PowerWorld Simulator version 11. Manual

Text-Based Information Displays

Custom Expressions

Simulator allows you to define Custom Expressions that are functions of other fields. These Custom Expressions can

then be shown as a column in the Case Information Display. To define custom expressions, right click on a Case

Information Display and choose Define Expression from the local menu. This brings up the Define Custom

Expressions Dialog. When you bring up the dialog you will only see expressions that have been defined for the type of

object shown on the Case Information Display (e.g. Bus, Generator, Interface, etc…).

To define a new custom Expression click New .

You can name the expression for easy identification in the list of fields for the object by filling in the Expression Name

field.

To define the Custom Expression, first specify which fields you would like to use in the expression and assign them to

the variables x1, x2, …, x8. Then type in the expression as function of the variables x1, x2, …, x8. For example

x1 * SIN(x2) + EXP( -x5)

TAN(x1) + ABS(x6)*8 - 100

For a complete list of functions and operators that are available to you, see Functions and Operators Available.

Once the Custom Expression has been defined, you may add the expression to the column of the Case Information

Display you called it from by clicking on Add Column… For more information on how to add columns to a display see

Configuring the Case Information Displays.

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Text-Based Information Displays

Functions and Operators Available

Below is a list of functions and operators that are available for use in Defining Custom Expressions:

Symbol

Equivalent

Descr iption

Example

( )

Prioritizes an expression

5*(1+1) = 10

FACT

Factorial

5! = 120fact(5) = 120

Percentage

35% = 0.35

Raised to the power of

4 ^ 5 = 1024

Multiply by

3 * 6 = 18

Divide by

9 / 2 = 4.5

DIV

Integer divide by

9 \ 2 = 4

MOD

Modulo (remainder)

7 mod 4 = 3

Add

1 + 1 = 2

Subtract

9 - 5 = 4

Greater than

9 > 2 = 1

* see note

Less than

7 < 4 = 0

Equal test

5 == 4 = 0

Greater or equal

3 >= 3 = 1

Less or equal

#h3E <= 9 = 0

Not equal

#b10101 <> 20 = 1

NOT

Bitwise NOT

NOT(15) = -16

AND

Bitwise AND

#b101 AND #h1E=4

Bitwise OR

13 OR 6 = 15

XOR

Bitwise Exclusive OR

9 XOR 3 = 10

EQV

Bitwise Equivalence

6 EQV 9 = -16

IMP

Bitwise Implication

1 IMP 5 = -1

IIF

If condition

IIf(1+1=2,4,5) = 4

MIN

Minimum value

min(10,3,27,15) = 3

MAX

Maximum value

max(1,9)=9 *see note

SIN

Sine

sin(pi) = 0

*see note

COS

Cosine

cos(pi) = -1

TAN

Tangent

tan(pi) = 0

ASIN

Arc sine

asin(1) = 1.570

ACOS

Arc cosine

acos(-1) = 3.141

ATAN

ATN

Arc tangent

atan(0) = 0

SEC

Secant

sec(0) = 1

CSC

Cosecant

csc(1) = 1.18

COT

Cotangent

cot(1) = 0.642

SINH

Hyperbolic sine

sinh(3) = 10.01

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Text-Based Information Displays

General

Find Dialog Basics

Many times when working with large load flow cases, it can be somewhat difficult to locate devices in the case

information displays regarding a specific device. Simulator has many tools to facilitate filtering data, such as the

Area/Zone/Owner filters and the Advanced Filtering tool. Even with these helpful tools, finding a device can still be

hampered when the bus number or exact spelling of the bus name are not known.

To facilitate locating devices in Simulator, you can use the Find tool to use Simulator’s advanced search engine for

finding the device(s) you are looking for. The Find tool is available from the popup menus of almost all case

information displays, as well as several of the various information dialogs in Simulator. Anywhere you see a button or

menu option labeled Find… you can open the advanced search tool.

Once the Find dialog has been opened, the dialog will automatically adjust to suit the type of device you are searching

for. The caption of the dialog should reflect the type of object the dialog is currently attuned to locate. For most

devices, such as buses, generators, loads, etc., there will be one list displayed at the bottom of the dialog containing

numbers and names of the type of device you are searching for. In some instances, mostly when searching for

branch-type devices, the bottom panel is split with a second list is displayed in the right side panel. This list is used to

display the possible connections of the bus selected in the first list. For example, if bus number one is selected and it

has connections to bus two and bus three, the second list will display the information for bus two and bus three. Thus

you can search for a bus in the first list, then choose from the possible connections in the second list to get a specific

branch from the list.

Despite what type of device you are trying to find, the first few options and buttons on the dialog will be the same.

Sort by Name and Sort by Number allow you to choose how you wish to find a device in the list. If you know the bus

number you are looking for, choose Sort by Number. If you know the name, or at least part of the name, that you are

looking for, then choose Sort by Name. The list (or first list for branches) will be sorted accordingly.

If you wish to narrow down the list of devices to search through, you have a couple of options for filtering the list before

searching through it. First you can make use of the traditional Area/Zone/Owner filters by clicking in the associated

check box. If you need to set more specific conditions for filtering the list, you can instead click the Define Filter

button to set up an advanced filter. Either one will reduce the number of devices in the list for the search.

Once you have the list set up for your search, you can type in the number or name you wish to find in the text box. If

you do not know the exact number or name, you can use wildcards to facilitate the search and find all possible

matches for a set of characters or numbers. You can use a question mark (?) to represent a single character wildcard,

or an asterisk (*) to represent a multiple character wildcard.

For example, if you want to find bus number 10005, but all you know is the first four digits are 1000, you can type in

*1000*, and Simulator will search until it finds the f irst number that contains those four digits. You can then use the

Search Next button (note that pressing Enter is the same as clicking Search Next) to find the next number containing

the four numbers, and so on. The same goes for searching by name. If you are looking for bus ACEONE, but all you

know is the name contains the string ACE, then you can type in *ACE* and then keep pressing Enter until you find the

bus named ACEONE. By using the beginning and ending *, we would also find elements such as NEWACE, because

the double * looks for strings that contain ACE anywhere in the string. Note that if you know the first few letters (or

numbers), you can narrow down the number of elements found from the search by eliminating the first * from the

search string. For example, to find bus ACEONE, we could have instead used ACE*, and this would have gone

through all matches that started with ACE, ignoring other elements such as NEWACE. You can also use wildcards in

the middle of a string, such as AC*NE, and Simulator will find any name that starts with AC and ends with NE.

