift = Range (km) x mils)

W = 2500/1000 x 62 = 155 meters = approximately 160 meters

(Lateral shift expressed to nearest 10 meters.)

“Left 160” (Note: one degree = 17.45 mils)

Message to Observer (* = Mandatory Call)

Units to Fire*

(Firing Unit, Adjusting Unit)

Changes to Call for Fire (If any)

Number of Rounds* (Per Tube)

Target Number*

Time of Flight (Seconds)

Ordinate Altitude

Informa ion

Adjustments

“Left/Right ________” (Meters, Distance from Impact to OTL)

“Add/Drop ________ , Over” (Meters, Distance from Impact to Target)

“Fire for Effect, Over”

(Sent with the final correction, when effects on target are observed)

Mission Completion

“End of Mission ____, Over.” (BDA and Target Activity) or “Refinements, Record as

Target, End of Mission, and Surveillance (RREMS)”

RREMS transmission is optional.

22 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

Format 4. Fire for Effect Mission (Grid Method)

Observer: “_________ this is __________, Fire for Effect, Over”

(FDC Call Sign)

(Observer Call Sign)

“Grid __________, Over”

(Minimum 6-digits)

Target Description: “__________________________”

(Target Description, Size, Activity)

Method of Engagement (optional):

(Danger Close, Mark, High Angle, Ammo/Fuze type)

Method of Fire and Control (optional):

(At My Command, Time on target, Request Splash, Request TOF, Request

Ordinate Altitude Information)

“Over”

FDC may challenge after they read back the above.

The observer should be prepared to authenticate.

Message to Observer (*=Mandatory Call)

Units to Fire*

(Firing Unit, Adjusting Unit)

Changes to Call for Fire (If any)

Number of Rounds* (Per tube)

Target Number*

Time of Flight (Seconds)

Ordinate Altitude Information

Adjustment

Prior to 1^st Adjustment: “Direction _______________, Over”

(Mils or Degrees - Mils is the default, specify if using degrees.)

“Left/Right _____________________”

(Meters, Distance from Impact to OTL)

“Add/Drop _____________________”

(Meters, Distance from Impact to Target)

“Up/Down __________” (Only for Airburst Rounds - typically USMC only)

(Meters, Distance from Height of Burst (HOB) to Desired HOB)

“Repeat, Over”

Mission Completion

“End of Mission ____, Over.” (BDA and Target Activity) or “Refinements,

Record as Target, End of Mission, and Surveillance (RREMS)”

RREMS transmission is optional.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

Format 5. Suppression / Immediate Suppression / Smoke Mission

(Grid Method)

Observer: “____________ this is _________________”

(FDC Call Sign)

(Observer Call Sign)

“Suppress / Immediate Suppression / Smoke____________, Over”

(Target # / 6-digit Grid)

Note: USMC may include a “Duration” call after target location. USA will only

fire one volley. Call “Repeat” if additional volley is required.

Format 6. Marking Mission (Grid Method)

Observer: “_________, this is ___________, Fire for Effect, Over”

(FDC Call Sign)

(Observer Call Sign)

“Grid _______________, Over”

(Minimum 6-digits)

“Marking round, white phosphorous, at my command, request time of flight,

Over.”

Method of Engagement (optional):

(Danger Close, Mark, High Angle, Ammo / Fuze type)

Method of Fire and Control (optional):

(At My Command, Time on Target, Request Splash, Request TOF, Request

Ordinate Altitude Information)

FDC may challenge after they read back the above.

The observer should be prepared to authenticate.

Message to Observer (*=Mandatory Call)

Units to Fire*

(Firing Unit, Adjusting Unit)

Changes to Call for Fire (If any)

Number of Rounds* (Per tube)

Target Number*

Time of Flight (Seconds)

Ordinate Altitude Information

Mission Completion

“End of Mission ____, Over.” (BDA and Target Activity) or “Refinements,

Record as Target, End of Mission, and Surveillance (RREMS)”

RREMS transmission is optional.

Note: CAS TOT for marking, WP delivered 30-45 sec prior and illumination on

deck delivered 45 sec prior to CAS TOT.

24 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

Format 7. Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses Mission

(Marine Corps - Grid Method)

Observer: “___________, this is _______________, SEAD, Over”

(FDC Call Sign)

(Observer Call Sign)

“Grid to Suppress __________, Grid to Mark __________, Over”

(Minimum 6-digits)

“___________, _____________, ________ CAS TOT / TTT, Over”

(Target Description) (Continuous/Interrupted) (Timing)

Note: Continuous: TOT-60, TOT-30, TOT, TOT+30, TOT+60

|----------|----------|---------|------------|

Interrupted: TOT-60, TOT-30

Non-standard: As desired by observer.

Format 8. Artillery / Mortar - Quick Smoke Request

Observer: “__________, this is ____________, Adjust Fire, Over”

(FDC Call Sign)

(Observer Call Sign)

“Grid _______________, Over”

(Minimum 6-digits)

“Screen _____________________”

(Target Description)

Method of Engagement (optional):

a. L = Length of Smoke Screen Desired

b. M = Maneuver Target Line

c. D = Direction of Wind: (Head, Tail, Right/Left Cross)

d. T = Time or duration the smoke screen is to be effective.

“Smoke / WP / RP in Effect, Over”

Adjust Fire Up / Down

For Ground Burst: “Up 100”

Note: If using high explosive rounds to adjust onto the desired target area, the

observer will request shell smoke once the 200 meter bracket is broken. The

observer will then request “Fire for Effect.”

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

Format 9. Artillery / Mortar Illumination Request - Call for Fire

Warning: Use of illumination requires care and adequate coordination to

avoid adverse impact on the operations of adjacent and supporting units using

night-vision devices.

Observer: “____________, this is _________________”

(FDC Call Sign)

(Observer Call Sign)

Warning Order: “____________, Over”

Target Location: “______________, Over”

(Grid, Polar, Shift)

Target Description: “___________________________, Over”

(Target Description, Size, Activity)

Method of Engagement: “Illumination”

Method of Fire and Control: “_______________________, Over”

(By Shell, At My Command, Request Ordinate Information)

“Direction _____________________, Over”

(Adjustment of Illumination)

Note: Observer will give direction if grid mission.

Adjustments Include:

“Right / left __________________” (In 200 meter increments)

“Add / drop __________________” (In 200 meter increments)

“Up / down __________________” (In 50 meter increments)

Adjust illumination over adjusting point/target. When maximum illumination is

obtained, the overseer transmits: “illumination mark.”

When target is verified, observer transmits “coordinated illumination” and

attacks with desired munitions using the call for fire format.

Note: Coordinated illumination directs the FDC to calculate and direct the

firing of the illumination and the attack munitions at a time that should result in

the attack munitions impacting when the target is at maximum illumination.

Observers desiring to control the firing of both the illumination and the attack

munitions transmit: “By shell, at my command”

To receive 2- or 4-gun illumination during an illumination mission, transmit the

following under Method of Fire and Control:

For 2-gun illumination: “range spread” or “lateral spread”

For 4-gun illumination:

“range and lateral spread”

26 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

2. Naval Surface Fire Support

Format 10. Naval Surface Fire Support Call for Fire

(Grid / Polar Plot / Shift from a Known Point)

(CFF given in two transmissions)

First Transmission

“_______________, this is __________________, Fire Mission,

(Ship Call Sign)

(Observer Call Sign)

Target # _____________________, Over”

(Assigned by Observer)

Second Transmission

Target Location - Grid

“Grid _____________________, Altitude ___________________,

(Minimum 6-digits)

(Meters MSL)

Direction __________________, Over”

(mils/grid)

Target Location - Polar Plot

“Direction _______________” in mils/deg (to nearest 10 mils/deg)

“Distance _____________________” in meters (to nearest 100 m)

“Up/Down _______________________” in meters (to nearest 5 m)

(vertical shift)

Target Location - Shift from a Known Point

“Shift ____________________”

(target number/reference point)

“Direction ____________” in mils/deg (to nearest 10 mils/degrees)

(from observer to target)

“Right/Left ________________” in meters (to nearest 10 m)

(lateral shift)

“Add/Drop _________________” in meters (to nearest 100 m)

(range shift)

“Up/Down _________________” in meters (to nearest 5 m)

(vertical shift)

Target Description: (Type, Size, Degree of Protection)

Method of Engagement: (Danger Close, Trajectory, Ammo/Fuze type, #

Guns, # Salvos, Special Instructions)

Method of Control: (Spotter Adjust, Ship Adjust, Fire for Effect, Cannot

Observe, At My Command)