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Text-Based Information Displays

Model Conditions Display and Dialog

Model Conditions are a type of Model Criteria. Model Criteria represent Boolean expressions regarding the present

state of the power system model. They can be used to create a convenient display that shows whether the power

system meets a set of criteria. They can also be used in conjunction with the definition of a contingency in the

Contingency Definition Display to create contingency actions that are conditional on the state of the power system.

A model condition contains two parts: a power system element and an advanced filter. The model condition will then

return true or false depending on the result of applying the advanced filter to the power system element specified.

Model conditions can also be used as part of a Model Filter.

The Model Conditions Display is a type of Case Information display and has the abilities common to this type of

display. To delete a model condition, right-click on the display and choose Delete . To insert a new model condition,

right-click on the display and choose Insert. This brings up the Model Conditions Dialog that can be used to create,

delete, and modify Model Conditions.

Model Conditions Dialog

The Model Conditions Dialog has three sections. The top section provides the ability to Save, Save As , Rename

and Delete model conditions. To choose a different Model Condition, use click on the down arrow next to the

Model Condition name.

The middle section provides a location to specify what power system element this Model Condition is related to. On

the left is a list of Element Types that are available. When clicking on one of these types, the right portion of the

dialog will provide you with a list of the elements of this type. This list is a familiar Find Dialog and provides you the

ability to search for the element you are interested in.

The bottom section provides a location to specify an Advanced Filter which you would like to have applied to the

power system element chosen in the middle section. The bottom section of the dialog behaves identically to the

Advanced Filtering Dialog. If an Advanced Filter exists for the type of element you are creating a Model Condition

for, you can click the Set Filter Same As button to choose this filter. This will then set the parameters of the Model

Condition to be the same as the Advanced Filter.

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Model Filters Display and Dialog

Model Filters are a type of Model Criteria. Model Criteria represent Boolean expressions regarding the present state

of the power system model. They can be used to create a convenient display that shows whether the power system

meets a set of criteria. They can also be used in conjunction with the definition of a contingency in the Contingency

Definition Display to create contingency actions that are conditional on the state of the power system.

A model filter contains a list of Model Conditions and a Boolean operator to apply to these model conditions. The

model filter then returns true or false depending on the resulting of applying the Boolean operator to the Boolean

results of the model conditions.

The Model Filters Display is a type of Case Information display and has the abilities common to this type of display.

To delete a model filter, right-click on the display and choose Delete. To insert a new model filter, right-click on the

display and choose Insert. This brings up the Model Filters Dialog that can be used to create, delete, and modify

Model Filters.

Model Filters Dialog

The Model Filters Dialog behaves in a manner very similar to the Advanced Filtering Dialog. To choose model

conditions for the model filter, click the down arrows next to the model conditions list. You may also click the Find...

button to the left of the list. To insert or delete model conditions from the model filter, click the Add>> or Delete

button. When specifying more than one model condition, choose the Logical Comparison that will be used to

compare the conditions. Finally, the top of the dialog provides the ability to Save , Save As , Rename and Delete

model filters. To choose a different Model Filter, use click on the down arrow next to the Model Filter name.

To modify the model conditions in the case, click the Modify Model Conditions Dialog. This will open the Model

Conditions Dialog.

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Copying Simulator Data to and from Other Applications

You may sometimes find it useful to copy data from Simulator to other applications such as a word processor or

spreadsheet program. Alternatively, you may want to copy data from other applications into Simulator. Simulator’s

case information displays provide a convenient way to accomplish this. In particular, the Copy All, Copy Selection,

and Paste options from the local menu allow Simulator to communicate data with other applications.

To copy a selection of data from a case information display to another application, first select the range of cells to copy

from the case information display. Then, right-click on the case information display to display its local menu, and

choose Copy Selection. To copy the entire content of a case information display to another application, follow the

same procedure, except choose Copy All from the local menu instead of Copy Selection. Switch to the application

that will serve as destination for the data and use that application’s Paste command to finish copying the selected

Simulator data to that application. Note that not only is the data copied, but by default so are the data headings. The

data headings are very important to maintain if you are planning on copying data from a spreadsheet back into a

Simulator case information display.

Note: Be aware that most programs have limitations on the amount of information you can paste. For example, some

spreadsheet programs only allow up to 256 columns and 65,000 rows of information. Some power system

information, particularly the Ybus or Jacobian matrices, can easily exceed these limitations.

To paste data from another application into a case-information display, select the data in the other application and use

that application’s Copy command. In order to paste back into Simulator, you must have the record type and data

headings selected with the columns of data. The record type (or object name) must match the case information

display you are attempting to paste into, and the data headings (or variable names) tell Simulator which columns of

data you are pasting. In order for the data to be pasted to the correct records, you must include the key field columns

in the data to be pasted into Simulator. It is not necessary to copy and paste all columns or rows of data back into

Simulator, as long as the column headings match a valid heading for the case information display. It is also important

to note that you CANNOT have columns of data that are unrecognizable by Simulator in between valid data columns

in the data you are attempting to paste. Simulator will only paste columns of data from the clipboard up to the point

where it finds an unrecognizable column header. If there are any valid columns of data after the unrecognized

column, that data will be ignored. If you wish to copy data from a spreadsheet into a Simulator display, you must

make sure they are ordered in such a way that all the information you wish to paste can be grouped and copied as one

block of date from the spreadsheet. Once you have copied all the information from the spreadsheet you wish to

transfer, switch to Simulator, open the case information display in which to paste the data, and select Paste from its

local menu.

Note: You can only paste values into the case information displays if the values are enterable on the display (shown

blue by default). Also, be careful about pasting redundant data. For example, in the Bus Records display both voltage

in per unit and voltage in kV are enterable, but they specify the same information. Make sure you only copy ONE of

these columns into Simulator. Otherwise you may not get what you expect. Simulator will paste the value in twice,

and whatever value was pasted 2^nd will be used.

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Key Fields

Key fields are required fields when attempting to paste data into a Case Information display from another data

application. Other fields are also considered required fields for the purpose of creating new objects in Simulator by

pasting or loading information from another source, such as Excel or a PowerWorld Auxiliary file. The key fields are

easily identified from a few different locations.