Prefiring Report (Spotter Reads Back)

Gun-Target Line (From Gun to Target)

Line of Fire (If firing ILLUM)

First Salvo at ________ (Danger close missions only)

Summit(MAX ORD in feet for Air Spotter, Meters for Ground Spotter)

Changes to Call for Fire

Ready/Time of Flight (Time of flight in seconds)

“FIRE OVER” (Command from Spotter after Prefiring Report is read back)

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

Table 2. Field Artillery Cannons

Ammunition

Range (Meters)

Danger

Artillery

Rates of Fire / Notes

Projectile

Fuze

Max

DPICM

RAP

PD, VT,

HE, HC, WP,

Sustained rate of fire:

105mm

MT, ET,

ILLUM, APICM,

600 m¹

11,500

14,100

19,500

3 rnds/min. Max rate

M119A1

MTSQ,

DPICM

of fire: 10 rnds/min

Delay

HE, HC, WP,

PD, VT,

ILLUM, CPHD,

18,300 or 22,000 with

18,000 or

Sustained rate of fire:

155 mm

MT, ET,

APICM, DPICM,

600 m¹

M795 HE, M825

28,200 with

30,100

2 rnds/min. Max rate

M198

MTSQ,

M825 Smoke,

Smoke

M864

of fire: 4 rnds/min

Delay

SCAT-MINE

HE, HC, WP,

PD, VT,

600 m¹

18,200 or 21,700 with

ILLUM, CPHD,

17,900 or

Sustained rate of fire:

155 mm

MT, ET,

M795 HE, M825

APICM, DPICM,

170m with

28,100 with

30,000

1 rnd/min. Max rate

M109A5/A6

MTSQ,

Smoke; 24,500 with

M825 Smoke,

XM982

M864

of fire: 4 rnds/min

Delay

XM982 Block 1-1a²

SCAT-MINE

22,200 w/ M201A1

HE, HC, WP,

Sustained rate of fire:

PD, VT,

Chg 8S or 22,500 w/

155 mm

ILLUM, CPHD,

600 m¹

2 rnds/min IAW

MT, ET,

M232, Zone 5; 24,500

M777-

APICM, DPICM,

170m with

N/A

30,000

Thermal Warning

MTSQ,

w/ XM982 Block 1-

series

M825 Smoke,

XM982

Device. Max rate of

Delay

1a Smoke; 24,500

SCAT-MINE

fire: 4 rnds/2 min

w/ XM982 Block 1-1a

¹See appendix F: Surface-to-Surface Risk-Estimate Distances for detailed discussion of “danger close.”

²Excalibur not authorized for M109A5.

APICM - antipersonnel improved conventional munition, CPHD - copperhead, DPICM - dual purpose improved conventional

munition, ET - electronic time, HC - hexachloroethane, HE - high explosive, ILLUM - illumination, MT - mechanical time, MTSQ -

mechanical time superquick, PD - point detonating, RAP - rocket assisted projectile, SCAT-MINE - scatterable mines, VT -

variable time, WP - white phosphorous.

Table 3. Mortars

Wpn

Ammunition

Danger

Range (m)

Rates of

Model

Type

Min

Max

Fire

M720

3,489¹

30 rnds/min

for 4 min²

M888

3,489

then 20

M722

3,489

rnds/min

60 mm

M721

ILLUM

200

3,489

sustained.

600 m

M224

Diameter of

M302A1

1,830

illumination:

M83A3

ILLUM

725

950

M721 - 500

M49A4

1,830

m, M83A3 -

300 m

M374A2

4,600

25 rnds/min

for 2 min

M374A3

4,800

then 8

81 mm

M375A2

4,595

rnds/min

600 m

M29A1

M301A3

ILLUM

100

3,150

sustained.

Diameter of

illumination:

360 m

M821

5,800

18 rnds/min

for 2 min

M889

5,800

then 8

M374A3

4,800

rnds/min

81mm

M819

600 m

300

4,875

sustained.

M252

M375A2

4,595

Diameter of

illumination:

M853A1

ILLUM

300

5,060

650 m

M301A3

ILLUM

100

3,950

M57

200

7,200

16 rnds/min

for 1 min

M68

200

7,200

then 4

120

M91

ILLUM

200

7,100

rnds/min

M933

HE/PD

600 m

200

7,200

sustained.

M120

Diameter of

M934

HE/MOF

170

7,200

illumination:

M929

170

7,200

1,500 m

M930

ILLUM

170

7,200

HE - high explosive

ILLUM - illumination

MOF - multi-option fuze

PD- point detonating

RP - red phosphorus

WP - white phosphorus

wpn - weapon

¹Bipod-mounted, charge 4 (maximum handheld is 1,300 meters).

²Charge 2 and over. 30 rounds per minute can be sustained with

charge 0 or 1.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

Table 4. Artillery / Mortar / Rocket Illumination Factors

Height of Burst

Burn Time

Rate of Fall

Weapon

Type

(meters)

(seconds)

(m/sec)

M83A1

60 mm

160

M83A2/3

70 mm (2.75”)

M-257 (Overt)

550

120

4.5

M-278

70 mm (2.75”)

800

180

4.5

(Covert)

81 mm

M301A3

600

M314A2

105 mm

750

60-65

M314A3

120 mm

M930

500

M118

750

155 mm

M485-series

600

120

Table 5. 5”/54 and 5”/62 Naval Gun Data

23,100 m (Full Charge)

Maximum Range

12,200 m (Reduced Charge)

Danger Close*

750 m

Fire Rate:

20 / 16-20 rounds per minute for both systems

Maximum / Sustained

Ammunition

HE, Illum, WP

Quick (Q), Mechanical Time (MT), Controlled

Fuzes

Variable Time (CVT), Variable Time (VT), Delay

(DEL)

Mk 88:

HOB = 500 m

Burn Time (sec) = 45 - 72

Rate of Fall = 5 m/sec

Illumina ion

Mk 91:

HOB = 325 m

Burn Time (sec) = 65-70

Rate of Fall = 5 m/sec

Note: Data applies to 5”/62 firing conventional munitions.

* Danger Close Mission (<750 m for naval gunfire). Give cardinal direction and distance

to friendlies. Use first salvo offset and “creeping” method for adjustments in 50 m

increments. Directions are normally given in mils relative to grid north. Any other

combination may be used but must be specified (e.g., “Direction 180 degrees magnetic.”)

30 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

Table 6. Cannon / Mortar Targets and Suggested Ammunition

Targets

Cannons

Mortars

Personnel or light

ICM, DPICM, HE/VT, HE/TI, Excalibur/VT/PD

HE/MOF,

vehicles in open

HE/VT,

HE/TI,

HE/PD

Personnel or light

ICM, DPICM, HE/TI, HE/PD, HE/D,

HE/MOF,

vehicles in light

Excalibur/PD/D

HE/TI,

overhead cover

HE/PD,

HE/D

Personnel or light

HE/TI, HE/D

HE/MOF,

vehicles in trees

HE/TI,

HE/PD,

HE/D

Covered positions or

DPICM, HE/PD, HE/D, Excalibur/PD/D

HE/MOF,

heavy vehicles in the

HE/PD,

open

HE/D

Large bunker

HE/CP, HE/D, HE/PD

HE/MOF,

complexes

HE/PD,

HE/D

Small bunkers

Copperhead, HE/CP, HE/PD, HE/D,

HE/MOF,

Excalibur/D

HE/PD,

HE/D

Armored vehicles

DPICM, Copperhead, HE/PD, HE/D

HE/MOF,

HE/PD,

HE/D

Urban Structures

Excalibur/VT

CP - concrete piercing D - delay

DPICM - Dual Purpose, Improved Conventional Munitions

HE - high explosive ICM - Improved Conventional Munitions

MOF - multi-option fuze PD - point detonating

TI - time VT - variable time

Note: MOF has the following actions - Impact (IPM), Delay (DLY), Near

Surface Burst (NSB), and Proximity (PRX).

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

Table 7. Artillery Precision-guided Munitions

Munitions

Variant

Payload

Range

Guided 155mm

XM982

Similar to HE M107

7.5-24 km

Projectile

Block 1a-1

Target Types: Precisely located targets - Personnel, lightly armored targets (stationary),

and structures where collateral damage must be restricted.

Note: Excalibur is fired only by the M777 and M109A6 cannon weapons.

Table 8. Multiple Launch Rocket System / High Mobility Artillery Rocket

System

Munition

Variant

Payload

Range

Targets

644 M77

M26

10-32 km

Rockets

DPICM

Personnel, Light

(MLRS)

M26A2

Armor, Soft

518 PI M77

13-45 km

ER-MLRS

Vehicles

404 PI M77

(Stationary),

Guided

M30

15-60 km

Buildings

DPICM

Rockets

(GMLRS Only)

51.5 lbs Unitary

(GMLRS)

M31

15-60 km

Block 1

950 M74

M39

APAM

25-165 km

Personnel, Light

(JEE)

bomblets

Armor, Soft

Block 1A

300 M74

Vehicles

M39A1

APAM

70-300 km

(Stationary)

(JEN)

bomblets

Quick Reaction

Single Burst,

Block 1 - 1A

ATACMS

70-270 km

Unitary (QRU)

HE/PD Fuze

targets when

duds / collateral

Single unitary

damage are

warhead with

precluded.

ATACMS

multi-function

70-300 km

Fixed

Unitary

fuze -

infrastructure

Proximity, PD,

sites (building,

or Delay

etc.)

APAM - Anti-Personnel, Antiarmor

ATACMS - Army Tactical Missile System

DPICM - Dual Purpose, Improved Conventional Munitions

ER-MLRS - Extended Range Multiple Launch Rocket System

GMLRS - Guided Multiple Launch Rocket System

HE - High Explosive

JEE, JEN - Computer Munitions Identification Codes

MLRS - Multiple Launch Rocket System

PD - Point Detonating

PI - Product Improved

Note: Default rates of fire are 5 seconds between rockets and 15 seconds between

missiles.

32 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

Chapter III:Joint Air Attack Team and Close Combat Attack

1. Army Aviation

Army aviation units are organic, assigned, or attached to corps, divisions, and

regiments and perform missions as part of a combined arms team. Army

helicopter units normally receive mission type orders and execute as an integral

unit/maneuver element. Special situations may arise where attack helicopters

are employed in smaller units. The Army does not consider its attack helicopters

a CAS system, although they can conduct attacks employing CAS JTTP when

operating in support of other forces. The doctrinal employment method is as an

integral unit, operating under the control of a maneuver commander executing

mission-type orders.

2. Army Close Combat Attack Procedures

a. US Army CCA is defined as a coordinated attack by Army aircraft against

targets that are in close proximity to friendly forces. During CCA, the attack team

engages enemy units with direct fires that impact near friendly forces. Targets

may range from tens of meters to a few thousand meters from friendly forces.

CCA is coordinated and directed by a team, platoon, or company-level ground

unit using the standard CCA brief. Once the aircrews receive the brief from the

ground commander, they develop a plan then engage the enemy force, while

maintaining freedom to maneuver. Due to capabilities of the aircraft and the

enhanced situational awareness of the aircrews, terminal control from ground

units or controllers is not necessary. CCA is not synonymous with CAS.

b. Army attack teams will brief the information in format 11 at check-in:

Format 11. Close Combat Attack Check-In

(Aircraft Transmits to Ground Unit)

Aircraft: “________________, this is ________________”

(Ground unit in contact)

(Aircraft Call Sign)

Aircraft Team Composition and Location

Munitions Available (Rockets / Guns / Missiles)

Night Vision Capability and Type (If Appropriate)

Station Time (In minutes)

c. The Army utilizes a “5-line” CCA brief for briefing attack aviation assets

conducting CCA. It can be used for all threat conditions. It does not affect the

aircrew’s tactics in executing CCA. Transmission of the brief constitutes

clearance to fire except in a danger close situation. Danger close must be

declared in Line 5 when applicable. See format 12.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

Format 12. Close Combat Attack Briefing - Ground to Air (5-Line)

1. Observer / Warning Order

“_______________, this is ______________, Fire Mission, Over”

(Aircraft Call Sign)

(Observer Call Sign)

2. Friendly Location / Mark

“My position _____________, marked by ___________________”

(TRP, Grid, etc)

(Strobe, Beacon, IR Strobe, etc.)

3. Target Location

“Target Location _______________________________________”

(Bearing [magnetic] and Range [meters], TRP, Grid, etc.)

4. Target Description / Mark

“____________________, marked by ______________________”

(Target Description)

(IR Pointer, Tracer, etc.)

5. Remarks (Threats, Danger Close Clearance, Restriction, At My Command,

etc.) “Over”

AS REQUIRED:

1. Clearance: Transmission of the 5-Line CCA Brief is clearance to fire (unless

danger close.) For closer fire, the observer/commander must accept

responsibility for increased risk. State “Cleared Danger Close” in line 5. This

clearance may be preplanned.

2. At My Command: For positive control of the aircraft, state “At My

Command” on line 5. The aircraft will call “Ready for Fire” when ready.

d. The AMC or flight lead must have direct communication with the ground

commander on the scene to provide direct fire support. After receiving the CCA

brief from the ground forces, the pilots must be able to conduct combat

identification to positively identify the location of the friendlies prior to the

engagement. Methods for marking the location of friendlies and the enemy

include, but are not limited to: laser handover, tracer fire, marking rounds (flares

or mortars), smoke grenades, signal mirrors, VS-17 panels, IR strobe lights,

LTM, or chemical sticks. Once the crew has identified both the enemy and

friendly locations, flight leads will formulate an attack plan and brief the supported

commander and his/her other attack team members.

3. Joint Air Attack Team

a. JAAT is a method of integrating rotary-wing and fixed-wing aircraft to locate

and attack high-priority targets and targets of opportunity. JAAT is a method of

employment, not a mission. JAAT fires are integrated, mutually supportive, and

synergistic, not simply deconflicted.

b. JAAT can be employed anywhere on the battlefield across the spectrum of

operations. CAS procedures may/may not be required depending on the

proximity of friendly forces and requirement for detailed integration.

c. JAAT is a combination of attack and/or scout rotary-wing aircraft and fixed-

wing CAS aircraft operating together to locate and attack high-priority targets and

other targets of opportunity. JAAT normally operates as a coordinated effort

supported by fire support, air defense artillery (ADA), NSFS, ISR systems, EW

systems, and ground maneuver forces against enemy forces. JTACs may

36 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

perform duties as directed by the AMC in support of the ground commander’s

scheme of maneuver.

d. A mission commander will be designated for JAAT operations. The mission

commander should be the element with the highest situational awareness and

ability to provide C2.

e. JAAT can be accomplished with minimum coordination, provided that the

participants are trained and proficient. Maximum JAAT synergy occurs when the

JAAT mission commander at the tactical level, normally an AMC, possesses the

authority to coordinate attack execution directly with the other team members. In

non-CAS JAAT application, direct attack coordination is more efficient because

there is no requirement for JTAC / FAC(A) control.

f. When JAAT is employed where CAS procedures are required, Type 2 or 3

control offers increased flexibility that can preserve JAAT synergy if the tactical

situation allows.

4. Joint Air Attack Team Execution

a. JAAT Sample Mission Flow

(1) Supporting aircraft contacts the AMC on check-in or strike frequency.

(2) AMC verifies aircraft received the current target / threat information.

(3) AMC briefs situation updates followed by the JAAT attack plan.

b. Key JAAT Components

(1) Check-in and Briefing. JAAT participants check in with the AMC IAW

check-in briefing (Format 11). The 9-Line CAS brief is the standard for

providing information. If items in the CAS 9-Line are unknown or do not

apply, they will be briefed as such. However, JP 3-09.3 readback

requirements must be adhered to. The following items are required:

attack method (combined or sectored), firepower timing options

(simultaneous, sequential, or random), and targeting plan within

engagement area (target sort, fire distr bution).

(2) Clearance Authority. When JAAT is employed using CAS procedures,

the JTAC / FAC(A) must provide clearance for aircraft to expend

ordnance. When CAS procedures are not in effect, clearance to expend

ordnance rests with individual shooters IAW theater ROE. In both

situations, all participants retain abort authority.

(3) Attack Types. The attack methods describe control techniques for

attacking targets within an objective area. Methods may apply to the

joint attack as a whole and within the attacking flight or unit’s individual

plan of attack. The two methods are illustrated in figures 4 (p.40) and 5

(p.41).

(a) Combined - During this attack, JAAT aircraft may utilize the same

avenue of approach to a common engagement area.

(b) Sectored - During this attack, JAAT aircraft will utilize different avenues

of approach that are separated by an acknowledged and well defined

boundary / terrain feature.

(4) Firepower Timing Options. Firepower timing options integrate and

deconflict fires. Timing options apply to any altitude option (low,

medium, or high). The AMC will clearly deconflict altitudes for all JAAT

participants. See table 10 for more information.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

(a) Simultaneous - All elements attack at the same time.