Column Headings

The column headings of case information displays are colored to indicate fields that are key fields. Any field that is

a required key field will be highlighted yellow. Also note that some fields are highlighted green. These fields are

fields that are required when you are attempting to create a new object by pasting or loading the data into the

display from another application. If the necessary key fields (yellow) are not included in the data loaded into the

display from another source, the information for that object is ignored. If all of the required (green) fields are not

included in an object that is detected as new, Simulator will skip it. If all the required fields are present, then

Simulator can create the new object. Note that for new objects, the key fields are required as well.

Display/Column Options

The Display/Column Options dialog, available by right-clicking on any case information display, also has the

capability to highlight both the key fields and required fields, as described above. The check box labeled "Highlight

Key Fields" will enable highlighting of the field names in the two lists on the display.

Export Object Fields

This option from the Help menu in Simulator allows you to export a list of most fields for each type of object in a

case. The list also indicates which fields are key fields for each object. You can output this list of fields as either a

text file or into Excel.

The following table lists some of the more commonly accessed key f ields needed when attempting to Paste data into

existing objects in a Case Information Displays from another data application.

Type of Data

Data Description

Required Key

Columns for Paste

Area

Area Records

Area Num

Bus

Bus Records

Number

DC Line

DC Line Records

Rectifier Number

Inv Number

Num

Gen

Gen Records

Number

Interface

Interface Records

Name

Line/Transformers

Line Records

From Number

To Number

Circuit

Load

Load Records

Number

Substations

Substation Records

Sub Num

Switched Shunt

Switched Shunt Records

Number

Zone

Zone Records

Zone Num

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Text-Based Information Displays

Contour Column Type

Color Map

Choose from various predefined color maps using the color map combo-box. A color map, along with the values

specified, defines how values are mapped to a color on the contour image.

If a color map showing both high and low values is desired (such as for bus voltages), use of "Blue = Low, Red =

High" is recommended. If a color map showing only high values is desired (such as for line flows), use of "Weather

Radar, Nominal to High" is recommended.

A user may also define additional color maps by going to the Custom Color Map Tab.

Reverse Color Map Colors

Check this box to reverse the colors of the selected color map, so the low color becomes the high color, and vice

versa.

Brightness

Modify the brightness track bar to change the brightness of the color map.

Use cell values directly

Select this option to use the cell values to do the contouring.

Use the specified field below

Select this option to use a different field value to do the contouring.

Value

Select the quantity to use in the contouring from the Value dropdown box or click the Find Value button to find

the desired field.

Draw Color Key

Checking this box will cause the contour to draw a color key showing which colors are mapped to which values.

You can also give the color key a title, unit label, and specify the number of digits to display in numerical values.

Title

Title for the color key.

Entry Labels

Units of the contoured value displayed on the color key.

Label Digits to Right of Decimal

Number of decimal places of the contoured value displayed on the color key.

Save Contour Image with Oneline

Checking this box will allow a displayed contour to be saved with a oneline diagram. If a contour is saved with a

oneline diagram, the next time the oneline diagram is opened the contour will automatically be redrawn as well.

Continuously Update Contours

Normally contouring is only done on a snap shot of the power system state. However, you can also set

PowerWorld to automatically update the contour every time the display is redrawn. In this way, an animation of the

contour can be created. If you would like to create this animation, simply check the Continuously Update Contours

checkbox. Note, however, that this will slow down the animation of the display, as the program must recalculate the

contour at each step. If this slows down your display too much, try lowering the contour resolution to speed it up.

Use absolute value

Check this check-box to use the absolute values of the quantity selected at the Value dropdown box (above).

Values

These values along with the color map define how to convert your values into a color for the contour. The values

are:

Maximum

The largest value allowed in the contour. All values above this will be mapped

to the highest color. This value corresponds to 100% in the color map.

Break High

This value is used by some color maps to highlight a lower limit. This value

corresponds to 75% in the color map.

Nominal

This value is the nominal value for the contour. Values around this will be

mapped to the middle color. This value corresponds to 50% in the color map.

Break Low

This value is used by some color maps to highlight a lower limit. This value

corresponds to 25% in the color map.

363

Text-Based Information Displays

Grid Metrics Dialog

The grid metrics dialog allows you to determine the metrics for a set of columns. The metrics determined include:

Sum, Average, Variance, Standard Deviation, Maximum and Minimum.

By default the dialog is set to determine the metrics for the whole column of the case information display where the

option has been selected. However, the selected record set can be modified. The Start Column and End Column

values specify what columns to include in determining the metrics. The Start Row and End Row values specify what

records to include when computing the metrics. If the option Treat blank cells as zero is checked, then any blank

cells will be considered as zero when computing the metrics. Instead, if the option Ignore blank cells for calculation

is checked, any blank cell will be taken out of the metrics calculation. Check Use Absolute Values to use the

absolute values of field values for the metrics computation. Finally, click Update Metrics to determine the metrics with

the new set of options.

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Custom Case Information Displays

Custom Case Information Display

To open the Custom Case Information Displays, choose Case Information > Custom Case Info from the menu.

(Note: if this option is not displayed by default, then it can be added by right-clicking on the Toolbars and choosing

Customize. Then either "Reset" the Main Menu or add the command under the Commands tab.)

Custom Case Information Displays can be used to create a display very similar in appearance to a spreadsheet

workbook with several worksheets. This display can show any information that can be shown on a case information

display, but also allows you to customize the layout of the information in any manner.

There are three buttons which allow you to Rename the present sheet, Add a new sheet, or Delete the present sheet.

There are three different kinds of cells allowed on this display

· Blank Cell - contains nothing

· Plain Text Cell - contains a user-entered string with no link to any data in the model.

· Model Field Cell - contains a link to model field similar to inserting a model field on a oneline diagram

Each cell of the display will behave differently depending on the Custom Case Info Mode. There are four distinct

modes that control the user interaction and operation of the custom case information display. These four modes and

the effect they have on the display are described in topics

· Define Fields/Strings

· Change Field Data

· Show Fields Primary

· Show Fields Secondary

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Text-Based Information Displays

Custom Case Information Display Local Menu

By right-clicking on the tabs representing the various sheets of the custom case information display, a local menu

appears giving you the following options.

· Rename Sheet - this is only available if you click directly on a specific tab. Choose it to rename the sheet.

· Delete Sheet - this is only available if you click directly on a specific tab. Choose it to delete the sheet.

· New Sheet - Choose this to add a new sheet

· Save All Sheets… - Choose this save all the information on the sheets to an auxiliary file. For the fields one

the display, all information will be saved to the auxiliary file using Primary Key Fields unless the Custom Case

Info Mode is set to Show Fields Secondary. In this case, they will be saved using the secondary key fields.