1. Advantages: masses fires, maximizes shock effect, complicates

enemy ADA targeting scheme, unpredictable.

2. Disadvantages: complicates target array sorting and direct fire

planning, simultaneous impacts can interfere with one another.

(b) Sequential - All elements attack in a predetermined sequence.

1. Advantages: target area marked for subsequent attackers, continuous

pressure on target over time, allows attackers to reposition while

other attackers shoot, less weapons interference for subsequent

shooters, ensures targets are not double-targeted.

2. Disadvantages: air defenses have greater opportunity to target

airborne participants, takes longer, less shock effect, and could

provide opportunities to enemy.

1. Advantages: easiest on pilots, no timing required, reduced C2

requirements, unpredictable.

2. Disadvantages: complicates deconfliction, no guarantee of effects,

possibly less pressure on enemy, can complicate fire support plan.

(5) Targeting Plan. The targeting plan integrates and deconflicts fires and

targets within the engagement area (target sort, fire distribution).

Examples include but are not limited to:

(a) Target reference point

(b) Sectored

(d) Fire pattern

(e) Target array

(6) Weapons Delivery Considerations. Information should be passed from

the attacking aircraft to the AMC to coordinate specific weapons delivery

profiles and/or effects. These items are not required, but may include

the following:

(a) Attack heading

(b) Weapons selection

(d) Dive angle

(e) Distance from target

(7) Coordinating Instructions. Establishing the attack method and the timing

option are vital. If all else fails, use plain language.

(8) Deconfliction. Four common methods to deconflict airspace and

weapons effects in the target area are listed below. See JP 3-09.3 Joint

Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Close Air Support, along with

figures 19 (p.92) and 20 (p.93) for a detailed description of each.

(a) Lateral / geographic separation

(b) Altitude separation

(d) Any combination of the above

(9) Mission Abort. The AMC maintains abort authority. Considerations for

abort criteria should include weather, fallout, threat level, degraded

38 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

systems, and target priority / commander’s guidance. Procedures must

be established to ensure all participants are notified of an abort decision.

(10) Battlefield Handover. When the AMC must hand over the target area to

another asset, the following information should be covered:

(a) Friendly situation (ground order of battle, airborne assets, location,

ordnance, and time on station)

(b) Enemy situation (targets destroyed / remaining, ADA, etc.)

(d) Clearance authority (if applicable)

(e) Frequencies and call signs

(11) Disengagement. Consideration must be given to the disengagement

phase of the operations. Considerations include:

(a) Covering fires - suppressive fires, artillery, SEAD, etc.

(b) Egress route - mutual support / escort may be required

c. Night Considerations. Night JAAT procedures remain the same as for day.

However, tactics require a more deliberate tempo. Consider the following

when conducting night operations:

(1) Visual descriptions - Perspective / target resolution varies based on

aircraft systems. A terrain feature visible by night vision goggle (NVG) or

FLIR equipped rotary-wing aircraft at 50 ft may not be recognized by an

NVG equipped pilot or a FLIR / targeting pod equipped aircraft at 20,000

ft.

(2) Night vision capabilities - These vary greatly between weapons

systems. A thorough understanding of these capabilities will enhance

success during night JAAT.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

Figure 5. Example of a Sectored Attack

5. Joint Air Attack Team Communications

a. Communication Nets. JAAT communication nets depend upon the availability

of different radios in the various aircraft and on the tactical situation. Figure 6

shows possible communication links.

b. Command Net. The AMC uses this net to coordinate the JAAT with other

maneuver unit commanders and to keep them informed on the situation in the

battle area.

c. Admin / Check-in Frequency. If required / desired, all participants should

check-in on this frequency to reduce clutter on the strike frequency. It is used to

pass updates for the mission and build situational awareness of aircraft arriving

after the JAAT has begun.

d. Strike Frequency / TAD. The AMC uses the strike frequency ATO-assigned

TAD to coordinate the ongoing JAAT with all participants.

e. Authentication. Service authentication tables differ. The AMC should

coordinate authentication between all participants.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

Figure 6. Sample Joint Air Attack Team Communications Net

Supporting aircraft passes CAS check-in brief (Format 13)

AMC passes target information in 9-Line format (Format 15)

AMC: “Hog 01, 9-Line to follow…lines 1 through 3 N/A. 2014 feet. Target is a

column of 5 tanks in choke point. PL385211.

AMC passes remainder of 9-Line brief: “Laser 1688, SW 2500, Egress south.”

If conducting a CAS mission, readback lines 4, 6, and restrictions. (Required IAW JP 3-

09.3).

AMC passes remarks (as applicable): “Wind is 15 knots from the east.”

AMC confirms associated hreat: “ZSU located 4 km north of target area.”

AMC passes attack method and firepower timing option: “Sectored, sequential. Your

sector is west of road running through target area. Helos will be east of the road

conducting diving fire with a coordinating altitude of 2500 ft.”

AMC passes targeting plan and TOT: “Hog 01, hit western tanks, helos have

eastern. Your TOT is 1350. Call 60 seconds out.”

AMC passes attack restrictions (if any): “Hog 01, attack south to north only.”

Supporting aircraft verifies receipt of information and compliance: “Hog 01, Wilco.”

At 60 seconds from TOT, supporting aircraft calls: “Hog 01, 60 seconds.”

AMC: “Hog 01, roger.” Supporting aircraft makes laser calls as required.

AMC maintains the ability to abort the attacking aircraft, as necessary.

Hog 01 conducts target attacks IAW mission brief.

Figure 7. Joint Air Attack Team Mission Flow Example

42 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

Chapter IV:Close Air Support Execution

1. Joint Terminal Attack Controller

a. A JTAC is a qualified (certified) Service or coalition member who, from a

forward position, directs the action of combat aircraft engaged in CAS and other

offensive air operations. A qualified and current JTAC is recognized across the

Department of Defense as capable and authorized to perform terminal attack

control. Terminal attack control is the authority to control the maneuver of and

grant weapons release authority to attacking aircraft. Based on a risk

assessment, the supported commander will weigh the benefits and liabilities of

authorizing a particular type of terminal attack.

b. There are three types of terminal attack control (Type 1, 2, and 3). Type 1

control is used when the JTAC must visually acquire the attacking aircraft and

the target for each attack. Type 2 control is used when the JTAC requires control

of individual attacks but assesses that either visual acquisition of the attacking

aircraft or target at weapons release is not poss ble or when attacking aircraft are

not in a position to acquire the mark / target prior to weapons release / launch.

Type 3 control is used when the JTAC requires the ability to provide clearance

for multiple attacks within a single engagement subject to specific attack

restrictions. Type 3 control does not require the JTAC to visually acquire the

aircraft or the target; however, all targeting data must be coordinated through the

supported commander’s battle staff.

c. As the battlefield situation changes, the supported commander and staff make

continuous tactical risk assessments. Risk assessments involve the processing

of available information to ascertain a level of acceptable risk during mission

accomplishment. Risks include failure to create desired effects, collateral

damage, and the potential for fratricide. Based on the current risk assessment,

the supported commander will weigh the benefits and liabilities of authorizing

particular types of munitions and proximity of employment to personnel and other

avoidance areas. In most cases the recommended option is to allow aircrew to

best match weapons carried against target effects desired. Specific levels of

risk should not be associated with each type of terminal attack control.

Tactical Risk Assessment Considerations:

(1) Confidence and training of the unit, staff, and key personnel.

(2) Timeliness of information.

(3) Absence of information.

(4) Information flow and communications.

(5) Confidence in battle tracking (friendly force locations, noncombatant locations,

enemy locations).

(6) Confidence in targeting information (source and accuracy, stationary or moving,

ability to mark the target, level of difficulty for aircrew to acquire mark/target).

(7) Ordnance available for attack (capabilities, limitations, restrictions, proximity of

friendlies / noncombatants, ability of JTAC to predict impact).

(8) Risk-estimate distance (troops in contact, danger close).

Figure 8. Risk Assessment

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

Table 11. Close Air Support Terminal Attack Attributes

JTAC Observes

Timely and

Type

Attributes

Target and

Accurate Target

Aircraft

Data Provided

Clearance required for each

By JTAC

attack. JTAC maintains

Required¹

(Inherent to Type

abort authority.

1 control)

By JTAC,

Clearance required for each

Observer, or

attack. JTAC maintains

Not Required²

through other

abort authority.