· Custom Case Info Mode - Choose this to open a submenu that allows you to change the mode.

· Tabs Position - Choose this to open a submenu that allows you to change the location of the tabs relative to

the sheets

· Plain Text Change Data Color - Choose this to change the color which is used to denote Plain Text cells when

the Custom Case Info Mode is set to Change Field Data. The default color is dark gray.

By right-clicking on one of the Custom Case Information Display sheets, you will open a local menu that has many

options which are the same as other Case Information Displays. There are a few extra options listed as follows

· Insert Row - Choose this to insert a new row at the location of the presently selected cell

· Delete Row - Choose this to delete rows that are part of the present selection

· Insert Column - Choose this to insert a new column at the location

· Delete Column - Choose this to delete columns that are part of the present selection

· Delete Cell - Choose this to delete the presently selected cells

· Custom Case Info Menu - Choose this to open the same menu available by right clicking on the tabs

representing the various sheets

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Text-Based Information Displays

Case Summary

The Case Summary Display provides a summary of the current case. Note that there are no enterable fields on the

display. To display the Case Summary, select Case Information > Case Summary from the main menu. The fields

shown on this display include:

Number of Devices in Case shows the number of each of the following device types:

Buses

Total number of buses in the case. Use the Bus Display to see a listing of these buses.

Generators

Total number of generators in the case. Use the Generator Display to see a listing of these generators.

Loads

Total number of loads in the case. Use the Load Display to see a listing of these loads.

Switched Shunts

Total number of switched shunts in the case. Use the Switched Shunt Display to see a listing of these switched

shunts.

Lines/Transformers

Total number of transmission lines and transformers in the case. Use the Line/Transformer Display to see a listing

of these lines and transformers.

2 Term. DC Lines

Total number of two-terminal dc transmission lines in the case. Use the DC Transmission Line Display to see a

listing of these dc lines.

N-Term. DC Lines

Total number of multi-terminal dc transmission lines in the case. Use the DC Transmission Line Display to see a

listing of these dc lines.

Control Areas

Total number of control areas in case. Use the Area Display to see a listing of these areas.

Zones

Total number of zones in the case. Use the Zone Display to see a listing of these zones.

Islands

Total number of islands in the case. An island is a group of buses that are interconnected through ac transmission

lines or transformers but are isolated from the rest of the system. Each island must have a s lack bus. In Simulator,

use the Power Flow Solution tab of the PowerWorld Simulator Options display to specify whether multiple islands

are allowed.

Interfaces

Total number of interfaces in the case. An interface is a grouping of tie line objects between area objects. In

Simulator, use the Interfaces Display to open the Interface Dialog to define and modify interface objects.

Injection Groups

Total number of injection groups in the case. An injection group is a collection of loads and generators (objects

that inject power into a network). In Simulator, use Injection Groups Display to open the Injection Groups Dialog to

define and modify injection groups.

Case Totals

Summarizes the total load, generation, shunt compensation, and losses for the case. Positive shunt compensation

denotes shunt load, whereas negative shunt compensation indicates a shunt injection (such as shunt capacitance).

The case totals fields are valid only when the current case is solved.

Generator Spinning Reserves

The total difference between the present total generator output versus the total maximum possible output of all in-

service generation.

Slack Bus Number(s)

The number(s) of the slack bus or buses. One slack bus is required for each island.

Case Pathname

Full file name of the current case.

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Power Flow List

The Power Flow List shows detailed information about the system’s power flows in a more traditional text-based form.

This information is intended for users who would like detailed flow information about the power flow. Including the per

unit voltage at the bus, the bus’ load and generation, and flows on all lines and transformers emanating from the bus.

The content of this display (i.e. which buses are included in the list) is governed by the area/zone/owner filters.

To show this display select Case Information > Power Flow List from the main menu.

To view flows at just a few select buses you may want to use the Quick Power Flow List instead. For large systems

with no area/zone filtering set, it may take Simulator a long time to generate the complete Power Flow List. Note also

that this display can show a maximum of 32,767 lines of text. If this limit is exceeded, Simulator will generate a

resource error. Either use the area/zone/owner filters to limit the number of devices shown on this display, or use the

Quick Power Flow List to focus on a few selected buses of interest.

The Power Flow List allows you to navigate through the system’s buses rather easily. You can also use the display to

show the flows for a bus’ neighbor by double-clicking on the line that reads "TO nnnnn…," where nnnnn is the number

of the bus you would like to see. The display is then positioned at this bus. If the bus is in an area and/or zone whose

area/zone filter is not set, the area/zone filter is set automatically. In this way, you can inspect the system bus by bus.

The display can also be used to quickly display the dialog box associated with different bus objects. Place the cursor

on the desired device, depress the CTRL key and then left click. The corresponding bus, load, generator, or shunt

information dialogs will be displayed.

The Power Flow List also has its own local menu, which can be viewed by clicking the right mouse button on the

display. Select Change Font to modify the style and size of the display’s font. Select Refresh to ensure that the

display’s contents concur with the current system state. To skip to particular bus in the list, click Find Bus, which will

open the Find Bus Dialog. To display the information dialog for the currently selected branch, bus, load, or shunt,

select Display Object Dialog. To print the display, choose the Print local menu option. Choosing Copy enables you

to copy the display into the Windows clipboard, from where the information can be pasted into another application.

Finally, select Close to close the display.

When printing the display you can either send the results directly to the printer or save them to a text file. To save the

results in a text file on the Print Dialog select the Save to File option shown in the lower left corner of the dialog.

For each bus, the following items are shown:

Bus

Shows the bus’ number, name, and nominal voltage in kV. The next four fields are the MW, MVar, MVA and

percentage headers for subsequent rows. The next fields specify the per unit voltage magnitude, voltage angle in

degrees, the bus’ area number and the bus’ area name. Depress the CTRL key and then left click on this line to

display the Bus Dialog.

Generator

For each generator at the bus, the Power Flow List shows the generator’s ID (immediately after the keyword

GENERATOR) and the power output of the generator in MW. Following this is generator’s reactive power output in

Mvar. A single character is shown immediately after the Mvar field. An ‘R’ indicates that the generator is regulating

the bus voltage, ‘H’ indicates that the generator is at its high reactive power limit, ‘L’ indicates that the generator is

at its low reactive power limit, and a blank suggests that the generator is set off of AVR. The last field in the

GENERATOR item is the MVA output of the generator. Depress the CTRL key and then left click on this line to

display the Generator Dialog. If no generators are connected to the bus, this item will be absent from the display.

Load

Shows the total power consumed by each load at the bus. If no loads are present at the bus, this item will be

absent from the display. Depress the CTRL key and then left click on this line to display the Load Dialog.

Shunt

Shows the total power for the fixed shunts at the bus. Positive shunt values denote shunt load, while negative

shunt quantities indicate injection. If no shunts are connected to the bus, this item will be absent from the display.

Switched Shunt

Shows the total power for the switched shunts at the bus. Depress the CTRL key and then left click on this line to

display the Switched Shunt Dialog. If no switched shunts are located at the bus, this item will be absent from the

display.

Lines and Transformers

For each line or transformer coming into the bus, the Power Flow List shows the line’s flow and percentage loading.

For transformers, the off-nominal tap ratio and phase shift angle in degrees are also shown. Immediately to the

right of the off-nominal tap ratio is a two-character designation indicating the tapped side of the transformer: ‘TA’

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Quick Power Flow List

The Quick Power Flow List provides a convenient means of viewing a listing of the flows at individual buses in the

system. The format and control of the Quick Power Flow List is generally the same as that of the Power Flow List,

except that the Quick Power Flow List displays results for just the desired bus or range of buses.

You can access this Quick Power Flow List in a number of different ways:

· Select Case Information > Quick Power Flow List

· From most of the Case Information Displays, right-click to invoke the display’s loc al menu, and select Quick Power

Flow List.

· From the Bus Information Dialog click on the View All Flows at Bus button.

· From the oneline diagram, right-click on the bus symbol to display the bus’ local menu, and select Quick Power

Flow List.

· Select the toolbar icon from the Options/Info Toolbar.

This display is automatically created if it is not already shown. Information on subsequent buses appears at the

bottom of the display.

As with the Power Flow List, you can navigate through the system bus-by-bus by double-clicking on the lines that

begin with "TO nnnnn …," where nnnnn is the number of the bus you would like to investigate. Information for that bus

will appear at the bottom of the display.

Like the Power Flow List, the Quick Power Flow List has a local menu that is accessed by right-clicking on the display.

Among the things y ou can do from the local menu is to display the bus, branch, generator, load, or shunt

corresponding to the currently selected record by selecting Display Object Dialog. You can also navigate through

the system bus-by-bus just as you can do through double-clicking by choosing Goto Line Bus from the local menu.

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Text-Based Information Displays

Making Reports

Choosing Report Writer allows you to create text style reports of all power system information. This includes

information regarding Areas, Zones, Buses, Generators, Loads, Switched Shunts, and Transmission Lines. These

reports may be printed and customized as desired.

When you select Case Information > Report Writer (run mode only), the Reports Criteria Dialog will appear. This

allows you to customize the information contained in the report. By default, the Make Reports activity will create a

comprehensive set of reports for all areas whose Area/Zone/Owner Filter settings allow them to be displayed. To

specify which types of reports will be created and for which buses, use the options provided on the Reports Criteria

Dialog.

· First, select either Area Reporting or Zone Reporting. This will designate whether to organize the report by areas or

by zones.

· Next, select the areas or zones you would like to include in the report. To add or remove an area/zone from the

report, click on its status with the left button to toggle between ‘In Report’ and ‘NOT in Rep’. You may also add or

remove large ranges of area/zone numbers by typing number ranges into the Add or Remove text boxes and

pressing Return.

· Select the voltage levels you would like the reports to cover. The report will include records only for power system

equipment whose nominal voltage falls in this range.

· Choose the Types of Reports you would like to create. To produce the entire set of reports (which is the default

setting), select All. You can select multiple items from this list by using the shift and/or control keys.

· Select either List Reports by Area/Zone or List Reports Together. This will determine the format of the report.

For instance, if you choose to List Reports Together, then all of the bus information will be grouped in one listing;

whereas if you choose List Reports by Area/Zone, then the information will be grouped by Area/Zone.

· Finally, choose, OK, Make Reports .

A new dialog containing the report will appear. The report dialog features both a main menu and a local menu

(accessible by right-clicking on the report) that allow you to change the font of the report, send it to a printer, or copy

portions of the report to the Windows clipboard for use with another application.

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Text-Based Information Displays

Area and Zone Displays

Area Display

Areas Case Info

Editing Displays

The Area Display houses data about each area in the case. The Area Display is a class of Case Information Display

and therefore can be used in a manner consistent with all other case information displays. It has a local menu from

which you can print, copy, or modify its records as well as view the information dialog of its associated areas. You can

also sort the area records by clicking on the heading of the field by which you want to sort.

To show the area records display, select Case Information > Areas .

By default, the area records display contains the following fields:

Number, Name

Area’s number, between 1 and 9999, and its alphanumeric identifier. Simulator supports names of any character

length. However, when writing out names to file formats with limitations on name length, the area names will be

truncated at their maximum supported length.

AGC Status

Area’s automatic generation control status. This field indicates whether or not the area’s generation is changing

automatically to control the area interchange. See Area Control for more details. You can toggle the value of the

area’s AGC Status (except in Viewer) by left clicking on the entry. Valid entries in this field include:

Off AGC

Area is off AGC. Generation must be adjusted manually to meet changes in

load and losses. If it is not, the system slack will be forced to pick up the

balance.

Part AGC

Area is on AGC, with generation dispatch controlled by its units’ participation

factors.

Area is on economic dispatch control so that generation is dispatched in order

of least cost.

OPF

Area is on OPF control (only used with Simulator OPF ). This option is only

used with Simulator OPF. When the case is solved using the OPF the area

controls are changed by the OPF to maintain area power balance. During non-

OPF solutions this option is equivalent to Off AGC.

Gen MW

Total real power generation in the area in MW.

Load MW

Total real power load in the area in MW.

Tot Sched MW

The net of the base and scheduled transactions between the area and all other areas, w ith exporting power

indicated as a positive value. The base interchange for an area is set on the Area Information Dialog; the

scheduled transactions for an area can be viewed using the specified MW Transactions display. See Area

Transaction Modeling for a description of the difference between base and scheduled transactions.

Int MW

The actual interchange between this area and all other areas, with exporting power positive. If an area is on AGC

control, its actual interchange should match its scheduled interchange.

ACE MW

The area control error in MW. This is the amount of MW flow difference between the actual MW interchange and

the desired MW interchange. A positive value means the super area is generating and exporting excess MW's, and

a negative value means the super area is under-generating and importing too many MW's.