JTAC sensors³

By JTAC,

Blanket clearance provided

Observer, or

by JTAC within prescribed

through other

guidance/subject to specific

Not Required²

JTAC sensors³ if

attack restrictions. JTAC

targets comply

maintains abort authority.

with prescr bed

guidance⁴

Notes:

¹JTAC will visually acquire the attacking aircraft and analyze attack geometry

to reduce the risk of the attack affecting friendly forces.

²Warning: Even though the JTAC is not required to observe the aircraft

and/or target during Type 2 / 3 controls, if able the JTAC should do so in order

to provide an additional measure of control to abort the attack if necessary.

³Observer: JFO, Scout, COLT, FIST, UAS, SOF, aircrew, or assets that

provide real-time targeting information.

⁴Supported commander delegates weapons release authority to the JTAC for

all types of control. JTAC will provide “cleared hot” as appropriate for each

attack in Type 1 and 2 controls and “cleared to engage” for Type 3 control.

44 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

Table 12. Advantages and Disadvantages of Types of Control

Type

Advantages

Disadvantages

- Provides JTAC most control over

- JTAC must see target and

fratricide concerns

aircraft

- Real time abort provides positive

- May limit useable munitions

fratricide prevention

due to typical proximity of

friendlies

- Simpler target verification process

when unguided ordnance is to be

- Restricts tactics and may

employed

limit choice of munitions due

to requirement of JTAC to

- JTAC has control of individual

predict impact based on flight

attacks

path

- JTAC maintains abort authority

- Permits use of stand-off weapons

- More difficult target

and full range of aircraft sensors

verification

- Greater aircraft tactics flexibility

- More intensive

communication requirements

- Allows full use of observation

when using observers and

assets

remote sensors

- JTAC has control of individual

attacks

- JTAC maintains abort authority

- Least restrictive to CAS aircraft

- Most difficult to quickly

ascertain target validity and

- Expedites ordnance employment

confirm BDA

on multiple targets in an

engagement area

- CAS aircraft may be

required to find their own

- Reduced JTAC workload

target

- Least communication load

- JTAC does not control

- JTAC maintains abort authority

individual attacks

- Least direct JTAC control of

weapons effects

2. Joint Fires Observer

a. A JFO is a certified and qualified Servicemember who can request, adjust, and

control surface-to-surface fires, provide targeting information in support of Type 2

and 3 CAS terminal attack controls, and perform terminal guidance operations

(TGO).

b. JTACs cannot be in a position to see every target on the battlefield. Trained

JFOs, in conjunction with JTACs, assist maneuver commanders with timely

planning, synchronization, and responsive execution of all joint fires and effects.

JFOs increase the capability to conduct TGO missions by training with J-LASER

(JP 3-09.1) TTP and communication procedures with aircrew. TGO requires the

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

JFO to have direct or indirect communications with the individual commanding

the delivery system plus C2 connectivity with the JFO’s maneuver commander,

and/or appropriate weapons release authority. JFOs provide the capability to

exploit opportunities that exist in the operational area to efficiently support air-

delivered fires and facilitate targeting for the JTAC.

c. Terminal guidance is different than terminal attack control. TGO are those

actions that provide electronic, mechanical, voice, or visual communications that

provide approaching aircraft and / or weapons additional information regarding a

specific target location. Enemy targets, such as mobile high-payoff targets, that

are difficult to locate from the air are often more visible to ground forces. Small

ground elements can sometimes search for, identify, and precisely report the

location of these targets and with systems like GPS, laser designators, etc. or

combinations of the above can provide target locations. These forces may also

be able to provide precise BDA of attacks on targets that otherwise may be

obscured or hidden. TGO do not include authority to clear aircraft to release

ordnance and should not be confused with terminal attack control.

3. Close Air Support Execution with Non-Joint Terminal Attack Controller

Personnel (Emergency Close Air Support)

a. Units that have a reasonable expectation to conduct terminal attack control

need to have certified JTACs available. In rare circumstances, the ground

commander might require CAS when no JTAC is available. Non-JTAC

controllers must clearly state to attacking aircraft that they are “non-JTAC

qualified.” In these instances, qualified JTACs, FAC(A)s, and/or CAS aircrew

should assist these personnel / units to the greatest extent possible in order to

bring fires to bear.

b. Due to the complexity of CAS, the commander must consider the increased

risk of fratricide when using personnel who are not qualified JTACs and accept

full responsibility for the results of the attacks. The requester must notify/alert

his/her command element when a JTAC or FAC(A) is unavailable to conduct

Type 1, 2, or 3 controls. If the maneuver commander accepts the risk, he / she

forwards the request to the CAS controlling agency. This information will alert

the CAS controlling agency (ASOC/DASC) that aircrew will be working with non-

JTAC-qualified personnel. In the absence of the ASOC / DASC, the joint air

operations center can perform as a CAS controlling agency.

c. Ground personnel will:

(1) Identify themselves as “non-JTAC qualified” on aircraft check-in.

(2) Make every effort to involve a qualified JTAC / FAC(A) in the situation.

(3) Provide as much of the 9-Line briefing as poss ble.

(4) As a minimum, pass target elevation, target location, target description,

and restrictions.

d. Aircrew in this situation will:

(1) Make every effort to involve a qualified JTAC / FAC(A) in the situation.

(2) Be prepared to “PULL” information to complete the critical portions of

the CAS briefing.

(3) Exercise vigilance with target identification, weapons effects, and friendly

location.

46 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

4. Close Air Support Execution Procedures

Format 13. Close Air Support Check-In

(Aircraft Transmits to Controller)

Aircraft: “_________________, this is _______________________”

(Controller Call Sign)

(Aircraft Call Sign)

Identification / Mission Number: “_____________________________”

Note: Authentication (initiated by the net control agency) and appropriate

response suggested here. The brief may be abbreviated for brevity / security

(“as fragged” or “with exception”)

Number and Type of Aircraft: “______________________”

Position and Altitude: “____________________________”

Ordnance: “____________________________________”

(Fuzing, Laser Code)

Time on Station: “________________________________”

Abort Code: “___________________________________”

* Remarks: “____________________________________”

(NVG, data-link, helmet mounted cueing system (HMCS), FAC(A), targeting

pod (TGP), VDL, TLE, etc.)

Notes: Flight lead will establish abort code. JTAC can brief abort code to

follow on aircraft. Abort code may be N/A during secure communications.

* Optional entry.

Format 14. Situation Update

(Controller to Close Air Support Aircraft)

Situation Update # ____________________________ (if applicable)

Threat Activity (surface-to-air threats observed: who, what, when, where)

Target - General Enemy Situation (“SALUTE” format - size, activity, location,

uniform, time, equipment)

Friendly Situation (disposition / posture, locations)

Artillery Activity (GTL, Max Ord, etc.)

Clearance Authority (Who has final control?)

Ordnance Requested

Restrictions

Hazards (weather, terrain, obstructions)

Remarks (JTAC capabilities, to include TLE if appropriate)

Note: The situation update is normally given when a CAS aircraft first checks

in. Higher echelons (e.g., division / brigade) may assign an alphanumeric

tracking number to facilitate subsequent check-ins at lower echelons.

- Situation update may be passed to TAC(A) or other supporting airborne

platforms (e.g., JSTARS) to speed information flow and reduce transmission

on the JTAC frequency.

- This briefing should be broad in scope and will not be used as a substitute

for a 9-Line CAS briefing.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

Format 15. Close Air Support 9-Line Briefing

Do not transmit line numbers. Units of measure are standard unless briefed.

Lines 4, 6, and restrictions are mandatory readback (*). JTAC may request

additional readback.

JTAC: “__________________, this is ______________________”

(Aircraft Call Sign)

(JTAC Call Sign)

“Type _______________ (1, 2, or 3) Control”

1. IP/BP: “____________________________________________”

2. Heading: ”___________________________________________”

(Degrees Magnetic, IP/BP-to-Target)

Offset: “____________________________________________”

(Left / Right, when required)

3. Distance: “__________________________________________”

(IP-to-target in nautical miles, BP-to-target in meters)

4*. Target Elevation: “___________________________________”

(In feet MSL)

5. Target Description: “__________________________________”

6*. Target Location: “____________________________________”

(Lat/Long or grid to include map datum or offsets or visual)

7. Type Mark: “_____________” Code: “_____________________”

(WP, Laser, IR, Beacon)

(Actual Laser Code)

8. Location of Friendlies: “________________________________”

(From target, cardinal direction and distance in meters)

Position marked by: “__________________________________”

“Egress: ____________________________________________”

Remarks (as appropriate): “_______________________________”

(Restrictions*, Ordnance delivery, threats, final attack heading, hazards,

ACAs, weather, target information, SEAD, LTL/GTL [degrees magnetic], night

vision, danger close [with commander’s initials])

Time on Target: “_________________________” or

Time to Target: “__________________________”

“Standby _________ plus _____________, ready, ready, HACK”

(minutes)

(seconds)

Note: When identifying position coordinates for joint operations, include map

data. Grid coordinates must include 100,000 meter grid identification.