Lambda

The area’s marginal cost. This marginal cost is relevant only when an Economic Dispatch (not OPF) solution has

been run. Theoretically, if losses are ignored, an area operates most economically if all generators operate at the

same incremental cost. This common incremental cost is the area’s lambda, or marginal cost.

The local menu of the area records display has an additional option labeled All Area Gen IC Curves. Select this

activity to generate a plot showing the incremental cost curves for all units located in a particular area.

Loss (MW)

Total real power losses for the area.

Auto Shunts

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Determines whether switched shunts for the area are available for automatic control. You can use this field to

disable all the switched shunts in an area. Click on this field to toggle its value. Click on the Toggle All Yes or

Toggle All No local menu options to set the auto shunts property for all switched shunts. Note that a switched shunt

is available for automatic control only if it meets three conditions: 1) its control mode property is set to Automatic

(see Switched Shunt Information Dialog); 2) its associated area’s Auto Shunts property is set to Yes ; and 3) the

Disable Switched Shunt Control option on the Power Flow Solution tab of the PowerWorld Simulator Options Dialog

must not be checked.

Auto XF

Determines whether tapped transformers for the area are available for automatic control. You can use this field to

disable all the transformers in an area. Click on this field to toggle its value. Click on the Toggle All Yes or Toggle

All No local menu options to set all entries in this column. Note that three conditions must be met for a transformer

to be used for automatic control: 1) its Auto field must be set to Yes (see Transformer Modeling for details); 2) its

associated area’s Auto XF property is set to Yes; and 3) the Disable Transformer Control option on the Power Flow

Solution tab of the PowerWorld Simulator Options dialog must not be checked.

Load Schedule

Identifies the load variation schedule that governs how load varies in the area. The load variation schedule

specifies values for the load multiplier at specific points in time. To examine the details of a load schedule or to

modify its prescription, select Case Information > Load Variation Schedules from the main menu to bring up the

Load Variation Dialog.

Load Mult

Shows the current load multiplier for the area, as constrained by the prevailing load schedule. All load in the area is

scaled by this multiplier. This value of this field can be modified only through adjusting or redefining the area’s

associated load schedule using the Load Variation Dialog.

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Text-Based Information Displays

Zone Display

The Zone Display provides information about all the zones in the case. Similar to the Area Display, the Zone Display

provides a means of dividing up a power system. System results can then be summarized by zones using this display.

Buses can be assigned to zones independent of their area assignments. Thus a single area could contain multiple

zones, or a single zone could span multiple areas. The zone number for each bus is shown on the Bus Dialog. In the

Edit Mode, groups of buses can be easily moved from one zone to another using the Zone Dialog.

The Zone Records Display is a class of Case Information Display and therefore can be used in a manner consistent

with all other case information displays. It has a local menu from which you can print, copy, and modify its records as

well as view the information dialog of its associated zones. You can call up the Quick Power Flow List or Bus View

Display to obtain more information about representative bus in the zone. You can also sort the zone records by

clicking on the heading of the field by which you want to sort.

To show this display select Case Information > Zones.

The display contains the following fields by default:

Zone Number, Zone Name

Zone’s number, between 1 and 9999, and its alphanumeric identifier. Simulator supports names of any character

length. However, when writing out names to file formats with limitations on name length, the zone names will be

truncated at their maximum supported length.

Load MW, Load MVR

Total real and reactive power load in the zone.

Gen (MW), Gen (Mvar)

Total real and reactive power generation in the zone.

Loss MW, Loss MVR

Total real and reactive power loss in the zone. Losses are computed by summing the losses of the individual

transmission lines and transformers in the zone. Because of shunt charging, these devices can also generate

reactive power. Therefore, reactive power losses may actually be negative.

Int MW, Int MVR

Net interchange of real and reactive power with all other zones. Exported power is assumed to be positive.

Load Schedule

Identifies the load variation schedule that governs how load varies in the zone. The load variation schedule

specifies values for the load multiplier at specific points in time. To examine the details of a load schedule or to

modify its prescription, select Case Information > Load Variation Schedules from the main menu to bring up the

Load Variation Dialog.

Load Mult MW

Shows the current load multiplier for the zone, as constrained by the prevailing load schedule. All load in the area is

scaled by this multiplier. This value of this field can be modified only through adjusting or redefining the area’s

associated load schedule using the Load Variation Dialog.

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Super Area Display

The Super Area Display identifies any super areas that have been defined for the case. Super areas are groups of

areas whose generators are dispatched as a coordinated group. Super areas can thus be useful for modeling the

operation of independent system operators or power pools.

Super areas cannot be inserted into a case from the Insert menu. Instead, a super area can be defined when

modifying or creating an area simply by typing the name of a new super area in the Super Area dropdown box on the

Area Information Dialog.

The Super Area Records Display is a class of Case Information Display and therefore can be used in a manner

consistent with all other case information displays. It has a local menu from which you can print, copy, and modify its

records as well as view the information dialog of its associated super areas. You can call up the Quick Power Flow

List or Bus View Display to obtain more information about representative bus in the super area. You can also sort the

super area records by clicking on the heading of the field by which you want to sort.

To show this display select Case Information > Super Areas.

The display contains the following fields by default:

Name

The name of the super area.

AGC Status

The Super Area may operate without automatic generation control (AGC Status = Off AGC), with participation factor

control (AGC Status = Part. AGC), or according to an economic dispatch (AGC Status = ED). This is a toggleable

field.

Use Area PF

Indicates whether to use the areas participation factors when the super area is to operate with participation factor

control (Part. AGC).

Num Areas

Indicates the number of areas defined as being part of the super area. Areas are added to super areas using the

Super Area dropdown box on the Area Information Dialog.

Gen MW

Total MW injection from all the generators in the super area.

Load MW

Total MW load demanded in the super area.

Tot Sched MW

Total scheduled MW interchange with other areas or super areas.

ACE MW

The area control error in MW. This is the amount of MW flow difference between the actual MW interchange and

the desired MW interchange. A positive value means the super area is generating and exporting excess MW's, and

a negative value means the super area is under-generating and importing too many MW's.

Lambda

The super area’s marginal cost.

Loss MW

Indicates the real power losses incurred within the super area.