48 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

a. “Keyhole” Template:

(1) Keyhole Specifics: An effective and efficient method for selecting an IP is

to anchor the location of that IP off of the target. When CAS aircraft are

passed to a JTAC from a contact point, the JTAC should immediately

pass target coordinates (precise if able) to those CAS players, and then

anchor their hold point off of the target with a direction and distance.

There are several techniques that can be used to do this. One

technique, depicted in figure 9, is to label each of the cardinal directions

with a letter: A - North, B - East, C - South, D - West, and E -

Overhead Target.

(2) IP Selection: The JTAC selects the IP based on enemy threat

capabilities, target orientation, friendly location, weather, aircraft

capabilities, and fire support coordination requirements.

(a) If the tactical situation dictates that an IP north of the target is

necessary, then holding instructions for the CAS players might sound

like this:

JTAC: “Stang 11, advise when ready to copy target coordinates.”

CAS Player: “Stang 11, ready to copy.”

JTAC: “Ten-digit grid to follow. NU 87138 50874, elevation 1456.”

CAS Player: “I copy NU 87138 50874, elevation 1456.”

JTAC: “Stang 11, proceed to Alpha 8, angels 15, report established.”

CAS Player: “Stang 11, established Alpha 8, angels 15.”

(b) Sometimes a cardinal direction is not appropriate for an IP. In these

situations, any radial from the target can be used for holding

instructions. For example:

JTAC: “Stang 11, proceed to the 240 at 8, angels 15, report established.”

CAS A/C: “Stang 11, established 240 at 8, angels 15.”

(3) This template allows for unlimited flexibility in IP selection and precludes

the need to generate IPs for an entire area of operations (AO), many of

which may never be used.

(4) Use of the keyhole template is also useful in coordinating a UAS orbit

with CAS aircraft by assigning separate radials and orbit points.

Consideration must be given to altitudes, turn direction, and orbit

locations, for both deconfliction and / or utilizing the UAS for target

observation or designation.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

Format 16. AC-130 Call for Fire

1. Warning Order:

“______________, this is _______________, Fire Mission, Over”

(AC-130 Call Sign)

(Observer Call Sign)

2. Friendly Location / Mark:

“My position _____________, marked by __________________”

(TRP, Grid, etc.)

(Strobe, Beacon, etc.)

3. Target Location: “_____________________________________”

(Magnetic bearing and range in meters, TRP, grid, etc.)

4. Target Description / Mark: “_________ marked by __________”

(Target Description)

(LTM, Tracer, etc.)

5. Remarks: “_____________________________________, Over”

(Threats, Danger Close, Restrictions, At My Command, etc.)

As Required

1. Clearance: Transmission of the fire mission is clearance to fire (unless

danger close). For AC-130, danger close is 165m for the 105mm, 75m for the

40mm, 100m for the 30mm, and 65m for the 25mm. For closer fire, the

observer must accept respons bility for increased risk. State “Cleared

Danger Close” (with commander’s initials) on Line 5. This clearance may be

preplanned.

2. At My Command - For positive control of a gunship, state “At My

Command” on Line 5. The gunship will call “Ready to Fire” when ready.

Adjusting AC-130 Gunship Fire

1. If significant miss distance or wrong target, adjust round impact by giving

cardinal direction (north, south, east, west) and range (meters) from impact to

desired target.

“Northeast 200, Over.”

2. Marking / confirming targets can also be accomplished using covert

illumination (Burn) or with the laser marker (Sparkle).

3. To move Burn or Sparkle, say “Move Burn / Sparkle 300m west” or

“Roll Burn / Sparkle 100m east.”

4. Once Burn / Sparkle is over target, say “Freeze Burn / Sparkle.” (If you

say “Stop Burn / Sparkle” the gunship will turn it off.)

Notes:

1. Do not ask the gunship to identify colors.

2. Do not reference clock positions.

3. Do not pass run-in headings / no-fire headings (give no-fire areas and

friendly troop positions only).

4. Do not correct left / right or short / long.

5. If applicable, pass multiple target locations in precedence ASAP in order to

allow AC-130 to engage as rapidly as possible to preclude enemy scatter

effect.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

b. Fixed-wing / AC-130 Integration. The following TTP allow continuous

support to ground forces while integrating the firepower of the AC-130 and

various CAS aircraft. They are predicated on four conditions:

(1) Firepower should be massed and constant. AC-130s and CAS aircraft

attack in unison. Any breaks in weapons deliveries should be limited to

IR conflicts and/or flight path conflicts.

(2) The AC-130 flies a continuous (approximately 3 minute) orbit around the

target, or approximately 40-45 seconds per sector.

(3) The AC-130 must never be in the flight path of a CAS aircraft or its

weapons during time of fall.

(4) The CAS aircraft must never be in the flight path of the AC-130 or its

gun-target line.

Table 13. AC-130 Integration Attributes

Tactic

Deconfliction

Advantages

Disadvantages

Easiest to execute

CAS aircraft must

remain visual

Less airspace required

Fighter only due to

Allows constant fires from CAS

small turn radius

Wheel

Visual

aircraft and AC-130

required

Keeps CAS aircraft and gunship

Requires NVG and

target area situational awareness

use of covert

high

lighting on

AC-130

Familiarity with standard IP-to-

Higher workload,

IP-

target attack

communications

intensive

Target

Procedural

Effective for non-TGP equipped

Run-in

fighters or bombers

Less frequent

attacks

Works well for non-NVG, TGP-

Higher workload,

equipped fighters

communications

intensive

Allows for operations with

Opposite

gunship below a cloud deck and

Fighter only due to

Procedural

Sector

fighters above

small turn radius

required

Can incorporate more than one

set of CAS aircraft

Less frequent

attacks

Note: Marking, laser, and standard CAS brevity terms will be used as

required.

52 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

Wheel Communication Example

AC-130

CAS Aircraft

Explanation

9-Line

“Ready”

“Ready” signifies execution start

“South” (or East,

North, West)

“10 seconds to

Assurance that CAS aircraft see the

“Contact / Tally”

mark”

correct target

“Visual”

Required call prior to roll in.

“In Hot / Dry

Fighter is rolling in to attack.

(JTAC

(Direction)”

provides final clearance authority.)

“Weapon away,

XX seconds until weapon impact. AC-130

(XX) seconds”

cease firing on the same target

CAS aircraft is repositioning to the wheel

“Off Hot / Dry”

post attack

Note: Call “ALTITUDE” only if passing through AC-130 altitude. Expect AC-130 to call

“COLD.” Requires attacker to call “CLEAR” once deconfliction is assured.

Figure 10. AC-130 Integration in the Wheel

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

Warning: The words “CLEARED” or “ENGAGE” will only be used

when ordnance is actually to be delivered. Use standard radio calls to

the maximum extent possible. This will reduce the chance of dropping

ordnance on dry passes and reduce the risk of fratricide.

Abort Call Illustration

The JTAC call sign is “NAIL 11”, the CAS flight is “SPIKE 41.” SPIKE 41 flight has

chosen abort code “BR” (authenticated “D”).

Radio Call

Action Taken

(During the CAS check-in briefing): “Nail

Nail 11 notes the correct reply for “BR” is

11, this is Spike 41, abort code Bravo

“D”

Romeo.”

(The JTAC calls for an abort): “Spike 41,

Spike 41 aborts the pass.

Nail 11, Abort Delta, Abort Delta, Abort

Delta”

Note: Some NATO countries use “STOP” rather than “ABORT.” Controllers

must verify procedures in use.