ED Use PF

Indicates whether the power flow engine will calculate loss penalty factors in computing the economic dispatch

solution for the super area. If loss penalty factors are not calculated, then the economic dispatch is calculated

assuming that the super area is lossless. Otherwise, the economic dispatch solution incorporates losses. The

penalty factors gauge the sensitivity of the area’s losses to changing injection at specific generators. The option to

calculate loss penalty factors is relevant only when the super area operates according to Economic Dispatch

Control . Usually, if the system’s cost curves are relatively flat, the inclusion of losses in the solution will not have

much of an effect on the dispatch.

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Text-Based Information Displays

Bus Displays

Bus Display

The Bus Display presents data describing each bus in the case. The Bus Display is a class of Case Information

Display and therefore can be used in a manner consistent with all other case information displays. It has a local menu

from which you can print, copy, and modify its records as well as view the information dialog of its associated bus. You

can also sort the bus records by clicking on the heading of the field by which you want to sort. Additionally, you can

choose to restrict the records shown by the Bus Records Display according to the constraints of the area/zone/owner

filters. Finally, when Simulator is in Edit Mode, the local menu allows you to add new buses to or remove existing

buses from the system.

To show the bus records display, select Case Information > Buses.

By default, the bus records display contains the following fields:

Number and Name

Bus number between 1 and 99,999, and its alphanumeric identifier, eight characters maximum.

Area Name

Alphanumeric identifier of the bus’ area.

Nom kV

The nominal base voltage of the bus in kV.

PU Volt

Bus’ per unit voltage magnitude.

Volt (kV)

Bus’ actual voltage magnitude in kV. This is the per unit voltage magnitude multiplied by the bus’ nominal voltage.

Angle (Deg)

Bus’ voltage angle in degrees.

Load MW, Load Mvar

Total real and reactive load at the bus. If no loads are located at the bus, these fields are blank.

Gen MW, Gen Mvar

Total real and reactive generation at the bus. If no generators are located at the bus, these fields are blank.

Switched Shunt Mvar

Total switched shunt device reactive power injection at the bus.

Act G Shunt MW, Act B Shunt Mvar

Total real and reactive fixed bus shunt injections.

Area Num

The area number in which the bus is located.

Zone Num

The zone number in which the bus is located.

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Remotely Regulated Bus Display

The Remotely Regulated Bus Display provides information about all buses that are remotely regulated by one or more

generators. The bus that a generator regulates is specified in the Edit Mode using the Generator Dialog. Whenever a

generator is regulating a bus that is not its terminal, it is considered to be remotely regulating that bus. The bus that is

remotely regulated, along with the regulating generators, will appear on this display.

The Remotely Regulated Bus Display is a class of Case Information Display and therefore can be used in a manner

consistent with all other case information displays. It has a local menu from which you can print, copy, and modify its

information as well as view the information dialog of its associated buses. You can find a specific remotely regulated

bus, and you can learn more information about a particular remotely regulated bus by choosing either Quick Power

Flow List or Bus View. You can also sort the remotely regulated bus information by clicking on the heading of the field

by which you want to sort. Additionally, you can choose to restrict the information shown by the Load Display

according to the constraints of the area/zone/owner filters.

To call up the Remotely Regulated Bus Display, click Case Information > Other > Remotely Regulated Buses.

This Remotely Regulated Bus Display contains the following fields by default:

Number, Name, Area Name

Number, name, and area name for the bus that is being remotely regulated.

PU Volt

Per unit voltage magnitude for the bus.

Set Volt

Setpoint voltage for the bus. When a bus is being remotely regulated by a set of generators, the generators vary

their reactive power output to maintain the voltage at the bus at the setpoint value. You can enter a new value for

this field. Changing the setpoint voltage here changes the setpoint voltage for all the generators that are remotely

regulating this bus.

Volt Diff

Per unit difference between the actual voltage magnitude and the set point voltage magnitude.

AVR

Combined automatic voltage regulation (AVR) status for all the generators remotely regulating this bus. If AVR is

No, no generators regulate voltage; if AVR is Yes, all the available generators are regulating; if AVR is Mixed, some

generators regulate voltage and some do not. Regulation of individual generators can be specified using the

Generator Display . You can toggle this field between "Yes" and "No" by clicking on it.

Total Mvar

Total of the reactive power being supplied by all the generators remotely regulating the bus.

MVR Min, MVR Max

Total of the minimum and maximum reactive power limits for all the generators remotely regulating the bus.

Gen Buses

The next several fields list the generators that are remotely regulating this bus. Left clicking on either of these fields

allows you to see all the flows into the generator’s bus using the Quick Power Flow List, while right clicking on the

fields displays the Generator Dialog for the generator.

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Text-Based Information Displays

Bus Mismatches Display

The Bus Mismatches Display lists the real and reactive mismatches at each bus. The bus mismatches are defined as

the difference between the power entering the bus and the power leaving the bus. A power flow case is considered

solved when all the bus mismatches are below the convergence tolerance specified on the Power Flow Solution tab of

the PowerWorld Simulator Options dialog.

Most of the time you will not need to be concerned about the bus mismatches. If the power flow solves, the

mismatches are guaranteed to be below the desired tolerance. However, advanced users will find this display useful

in determining the cause when a power flow diverges.

The Bus Mismatch Display is a class of Case Information Display and therefore can be used in a manner consistent

with all other case information displays. It has a loc al menu from which you can print, copy, and modify its information

as well as view the information dialog of its associated bus. You can find a specific bus mismatch using the name or

number of the bus, and you can learn more about the bus by choosing either Quick Power Flow List or Bus View. You

can also sort the bus mismatch information by clicking on the heading of the field by which you want to sort.

To show this display select Case Information > Mismatches. You can view bus mismatches only when the

application is in Run Mode.

The Bus Mismatch Display contains the following fields by default:

Number, Name, Area Name

The number and name of the bus and the name of the area in which it is located.

MW Mismatch, MVR Mismatch, MVA Mismatch

The real and reactive mismatches at each bus, and the total complex power mismatch.

385

Substation Displays

Substation Records Display

The Substation Records Display presents data describing each substation in the case. The Substation Display is a

class of Case Information Display and therefore can be used in a manner consistent with all other case information

displays. It has a local menu from which you can print, copy, and modify its records as well as view the information

dialog of its associated substation. You can also sort the substation records by clicking on the heading of the field by

which you want to sort. Additionally, you can choose to restrict the records shown by the Substation Records Display

according to the constraints of the area/zone/owner filters. Finally, when Simulator is in Edit Mode, the local menu

allows you to add new substations to or remove existing substations from the system. Note: a substation is

considered in an area/zone if any single bus in the substation is in the area/zone.