Figure 13. Abort Call Illustration

5. Joint Terminal Attack Controller Brevity Codes

a. ABORT - Directive call to cease action/attack/event/mission. Abort the

pass. Do not release ordnance. Abort code should be included with the

ABORT transmission.

b. CLEARED HOT - Ordnance release is authorized in Type 1 or 2 terminal

attack controls.

c. CLEARED TO ENGAGE - JTAC Type 3 control clearance. Attack aircraft

flight leaders may initiate attacks within the parameters imposed by the

JTAC. Attack platforms will provide a “Commencing Engagement” call prior

to engaging targets and an “Engagement Complete” call to JTAC, indicating

completion of ordnance release.

d. CONTINUE - Continue present maneuver. Does not imply a change in

clearance to engage or expend ordnance. Used to acknowledge aircraft

without providing clearance to release ordnance.

e. CONTINUE DRY - Continue present maneuver, ordnance release not

authorized. Used to provide approval to aircraft to continue the pass without

expending ordnance during Type 1, 2, or 3* controls. (*JTAC must use

“Type 3, Continue Dry” for dry Type 3 controls.)

6. Electronic Attack / Call for Electronic Fires

a. Electronic attack (EA) involves the use of electromagnetic (EM) energy,

directed energy, or antiradiation weapons to attack personnel, facilities, or

equipment with the intent of degrading, neutralizing, or destroying enemy

combat capability and is considered a form of fires. EA can be targeted

against very specific portions of the radio frequency (RF) spectrum to obtain

the needed effects. For more detailed information on EA, see appendix H

56 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

(classified SECRET) on the ALSA classified website,

http://www.acc.af.smil.mil/alsa/jfire.

(1) Virtually any EM sensor utilizing the RF spectrum is potentially

vulnerable to electronic attack. With the proper electronic support,

particularly signals intelligence, an appropriate EA system can be

programmed to influence the enemy’s use of the electromagnetic

spectrum at a time and place of our choosing.

(2) Since both friendly and enemy forces and infrastructure utilize the RF

spectrum for communications, navigation, sensing, information storage,

and processing, proper coordination measures are necessary to effect

enemy systems of interest without interference with friendly systems.

Without proper RF deconfliction, friendly ground jammers would interfere

with JTAC communications. For further info on RF targets and

information on deconflicting EA with friendly communications, see

appendix H as referenced above.

(3) EA is the primary joint nonlethal fire support means.

b. EA terms and definitions:

(1) Jamming Control Authority (JCA): The JCA, appointed by the joint force

commander, conducts on-station, real-time coordination and

deconfliction of jamming efforts. The JCA monitors the electromagnetic

spectrum, assesses effects on friendly and enemy forces, and maintains

contact with EA assets to provide direction and coordination of EA

efforts. Jamming will not normally be conducted without approval of the

JCA. JCA can be, and usually is, delegated well down the chain of

command. JCAs will be designated in the SPINS.

(2) Joint Restricted Frequency List (JRFL): The JRFL is a time and

geographically-oriented listing of “Taboo”, “Protected”, and “Guarded”

functions, nets, and frequencies designed to minimize frequency

conflicts between friendly emitters and friendly jamming equipment. It

consists of a listing of prioritized frequencies essential to the conduct of

the battle and restricted from targeting by friendly forces. Requests for

deviation from JRFL requirements may be granted depending on the

situation.

(a) TABOO: Frequencies of international safety and distress systems

that cannot be jammed.

(b) PROTECTED: High priority friendly frequencies of systems that

should not be jammed. This is not a list of all friendly C2.

collection by intelligence assets. Intelligence gain/loss determinations

need to be done on these frequencies prior to jamming.

(d) CEASE BUZZER: “Cease Buzzer” is the cessation of jamming

certain radio frequencies.

(e) CEASE MUSIC: “Cease Music” is the cessation of all jamming

activities.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

c. Commercial Off the Shelf (COTS) emitters targeted by EA:

Table 14. Commercial Off the Shelf Emitters Targeted by Electronic

Attack

System

Frequency (MHz)

HF Automatic Link Engagement Voice

1.5 - 30

Low Very High Frequency Voice

30 - 88

Low Very High Frequency Frequency Hoppers

30 - 88 / 225 - 400

VHF / UHF Voice

88 - 300 / 300 - 520

Air / Ground Controlled Intercept

100 - 500

Long Range Cordless Phone

240 - 270 / 370 - 400

Frequency Modulation Repeaters

100 - 300 / 300 - 500

Trunked Mobile Radio

100 - 520

Radio Broadcast

88 - 108

Television Broadcast

64 - 450

GSM 900 (Cellular)

890 - 960

Digital Cellular System 1800

1710 - 1880

Troposcatter

475 - 625 / 4400 - 5000

LOS Radio Relay

138 - 7500

Thuraya (Mobile Satellite phone)

1525 - 1560

INMARSAT (Mobile Satellite phone)

1525 - 1560

IRIDIUM (Mobile Satellite phone)

1616 - 1626.5

VSAT (Remote Telephone and Internet)

3000 - 4000 / 11000

GLOBALSTAR (Mobile Satellite phone)

2483.5 - 2500

d. Electronic fires support falls within three operational timelines:

1) preplanned, 2) preplanned on-call, and 3) immediate.

e. Requesting airborne EA support for ground operations is similar to

requesting CAS. Request EA effects via normal request process (JTAR /

ASR - DD Form 1972) and provide the information below either in the

remarks section (Section 8) of JTAR or via theater specific EA Request

Format (EARF). The EARF (figure 14) needs to be completed and

forwarded through component chain of command to complement JTAR.

Table 15. Joint Tactical Air Strike Request Remarks Information

(Section 8)

Target Location

Prioritized Target Description and Jam Freqs

TOT (window)

JTAC / JCA Call Sign and Freq

Friendly Force Disposition (i.e., troop movement route)

Friendly Frequency Restrictions

Remarks

58 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

(1) Target Location: Coordinates (point or area) where effect is requested;

type of terrain (mountainous, urban, etc.).

(2) Target Description: RF system or device to be affected; frequency and

coverage desired (if known) listed in order of priority.

(3) TOT: Desired beginning time of effects (Zulu) and duration needed.

(4) JTAC / JCA Call Sign and Frequency: Primary communication

frequencies and back-up communication plan.

(5) Friendly Force Disposition: Friendly force locations and maneuver route.

(6) Friendly Frequency Restrictions: Prioritized “no-jam” friendly frequencies

(communications and UAS / weapons systems data-links).

(7) Remarks: Amplyfing information as required.

Electronic Attack Request Format

Requesting Major Supported Command:

Requesting Unit:

Contact Information: This person will be respons ble to verify that the EARF

has been approved before the mission starts and to relay the information to

the executing unit.

JTAR Number: Enter the corresponding JTAR number that will be submitted

with this EARF.

Concept of Operation: Descr be the concept of operations. This will include

objective, forces used, timeline of mission, and coordination efforts required

for mission success. Relate the impact of mission success to specific

objectives for the integrated tasking order.

EA Concept of Operations: Descr be the role EA will play, timelines for EA

effects, and the objective for EA effects.

Cease Buzzer (Jamming) Procedures: This should be directly as stated in

SPINS. If other procedures are to be used, details establishing JCA must be

specific and a way for JCA and the EA asset to communicate must be

specified. Ground-to-ground procedures for request must be established as

well. Any asset can request a cease-buzzer, but only the JCA can direct EA

systems to turn off jamming.

Friendly Frequency Evaluation:

Target Communication

Systems/Frequencies to be

Details of Systems:

Jammed/Denied:

Target Location:

Jamming date-time group(s): From - To, in Zulu

Type of EA Requested: Preplanned - Scheduled / On-Call

This form is SECRET when filled in.

Figure 14. Electronic Attack Request Format

7. Tactical Show of Force

a. A tactical show of force is an operation designed to demonstrate friendly

forces resolve that involves increased visibility of CAS aircraft in an attempt to

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

defuse a specific situation that, if allowed to continue, may be detrimental to

friendly forces interests or objectives.

b. Plan shows of force in the same manner as a low altitude CAS mission.

Clearance into the designated show of force area is “Continue.” Low altitude

release of flares and supersonic speeds may require approval from higher

command authority.

8. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Procedures

Table 16. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Standard Rear Briefing

Rear Briefing. Briefing information passed by a rear briefing agency should normally be

divided into what is mandatory and what may also be required by the tactical situation.

The briefing should comprise the following items in the order shown:

1. Mandatory Items:

a. Target location in grid or lat/long with target elevation in feet above mean sea level

(mandatory readback and recording of actions).

b. Target description (may include advisory or mandatory attack headings).

“No friendlies within” distance or nearest friendly location (mandatory readback and

record action).

2. Additional Items:

a. Target Area Threats

b. Navigation Hazards

c. Hazards

d. Other items

Sample North Atlantic Treaty Organization Close Air Support Worksheet

(Check-in Information)

Call Sign

Mission #

Authentica ion

Aircraft Number

and Type

Ordnance

Position

Playtime

Abort Code

LST / Datum / NVG

Figure 15. Sample North Atlantic Treaty Organization Close Air Support

Worksheet

60 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

Format 17. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Close Air Support

Check-in Briefing

Permissive Environment

Aircraft: “_________________, this is ______________________”

(Controller Call Sign)

(Aircraft Call Sign)

Identification / Mission Number: “___________________________”

Authentication: “Authenticate ____________”

(JTAC should authenticate before continuing with the brief.)

Number and Type of Aircraft: “_______________________”

Ordnance: “_______________________”

Position: “________________________”

Time on Station: “_______________________”

Rear Briefing Identifier: “____________________”

Abort Code: “_________________”

Nonpermissive Environment

Aircraft: “_________________, this is ______________________”

(Controller Call Sign)

(Aircraft Call Sign)

Identification / Mission Number: “___________________________”

Authentication: “Authenticate ____________”

JTAC should authenticate before continuing with the brief.

“As fragged with briefing

” (Rear Briefing Identifier)

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

Format 18. North Atlantic Treaty Organization

15-Line Controller to Attack Aircraft Briefing

Mission Call Sign _____________ Abort Code _______________

- Items A through J are mandatory, K through O are optional.

- Items A, D, G, and H (Bold) are mandatory readback (*) even if “None.”

- Headings and bearings are Magnetic unless True is requested.

A*. IP “______________________________________________”

B. Bearing “__________________________________________”

C. Distance “_________________________________________”

D*. Target Location “___________________________________”

(Grid or Lat/Long)

E. Target Elevation “___________________________________”

F. Target Description “__________________________________”

G*. Attack Heading “____________________________________”

H*. Friendly Forces “____________________________________”

I. Attack Time (TOT / TTT) “______________________________”

J. Attack Clearance JTAC Call Sign “________” TAD “________”

K. Target Indications:

1. Reference Point

2. Smoke

3. Light / Mirror

4. Laser Code / Laser to Target Line (in degrees)

5. Beacon:

Frequency

Bearing (in degrees)

Distance (in meters)

Elevation (in feet MSL)

L. Threats “__________________________________________”

M. Weather (if significant) “______________________________”

N. Hazards “__________________________________________”

O. Egress “___________________________________________”

62 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

9. Other Briefing Formats

a. Casualty Evacuation (CASEVAC) Procedures. This portion of JFIRE is not

intended to provide in-depth detail on the CASEVAC briefing, but to provide

familiarity to aircrew if required to relay information or to assist in some manner.

Format 19. Casualty Evacuation Briefing

Line

Item

Explanation

Location of Pickup

Encrypt the grid coordinates

Radio freq, Call sign,

Call sign and suffix may be transmitted in

and Suffix (if used)

the clear

A - Urgent

B - Surgery

# of Patients

C - Priority

by Precedence

D - Routine

E - Convenience

A - None

Special Equipment

B - Hoist

Required

C - Extraction equipment

D - Ventilator

L + # of patients (Litter)

# of Patients by Type

A + # of patients (Ambulatory)

N - No enemy in area

P - Possible enemy in area, use caution

Security of Pickup Site

E - Enemy in area, approach with caution

X - Enemy in area, armed escort required

A - Panels

B - Pyrotechnic signal

Method of Marking

C - Smoke signal

Pickup Site

D - None

E - Other

A - US military

B - US citizen

Patient Nationality and

C - Non-US military

Status

D - Non-US citizen

E - Enemy prisoner of war

C - Chemical

B - Biological

CBRN Contamination

R - Radiological

N - Nuclear

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

b. Airdrop Procedures

Format 20. Airdrop Briefing (Aerial Resupply)

Do not transmit line numbers. Units of measure are standard unless briefed.

Lines 3 (C-17 only), 4, 5, and 7 (restrictions only) are mandatory readback (*).

JTAC may request additional readback.

JTAC: “________________, this is ______________ for airdrop control.”

(Aircraft Call Sign)

(JTAC Call Sign)

1. Drop Zone (DZ) Visual Description: “____________________________”

(Open north/south field, Road ‘T’, etc.)

2. Location of Friendlies:

“_______________________________________”

(from DZ, cardinal direction and distance in meters)

Position marked by: “_________________________________________”

3.* IP / Heading / Distance: “____________________________________”

(*Degrees magnetic, IP-to-DZ, when required)

Offset: “____________________________________________________”

(Left / Right, when required)

4.* Point of Impact Location: “__________________________________”

(Lat/Long, grid to include map datum [e.g., WGS-84])

5.* Point of Impact Elevation: “__________________________________”

(in feet above MSL)

6. Point of Impact Marking: “_____________________________________”

(Code letter, mirror, IR strobe, IR chemstick, etc.)

7.* Restrictions: “_____________________________________________”

Remarks in Restrictions as appropriate.

[Applicable ground threats to aircraft / suppression coordinated / hazards

(terrain, towers) / surface winds / estimated ceiling and visibility / GTL / final

attack heading / additional friendly aircraft in the area / # of container delivery

system (CDS) bundles / type CDS bundles / egress direction (if different than

assigned ingress heading).]

Time on Target (TOT): “

” or Time to Target (TTT): “

”

Note: When identifying position coordinates for joint ops, include map data.

Grid coordinates must include 100,000 meter grid identification.

64 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

(1) Notes on Airdrop Format:

(a) Strictly intended for time-sensitive preplanned airdrop (aerial

resupply) operations only.

(b) C-130: Line 3 is optional, brief according to situation.

circular DZ.

(d) DZ - area for expected aerial resupply.

(e) Point of Impact - requested specific aerial resupply point of impact.

(f)

If required, direct aircraft to call 1 min and/or 30 seconds to release.

Release authority is the ground controller or briefed ground signal.

Utilize “CLEARED TO DROP” via radio.

(g) No abort code; utilize “NO DROP” via primary radio for airdrop

cancellation.

(h) Absolute minimum information required to conduct airdrop (aerial

resupply): Lines 3 (C-17 only), 4, 5, and 7 (restrictions only).

(2) Planning Considerations:

(a) Threat permitting, hold airlift aircraft at low-medium altitude outside of

the objective area. Response time dependent on hold point location,

but expect 20 minutes.

(b) Point of impact should be 200 yards from nearest friendlies.

size. Expected impact area for C-130 low altitude delivery of 16 x

CDS is 100 yards wide by 200 yards long.

(d) If able, minimize the effect of terrain on ingress/egress routing due to

airlift aircraft performance limitations.

(e) This airdrop briefing format can be used for high altitude and/or Joint

Precision Aerial Delivery System.

Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

c. Reconnaissance / Surveillance Procedures

Format 21. Reconnaissance / Surveillance Briefing

Do not transmit line numbers. There are no mandatory readback items.

However, JTAC may request readback of certain items.

JTAC: “________________, this is ______________ , call when ready for

(Aircraft Call Sign)

(JTAC Call Sign)

reconnaissance/surveillance briefing.”

Aircrew: “Ready to copy”

1. Reference Point: “__________________________________________”

(IP, Anchor Point, Start Point, etc.)

2. Description:

“______________________________________________”

(What to look for? What is the Gnd commander objective?)

3. Location and Elevation: “______________________________________”

(Point-to-point, route recce, area search, NAI coordinates/elevation)

4. Friendlies in area: YES / NO “__________________________________”

(Amplifying Data)

5. Airspace Control Measures: “__________________________________”

(ACA, Arty, Sector/Altitude Restrictions, etc.)

6. Remarks (as appropriate): “___________________________________”

- Hazards to Aviation

- Weather

- ROVER Frequency

- Time to Accomplish

- Reporting Instructions

Note: When identifying position coordinates for joint ops, include map data.

Grid coordinates must include 100,000 meter grid identification.

(1) Notes on Reconnaissance / Surveillance Briefing Format:

(a) JTACs will use this briefing to pass information rapidly to aircrew for

use with fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft which are given immediate

reconnaissance/surveillance taskings. It is used for all threat

conditions and does not dictate the tasked aircrew’s tactics.

(b) The brief must be accurate, concise, and executed quickly. Map

datum must be considered when determining reference and search

point / area coordinates. The mission brief could change during the

mission. Only line items which change must be passed by the JTAC

to the aircrew. Others may be stated “as briefed.”

NOT to be used to brief aircrew for the purpose of conducting an

attack. The CAS 9-Line (Format 15) is to be used to prepare aircrew

for a CAS attack.

66 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007

Military reference books and manuals (2009-2023, Volume 2) - page 8