To show the substation records display, select Case Information > Substations .

By default, the substation records display contains the following fields:

Sub Num

An integer identifier for the substation.

Sub Name, Sub ID

Two alphanumeric identifiers for the substation.

Area Name, Zone Name

The names of the area and zone of the buses in the substation. If some of the buses in the substation are in

different areas or zones, then this is the most common area or zone.

# of Buses

The number of buses inside the substation.

Gen MW, Gen MVR

Total real and reactive generation at the substation. If no generators are located at the substation, these fields are

left blank.

Load MW, Load MVR

Total real and reactive load at the substation. If no loads are located at the substation, these f ields are left blank.

Shunt MW, Shunt MVR

Total real and reactive shunt values at the substation. If no shunts are located at the substation, these fields are left

blank.

386

Text-Based Information Displays

Generator Displays

Generator Display

The Generator Display presents data describing each generator in the case. The Generator Display is a class of Case

Information Display and therefore can be used in a manner consistent with all other case information displays. It has

a local menu from which you can print, copy, and modify its records as well as view the information dialog of its

associated generators. The Quick Power Flow List and Bus View Display tools are available for finding more

information on the generator’s terminal bus. You can also sort the generator records by clicking on the heading of the

field by which you want to sort. Additionally, you can choose to restrict the records shown by the Generator Records

Display according to the constraints of the area/zone/owner filters. Finally, you can use the local menu’s Insert and

Delete options when the application is in Edit Mode to insert a new generator into the case or to delete an existing

generator.

Some columns which can be added to the generator records are related to the post-contingency solution options. For

more information about these columns see the sections "Define Generator Line Drop and Reactive Current

Compensation" and "Define Generator Maximum MW Responses in Post-Contingency" in the Advanced Modeling

Options for Contingency Analysis.

To show the generator records display, select Case Information > Generators.

By default, the generator records display contains the following fields:

Number, Name

Number and name of the bus to which the generator is attached. The display’s local menu offers you the

opportunity to view the Quick Power Flow List and the Bus View Display for the bus.

Single character ID used to distinguish multiple generators at the same bus. This default value for this field is ‘1’.

Status

Displays the Open / Closed status of the generator. This field is a toggleable field.

Gen MW, Gen Mvar

The real and reactive power output of the generator. If the generator is on AVR control, the reactive power is set

automatically.

Set Volt

Per unit setpoint voltage for the generator. When a generator is on AVR control, the reactive power output of the

generator is varied automatically in order to maintain the regulated bus voltage at this value. The regulated bus is

usually, but not always, the generator’s terminal bus. Use the Generator Dialog to see the regulated bus number.

AGC

Designates whether the generator’s real power output is governed by automatic generation control. If the AGC field

is set to Yes, the generator is on automatic generation control (AGC). When a generator is on AGC, its real power

output can be varied automatically. Usually the purpose for AGC is to keep the area interchange at a desired value.

You can click on this field to toggle its value (except in Viewer). Please see Area Control for more details.

AVR

Designates whether the generator will vary its reactive power output to maintain a constant terminal voltage. If the

AVR property is set to Yes , the generator is on automatic voltage regulation (AVR) control. When a generator is on

AVR control, its reactive pow er output is varied automatically to keep the regulated bus voltage at the Set Volt

value. AVR is limited by the generator’s reactive power limits. You can click on this field to toggle its value (except

in Viewer).

Min MW, Max MW

Minimum and maximum allowable real power output of the generator.

Min Mvar, Max Mvar

Minimum and maximum allowable reactive power output of the generator.

Cost Model

The type of cost model the generator is currently set to use. Cost models are necessary for performing economic

analysis, such as Economic Dispatch or Optimal Power Flow.

Part. Factor

Generator’s participation factor. Participation factors are used to determine how AGC generators participate in area

control when their area is on participation factor control. Please see Area Control for more details.

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Text-Based Information Displays

Generator Cost Models Display

The Generator Cost Models Display presents detailed cost information for each generator in the case, regardless of

what type of cost curve has been entered for the generator. The Generator Cost Models Display is a class of Case

Information Display and therefore can be used in a manner consistent with all other case information displays. It has

a local menu from which you can print, copy, and modify its records as well as view the information dialog of its

associated generators. The Quick Power Flow List and Bus View Display tools are available for finding more

information on the generator’s terminal bus. You can also sort the generator records by clicking on the heading of the

field by which you want to sort. Additionally, you can choose to restrict the records shown by the Generator Cost

Models Display according to the constraints of the area/zone/owner filters. Finally, you can use the local menu’s Insert

and Delete options when the application is in Edit Mode to insert a new generator into the case or to delete an ex isting

generator.

To show the generator piecewise linear cost display, select Case Information > Generator/Load Cost Models > All

Generator Cost Models .

By default, the generator records display contains the following fields:

Number, Name

Number and name of bus to which the generator is attached.

Area Name of Gen

Name of the area to which the generator belongs. The generator can be assigned to an area different than the area

to which its terminal bus is assigned.

Single character ID used to distinguish multiple generators at the same bus; ‘1’ by default.

Status

The Open / Closed status of the generator. This is a toggleable field.

AGC

Designates whether the generator’s real power output is governed by automatic generation control. If the AGC field

is set to Yes, the generator is on automatic generation control (AGC). When a generator is on AGC, its real power

output can be varied automatically. Usually the purpose for AGC is to keep the area interchange at a desired value.

You can click on this field to toggle its value (except in Viewer). Please see Area Control for more details.

Gen MW

Current real power output of the generator.

Min MW

Minimum MW output of the generator.

Max MW

Maximum MW output of the generator.

Cost Model

The type of model this generator is currently using. Can be Cubic, Piecewise Linear or None.

IOA, IOB, IOC, IOD

Parameters used to model the cost characteristic of the generator. Please see Generator Cost Information for

details. Please note that these values can be saved/loaded using the Generator Cost Data auxiliary file.

These fields will be disabled unless the Cost Model type is set to Cubic.

Fuel Cost

The fuel cost of the type of fuel for the generator.

Variable O&M

Operations and Maintenance costs for the generator.

This field will be disabled unless the Cost Model type is set to Cubic.

Fuel Type

An informational field that can be set to the type of fuel the generator uses.

Unit Type

An informational field that can be set to reflect the type of unit the generator is, such as combined cycle, steam,

hydro, etc.

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PowerWorld Simulator version 11. Manual - page 10